WEBVTT - It Could Happen Here Weekly 25 0:00:00.240 --> 0:00:02.720 Hey everybody, Robert Evans here, and I wanted to let 0:00:02.720 --> 0:00:06.400 you know this is a compilation episode. So every episode 0:00:06.519 --> 0:00:09.600 of the week that just happened is here in one 0:00:09.720 --> 0:00:13.480 convenient and with somewhat less ads package for you to 0:00:13.520 --> 0:00:16.000 listen to in a long stretch if you want. If 0:00:16.000 --> 0:00:17.959 you've been listening to the episodes every day this week, 0:00:18.000 --> 0:00:20.159 there's gonna be nothing new here for you, but you 0:00:20.160 --> 0:00:28.080 can make your own decisions. Hey everyone, I'm Robert Evans 0:00:28.200 --> 0:00:31.520 and this is me an Mar printing the Revolution. It's 0:00:31.560 --> 0:00:34.400 and it could happen here special mini series, an in 0:00:34.479 --> 0:00:39.520 depth documentary investigation with me and journalist James Stout. Over 0:00:39.560 --> 0:00:42.040 the next four days, you're going to learn about the 0:00:42.120 --> 0:00:44.640 gen Z militias of the MA and Mar Civil War, 0:00:45.040 --> 0:00:47.000 three D printed weapons, and a bunch of other really 0:00:47.040 --> 0:00:51.440 fascinating stuff. Besides, So, without any further ado, here's James. 0:00:52.479 --> 0:00:55.520 Ever since the first person built the first fence, took 0:00:55.600 --> 0:00:59.280 land from everybody and annexed it to themselves, property rights 0:00:59.280 --> 0:01:03.720 and violence on hand in hand with property, grew the state, 0:01:04.240 --> 0:01:07.400 and when the state came the police. Today most of 0:01:07.480 --> 0:01:09.440 us grew up under the control of states, and they're 0:01:09.440 --> 0:01:12.600 so ubiquitous that their violence is often overlooked until a 0:01:12.600 --> 0:01:16.880 particularly agreed to as incident occurs. But all states, even 0:01:16.920 --> 0:01:20.880 the most benign, rest on a monopoly on violence. State 0:01:20.959 --> 0:01:23.160 to the entities that impose laws on a given area, 0:01:23.400 --> 0:01:25.840 and if you break those laws, the state can beat 0:01:25.880 --> 0:01:29.840 you up, lock you up, or shoot you up. When 0:01:29.840 --> 0:01:32.840 the state loses the monopoly on violence, it ceases to 0:01:32.880 --> 0:01:35.400 be able to enforce its laws, charge its taxes, and 0:01:35.520 --> 0:01:38.080 enforce its will on the people at rules. We've seen 0:01:38.080 --> 0:01:40.399 this all over the world, from the Democratic Republic of 0:01:40.440 --> 0:01:44.640 Congo to briefly downtown Seattle. Our state in the USA 0:01:45.120 --> 0:01:48.560 speaks the language of rights and liberties. When we want 0:01:48.560 --> 0:01:51.360 to appeal to the state, we tend to use that language. 0:01:52.560 --> 0:01:55.400 Even though our state, as we saw in is backed 0:01:55.400 --> 0:01:58.520 by plenty of violence as much as any other, it 0:01:58.520 --> 0:02:02.200 goes a long way to camouflage that violence. Some states 0:02:02.200 --> 0:02:04.360 are a bit more mask off. They speak to their 0:02:04.360 --> 0:02:07.680 citizens more or less exclusively through violence, and when citizens 0:02:07.680 --> 0:02:10.080 need to respond to that state, they respond to their 0:02:10.120 --> 0:02:12.840 language it uses to speak to them. That's how a 0:02:12.880 --> 0:02:16.359 teenager from Yangon, Myanmar ended up on Reddit in summer 0:02:16.360 --> 0:02:19.240 of one asking strangers how to use a three D 0:02:19.320 --> 0:02:22.679 printer and computer to make a rifle me and Ma 0:02:23.040 --> 0:02:24.880 isn't a country that is on the radar for most 0:02:24.880 --> 0:02:27.480 of the US. If it is a tool, it's probably 0:02:27.480 --> 0:02:29.919 because the State Council and Foreign Minister on Scien Succhi. 0:02:31.320 --> 0:02:35.320 She managed perhaps the history's fastest pivot from Nobel Peace 0:02:35.360 --> 0:02:38.200 Price winner to head of a government accused of genocide. 0:02:38.520 --> 0:02:42.000 But Suki is in jail now and the Rahania, the 0:02:42.080 --> 0:02:44.760 Muslim ethnic group that the military attempted to eliminate from 0:02:44.760 --> 0:02:46.640 the east of the country under her rule, are just 0:02:46.760 --> 0:02:49.919 one of many ethnic and political groups. They're an open 0:02:50.080 --> 0:02:52.959 armed conflict with the military who now hold control of 0:02:53.000 --> 0:02:56.360 the government of Myanmar, known locally as a Tapmador. The 0:02:56.360 --> 0:02:59.520 military sees power in early one you might have seen 0:02:59.560 --> 0:03:02.440 a video of a woman doing an aerobics workout as 0:03:02.480 --> 0:03:06.560 the vehicles rolled in behind her to seize power. Ever 0:03:06.639 --> 0:03:09.480 since that day, they've been committing crimes against humanity all 0:03:09.520 --> 0:03:12.760 over the country. Myama has a longer history of dictatorship 0:03:12.800 --> 0:03:17.079 than democracy. The British East India Company occupied the area 0:03:17.120 --> 0:03:20.519 that now represents the country in the nineteenth century. As always, 0:03:20.600 --> 0:03:24.120 they talked about civilizing missions and freedoms, but in practice 0:03:24.400 --> 0:03:27.760 the occupation was extractive and only benefited the Anglo Burmese 0:03:27.960 --> 0:03:31.440 and a few Indian civil servants they brought with them often. 0:03:31.560 --> 0:03:34.360 But this month led to resistance that manifested itself in 0:03:34.440 --> 0:03:38.640 hunger strikes and everyday acts of disobedience, small ways of 0:03:38.680 --> 0:03:42.360 saying no. In a few instances, it became open and 0:03:42.480 --> 0:03:46.080 unrest biled into the streets. The country became a major 0:03:46.080 --> 0:03:49.040 battle ground during the Second World War, with Japan evading 0:03:49.040 --> 0:03:51.680 and seizing the country before Allied forces took it back 0:03:51.720 --> 0:03:54.760 in a fierce campaign in nineteen As many of a 0:03:54.800 --> 0:03:58.400 hundred and fifty thousand Japanese troops died. Burmese people fought 0:03:58.400 --> 0:04:03.000 on both sides. As son An San Suki's father demanded 0:04:03.000 --> 0:04:05.960 that Britain grant him and his fellow Burmese people independence 0:04:05.960 --> 0:04:09.800 if they fought for the Allies. The British refused. An 0:04:09.880 --> 0:04:12.880 San then went first to China and eventually Japan for support, 0:04:13.200 --> 0:04:15.560 and eventually he fought against the British with his Burmer 0:04:15.600 --> 0:04:19.280 Independence Army. But after two years of occupation, a Stan 0:04:19.360 --> 0:04:22.440 and his comrades changed sides under a broad alliance called 0:04:22.440 --> 0:04:25.960 the Anti Fascist organization. They turned on the Japanese and 0:04:26.000 --> 0:04:28.400 they once again took up arms to liberate their country. 0:04:29.080 --> 0:04:33.320 On the fourth of January, Burma became an independent republic. 