Speaker 1: Welcome to tex Stuff, a production of I Heart Radios,
Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. Hey there, in Welcome to tech Stuff.
Speaker 1: I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with
Speaker 1: How Stuff Works and I heart Radio and a love
Speaker 1: of all things tech, and it is time for a
Speaker 1: classic episode of tech Stuff. This episode is one I
Speaker 1: referenced in a very recent episode of tech Stuff. In fact,
Speaker 1: it maybe so recent that I don't know if it's
Speaker 1: published yet or not. It's called tex Stuff Gets a
Speaker 1: Bright Idea, and it's all about the real history of
Speaker 1: the light bulb. We often hear that Thomas Edison invented
Speaker 1: the light bulb, but did he for real z s though?
Speaker 1: We find out in this episode. Hey there, I just
Speaker 1: looked up and there he was doing that thing, getting
Speaker 1: my get my energy up. Actually, one of the things
Speaker 1: that uh, you know, we start the episode of pretty traditionally,
Speaker 1: one of the things that we had as an early
Speaker 1: ritual as we recorded Tech Stuff was Jonathan and I
Speaker 1: would be sitting here in the virtual darkness and someone
Speaker 1: we had different engineers over the time over the years now,
Speaker 1: but someone would come in and turn on the lights, yes,
Speaker 1: and usually lighted begs, but we wanted to talk a
Speaker 1: little bit about light, specifically light bulbs today. So what
Speaker 1: a brilliant idea of those were? You know before lightbulbs,
Speaker 1: Before light bulbs, there was no way to indicate that
Speaker 1: you had an idea. Yeah, yeah, there's no there's no yeah,
Speaker 1: pre light bulb there was no ting. Before we get
Speaker 1: into how lightbulbs work in their history and everything, I
Speaker 1: want to lay down a little physics for you. All right,
Speaker 1: go ahead and enlighten us. See what you did much?
Speaker 1: So we are talking about light and what is light? Well,
Speaker 1: light is made up of these very tiny part of
Speaker 1: all like packets called photons. They've got energy, they have momentum,
Speaker 1: but there's one thing they do not have charge accounts
Speaker 1: mass or I was going they have no mass, but
Speaker 1: not no moss. Photons are these packets of energy. They
Speaker 1: have momentum but not mass. And these particles, these these
Speaker 1: photons are emitted by atoms. Once you have excited an
Speaker 1: atom to the point where it's electron starts to move
Speaker 1: out of its normal orbit and goes into a further
Speaker 1: orbit from the atoms nucleus. And once once you remove
Speaker 1: the energy source from that atom, the electron will eventually
Speaker 1: return to its normal orbit around the nucleus. But it
Speaker 1: has to it has to get rid of that energy
Speaker 1: that you have pushed into it. Right, energy is not
Speaker 1: created or destroyed, it's just transferred. So this electron, as
Speaker 1: it's coming back down to its normal orbital is going
Speaker 1: to shed off energy. And in this case, the energy
Speaker 1: is in the form of photons. Now, photons are going
Speaker 1: to be emitted in the entire spectrum of light. Now, humans,
Speaker 1: we are capable of perceiving a narrow band of that
Speaker 1: spectrum called the visible spectrum because it's visible to us. Oh,
Speaker 1: I always wondered about that. This is where the whole
Speaker 1: roy G BIV thing comes in. Right. The different wavelengths
Speaker 1: of light dictate what the color is as we perceive it. Uh.
Speaker 1: The but the the light goes well beyond outside the
Speaker 1: the visible range. There's things like ultra violet and infrared,
Speaker 1: and then you get into electromagnetic radiation as you go
Speaker 1: further out. But and anyway, Uh, these photons can come
Speaker 1: into various forms, so you can have of infrared photon
Speaker 1: or ultra violet photons. So, uh, if it's in the
Speaker 1: visible light spectrum, we're able to see it. Now that's
Speaker 1: important because that's the whole basis of creating a light bulb,
Speaker 1: as you want to create some sort of device that
Speaker 1: you can use to create photons so that you can
Speaker 1: illuminate an area, and before light bulbs, you didn't really
Speaker 1: have that option unless you set something on fire. Uh,
Speaker 1: And there's a limited number of things we can set
Speaker 1: on fire before we set ourselves on fire or we
Speaker 1: run out of stuff that is flammable. So it was
Speaker 1: a good idea to try and develop something that could
Speaker 1: create light in another way. Now, Uh, how do we
Speaker 1: know about how what is the principle upon which light
Speaker 1: bulbs work. Well, again, if you excite an atom and
Speaker 1: you push those electrons out, when the electrons come back in,
Speaker 1: they emit photons. If you give enough energy to an object,
Speaker 1: then you can it enough uh photons for it to
Speaker 1: be within the depending upon the nature of that material,
Speaker 1: for it to be within the visible spectrum for it
Speaker 1: to be perceptible. Because even if it's in the visible spectrum,
Speaker 1: if the energy is not great enough, you won't be
Speaker 1: able to see it. And we're all emitting energy all
Speaker 1: the time, like humans are emitting infrared energy all the time,
Speaker 1: and if you had an infrared camera, you would be
Speaker 1: able to see it even in a perfectly dark room.
Speaker 1: You look at the infrared camera, look at a person,
Speaker 1: you would see light as interpreted by the sensor in
Speaker 1: that camera and converted to visible light for us to see.
Speaker 1: You would be able to see that person because they're
Speaker 1: emitting that infrared light. Well, we may even depending on
Speaker 1: what what, depending on the material, it may even be
Speaker 1: emitting visible light, but it might be emitting at at
Speaker 1: levels so low as to be imperceptible to humans. So
Speaker 1: if you add more energy, you can boost that and
Speaker 1: actually see the visible light. Uh. And this can happen
Speaker 1: with things like soled materials. And there was a fellow
Speaker 1: named John William Draper who in seven demonstrated that solid materials,
Speaker 1: almost all of them, will glow once they reach a
Speaker 1: temperature of seven kelvin. Kelvin's a scientific scale for temperatures.
Speaker 1: Kelvin is what we have when you get to zero
Speaker 1: kelvin that says that's as cold as you can get.
Speaker 1: It actually refers to molecular movement, and at zero kelvin,
Speaker 1: there is no molecular movement. So that's like the deepest
Speaker 1: depths of space. Where there's nothing absolutely absolutely uh So,
Speaker 1: if you wanted to convert that into degrees that we're
Speaker 1: more familiar with most of us anyway, it would be
Speaker 1: about five and twenty five degrees celsius or nine seventy
Speaker 1: seven degrees fahrenheit. And at that temperature, solid materials will
Speaker 1: start to glow. We call it the draper point. Now,
Speaker 1: in order to have a object glow at a uh
Speaker 1: at a at an intensity bright enough for it to illuminate, say,
Speaker 1: a room, you will have to put in more energy
Speaker 1: than that, right, because this is talking about they start
Speaker 1: to glow, but that doesn't mean that they're glowing so
Speaker 1: brightly as to illuminate an entire room. That's where it starts.
Speaker 1: So but you know, you've you've probably seen this. If
Speaker 1: you've ever seen a blacksmith work, then you know the
Speaker 1: blacksmith might be heating up iron and when they take
Speaker 1: that out it's glowing red. Or a glass blower or lava.
Speaker 1: You know, there's lots of stuff that tends to lava.
Speaker 1: It's not all man made, but there's lots of stuff
Speaker 1: out there that um that that demonstrates this. So that's
Speaker 1: the principle. But but the idea behind an electric light
Speaker 1: source actually predates Draper's discovery. Really, yes, back in well
Speaker 1: the early eighteen hundreds. I've seen I've seen reports from
Speaker 1: eighteen o six all the way up to eighteen o nine.
Speaker 1: There's some discrepance's there. But an English chemist and inventor
Speaker 1: named Sir Humphrey Davy, named Humphrey Davy, he was designated
Speaker 1: a night So that's the sir. He connected a battery
Speaker 1: to a strip of charcoal and he used the electricity
Speaker 1: to actually heat up the charcoal to the point where
Speaker 1: it started to glow, which created technically the first electric
Speaker 1: arc lamp. Uh. This was not a viable means of
Speaker 1: illumination as it was hard to do. It required a
Speaker 1: lot of energy. The battery drained really quickly, the carbon
Speaker 1: burned at such a or it got so hot as
Speaker 1: to be incredibly dangerous for uh, say, I don't know
Speaker 1: a typical house. Um. So it was not something that
Speaker 1: was going to immediately be adopted into every household, but
Speaker 1: it was proving a concept. Uh. Also, by the way,
Speaker 1: sir very Davy did go on to invent many things,
Speaker 1: including the Davy lamp, which was not an electrical lamp.
Speaker 1: It was a gas lamp. There was a gas lamp
Speaker 1: that had a mesh screen that would surround the flame,
Speaker 1: so that miners meaning people who mind the earth, not
Speaker 1: people who are underage miners, could take the lamps, although
Speaker 1: depending in England at that point in the time, the
Speaker 1: two may have been the same. Hey, our history has
Speaker 1: not always been a nice one. But the miners could
Speaker 1: take a lamp down below the ground and even if
Speaker 1: they encountered a pocket of gas, the mesh would actually,
Speaker 1: this fine mesh would prevent the gas and the flame
Speaker 1: from making friends and becoming a big boom. Very important
Speaker 1: for miners of both types. So the he did invent that. Again,
Speaker 1: not electrical, but I thought it was an interesting aside.
Speaker 1: Moving ahead back in one Frederick de Moulins, and I'm
Speaker 1: sure I have completely mispronounced his name, and I apologized
Speaker 1: profusely for that. Another Englishman, Yeah it could be. He
Speaker 1: patented a lightbulb in eighteen forty one, and this one
Speaker 1: was comprised of a glass case and a burner or
Speaker 1: burners actually made of carbon and in expensive material you
Speaker 1: may know as platinum. Yeah, you thought that led light
Speaker 1: bulbs were expensive, so uh he he patented that design
Speaker 1: again not really practical for for every day or even
Speaker 1: industrial use. An American inventor named J. W. Starr received
Speaker 1: a patent for a light bulb that used a carbon burner. UM.
Speaker 1: And then the next few decades were spent among inventors
Speaker 1: trying to find a way to perfect the discoveries these
Speaker 1: earlier inventors had found, so that you could create a
Speaker 1: light bulb that made sense, that that was a ficient
Speaker 1: that could light well, that was not going to be
Speaker 1: prohibitively expensive. And there are two names in particular that
Speaker 1: pop up all the time, one of them being probably
Speaker 1: the most famous, uh connected to the light bulb, which
Speaker 1: is Thomas Edison. Yes, it's funny. As we were recording this,
Speaker 1: we are rapidly approaching the hundred thirty third anniversary of
Speaker 1: the first test of Edison's incandescent light bulb. Yeah. Now,
Speaker 1: it is important to note Edison was not the person
Speaker 1: who invented the light bulb. He was not even the
Speaker 1: person to invent the incandescent light bulb, but he was
Speaker 1: someone who perfected that design and made it viable as
Speaker 1: an actual product. Yeah. Now it's it's important to know,
Speaker 1: um that these these early light bulbs. Uh, you know,
Speaker 1: not only were homes not really wired. Actually, the light bulb,
Speaker 1: I would argue, based on my research the over the past,
Speaker 1: you know, the past times that we've done tech stuff.
Speaker 1: We've talked about Edison and Tesla and all these the
Speaker 1: lightbulb actually was sort of the key to getting homes
Speaker 1: wired for electricity. Yeah, I mean you and it made
Speaker 1: sense because suddenly you had households that could be uh
Speaker 1: safely with air quotes around that lit after dark and
Speaker 1: extend the useful uh time human being could get stuff
Speaker 1: done because otherwise, when night fell, we might as well
Speaker 1: just go to bed because it was gonna be pretty dark. Well,
Speaker 1: you know, we're related bed and early to rise, as
Speaker 1: they say, early to bed, early to rise, because otherwise
Speaker 1: you're barking your ship on the coffee table. Well, yeah,
Speaker 1: that's that's true. Well, gas lamps, uh were very very popular.
Speaker 1: But they were I mean, in addition to being obviously
Speaker 1: inherently somewhat dangerous um and oil lamps, but they were
Speaker 1: um smoky, um. They were dirty. So you know, I'm
Speaker 1: sure they probably didn't smell all that great um. But
Speaker 1: the problem with these early lightbulbs is that they weren't
Speaker 1: very practical. Okay, look, I got Yeah. There was another inventor,
Speaker 1: an Englishman, the Englishman named Sir Joseph Swan who was
Speaker 1: working on light bulbs around the same time as Edison,
Speaker 1: and Swan's bulb used carbonized paper as the burner, which
Speaker 1: worked pretty well except that it didn't last terribly long.