0:04:33.960 --> 0:04:37.520 The new republic's territory combined three British territories and over 0:04:37.560 --> 0:04:41.480 a hundred distinct ethnic groups. For the next fourteen years, 0:04:42.120 --> 0:04:45.960 these groups struggled to find a democratic Burma and an 0:04:46.000 --> 0:04:50.799 identity for themselves within it. Mostly they failed. The period 0:04:50.880 --> 0:04:53.560 was characterized by the Chinese Civil War spilling it to Burma, 0:04:53.960 --> 0:04:58.120 ethnic arm insurgencies and repeated demands for a federal republic 0:04:58.240 --> 0:05:03.200 with a weak central government into the military. A rate 0:05:03.279 --> 0:05:06.679 at new demands for a federal republic stage to cop 0:05:08.080 --> 0:05:10.720 Burma spent the next twenty two years under the military 0:05:10.800 --> 0:05:14.240 rule of a council, pursuing what they called the Burmese 0:05:14.279 --> 0:05:18.600 Way to socialism. Burma's planned economy left it largely isolated 0:05:18.600 --> 0:05:21.840 from the rest of the world home the press was censored, 0:05:21.839 --> 0:05:24.680 and a type of nationalism that combined nominal socialism and 0:05:24.800 --> 0:05:29.520 Burman ethnic identity became the official state ideology. During this period, 0:05:29.520 --> 0:05:33.440 Burma became one of the world's poorest countries. Sporadic protests 0:05:33.480 --> 0:05:37.960 were met with overwhelming force and the eighths of August 0:05:38.800 --> 0:05:42.480 and uprising began. It started among a students in Yangon, 0:05:42.960 --> 0:05:45.440 but it took real quickly around the country. The so 0:05:45.560 --> 0:05:49.800 called eight eight Uprising because of the date, began with 0:05:49.800 --> 0:05:53.520 the general strike and huge nor violent protests. These were 0:05:53.520 --> 0:05:57.679 met with gunfire. Protesters fought back with Molotov cocktails and rocks. 0:05:58.600 --> 0:06:02.600 The military fired to hospitals, and by September eighteen they 0:06:02.720 --> 0:06:04.600 launched a coup to take the country from a one 0:06:04.680 --> 0:06:08.599 party state back to a military dictatorship. It was throing 0:06:08.680 --> 0:06:12.240 these protests on San Suki, the Daughter of Independence. Here 0:06:12.240 --> 0:06:17.880 a son emerged as a national figurehead, especially in the West. Amato. 0:06:18.640 --> 0:06:24.400 The Indian writer wrote the following about eight across Burma, 0:06:24.880 --> 0:06:27.839 people poured out in thousands to join the protests, not 0:06:28.000 --> 0:06:31.480 just students, but also teaches, monks, children, professionals and trade 0:06:31.560 --> 0:06:34.560 unionists of every ship. It was on this day, too, 0:06:35.040 --> 0:06:38.080 that the Hunter made its first determined attempt at repression. 0:06:38.680 --> 0:06:41.520 Soldiers opened fire on the demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed 0:06:41.600 --> 0:06:44.919 marches were killed. The killings continued for a week, but 0:06:45.000 --> 0:06:49.279 still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets. After the 0:06:49.360 --> 0:06:54.640 uprising had been suppressed. Multiparty elections were later held, while 0:06:54.680 --> 0:06:57.080 the new National League for Democracy party of Ang Song 0:06:57.200 --> 0:07:00.919 Suki won the most votes. The hunter used to see power. 0:07:01.800 --> 0:07:04.279 Protests continued off and on for decades, with the two 0:07:04.320 --> 0:07:07.960 thousand seven Saffron Revolution, which the government violently cracked down 0:07:07.960 --> 0:07:12.440 on monks, resulting in the most international condemnation. Following the 0:07:12.480 --> 0:07:17.760 Saffron Revolution, the government's isolationism hindering aid after extensive cyclone damage. 0:07:17.760 --> 0:07:20.800 In two thousand and eight, the military government finally implemented 0:07:20.840 --> 0:07:24.280 the roadmap to discipline flourishing democracy that had developed in 0:07:25.880 --> 0:07:27.760 If you're wondering about the name of the country, this 0:07:27.880 --> 0:07:30.760 officially changed in as well, but like much of the 0:07:30.840 --> 0:07:34.000 nation's history, a grand proclamation from the government didn't mean 0:07:34.080 --> 0:07:38.240 much on the ground. Both words derived from Baranma, a 0:07:38.360 --> 0:07:40.840 name that the majority ethnic group who we're calling Burman 0:07:40.960 --> 0:07:44.920 here used for themselves. Many opposition groups still use Burma 0:07:45.160 --> 0:07:48.040 instead of Myanma. It's another small way of saying no 0:07:48.160 --> 0:07:52.280 to the military's attempt to control every aspect of their lives. Finally, 0:07:52.680 --> 0:07:55.480 on the eighteenth of September, the army took to the 0:07:55.520 --> 0:07:57.720 streets and the coup led by their Chief of Staff, 0:07:57.880 --> 0:08:15.480 General Sormon. The next day the killings began again. Yeah 0:08:17.960 --> 0:08:27.920 The army later described these people as lutas. It was 0:08:27.960 --> 0:08:30.960 not until two thousand eleven that the military junta finally 0:08:31.000 --> 0:08:34.400 stepped down and passed on power to the Union, Solidarity 0:08:34.440 --> 0:08:37.080 and Development Party in an election that was widely seen 0:08:37.120 --> 0:08:40.920 as fraudulent. A year later on Sen su Chi was released, 0:08:41.080 --> 0:08:44.320 and by two thousand fifteen her National League for Democracy 0:08:44.440 --> 0:08:47.959 won an absolute majority. While she was barred from holding 0:08:47.960 --> 0:08:51.319 the presidential office, she took on the role of State counselor, 0:08:51.520 --> 0:08:55.000 and Myanmar entered a period of liberalization, which, although never 0:08:55.080 --> 0:08:58.120 the federal democracy promised when the country gained its independence 0:08:58.120 --> 0:09:02.400 in n seven, allowed for significant freedoms of communication and speech, 0:09:02.600 --> 0:09:06.480 especially for the Burman majority ethnic group. Not everyone was 0:09:06.520 --> 0:09:09.439 reconciled to the change. Many of myanmars a hundred and 0:09:09.480 --> 0:09:12.680 thirty five ethnic groups feel marginalized by the state, which 0:09:12.720 --> 0:09:15.760 tends to be dominated by the Burman ethnicity. Some of 0:09:15.800 --> 0:09:18.680 these groups have armed insurgent wings, often more than one 0:09:18.720 --> 0:09:21.720 per ethnic group, as they disagree on politics or religion. 0:09:22.200 --> 0:09:25.640 These groups have fought various Burmese governments since the nineteen forties, 0:09:25.840 --> 0:09:28.120 but many of them reached a ceasefire with the government 0:09:28.120 --> 0:09:32.280 as the country passed from military to civilian rule. One group, however, 0:09:32.320 --> 0:09:35.800 saw a huge uptick in violence. The Rohinga ethnic group 0:09:35.840 --> 0:09:39.319 have been persecuted by Buddhist nationals since the nineteen seventies, 0:09:39.600 --> 0:09:42.240 but the campaign against them increased in violence and scale 0:09:42.240 --> 0:09:44.880 in two thousand sixteen, when the toatmah Dau began a 0:09:44.960 --> 0:09:49.319 huge crackdown against Rohinga people in Rakin State. The persecution 0:09:49.360 --> 0:09:52.560 began in response to attacks by the Arkan Rohingas Salvation 0:09:52.679 --> 0:09:56.079 Army on Burmese border outposts, but the campaign that followed 0:09:56.080 --> 0:09:58.640 had nothing to do with the small insurgent group and 0:09:58.720 --> 0:10:00.720 a lot to do with the desire of the Totma 0:10:00.760 --> 0:10:04.080 Daw to destroy or drive out all Rohinga people, who 0:10:04.080 --> 0:10:07.920 they claim are undocumented migrants from Bangladesh and not citizens 0:10:07.920 --> 0:10:11.679 of Myanmar. While the world praised Suki, her government looked 0:10:11.679 --> 0:10:14.160 the other way as the military carried out a genocide 0:10:14.160 --> 0:10:17.600 that displaced over a million people and killed tens of thousands. 