Speaker 1: And in fact, this was a problem that a lot
Speaker 1: of lightbulb researchers were encountering that including Edison. The first
Speaker 1: problem was, all right, well, we've we've found uh that
Speaker 1: if you if you run enough electricity through some sort
Speaker 1: of object, you can heat it up enough so that
Speaker 1: it begins to glow. But if that item is exposed
Speaker 1: to oxygen, then it will burn. So even if you
Speaker 1: found a material that does not melt at a high temperature,
Speaker 1: it would burn, It would combust at a high enough
Speaker 1: temperature because it, you know, it would be adjacent to oxygen,
Speaker 1: which you know that that's part of the fuel you need,
Speaker 1: you know, in order to have a fire. UM. So
Speaker 1: the you had to close it off from oxygen, which
Speaker 1: is why there were these these vacuum tubes essentially is
Speaker 1: what they create, these vacuum containers. UM. But Once they
Speaker 1: got through that, they had to find what's the right
Speaker 1: material to use. Actually, what Edison ended up using at
Speaker 1: first was bamboo. He took Japanese bamboo and carbonized it
Speaker 1: and created a filament. And in this case, what a
Speaker 1: filament is is this really long, long, long, long strip
Speaker 1: of material that is then coiled so that you can
Speaker 1: decrease the space that it needs to um to fit
Speaker 1: into whatever you want to put it in. So it's
Speaker 1: got a lot of surface areas. Then the resistance is high.
Speaker 1: A resistance in electricity is the the materials resistance to
Speaker 1: electrons flowing through it freely. The more resistance there is
Speaker 1: in general, okay, you've got greater resistance, you have greater heat. Well,
Speaker 1: the secret to the light here is the amount of
Speaker 1: heat that's being generated. That's the energy that is creating
Speaker 1: this whole system of electrons being pushed out and then
Speaker 1: when they start coming back in, the photons are being
Speaker 1: let out. So let the photons out? Who let the
Speaker 1: photons out? That was as an a swan as it
Speaker 1: turns out. Um. It's interesting because then Edison Edison ended
Speaker 1: up hiring what his first his first light bulb design
Speaker 1: used a temperature controlled switch to try and keep the
Speaker 1: material at the right temperature so that it would the
Speaker 1: light bulb would remain lit longer, because I was an
Speaker 1: early problem with these light bulbs is that their their
Speaker 1: utility was low because they couldn't couldn't burn them for
Speaker 1: very long. But this was a problem because the the
Speaker 1: temperature control controlled switch, once a certain temperature was hit,
Speaker 1: it switch off right the light would go off, And
Speaker 1: so I started creating this flickering problem and made the
Speaker 1: bulb practically unusable. So he then hired a physicist from
Speaker 1: Princeton named Francis Upton, who led Edison's research team working
Speaker 1: on light bulbs, to start practicing with other stuff. That's
Speaker 1: when they came upon the idea of using the bamboo
Speaker 1: as a filament. Um. Swan and Edison ended up battling
Speaker 1: each other. Edison ended up taking patent lawsuits against Swan,
Speaker 1: but then ultimately the two of them formed a partnership
Speaker 1: together and they created the Edison Swan United Company. Teamwork teamwork. Um. Yeah,
Speaker 1: just so, just so you guys know, patent wars are
Speaker 1: not a new thing. Oh no, not in the least. Um. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's funny. While while carbonized bamboo sounds like an ingredient
Speaker 1: for a hipster sandwich. Um, it did have the ability
Speaker 1: to burn for more than which you know back in
Speaker 1: that time, that was pretty nice for a for a
Speaker 1: light bulb. Yeah, and uh, this served as the basis
Speaker 1: for what future light bulbs would be and then we
Speaker 1: ended up shifting to a different type of filament. But
Speaker 1: we'll get into that in a second. So let's talk
Speaker 1: about the basic anatomy of an incandescent light bulb. And
Speaker 1: don't worry florests and an l e defense. We're going
Speaker 1: to get to you too. You just sit tight. So
Speaker 1: the incandescent bulb, you've got two contacts to two electrical
Speaker 1: context on this on a typical incandescent bulb. One of
Speaker 1: them is at the very end of the bulb, that's
Speaker 1: the base of the bulb, and the other is in
Speaker 1: the actual treads that you screw into your um light
Speaker 1: bulb sucket. Yeah. Actually usually has a squeaky noise which
Speaker 1: has that perfect pitch to give me the heb gbs.
Speaker 1: It's like the finger nae else on the chalkboard type thing.
Speaker 1: It's like almost every single light bulb in my house
Speaker 1: makes that noise. And so it's a physically demanding task
Speaker 1: for me because well, I guess psychologically really more than physically,
Speaker 1: because I I suffer trauma. One follows the other. You
Speaker 1: start to how many how many Jonathans does it take
Speaker 1: to you screw the light bulb? Well, after the first one,
Speaker 1: it takes a few others to calm them down. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I'm not afraid of the dark. I'm just afraid of
Speaker 1: changing light bulbs. So that's not really true. I just
Speaker 1: don't like doing it. But anyway, these metal contacts are
Speaker 1: what create the the circuit, right, so that the circuits
Speaker 1: complete when these two contacts are are in contact with
Speaker 1: the rest of the electrical system. To one um, the
Speaker 1: contacts are attached to some wires and those wires are
Speaker 1: attached to the filament. Now, in this case, the filament
Speaker 1: is no longer bamboo. For your typical incandescent, it's usually tungsten.
Speaker 1: And the reason why it's tungsten is a couple of
Speaker 1: different reasons. One is that the melting temperature of tungsten
Speaker 1: is really high, so you can heat tungsten up quite
Speaker 1: a bit and not worry about it being um melting
Speaker 1: away that that that's obviously another issue with light bulbs. Right,
Speaker 1: you heat up materials, some material is gonna melt, and
Speaker 1: it might melt before you hit that draper point, which
Speaker 1: would be bad because you wouldn't get any light out
Speaker 1: of it. You would just get a you know, a
Speaker 1: glass cylinder of hot molten sludge. Um hot molten sludge
Speaker 1: would be a great name for a band. It is.