0:10:18.360 --> 0:10:21.280 It was in the context of growing international condemnation of 0:10:21.320 --> 0:10:23.880 the genocide that Myanmar went to the polls in November 0:10:23.880 --> 0:10:28.080 of The November twenty election was only the nation's second 0:10:28.200 --> 0:10:31.480 since the official end of military rule. On San su 0:10:31.600 --> 0:10:35.640 Chi's National League for Democracy won a resounding victory. The 0:10:35.679 --> 0:10:39.320 military backed Union Solidarity and Development Party holds twenty five 0:10:39.320 --> 0:10:42.960 percent of seats under a constitution that SUCHI wanted to change. 0:10:43.320 --> 0:10:46.280 It didn't take defeat well. The election was neither perfectly 0:10:46.280 --> 0:10:50.200 free nor fair. The Rohinga have been almost wholly disenfranchised. 0:10:50.400 --> 0:10:53.280 The government claims they are illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and 0:10:53.320 --> 0:10:57.280 thus unable to vote. Areas with ethnic armed organizations which 0:10:57.320 --> 0:11:00.160 opposed the government often had poles canceled and in had 0:11:00.200 --> 0:11:03.280 cut off. According to Human Rights Watch, The Carter Center 0:11:03.400 --> 0:11:07.360 estimates that one point four million citizens couldn't vote. The 0:11:07.400 --> 0:11:10.800 one opposition party that was certainly not short changed was 0:11:10.840 --> 0:11:14.679 the military's. However, it was the Union Solidarity and Development 0:11:14.679 --> 0:11:17.160 Party U s d P, which had been calling for 0:11:17.200 --> 0:11:20.800 election delays due to COVID before polls opened. Once the 0:11:20.840 --> 0:11:24.880 elections concluded, they immediately began questioning the results. They continued 0:11:24.920 --> 0:11:27.120 to attempt to undermine the vote for months before they 0:11:27.160 --> 0:11:30.840 resorted to force on the first of February, the day 0:11:30.880 --> 0:11:33.679 before the newly elected legislators were due to be sworn 0:11:33.760 --> 0:11:37.240 in the world largely ignored the situation, apart from the 0:11:37.280 --> 0:11:40.480 one viral video where a masked fitness instructor dances in 0:11:40.520 --> 0:11:43.800 the foreground as a PCs rolled through a roadblock and 0:11:43.840 --> 0:11:48.240 into the parliament complex behind her. On Sang Suchi was arrested, 0:11:48.520 --> 0:11:51.839 charged with breaching COVID nineteen restrictions and illegally importing a 0:11:51.920 --> 0:11:55.560 walkie talkie, and General min On Lang was installed at 0:11:55.600 --> 0:11:58.480 the head of a military junta. If this sounds a 0:11:58.520 --> 0:12:01.040 little like a stop the Steel antasy, and that's because 0:12:01.040 --> 0:12:04.200 it is erily similar to one. Myanmar's democracy is not 0:12:04.320 --> 0:12:07.680 what academics call a consolidated one, which is to say 0:12:07.679 --> 0:12:10.600 that democracy has never been the only game in town there, 0:12:11.040 --> 0:12:14.400 but the United States seems to be rapidly deconsolidating its 0:12:14.400 --> 0:12:17.880 own democracy. The allegations of election fraud and Meanmar were 0:12:17.880 --> 0:12:21.000 no more credible than those in Arizona. However, the military's 0:12:21.000 --> 0:12:24.280 tradition of political engagement there removed many of the barriers 0:12:24.280 --> 0:12:26.880 in between electoral defeat and the death of a short 0:12:26.920 --> 0:12:30.080 lived democracy. Within twenty four hours of the coup, the 0:12:30.080 --> 0:12:32.880 people of Mianmar had fought back health care workers and 0:12:32.920 --> 0:12:35.640 civil servants were on strike by February third, and a 0:12:35.640 --> 0:12:39.319 boycott of Junta owned businesses had begun. Protests began with 0:12:39.360 --> 0:12:41.760 a handful of people. The memories of massacres of pro 0:12:41.840 --> 0:12:45.320 democracy protesters in the nineteen eighties kept many away, but 0:12:45.360 --> 0:12:48.319 a younger generation who had grown up with relative liberty, 0:12:48.520 --> 0:12:51.800 internet access and basic freedoms had not seen blood in 0:12:51.800 --> 0:12:54.760 the streets like their parents. They had seen activists in 0:12:54.840 --> 0:12:58.599 Hong Kong, the USA, and Ukraine take on violent state apparatuses, 0:12:58.760 --> 0:13:02.200 and they often seen them win. By the six of 0:13:02.240 --> 0:13:06.800 February twenty people in the streets of Yangon, the largest city, 0:13:07.120 --> 0:13:11.400 and the Internet was shut down. Nationwide. Protests began peacefully 0:13:11.440 --> 0:13:13.959 with memorable signs like my eggs is bad, but the 0:13:14.000 --> 0:13:17.600 military is worse, and we are protesting peacefully, but with 0:13:17.679 --> 0:13:20.960 the W a P capitalized, so it said whack. These 0:13:20.960 --> 0:13:23.880 signs were designed by generation of kids who grew up 0:13:23.880 --> 0:13:28.160 with access to the Internet to attract international attention. Despite 0:13:28.160 --> 0:13:31.120 the ban. They used VPNs to shore im due to 0:13:31.120 --> 0:13:34.760 their struggle. One sign read you've messed with the wrong generation. 0:13:35.080 --> 0:13:37.120 Now will never be allowed to ruin our own lives. 0:13:38.520 --> 0:13:41.720 The tap the door, showed his cards. Pretty quickly, police 0:13:41.720 --> 0:13:45.320 began a suppression with sling shots and clubs, then tear 0:13:45.320 --> 0:13:48.840 gas and flash brag, and quickly they moved to rifles 0:13:48.840 --> 0:13:52.640 and rocket papel grenades. By the ninth of February, my 0:13:53.000 --> 0:13:56.320 way Way, a twenty year old woman have been shot 0:13:56.400 --> 0:14:31.000 in the street. Soon those young protesters have switched signs 0:14:31.000 --> 0:14:33.880 for shields by the mid march on m forty this day, 0:14:34.040 --> 0:14:36.520 a hundred and fourteen civilians were killed in a single day, 0:14:37.000 --> 0:14:40.040 including sixty five in Yangon who were kettled by police, 0:14:40.440 --> 0:14:45.400 surrounded and then shot Quickly, shield walls were set up. 0:14:45.600 --> 0:14:48.720 Medics identified themselves in the protest movement, and hard hats 0:14:48.720 --> 0:14:52.000 and goggles were distributed, but this didn't hip the balance 0:14:52.040 --> 0:14:55.280 of power in their favor. So all In, a former 0:14:55.360 --> 0:14:58.680 student union leader, was there from the start. In the 0:14:58.800 --> 0:15:01.560 text message, he told me I did not miss a 0:15:01.600 --> 0:15:04.520 single day as a member of the KaiA State National 0:15:04.560 --> 0:15:08.880 Strike Committee. I later became more involved in anti authoritarian protests. 0:15:09.680 --> 0:15:12.320 In the early protests, you see him in photos walking 0:15:12.320 --> 0:15:14.480 in the front of the group carrying flags and banners 0:15:14.600 --> 0:15:16.720 with his student I D card on a lanyard around 0:15:16.720 --> 0:15:20.080 his neck. But by March he's wearing a black shirt, 0:15:20.560 --> 0:15:24.880 goggles and a hard construction hat. Meanwhile, the National League 0:15:24.880 --> 0:15:28.520 for Democracy politicians who had escaped attention joined other parties 0:15:28.720 --> 0:15:31.680 and set up a National Unity Government in April. The 0:15:31.760 --> 0:15:36.359 National Unity Government contained members of the National League for Democracy, 0:15:36.720 --> 0:15:40.320 but significantly her Anger activists was appointed and advised with 0:15:40.360 --> 0:15:43.160 the Ministry of Human Rights, and the National Unity Government 0:15:43.240 --> 0:15:46.720 has announced it would for the first time accept the 0:15:46.800 --> 0:15:49.520 jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court with respect to all 0:15:49.560 --> 0:15:53.000 international crimes committed in Myanmar since two thousand and two. 0:15:53.800 --> 0:15:58.080 This would include the Ring genocide. By May, both the 0:15:58.160 --> 0:16:00.560 National Unity Government as well in her to realize that 0:16:00.600 --> 0:16:02.680 no amount of non violent protests was going through this 0:16:02.800 --> 0:16:05.440 large regime that was happy to gun down kids in 0:16:05.440 --> 0:16:08.640 the street, So on the fifth of May he left 0:16:08.640 --> 0:16:12.360 for the jungle. That same day, the National Unity Government 0:16:12.400 --> 0:16:15.160 announced the formation of the People's Defense Force or PDF. 0:16:15.560 --> 0:16:18.280 Within a month, eight hundred soldiers had affected to these 0:16:18.280 --> 0:16:22.840 pro democracy guerilla units. Many put their guns with them. 0:16:22.880 --> 0:16:26.080 That's what didn't join the PDF. Instead, he joined one 0:16:26.080 --> 0:16:29.680 of me and Mar's many ethnic armed organizations groups opposed 0:16:29.720 --> 0:16:32.600 to the central state and its domination by the Burman ethnicity. 0:16:33.800 --> 0:16:36.080 To understand these groups, you need to understand that me 0:16:36.160 --> 0:16:39.880 and Mar is composed of dozens, not hundreds, of ethnic groups, 0:16:39.880 --> 0:16:41.960 but that the Burman, who make up about two thirds 0:16:42.000 --> 0:16:44.960 of the population, have always controlled the state and used 0:16:44.960 --> 0:16:47.760 it as a tool in furthering their interest. Some of 0:16:47.800 --> 0:16:50.720 these groups, like the current National Liberation Army and the 0:16:50.760 --> 0:16:53.840 Kachin Independence Army, have been fighting for decades since the 0:16:53.880 --> 0:16:55.920 country emerged from British colonial rule at the end of 0:16:55.920 --> 0:16:58.640 World War Two. All of these groups draw on a 0:16:58.680 --> 0:17:02.040 combination of ethnic and police to go grievances. Many of 0:17:02.080 --> 0:17:06.040 them adminished to semi autonomous territories like the Kuran State. 0:17:06.680 --> 0:17:10.399 In two thousand thirteen, thirteen ethnic Armed Organizations or e 0:17:10.520 --> 0:17:13.679 a o s came together to form the Nationwide Ceasefire 0:17:13.720 --> 0:17:17.639 Coordinating Team in c CT and signed an eleven point 0:17:17.680 --> 0:17:21.960 Common Position of Ethnic Resistance Organizations on National Ceasefire, or 0:17:22.000 --> 0:17:24.879 the LISA Agreement. Most of them seemed to agree that 0:17:24.920 --> 0:17:27.960 they would accept a federal system rather than complete autonomy. 0:17:28.320 --> 0:17:31.440 In two thousand fifteen, a ceasefire was signed, but conflict 0:17:31.480 --> 0:17:34.520 between ethnic armed organizations and between e a o's and 0:17:34.560 --> 0:17:39.800 the government continued. Since the coup began, EO membership has skyrocketed, 0:17:39.920 --> 0:17:43.560 and in October the National Unity Government announced alliances with 0:17:43.640 --> 0:17:47.320 several groups under a central chain of command. Some political 0:17:47.400 --> 0:17:50.320 organizations who played a part in the nineteen eighty eight uprising, 0:17:50.600 --> 0:17:53.640 like the All Burma Students Democratic Front, have been revived 0:17:53.640 --> 0:17:57.240 as armed groups. The a B s DF recently attacked 0:17:57.240 --> 0:18:01.320 Tautama Dagh ships using an RPG. Attacks on military basis 0:18:01.320 --> 0:18:04.400 have also stepped up. PDF units have ambushed and killed 0:18:04.440 --> 0:18:08.120 policemen and raided police and military outposts. Each time they do, 0:18:08.320 --> 0:18:11.520 they steal valuable weapons and ammunition. The top MEDAU has 0:18:11.600 --> 0:18:15.600 responded with shellings and air strikes against residential areas, executions, 0:18:15.880 --> 0:18:19.080 mass physical retribution and the murdering of civilians and aid 0:18:19.119 --> 0:18:22.399 workers and burning of their bodies. As a result of 0:18:22.440 --> 0:18:25.840 all this, ethnic armed organizations have joined forces with anti 0:18:25.880 --> 0:18:29.880 authoritarian Berman people under the auspices of the People's Defense Forces, 0:18:30.320 --> 0:18:34.120 which are under the command of the exiled National Unity Government. 0:18:36.119 --> 0:18:39.800 We have never experienced such kind of brutalities from the 0:18:40.119 --> 0:18:43.560 military as well as a strong resistance from the people. 0:18:46.040 --> 0:18:49.600 They try to make sure the whole country submit to them, 0:18:49.600 --> 0:18:53.400 but we still refuse to allow them to be our rulers. 0:19:02.560 --> 0:19:05.360 This defiance has led to the formation of the People's 0:19:05.400 --> 0:19:10.600 Defense Forces or PDF, a coalition of thousands of resistance 0:19:10.720 --> 0:19:15.240 fighters were carrying out surprise attacks on Hunter checkpoints, bombing 0:19:15.359 --> 0:19:20.040 army convoys, and supporting ethnic armies in their fight against 0:19:20.080 --> 0:19:23.520 the regime. Twelve months ago, these men and women were 0:19:23.560 --> 0:19:28.400 students and office workers protesting the coup. Today they're training 0:19:28.440 --> 0:19:33.760 to overthrow the military. Bennesota is the tough choice, but 0:19:33.880 --> 0:19:37.800 the young people um they are ready to defend the community. 0:19:38.280 --> 0:19:42.119 They have to, of course, sacrifice their own daily life, 0:19:42.240 --> 0:19:46.520 ordinary life. Since March of the influx of new recruits 0:19:46.520 --> 0:19:50.400 has changed these groups. Generation Z militias like the Karinni 0:19:50.520 --> 0:19:53.960 gin Z Liberation Army have sprung up, founded by kids 0:19:53.960 --> 0:19:56.840 who were holding memable signs at protests just a few 0:19:56.840 --> 0:20:00.400 months earlier. They care less about ethnic independence and more 0:20:00.400 --> 0:20:03.919 about beating the junta. Many Burman kids join these groups. 0:20:04.400 --> 0:20:07.879 These organizations of young fighters received training from the experienced 0:20:07.880 --> 0:20:10.640 guerillas hiding in the jungle, but they tended to adopt 0:20:10.640 --> 0:20:13.800 a less top down military structure and armed themselves by 0:20:13.800 --> 0:20:17.200 scavenging whatever weapons they could find, often twenty two caliber 0:20:17.280 --> 0:20:20.800 rifles better suited to shooting squirrels than soldiers. It was 0:20:20.840 --> 0:20:23.040 these kids who grew up online and knew that there 0:20:23.080 --> 0:20:25.720 was nothing you couldn't learn about on Reddit who tipped 0:20:25.720 --> 0:20:28.879 the balance of force away from the state. Unlike the 0:20:28.920 --> 0:20:32.600 ethnic armed organizations and other more experienced guerrillas in Myanmar, 0:20:33.000 --> 0:20:36.440 these kids have little military experience. Their organizations have few 0:20:36.560 --> 0:20:40.280 rules and regulations. They're made up entirely of young people. 