Speaker 1: It is, however, very thin. The filament is very thin,
Speaker 1: as anyone who has uh smacked a light bulb hard
Speaker 1: enough to break the filament but not hard enough to
Speaker 1: break the glass knows that's really annoying. That's another really
Speaker 1: annoying thing about changing light bulbs. Oh man did I Yeah,
Speaker 1: just ruined it perfectly good by bulbs. So yeah, it's
Speaker 1: very thin again, that's to increase resistance. That's another thing.
Speaker 1: Is that a a a copper wire, for example, the
Speaker 1: the greater the diameter of a copper wire, the lower
Speaker 1: the resistance. So if you have a very um thin
Speaker 1: copper wire, the resistance is greater. That means it's going
Speaker 1: to also generate more heat as a result. Well, this tungsten,
Speaker 1: same thing. I mean, this same principle applies across all materials.
Speaker 1: Tungsten filament is very very very thin. It's actually coiled twice.
Speaker 1: The first coil is done to decrease it's you know,
Speaker 1: the length, and then after you've coiled it once, you
Speaker 1: coil it a second time around. Uh. These these support
Speaker 1: wires and UH that helps when the tungsten heats up,
Speaker 1: it starts to generate, you know, give off these photons. Uh.
Speaker 1: It helps, uh concentrate that light so that you have
Speaker 1: enough for it to be useful. Because again, you want
Speaker 1: to give enough energy there for you to have visible
Speaker 1: light that you can actually see stuff by, but you
Speaker 1: don't want to have to pour in more energy than
Speaker 1: was necessary. And we should point out incandescent bulbs not
Speaker 1: terribly efficient. No, we think about heat being a a
Speaker 1: wasted form of energy in this case, and how hot
Speaker 1: and incandescent bulb gets. And it's also giving out photons
Speaker 1: outside the range of visible light, so you're getting you know,
Speaker 1: infrared light and maybe even ultraviolet light from from these
Speaker 1: light bulbs. Well that that means that again it's a
Speaker 1: drop in efficiency. I mean, yeah, it's giving off light,
Speaker 1: but we can't see it, so it doesn't do us
Speaker 1: any good, not not in a normal application. Anyway, you know,
Speaker 1: if you're doing something that required infrared or ultraviolet light,
Speaker 1: than sure, although there are better ways of doing that
Speaker 1: than using a regular incandescent light bulb. I mean you
Speaker 1: you could you could even cook brownies with it, which
Speaker 1: is with an easy bake oven. It's funny because I
Speaker 1: don't think people not everyone realizes this. It's not like
Speaker 1: a secret. But um, the the older easy bake ovens, especially,
Speaker 1: they're they're essentially using the heat from a lightbulb to
Speaker 1: cook uh, you know, very simple cakes and brownies and
Speaker 1: things like that. Right now, the you know, you might
Speaker 1: ask what's inside a lightbulb? Besides all this stuff, there's
Speaker 1: actually a gas that's inside most incandescent light bulbs, and
Speaker 1: it's usually are gone, which is an uh it's an
Speaker 1: inert gas, meaning it does not react to other stuff. Hey,
Speaker 1: are gone gas. That's a tornado outside. Yeah, So like, oh,
Speaker 1: you never do anything now that you want it to
Speaker 1: be inert because obviously, like something like oxygen, then the
Speaker 1: tungsten would start to burn. It would dramatically decrease the
Speaker 1: life lifespan of your average light bulb. So they pump
Speaker 1: the oxygen, they pump air out of the glass. Globe
Speaker 1: and fill it with are gone gas. Yep. And so
Speaker 1: you might say, well, why why not just have a
Speaker 1: vacu mist of argon gas. The reason for that is that, uh,
Speaker 1: at that high temperature, you have another problem besides combustion,
Speaker 1: even if you don't have auction, the other problem is evaporation.
Speaker 1: Atoms from the tungsten will actually evaporate off the filament
Speaker 1: because of those high temperatures, and over time that means
Speaker 1: that you're losing you know, every time you're using that
Speaker 1: light bulb, you're losing tungsten. With the old light bulb, Yeah,
Speaker 1: and with the old light bulbs, you would actually have
Speaker 1: the tungsten start to evaporate away and coat the inside
Speaker 1: of the light bulbs, So the light bulb would get
Speaker 1: more and more dim both because there was less filament
Speaker 1: to light and because all the filament that was gone
Speaker 1: is now coating the inside of the light bulb making
Speaker 1: it darker. So by using argon, what it actually acts
Speaker 1: as a sort of a sort of a barrier. These
Speaker 1: atoms from tungsten will come off the filament, bump into
Speaker 1: a an argon atom, and then because argon's a nerd,
Speaker 1: it's not going to act with that. That um energy,
Speaker 1: or that that particle rather the particle then returns to
Speaker 1: the strip of tungsten um. So it acts as kind
Speaker 1: of a cushion. It's just pushing the the atoms back
Speaker 1: to the tungsten. Keeping that filament last to last longer
Speaker 1: very important. And so that's the basic premise behind these
Speaker 1: incandescent bulbs. They you know, they get to a pretty
Speaker 1: hot temperature. We're talking around degrees celsius or four thousand
Speaker 1: degrees fahrenheit um. Because again, you want to put out
Speaker 1: enough visible light for it to be useful. Now that
Speaker 1: all depends on the wattage of the bulb. Yeah, which
Speaker 1: generally speaking, you can think of his brightness, um, it's
Speaker 1: it's kind of or or really you can think of
Speaker 1: his brightness or how hot that tungsten's getting inside the
Speaker 1: light bulb. That's what that kind of translates into. Uh
Speaker 1: and UH interesting. We have an article on the site
Speaker 1: how light Bulbs Work and how stuff Works dot com.
Speaker 1: Great article, great illustrations, a fun read. I mean, I
Speaker 1: really do think that it's actually you would think it's
Speaker 1: an article about light bulbs, but it really is a
Speaker 1: fun read. And one of my favorite UH facts in
Speaker 1: this is that a typical sixty what bulb has a
Speaker 1: tongusten filament that is six and a half feet or
Speaker 1: two meters long and one hundred of an inch thick.
Speaker 1: I don't have the centimeters for that, sorry, but it's
Speaker 1: you know, six and a half feet long or two
Speaker 1: meters And if you were to completely uncoil that filament, however,
Speaker 1: once it's all double coiled, it's in a space that's
Speaker 1: shorter than you know, the tip of your pinkie finger,
Speaker 1: and you're thinking, wow, that's to go from six and
Speaker 1: a half feet to that is pretty impressive, you know.