0:20:40.600 --> 0:20:43.240 As a result, there are certain things that they're less 0:20:43.240 --> 0:20:46.720 proficient at, but they're much better at things like grasping 0:20:46.760 --> 0:20:49.639 the use of new technologies, which has led to my 0:20:49.720 --> 0:20:52.200 Anmar being the first country in the world where three 0:20:52.280 --> 0:20:55.119 D printed weapons have taken part in a revolution against 0:20:55.160 --> 0:20:58.200 the government. We're going to hear more about that and 0:20:58.320 --> 0:21:15.960 many other things as this series continues. Hey everybody, I'm 0:21:16.040 --> 0:21:18.359 Robert Evans and this is me an mar printing the 0:21:18.400 --> 0:21:23.680 Revolution Part two. Since the dawn of firearms, regular people 0:21:23.760 --> 0:21:26.000 all over the world have had the same basic idea, 0:21:26.480 --> 0:21:28.800 maybe if I made myself a gun, the government wouldn't 0:21:28.840 --> 0:21:31.359 be able to be such a dick to me. Historically, 0:21:31.680 --> 0:21:34.160 this has had little impact on the willingness of governments 0:21:34.160 --> 0:21:36.840 to be dicks to people. In the beginning, all gun 0:21:36.880 --> 0:21:40.040 manufacturing was done by individual artisans, and thus making a 0:21:40.040 --> 0:21:42.240 gun in your home was really no different from making 0:21:42.240 --> 0:21:43.879 it in a shop as long as you had the 0:21:43.920 --> 0:21:47.639 proper tools. Guns in this period weren't super useful on 0:21:47.680 --> 0:21:49.679 their own, and we're best fired in a volley by 0:21:49.720 --> 0:21:53.560 a shipload of dudes at once. Since individual firearms were 0:21:53.560 --> 0:21:56.480 extremely inaccurate and cumbersome to use, the fact that some 0:21:56.560 --> 0:21:59.159 poor blacksmith could make himself one wasn't much of a 0:21:59.200 --> 0:22:02.480 threat to anybody in power. It did mean that battlefield 0:22:02.520 --> 0:22:05.959 prowess came from large blocks of trained soldiers, not fudel 0:22:06.040 --> 0:22:10.240 lords on horseback rallying untrained peasants. This change in technology 0:22:10.320 --> 0:22:13.119 led to a change in warfare and helped to change society. 0:22:13.640 --> 0:22:16.520 As firearms evolved and became these central weapons of battle, 0:22:16.600 --> 0:22:20.639 they required more intense tooling and more expensive manufacturing capacity. 0:22:21.119 --> 0:22:23.840 Nations and peoples without the know how or infrastructure were 0:22:23.880 --> 0:22:27.600 at a tremendous disadvantage. As soon as this situation came 0:22:27.640 --> 0:22:31.080 into being, these unfortunate communities set to work finding ways 0:22:31.119 --> 0:22:35.040 to gain the advantages of firearms without the manufacturing capacity 0:22:35.080 --> 0:22:40.119 their foes enjoyed indigenous cannons and regions resisting imperialism often 0:22:40.160 --> 0:22:44.080 consisted of composite materials less sturdy than bronze or iron. 0:22:44.560 --> 0:22:47.720 In the sixteen hundreds and seventeen hundreds, Indigenous Americans in 0:22:47.760 --> 0:22:50.919 South America used wooden cannons to fight against Spanish and 0:22:50.960 --> 0:22:54.919 Portuguese conquerors. The Vietnamese used wooden cannons to resist the 0:22:54.960 --> 0:22:58.200 French during the Coach in China campaign of eighteen sixty two. 0:22:58.400 --> 0:23:02.320 American Indians used wooden artillery to blast settler fortifications in 0:23:02.359 --> 0:23:05.359 the seventeen hundreds and eighteen hundreds. In the months that 0:23:05.440 --> 0:23:07.639 led up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, the 0:23:07.640 --> 0:23:10.560 men who fought to create the United States busied themselves 0:23:10.640 --> 0:23:13.359 building rifles and cannons in their homes and communities to 0:23:13.400 --> 0:23:17.240 resist the English. This trend has never really stopped in warfare. 0:23:17.320 --> 0:23:20.280 The day before we recorded this, James, my partner in 0:23:20.320 --> 0:23:22.920 this series, sent me a screen grab from a live 0:23:22.960 --> 0:23:25.520 stream of someone in Ukraine printing pieces for a K 0:23:25.680 --> 0:23:29.520 forty seven's on a three D printer. Firearms manufactured outside 0:23:29.520 --> 0:23:32.119 the arms industry have played a role in every conflict 0:23:32.119 --> 0:23:35.320 of the modern era. But as you've probably guessed they 0:23:35.320 --> 0:23:39.119 have had the greatest influence in the little wars of colonialism. 0:23:39.320 --> 0:23:43.119 European nations rarely allowed any sort of firearms ownership in 0:23:43.160 --> 0:23:46.720 their colonies, except the individuals and ethnic groups that adopted 0:23:46.720 --> 0:23:50.960 its local enforces. Since most of these places had never 0:23:51.000 --> 0:23:55.200 developed their own industrial base for arms industry, colonial rebellions 0:23:55.240 --> 0:23:58.639 often relied on homemade weapons in their early stages, along 0:23:58.680 --> 0:24:03.080 with modern firearms pilf by deserting local soldiers. Where domestic 0:24:03.080 --> 0:24:07.239 productive capacity existed, European colonizing nations went out of their 0:24:07.240 --> 0:24:10.240 way to relocate it, along with the profit it generated 0:24:10.320 --> 0:24:13.639 to the metropol All were reflected on this in his 0:24:13.720 --> 0:24:18.520 novel Burmese Days, saying in the eighteenth century, the Indians 0:24:18.600 --> 0:24:20.800 cast guns that are at any rate up to the 0:24:20.840 --> 0:24:24.720 European standard. Now, after we've been in India a hundred 0:24:24.720 --> 0:24:27.040 and fifty years, you can't make so much as the 0:24:27.119 --> 0:24:32.440 brass cartridge case in the whole continent. Meanwhile, among the colonizers, 0:24:32.480 --> 0:24:35.080 being armed became almost a synonym for being a man. 0:24:36.160 --> 0:24:39.520 This was particularly true for the colonial police forces and militaries, 0:24:40.520 --> 0:24:44.360 but it was also true domestically. Most people are broadly 0:24:44.359 --> 0:24:47.040 familiar with the US Second Amendment the robust gun culture 0:24:47.040 --> 0:24:51.199 that it spawned, but during the higher colonialism, English citizens 0:24:51.200 --> 0:24:56.320 are also free to arm themselves. In Prime Minister Robert Gascoigne, 0:24:56.359 --> 0:25:00.119 Cecil Marquis of Salisbury, gave a speech and we she 0:25:00.200 --> 0:25:02.560 claimed he would laud the day when there was a 0:25:02.640 --> 0:25:07.200 rifle in every cottage. In England, firearms were utterly unrestricted 0:25:07.200 --> 0:25:11.919 at this point. The first chaine to this came in 0:25:13.480 --> 0:25:15.639 with the first Law that required a permit to carry 0:25:15.640 --> 0:25:20.280 a handgun and restricted children from buying guns. Still, firearms 0:25:20.280 --> 0:25:23.359 were widely available until a red panic gripped the nation 