Speaker 1: And again that's packing all that material and so it
Speaker 1: can give off enough light for it to be useful.
Speaker 1: I just got my own bright idea, which means a
Speaker 1: light bulb just went off over my head. And that
Speaker 1: idea is, will now take a quick break, do you uh?
Speaker 1: If you happen to know how three way light bulbs work.
Speaker 1: I do not. Actually, as a matter of fact, we
Speaker 1: have another very very short article on how three way
Speaker 1: light bulbs work, and they also have two filaments. Um,
Speaker 1: it's it's very interesting. Now the socket has to accommodate
Speaker 1: that because it has to do also with a connection
Speaker 1: on the outside. But essentially what happens is that the
Speaker 1: socket is, you know, through a switch, providing instructions on
Speaker 1: which of the two filaments to light. So for the
Speaker 1: first on switch, if you ever use a three way light,
Speaker 1: you know that the first one is the lowest setting
Speaker 1: uses the least amount of electricity. Well, the one filament
Speaker 1: that is designed for that lower setting comes on when
Speaker 1: you click the switch. Again, that provides instructions for the
Speaker 1: second filament, but only the second filament to come on,
Speaker 1: and then the third the two team up. I see,
Speaker 1: So that and then that the off got you. You
Speaker 1: get these the sum total of light coming from the bulb,
Speaker 1: which is, if you'll pardon upon a brilliant way to
Speaker 1: do that because it's very simple, shiny. So moving on.
Speaker 1: That's a little just aside and firefly reference for you
Speaker 1: guys out there. And of course you can achieve different
Speaker 1: effects to what the kind of glass you might be wondering,
Speaker 1: you know what the natural lighting or the what does
Speaker 1: the blue what's the blue one do? Well, it's it's
Speaker 1: just diffusing the uh photons given off by the tungusten
Speaker 1: inside the light bulb a little bit different and I
Speaker 1: should point out a neat that depending upon the material
Speaker 1: you're using, that will determine what kind of light is
Speaker 1: given off. Right, So tungsten's giving off this light, uh,
Speaker 1: partially because of the fact that it's tungsten. But other
Speaker 1: materi areals give off different kinds of light, different colors
Speaker 1: of light along or or essentially lights that are different wavelengths, right,
Speaker 1: so different parts of the spectrum, sometimes visible, sometimes not. Uh.
Speaker 1: This is used in chemistry, it's used in astronomy, it's
Speaker 1: used in lots of different areas of physics, not just
Speaker 1: in creating light bulbs or you know, heating stuff up
Speaker 1: until it glows. But that kind of that's kind of
Speaker 1: the full discussion on incandescent bulbs. But those aren't the
Speaker 1: only kind of bulbs we have. We also have fluorescent bulbs. Yes. Um,
Speaker 1: you might say, well, you know, uh, Edison and later
Speaker 1: the company that he was directly slash indirectly the founder
Speaker 1: of General Electric, you know, perfected the the incandescent light
Speaker 1: bulb and uh uh you know you would think that
Speaker 1: they would be very upset that the fluorescent came out.
Speaker 1: Well not really, because, as we touched on on our
Speaker 1: famous or infamous GE series How How Influence Famous? That's
Speaker 1: more than the series on G E G. E was
Speaker 1: actually in development of the fluorescent light bulb. Yeah, so
Speaker 1: fluorescent lightbulbs use a different method of generating light, so
Speaker 1: you're not you don't have that physical filament inside a
Speaker 1: fluorescent bulb. Instead, what you have is a sealed glass tube.
Speaker 1: By the way, we also have how fluorescent lamps work
Speaker 1: at how stuff Works dot com. So again you should
Speaker 1: read that if you're interested to learn all the physics
Speaker 1: involved in this. But in general, you've got a sealed
Speaker 1: glass tube and not the animal that Chris was alluding
Speaker 1: to earlier. It's just completely sealed. Uh. The tube has
Speaker 1: inside it's some mercury and there's also an inert gas
Speaker 1: like again are gone. Uh. The inside of this glass
Speaker 1: tube is coated with a powder that's phosphorus. Now, phosphorus
Speaker 1: means that when light stri exit, it gives off light.
Speaker 1: So that sounds like it could be totally useless, except
Speaker 1: we're talking about light within the entire spectrum. So even
Speaker 1: if if you have a certain kind of phosphor, it
Speaker 1: will um if you were to hit that phosphor with
Speaker 1: light that's outside the visible spectrum. For example, ultraviolet light,
Speaker 1: and then that phosphor actually emits visible light. That becomes
Speaker 1: useful because you can either look at stuff that is
Speaker 1: in the presence of light that's otherwise outside our our
Speaker 1: field of vision, or you can create something like a
Speaker 1: fluorescent light bulb that uses light outside of our vision
Speaker 1: to create light that's inside our vision. The way this
Speaker 1: works is you've got the electrodes at either end of
Speaker 1: this tube that are wired to some sort of circuit. Now,
Speaker 1: the circuit, once we turn that on, starts to introduce uh,
Speaker 1: free flowing electrons into the gas. Now this is different
Speaker 1: from the filament approach because then you have electrons running
Speaker 1: through a material directly right, just like you would a
Speaker 1: wire in a circuit. I mean, that's essentially what it
Speaker 1: is with this. It's free flowing electrons going through uh.
Speaker 1: The gas in this case AREGNE. It takes a little
Speaker 1: while for these electrons to be introduced into this this tube,
Speaker 1: which is why when you turn on most fluorescent light
Speaker 1: bulbs there's this little flickering moment while it's coming on. Ye.
Speaker 1: The cause, again, the the has to introduce the the
Speaker 1: free flowing electrons for this to work. So once these
Speaker 1: electrons with considerable voltage are introduced. UH, the energy starts
Speaker 1: to change some of the mercury that's in that tube
Speaker 1: from liquid to gas. Now, again, when we're introducing electricity
Speaker 1: into or energy into an atom, it's exciting those electrons,
Speaker 1: pushing them out of their orbitals. UH. And then when
Speaker 1: the electrons start to come back down to their normal
Speaker 1: orbital they'll give off photons. With the case of mercury,
Speaker 1: you're talking about light photons that are in the ultra
Speaker 1: violet wavelength range. So again you can you are exciting
Speaker 1: the mercury and it's giving off ultra violet light. We
Speaker 1: can't see ultraviolet light unaided anyway, we're incapable of seeing
Speaker 1: light at that wavelength. But by coding the inside of
Speaker 1: that tube with phosphors that are able to absorb ultra
Speaker 1: violet light and then emit light in the visible spectrum,
Speaker 1: we can use that ultraviolet light two give us light
Speaker 1: we can see indirectly. We have this intermediary step with
Speaker 1: the phosphors. So the mercury starts to go from liquid
Speaker 1: to gas, gives off these ultraviolet photons. The ultraviolet photons
Speaker 1: hit the phosphors. The phosphors absorbed the ultra violet light
Speaker 1: and emit light in the visible spectrum, and voila or
Speaker 1: viola if you prefer, we have ourselves a fluorescent light bulb.
Speaker 1: By the way, if you have a black light, you
Speaker 1: essentially have a fluorescent bulb that does not have those
Speaker 1: phosphors necessarily on the inside, because it's just emitting the
Speaker 1: ultra violet light directly. And then you can have those
Speaker 1: wicked uh van posters light up in pretty colors. All
Speaker 1: in all, you're just another brick in the wall, thank you.
Speaker 1: So uh yeah, I mean that's the that's the essential
Speaker 1: way that fluorescence work. And this is also why because
Speaker 1: they contain mercury why they are so dangerous or potentially dangerous,
Speaker 1: because mercury is toxic, and if you were to say,
Speaker 1: I don't know, drop a palette of fluorescent light bulbs
Speaker 1: in a warehouse, you could have a potentially dangerous situation
Speaker 1: on your hands because you could know very much have
Speaker 1: enough mercury there to suffer mercury poisoning. Yeah, it's um.
Speaker 1: It's in a way sort of amusing that so many
Speaker 1: of my friends remember busting fluorescent lightbulbs uh fondly because
Speaker 1: they make out, they make a loud noise. I had one.
Speaker 1: I was in a bookstore once when uh, and I
Speaker 1: was just perusing some books, so I'm very much focused
Speaker 1: on what I'm doing when the employee behind me, who
Speaker 1: was trying to change out a fluorescent bulb, accidentally dropped
Speaker 1: the one in her hands from a ladder and it
Speaker 1: landed directly behind me. And I thought I had just
Speaker 1: been hit by a shotgun. Okay, turned out I wasn't
Speaker 1: well and and and at that time, it wasn't uh
Speaker 1: popular knowledge. I probably shouldn't say common knowledge, but popular knowledge.
Speaker 1: People just didn't know, uh, that there was mercury in there. Now,
Speaker 1: I mean, admittedly there's not a boatload of mercury in there,
Speaker 1: but you know, it could it could be something serious.
Speaker 1: And that's why in your fluorescent light spurned out, it's
Speaker 1: a good idea to find someone who can take it
Speaker 1: and recycle that, not only for safety reasons, but also
Speaker 1: because you know they can recover some of that material. Now,
Speaker 1: when you're talking about the fluorescent light tubes, UH, that's
Speaker 1: pretty much it. I mean you've got the uh, the
Speaker 1: tube of gas with the caps on the end, and
Speaker 1: you plug it into the uh the light fixture to
Speaker 1: have it work. Well, there's there's other stuff underneath that
Speaker 1: that you may not necessarily see. It's it's covered up
Speaker 1: by the fixture. UM. One of the most important parts,
Speaker 1: I would argue is the ballast, which is a type
Speaker 1: of transformer UM that basically ups the electricity to make
Speaker 1: it work better with the fluorescent light, because again, you
Speaker 1: have to introduce those ions, which is not necessarily easy
Speaker 1: to do, especially since you've gotten a neert gas in there.
Speaker 1: We're gonna take another quick break here in a second,
Speaker 1: and then after we come back, Chris and I will
Speaker 1: shine a little more light on this subject. So if
Speaker 1: you ever looked at a compact fluorescent line or curly bulbs,
Speaker 1: I like to call them UM because I like to
Speaker 1: do that UM and wonder what the heck the big
Speaker 1: honking bases that you have to screw into a regular
Speaker 1: light fixture. That's where the ballast is. The ballast is
Speaker 1: built into the base of that UH, that fixture, UM,
Speaker 1: which is why it may or may not fit into
Speaker 1: that incandescent and that that fixture that you bought that
Speaker 1: would allow you to use a UM a typical incandescent bulb.
Speaker 1: Now they say in some cases that you should not
Speaker 1: use those because they do generate heat and that can
Speaker 1: uh make the ballast overheat, uh, cause a short circuit
Speaker 1: and possibly fire. You know, it depends on what kind
Speaker 1: of fixture you have, so keep an eye on that.
Speaker 1: But if you've wondered what that what that situation is, um,
Speaker 1: it's built into the ballast, and the ballast is also
Speaker 1: in that case what controls the three way There are
Speaker 1: some three way fluorescent compact fluorescent whites. Um. The ballast
Speaker 1: is what makes that possible because it can control the
Speaker 1: amount of electricity going into the tube. Yeah, it's also
Speaker 1: important to point out that another big difference between using
Speaker 1: free electrons moving through a gas. Essentially you're talking about
Speaker 1: ionized gas or plasma. But I know if you're using
Speaker 1: free electrons moving through a gas, it does behave differently
Speaker 1: than it would if those electrons were moving through a wire. Uh.
Speaker 1: Now with a wire, you know you have the resistance
Speaker 1: is dependent upon the composition and the size of the wire.
Speaker 1: In a in gas discharge, which is in the terms
Speaker 1: of this not something that's gross is uh, it's the
Speaker 1: resistance actually decreases due to current. So when you've got
Speaker 1: a current going, the resistance begins to decrease through this
Speaker 1: gas that's more electrons and ions start to flow through.
Speaker 1: They bump into more atoms, free up more electrons, creates
Speaker 1: more charged particles. So the resistance is UH is constantly
Speaker 1: decreasing as long as that currents on, and that can
Speaker 1: be a problem. If that continues for too long, it'll
Speaker 1: blow out the electrical components of the the the entire system.
Speaker 1: So that's another reason why these ballasts are important. They
Speaker 1: are little safety features that control that so that the
Speaker 1: current doesn't continue indefinitely. It stops briefly, but not so
Speaker 1: briefly as to make the lightbulb turn off, or at
Speaker 1: least if it's turning off, it's turning off at a
Speaker 1: rate so fast that we can't really detect it. Uh.