0:25:23.359 --> 0:25:28.800 in following the ball strict revolution in Russia. Across the 0:25:28.840 --> 0:25:32.840 ocean in Spain, where firearms ownership was less strictly restricted, 0:25:33.119 --> 0:25:35.280 where all Well himself would learn what it was to 0:25:35.320 --> 0:25:38.639 fire a rifle at someone who shot back. Arm unions 0:25:38.680 --> 0:25:41.280 and working people served as the only bullwalk to a 0:25:41.359 --> 0:25:45.960 military coup in ninety six in Madrid, one officer opened 0:25:46.000 --> 0:25:49.000 his armory to the Union militias, but another refused to 0:25:49.040 --> 0:25:51.280 hand over for the bolts for the guns they had 0:25:51.280 --> 0:25:55.159 been issued. The Barcelona, where the anarchists left, had a 0:25:55.160 --> 0:25:58.639 long tradition of armed political violence. The coup was repelled 0:25:58.680 --> 0:26:02.680 by workers with guns and a general leading troops there 0:26:02.880 --> 0:26:06.480 was imprisoned and executed. The same pattern played out all 0:26:06.520 --> 0:26:10.640 across the country in July ninety six, when the military 0:26:10.760 --> 0:26:14.240 rose up to topple the elected government. In the cities 0:26:14.280 --> 0:26:17.000 where the government opened the armories to the people, the 0:26:17.040 --> 0:26:20.000 coup was repelled. In the cities where the government did not, 0:26:20.560 --> 0:26:24.920 the coup succeeded. Reflecting on this in nineteen forty one 0:26:25.240 --> 0:26:29.679 or worldwide, the totalitarian states can do great things, but 0:26:29.760 --> 0:26:32.880 there is one thing they cannot do. They cannot give 0:26:33.080 --> 0:26:35.680 the factory worker a rifle and tell him to take 0:26:35.680 --> 0:26:38.600 it home to keep it in his bedroom. That rifle 0:26:38.640 --> 0:26:40.960 on the wall of the laborer's cottage or working class 0:26:40.960 --> 0:26:44.280 flat is a symbol of democracy. It's a job to 0:26:44.320 --> 0:26:48.000 see that its stays there, despite orwell's please. The years 0:26:48.040 --> 0:26:50.800 that followed the Second World War led to greater restrictions 0:26:50.800 --> 0:26:53.360 of the ability of the public to arm itself. By 0:26:53.359 --> 0:26:56.680 the nineteen fifties, carrying any weapon for self defense was illegal. 0:26:57.040 --> 0:27:00.560 Semi automatic center fire arms were banned in nineteen eighty eight, 0:27:00.680 --> 0:27:03.560 and pistols were banned in nineteen ninety six. After a 0:27:03.600 --> 0:27:07.440 mass shooting killed sixteen children in Dunblane. This was all 0:27:07.520 --> 0:27:12.080 utterly infuriating to a man named Philip A. Looty. Loody, 0:27:12.200 --> 0:27:14.399 born in nineteen sixty five grew up on a farm 0:27:14.440 --> 0:27:18.720 in West Yorkshire, England. We don't have a tremendous amount 0:27:18.800 --> 0:27:21.800 of detail about his upbringing, but by the time he 0:27:21.840 --> 0:27:24.359 was in his early thirties he'd become a committed crusader 0:27:24.440 --> 0:27:28.000 for an unrestricted right to bear arms. A skilled machinist 0:27:28.080 --> 0:27:31.119 with a well equipped shop, Loody began the long process 0:27:31.160 --> 0:27:34.600 of learning how to craft homemade firearms. Soon he was 0:27:34.640 --> 0:27:38.800 building semi and fully automatic weapons. Now these were not 0:27:39.040 --> 0:27:43.000 military grade firearms. The barrels were unrifled, which made them 0:27:43.119 --> 0:27:46.760 terribly inaccurate, but every piece could be crafted from widely 0:27:46.800 --> 0:27:50.960 available things like sheet metal, washers and screws. The person 0:27:51.000 --> 0:27:53.840 assembling a Looty gun would need to be a skilled craftsman, 0:27:54.080 --> 0:27:56.800 but they would not need access to welding rigs, forges, 0:27:56.880 --> 0:28:01.560 or rather expensive industrial equipment. Looty published a book Expedient 0:28:01.640 --> 0:28:06.480 Homemade Firearms the nine millimeter Submachine Gun in ninete through 0:28:06.520 --> 0:28:10.040 Paladin Press. In the late nineteen nineties, Paladin was one 0:28:10.080 --> 0:28:12.479 of the places you could go to mail order fringe 0:28:12.480 --> 0:28:16.119 political literature and guides for stuff like trapping human beings 0:28:16.200 --> 0:28:19.280 or disabling the drive system of an Abram's tank. In 0:28:19.280 --> 0:28:22.960 the United States, nothing about Ludy's book was or is illegal, 0:28:23.680 --> 0:28:26.359 but Phil didn't live in the United States. He was 0:28:26.440 --> 0:28:30.040 arrested several times, starting in the late nineteen nineties when 0:28:30.040 --> 0:28:32.199 a pair of illegal home built guns were found on 0:28:32.280 --> 0:28:35.000 his property. Ludy spent the rest of his life, which 0:28:35.080 --> 0:28:37.960 ended in two thousand eleven, operating a website where he 0:28:38.080 --> 0:28:41.400 raged against gun control. His main argument was that England 0:28:41.440 --> 0:28:45.640 was headed for totalitarianism, and like Orwell, he believed only 0:28:45.720 --> 0:28:49.880 public ownership of arms could prevent this. Unlike Orwell, Ludy 0:28:50.040 --> 0:28:53.480 was firmly on the right wing. He traced society's problems 0:28:53.520 --> 0:28:57.600 to quote a combination of political correctness and anti freedom 0:28:57.640 --> 0:29:00.920 of speech laws, legislation governing how we speak about such 0:29:01.000 --> 0:29:04.840 subjects as religion or a person's race being just two examples. 0:29:05.160 --> 0:29:07.800 Words and phrases that have been used for centuries without 0:29:07.840 --> 0:29:10.400 malice are now insipid in people's mouths and said to 0:29:10.440 --> 0:29:13.680 cause offense by those very same speech police, who, on 0:29:13.760 --> 0:29:15.840 the other hand turned a blind eye to the violence, 0:29:15.840 --> 0:29:19.640 foul language, and sexual references blasted daily through our TV sets, 0:29:19.880 --> 0:29:22.480 a phenomenon that really does cause offense to many people. 0:29:23.600 --> 0:29:26.880 Loody never succeeded in sparking a renaissance in civilian arms 0:29:26.880 --> 0:29:30.320 ownership in the UK, but his ideas were adopted by 0:29:30.480 --> 0:29:34.080 organized criminal groups all around the world. In Brazil, looty 0:29:34.120 --> 0:29:36.880 guns can go for as much as twenty five hundred dollars. 0:29:37.240 --> 0:29:39.880 From two thousand eleven to two thousand twelve, nearly half 0:29:39.920 --> 0:29:43.840 of the submachine guns seized by police and salpolo were homemade. 0:29:44.240 --> 0:29:46.719 Most of these arms were certainly used as tools by 0:29:46.800 --> 0:29:49.960 drug dealers or other gangsters, but some of them were 0:29:50.000 --> 0:29:53.120 surely also the tools of citizens who simply sought a 0:29:53.160 --> 0:29:55.720 way to defend themselves in a place with no real 0:29:55.840 --> 0:29:59.560 rule of law. Looty guns have long been popular among 0:29:59.680 --> 0:30:02.560 mootor cycle gangs in Australia, and in October of two 0:30:02.560 --> 0:30:05.840 thousand nineteen, a fascist terrorist carried out the last of 0:30:05.840 --> 0:30:09.440 that year's eight chan shootings in Halla, Germany with a 0:30:09.480 --> 0:30:13.480 looty gun. His weapons, thankfully did not work well. As 0:30:13.520 --> 0:30:16.200 a general rule, looty guns were never going to be 0:30:16.280 --> 0:30:20.080 of much use to anyone besides organized criminals. They aren't 0:30:20.200 --> 0:30:22.520 great in a gunfight, but you can use them to 0:30:22.600 --> 0:30:25.120 spray bullets into a room or a vehicle at close 0:30:25.240 --> 0:30:29.280 range pretty well. The year after Phil Looty died two 0:30:29.280 --> 0:30:32.680 thousand twelve, a fellow named Cody Wilson decided to carry 0:30:32.720 --> 0:30:35.840 on his work. Cody felt three D printing carried the 0:30:35.840 --> 0:30:40.120 possibility of eventually manufacturing arms of equality that might rival 0:30:40.200 --> 0:30:44.200 traditionally produced guns. He started simple with a single shot 0:30:44.320 --> 0:30:47.760 three eighty handgun based around the old Liberator pistol from 0:30:47.800 --> 0:30:51.480 World War Two. The Liberator had been a single shot 0:30:51.560 --> 0:30:54.959 forty five caliber handgun meant to be dropped into Nazi 0:30:55.000 --> 0:30:58.840 occupied territories and used by insurgents to stealthily kill single 0:30:58.920 --> 0:31:03.280 German soldiers and take their guns. Cody Wilson described himself 0:31:03.320 --> 0:31:06.040 as a crypto anarchist, and when his ideas began to 0:31:06.120 --> 0:31:08.440 draw attention, he dropped out of law school to create 0:31:08.520 --> 0:31:12.680 Defense Distributed. This organization was dedicated to the development and 0:31:12.760 --> 0:31:16.000 distribution of plans to craft three D printed weapons. It 0:31:16.120 --> 0:31:19.000 used a platform called deaf CAD to allow users to 0:31:19.000 --> 0:31:21.960 develop and share blueprints. In two thousand and thirteen, the 0:31:22.000 --> 0:31:26.000 first CAD gun file became available online to everyone. It 0:31:26.080 --> 0:31:29.000 was downloaded more than a hundred thousand times in two days. 0:31:29.480 --> 0:31:31.200 I'd like to quote now from an article on the 0:31:31.240 --> 0:31:35.200 website three D Natives. This prompted the US government to 0:31:35.240 --> 0:31:37.880 demand that Defense Distributed removed the file from their site. 0:31:38.000 --> 0:31:40.360 What followed as a legal battle between Cody Wilson and 0:31:40.400 --> 0:31:43.000 the U S government, consisting of back and forth lawsuits. 0:31:43.280 --> 0:31:45.960 It lasted five years until in two thousand eighteen, the 0:31:45.960 --> 0:31:49.640 Trump administration legalized three D printed guns. The same year, 0:31:49.680 --> 0:31:52.360 Wilson was charged with sexual assault of an underage girl 0:31:52.480 --> 0:31:55.600 and had to step down from Defense Distributed. Nonetheless, the 0:31:55.680 --> 0:31:59.120 organization did not cease to exist without Cody. Today, for 0:31:59.160 --> 0:32:01.480 a yearly fee if fifty dollars, users of the Deaf 0:32:01.480 --> 0:32:04.360 CAD website can access the files containing different designs of 0:32:04.400 --> 0:32:06.880 three D printed guns. And I should note here that 0:32:07.160 --> 0:32:10.000 it's probably more accurate to say the Trump administration legalized 0:32:10.080 --> 0:32:13.160 sharing the plans and printing the files and whatnot of 0:32:13.200 --> 0:32:16.240 three D printed guns, not legalized three D printed guns. 0:32:16.240 --> 0:32:19.680 Homemade firearms have been federally legal in the United States 0:32:19.680 --> 0:32:22.880 since forever. The fighting in the courts over all. This 0:32:23.000 --> 0:32:25.400 has continued ever since, and in two thousand nineteen, a 0:32:25.480 --> 0:32:29.480 federal judge and Seattle temporarily blocked DEAFCAD. This sparked the 0:32:29.480 --> 0:32:32.560 creation of a new group, Deterrence Dispensed, which was even 0:32:32.600 --> 0:32:35.680 less centralized. The basic idea was that this would make 0:32:35.680 --> 0:32:38.640 them harder to take down via lawsuits or police action. 0:32:39.240 --> 0:32:42.080 Not stated was that this might also protect their reputation 0:32:42.120 --> 0:32:45.880 from a Cody Wilson situation. The debate over the legality 0:32:45.880 --> 0:32:48.520 of three D printed firearm plans continues on to the 0:32:48.560 --> 0:32:51.440 present day, but the development of these arms has continued 0:32:51.440 --> 0:32:54.520 at an ever faster pace. The best modern three D 0:32:54.600 --> 0:32:58.560 printed arms can even rival conventional guns. It's worth emphasizing 0:32:58.560 --> 0:33:01.640 that these are not purely class the tools. The Liberator 0:33:01.680 --> 0:33:04.160 pistol used a metal nail, and the better three D 0:33:04.320 --> 0:33:07.240 arms have metal barrels rifled using other craft methods that 0:33:07.280 --> 0:33:10.720 require some nohow, but arguably less than it took to 0:33:10.760 --> 0:33:14.040 manufacture a looty gun. Three D printed arms have been 0:33:14.040 --> 0:33:17.000 confiscated by police around the world, but in recent months 0:33:17.080 --> 0:33:19.840 they've begun to crop up somewhere new in the arms 0:33:19.840 --> 0:33:24.160 of revolutionaries fighting against a military coup. Me and Ma 0:33:25.080 --> 0:33:28.960 Burman before that has adversively strict gun control laws for decades. 0:33:29.560 --> 0:33:32.280 When Georgie Orwell was a policeman there in the ninet twenties, 0:33:32.640 --> 0:33:35.160 he may have carried a gun, but the people he 0:33:35.240 --> 0:33:38.800 was policing did not. In the nineteen thirties, the British 0:33:38.880 --> 0:33:43.920 leaders allowed tact organizations similar to militias to form and drill, 0:33:44.200 --> 0:33:48.480 but they weren't allowed to carry guns. Gun licenses under 0:33:48.520 --> 0:33:52.520 the dictatorship were issued primarily to party members, but most 0:33:52.600 --> 0:33:58.040 revoked after failed pro Democian uprising. The only civilians who 0:33:58.080 --> 0:34:01.040 were permitted to un armed with the Chin, the nation's 0:34:01.040 --> 0:34:04.000 poorest ethnic group who rely on guns to hunt for food. 0:34:05.080 --> 0:34:08.000 In many cases, these guns were flintlocks that would not 0:34:08.040 --> 0:34:09.839 have looked that out of place in a battlefield two 0:34:09.840 --> 0:34:15.960 centuries before. In practice, though, things are very different. The 0:34:16.000 --> 0:34:18.160 current conflict is best seen as a flare up in 0:34:18.280 --> 0:34:20.840 violence has been ongoing since Britain left the country in 0:34:20.920 --> 0:34:25.520 ninety seven. The Tapma door has consistently used violence against 0:34:25.600 --> 0:34:29.040 marginalized ethnic groups in the country, and they have consistently 0:34:29.080 --> 0:34:33.040 taken up arms in response. But unlike civil wars in 0:34:33.080 --> 0:34:35.960 the Middle East, wealthy nations in the West have not 0:34:36.040 --> 0:34:38.759 been flooding me and male with weapons for decades, and 0:34:38.800 --> 0:34:41.759 the various E A O s or ethnic armed organizations 0:34:41.880 --> 0:34:44.360 have had to turn to much more unorthodox routes to 0:34:44.480 --> 0:34:47.520 arm and equip themselves against the government. To get a 0:34:47.520 --> 0:34:49.280 better idea of what things are like on the ground, 0:34:49.480 --> 0:34:52.440 we spoke to Pierre. He's French, but he's a serial 0:34:52.520 --> 0:34:55.839 volunteer with national liberation struggles