Speaker 1: You may have noticed, you know, lightbulbs that for us,
Speaker 1: and bulbs that flicker like even when they're on, they're
Speaker 1: just they're just flickering. And that's only speaking. That's the
Speaker 1: ballast that is trying to control this. And you're talking
Speaker 1: about alternating currents, the currents running essentially one way and
Speaker 1: then another way, so it's doing it, you know, and
Speaker 1: the ballast is working for both directions of current and UH,
Speaker 1: and some of the older bulbs the system was not
Speaker 1: controlled very well, like they might have used a magnetic ballast,
Speaker 1: which has a slightly slower reaction time than current ballasts
Speaker 1: that are UH that are usually based on circuitry. So
Speaker 1: those older ballasts, you know, it meant that if you
Speaker 1: had a fluorescent bulb turned on, it might give you
Speaker 1: that flickering look and you might feel like your workplace
Speaker 1: is the same one that was in the documentary Joe
Speaker 1: Versus the Volcano, And you think you have a brain cloud.
Speaker 1: That's right, you have a brain cloud. Well, then you
Speaker 1: have to go to this volcano UH and encounter three
Speaker 1: different versions of the same actress. And I was I
Speaker 1: was working on a Joe about how when you were
Speaker 1: flying in your hot air balloon and you needed to
Speaker 1: go higher, you would throw out the fluorescent light fixtures
Speaker 1: because you know the kind of throw the ballast's overboard.
Speaker 1: Ironically enough, that's somewhat true. I've changed a ballast out
Speaker 1: of my fluorescent light fixture in my kitchen and they're heavy,
Speaker 1: are they It's like a brick. Anyway, Well, we should
Speaker 1: probably move on to the third type of light bulb.
Speaker 1: I wanted to talk about the LED. Actually, if you
Speaker 1: look at our artist believe it or not, there's an
Speaker 1: article on how stuff works dot com about light emitting diodes. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we have articles on all of this which made this
Speaker 1: podcast way easy to research. Yes, yes, But the funny
Speaker 1: thing is if you look at the diagram, the the
Speaker 1: cross section that are artists have put together of a
Speaker 1: light emitting diode, it's sort of in a way resembles
Speaker 1: an incandescent light bulb because it is a diode inside
Speaker 1: a casing. Yeah, now in this case, the the light
Speaker 1: of Right, the light emitting diode is a is a
Speaker 1: type of semiconductor. Actually, in a way, it's the simplest
Speaker 1: se conductor. There is a diode in general, not just
Speaker 1: a light emitting diode, but a diode in general is
Speaker 1: a semiconductor, and it conducts electricity, but not as completely
Speaker 1: as it could. Right. Essentially, it's a semiconductor. It has
Speaker 1: a varying ability to conduct electricity, so sometimes it connect
Speaker 1: like an insulator, sometimes as a conductor. It all depends
Speaker 1: on this stuff. Generally speaking, control what what you have
Speaker 1: is you've got a semiconductor with two different types of material,
Speaker 1: and it tends to we tend to call it N
Speaker 1: type material and P type material. So the N type
Speaker 1: material has extra negatively charged particles, so it has a
Speaker 1: negative charge overall. Then the P type material, I think
Speaker 1: you can see where this is going, has extra positively
Speaker 1: charged particles. Yes I'm positive, not just sure, I'm positive.
Speaker 1: So you can think of the N type material as
Speaker 1: having an excess of electrons. The P type material has
Speaker 1: what we call holes. These are places where the electrons
Speaker 1: could go. Now, electrons definitely want to get over to
Speaker 1: the positively charged holes. They want to move to those
Speaker 1: holes because, as we know, when you're talking about charges,
Speaker 1: opposites tracked. John Marsha, Yes, in in subatomic particle form.
Speaker 1: So you've got the negative and the positive materials and
Speaker 1: they're kind of smushed together in a in a diode.
Speaker 1: So you've you've bond together the IN type material to
Speaker 1: the P type material. So you've got the the negatively
Speaker 1: charged and the positively charged m botted together. And there's
Speaker 1: an electrode attached to each end. So the N type
Speaker 1: has an electrode attached, the P type has an electrode attached. Now,
Speaker 1: if you don't apply any voltage across this diode. The
Speaker 1: electrons from the N type material fill up the holes
Speaker 1: in the P type material, and it creates what is
Speaker 1: called a depletion zone. And in the depletion zone, the
Speaker 1: semiconductor becomes an insulator. You know, you've you've got those
Speaker 1: extra electrons, have filled up the holes that were on
Speaker 1: the positively charge side, and you've reached sort of a
Speaker 1: neutral ground, right, So depletion zone is that neutral ground.
Speaker 1: There are no free electrons or empty spaces, so it's
Speaker 1: just kind of there. But if you want to get
Speaker 1: rid of that depletion zone, then you need to push
Speaker 1: electrons across, moving from the N type area towards the
Speaker 1: P type area. And then h to do that, you
Speaker 1: just connect the the IN type side of the diode
Speaker 1: to the negative end of a circuit, P type side
Speaker 1: to the positive end, and the free electrons and the
Speaker 1: N type material are repelled by the negative side because
Speaker 1: again you know, like charge repels like yes, they're drawn
Speaker 1: to the positive end, and you then complete the circuit
Speaker 1: and you get this um you get this electron movement.
Speaker 1: If you try to go the other way, it wouldn't
Speaker 1: work because the negatively charged particles going into the positive
Speaker 1: end would just fill up the holes and then it
Speaker 1: would stop. So a diode is kind of like a
Speaker 1: one way street and electronics, if you hook up a
Speaker 1: diode U current can only flow in one direction and
Speaker 1: it will not flow the other way. So if you
Speaker 1: even if you reversed the current, it would not complete
Speaker 1: the circuit if it went against the diode. Reversing the
Speaker 1: polarity just won't work, Captain. So that's your basic led.
Speaker 1: But visible light emitting diode are made up of materials
Speaker 1: that create a wide gap between where the hole is
Speaker 1: and where the electrons are so that when the electrons
Speaker 1: move through they do emit they give off photons. Because
Speaker 1: again we're talking about when electrons are moving down through
Speaker 1: the orbitals. Uh you know, you you've given them enough
Speaker 1: energy for them to to move out of their normal orbitals.
Speaker 1: Once they move down, they get off light. Well, the
Speaker 1: greater that gap is, the more light they give off.
Speaker 1: So if you create a visible light emitting diode and
Speaker 1: you use these materials that create these wider gaps between
Speaker 1: the conduction band and the lower orbitals of the electrons,
Speaker 1: that gap is what allows the electrons to give off
Speaker 1: light and in general, these L E d s tend
Speaker 1: to look if you look at a single LED, they
Speaker 1: tend to look like a miniature light bulb light Christmas saying,
Speaker 1: now there's no filament in there, because again you're just
Speaker 1: what all you're doing is you're allowing those electrons to
Speaker 1: move in those those orbitals, and that's what's giving off
Speaker 1: the photons. And these little light bulbs tend to be
Speaker 1: shaped in such a way that it guides the light
Speaker 1: that's emitted in a very particular direction. So that way
Speaker 1: it's a very concentrated light. Yes, So if you see
Speaker 1: an LED light fixture and this could be you know,
Speaker 1: an LED light bulb or on on the back of cars.
Speaker 1: I've seen a lot of um uh tail lights in
Speaker 1: recent cars that use L E d s, And you
Speaker 1: can tell because it will be a group of them
Speaker 1: together um. And so it looks like there are lots
Speaker 1: of little tiny dots of light in a pattern you know,
Speaker 1: maybe a UM series of concentric circle type things or
Speaker 1: or you know, some other kind of thing um and
Speaker 1: it's you can you can tell that it's an LED
Speaker 1: light specifically because you can see the little dots but
Speaker 1: together when they work together like that, they can be
Speaker 1: very bright. I have a couple of LED flashlights as
Speaker 1: a matter of fact, Um that you know. You's like,
Speaker 1: hey does this thing work? Oh? You know, Um, however
Speaker 1: they're very efficient. Yes, yes, I've got a couple of
Speaker 1: LED lights in my house. Actually, there are a couple
Speaker 1: of light fixtures that were specifically designed to work with
Speaker 1: LED lights. And yes, they are incredibly efficient, particularly compared
Speaker 1: to incandescence and even fluorescence. But we didn't really mention
Speaker 1: it before. Escent lights are more efficient than incandescent light bulbs. Yes,
Speaker 1: they last longer, they use less energy to create light.
Speaker 1: They don't They don't lose as much energy in producing heat.
Speaker 1: So yeah, so they don't heat up as hot as
Speaker 1: an incandescent bulb. That's not saying that a florescent bulb
Speaker 1: is going to be cool to the touch. It's just
Speaker 1: not going to be as hot as an incandescent bulb.
Speaker 1: Is l E ED is even more efficient. Uh, it
Speaker 1: has a much higher luminous efficacy, if you will. As
Speaker 1: we say in our article on L E D s,
Speaker 1: what's your language? I'm sorry, um, but they talked about
Speaker 1: how in our article they mentioned a specific type of
Speaker 1: LED light bulb in this case, it was this Sewel's
Speaker 1: Evo lux LED bulb, which produces seventy six point nine
Speaker 1: lumens per what, which is essentially how bright. This is
Speaker 1: dependent upon how much energy you're putting into it, whereas
Speaker 1: an incandescent bulb is seventeen lumens per what. So seventy
Speaker 1: six point nine versus seventeen it shows that the efficiency
Speaker 1: of the l e ED is far greater than that
Speaker 1: of the incandescent bulb, and the LED lifetime can be
Speaker 1: around fifty thousand hours, So compare that to a couple
Speaker 1: of thousand hours for a typical incandescent bulb, and that's
Speaker 1: a big difference. Now, LED light bulbs do tend to
Speaker 1: be much more expensive than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. However,
Speaker 1: if you measure that across the lifetime of the bulb
Speaker 1: and you factor in things like energy savings, uh, they
Speaker 1: on the long term can be a good investment. However,
Speaker 1: the upfront cost is still much higher, so that can
Speaker 1: be a barrier for a lot of people. The cost
Speaker 1: has been decreasing UH quite a bit since over the
Speaker 1: last decade or so, since semiconductor material has become much
Speaker 1: more cost effective. Is when these first came out, semiconductor
Speaker 1: material was a precious commodity. It was not something that
Speaker 1: was mass produced. It was not something that you could
Speaker 1: easily get your hand ends on, and so it was
Speaker 1: much more expensive. But just as Gordon More predicted way
Speaker 1: back in the sixties, the manufacturing processes would mean that
Speaker 1: costs would come down, efficiencies go up, and as a result,
Speaker 1: we're able to get more efficient products. Now he was
Speaker 1: talking specifically about integrated circuits, but as it turns out,
Speaker 1: that kind of applies to lots of stuff. Doesn't necessarily
Speaker 1: mean that the light bulbs will have next year will
Speaker 1: be twice as bright as the ones we have this year.
Speaker 1: So the analogy doesn't continue all the way there, but
Speaker 1: it's still I think, semi applicable. So yeah, you can
Speaker 1: see the differences between these these approaches. Uh, Ultimately, it's
Speaker 1: all about again exciting atoms, and once those aboms get excited,
Speaker 1: they just light up. I hope you guys enjoyed that
Speaker 1: classic episode of tech stuff. I really liked when we
Speaker 1: got to do the history ones where we got to
Speaker 1: really dive into what actually happened, because frequently the stories
Speaker 1: that we learn in history books are the fast, simple,
Speaker 1: easy explanations, because as we really begin to understand the
Speaker 1: more we look into technology, development of new technologies is
Speaker 1: often very complicated, with lots of different people making contributions
Speaker 1: that ultimately will result in a new technology kind of
Speaker 1: coming to be. But it's rarely so simple as to
Speaker 1: point to a single person and say, that person right
Speaker 1: there did it. Yo. If you guys have suggestions for
Speaker 1: our future episodes of tech Stuff, reach out to me,
Speaker 1: send me a message on tech stuff at how stuff
Speaker 1: works dot com, or pop on over to our website
Speaker 1: that's tech stuff podcast dot com. They're going to find
Speaker 1: an archive of all of our past episodes. You'll find
Speaker 1: links to our social media accounts, and you will also
Speaker 1: find a link to our online store, where every purchase
Speaker 1: you make goes to help the show. We greatly appreciate it. Now,
Speaker 1: I'll talk to you again really soon. M Text Stuff
Speaker 1: is a production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works.
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the i
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