around the world and fought 0:34:55.880 --> 0:34:59.799 with the Karen people in the early two thousands. Yes, 0:35:00.080 --> 0:35:06.000 or the ammunition is a constant problem. The shortage is 0:35:06.480 --> 0:35:13.759 absolutely permanent. And yes, there is two sources for the 0:35:13.960 --> 0:35:19.120 for the for the weapons, there is the black market, 0:35:19.360 --> 0:35:24.120 and the prices, especially of ammunition, are prohibitive. This is 0:35:24.120 --> 0:35:28.759 why I would like to have my notebook here with me, 0:35:28.880 --> 0:35:31.959 because I think I wrote down the conversation I had 0:35:32.000 --> 0:35:36.120 with some leaders of the kind of at the time 0:35:36.719 --> 0:35:39.920 asking them why we didn't do more persons, Well, like, 0:35:40.239 --> 0:35:44.520 we just can't afford it. Uh you know, Uh, we 0:35:44.640 --> 0:35:47.600 just can't afford it. Like strictly we we don't. We 0:35:47.600 --> 0:35:50.520 we don't have enough ammunition to do any kind of 0:35:50.840 --> 0:35:56.040 uh of operation we need to. So all the operations 0:35:56.080 --> 0:35:59.719 we did. Were always focused on if we could catch 0:35:59.800 --> 0:36:05.000 you of some ammunition, if we could get you like weapons, 0:36:05.040 --> 0:36:09.759 but especially immunition. Yeah, so there is you know, that's 0:36:09.840 --> 0:36:15.080 that's the second source of of course of uh of weapon. 0:36:15.760 --> 0:36:21.080 Uh let's say source is the is the captures of course, 0:36:21.560 --> 0:36:27.120 then the black market. The black market used to be 0:36:28.239 --> 0:36:30.759 huge in Cambodia. I don't know what's the situation now. 0:36:30.920 --> 0:36:33.920 It was in the nineties. It was it was a 0:36:34.000 --> 0:36:38.200 bit of the Albania of some Systeia at this time, right. 0:36:39.200 --> 0:36:45.279 And so there is also the other ethnic groups that 0:36:45.760 --> 0:36:53.960 received sometime say a lot of uh of of arms 0:36:54.000 --> 0:36:58.360 and ammunition from sponsors, uh like some of them like 0:36:58.440 --> 0:37:01.759 the West Townies our sponsor of China. So like the 0:37:01.960 --> 0:37:06.680 supply of ammunition, it's pretty good of of weapons. I 0:37:06.719 --> 0:37:12.120 think it's even now that cartigo and stuff. Um. Then 0:37:12.360 --> 0:37:18.320 there is also groups that also produced locally quite good 0:37:18.760 --> 0:37:27.040 their own on arms, light arms usually. So yeah, these 0:37:27.080 --> 0:37:31.520 are the different sources of welcomes the okay in in 0:37:31.640 --> 0:37:34.040 the time I was there. In the early weeks of 0:37:34.080 --> 0:37:36.680 the protests, once it a claim clear that non violent 0:37:36.719 --> 0:37:40.719 demonstrators were going to be met with state violence, protesters 0:37:40.760 --> 0:37:44.759 began to fashion weapons. First, they thought soldiers with the 0:37:44.840 --> 0:37:48.480 sault rifles using catapults and bows and arrows. It was 0:37:48.520 --> 0:37:52.600 incredibly brave, but it wasn't very effective. By the twenty 0:37:52.640 --> 0:37:56.719 eight to March, protesters are taken a step. First, a 0:37:56.800 --> 0:37:59.960 group calling itself the Clay Civil Army set up barricade 0:38:00.560 --> 0:38:04.920 and defended them using pressurized air rifles that fired marbles 0:38:04.920 --> 0:38:08.760 and bicycle wheelbearings. The rifles all used the same design 0:38:09.400 --> 0:38:12.359 and the same components. They were based on a video 0:38:12.440 --> 0:38:16.520 someone found on YouTube, but they weren't lethal. They helped 0:38:16.560 --> 0:38:21.000 protesters defend their space, albeit at great cost. In that 0:38:21.160 --> 0:38:25.120 first clash, four protesters and four soldiers were killed. The 0:38:25.160 --> 0:38:27.040 protesters in Calais were able to hold out a few 0:38:27.120 --> 0:38:30.520 days using old hunting rifles and air guns. The ambush 0:38:30.600 --> 0:38:34.759 military patrols and they took four police hostage. Then they 0:38:34.800 --> 0:38:39.200 exchanged them for nine incarcerated protesters. But nearly April, the 0:38:39.200 --> 0:38:42.280 Tapmador returned to the protest camp in Calais with rocket 0:38:42.280 --> 0:38:45.960 propelled grenades and machine guns and killed eleven people. We 0:38:46.080 --> 0:38:49.279 must fight back against them. If not, our generation will 0:38:49.320 --> 0:38:53.080 face a worse situation than us. They have no laws, 0:38:53.280 --> 0:38:56.759 a neighborhood villager who battled the regime's forces told the 0:38:56.800 --> 0:39:00.279 irra Wady, a local paper, the air guns spread around 0:39:00.320 --> 0:39:04.760 the country quickly to avoid surveillance. Protesters talked about cooking 0:39:04.840 --> 0:39:08.120 up veryanny on telegram channels, and what they meant was 0:39:08.200 --> 0:39:10.560 desperately scouring the internet for a way to fight back 0:39:10.960 --> 0:39:13.040 and finding a way to make an air rifle out 0:39:13.040 --> 0:39:16.440 of a beautane canister, a pipe and a cigarette lighter, 0:39:17.560 --> 0:39:21.280 combined with fireworks and smoke bombs made of potassium nitrate. 0:39:22.000 --> 0:39:25.160 The air rifle gave protest is just enough cupboard to 0:39:25.320 --> 0:39:30.040 escape police charges, but they also gave the hunter an 0:39:30.080 --> 0:39:34.160 excuse to further escalate the violence. Attitudes are hardening among 0:39:34.200 --> 0:39:37.759 the protesters too. In Mandalay, they took air rifles to 0:39:37.800 --> 0:39:41.200 the barricades on Saturday, hardly a match for the weapons 0:39:41.239 --> 0:39:44.799 of war they face, but now they know this is 0:39:44.800 --> 0:39:48.360 a fight to the death and more destruction. After a 0:39:48.440 --> 0:39:53.759 fire raged and Pgdalgon township overnight, people living there but 0:39:53.960 --> 0:39:58.120 kept away by security forces returned to find sixty homes 0:39:58.120 --> 0:40:00.799 burned to the ground. Now all they can do is 0:40:00.840 --> 0:40:04.040 pick through the ashes, trying to save anything from the 0:40:04.080 --> 0:40:09.840 military's policy of scorched Even the Tatmadau makes its own weapons, 0:40:10.000 --> 0:40:13.880 a highly unusual move for a relatively small nation. Totmadaw 0:40:13.920 --> 0:40:16.560 troops and police can be seen with a bewildering array 0:40:16.600 --> 0:40:19.600 of indigenously produced copies of HIM sixteen s ouzies and 0:40:19.640 --> 0:40:23.000 even five five six Galil pattern A K style rifles, 0:40:23.160 --> 0:40:25.560 as well as in three light machine guns, which are 0:40:25.560 --> 0:40:28.520 slightly updated copies of the MG forty two used by 0:40:28.520 --> 0:40:31.959 the Nazis in World War Two. After the failed eight 0:40:32.000 --> 0:40:36.360 eight eight eight uprisings in Night, the military offered concessions 0:40:36.400 --> 0:40:39.760 to China and return for more advanced weapons. They got them, 0:40:39.800 --> 0:40:43.800 but it didn't stop China from also supplying ethnic armed organizations. 0:40:44.320 --> 0:40:46.200 E a o s don't have access to the same 0:40:46.280 --> 0:40:48.920 munitions factories that the government does, but there is a 0:40:49.000 --> 0:40:52.640 long tradition of homemade weapons in Myanmar. In more remote 0:40:52.640 --> 0:40:55.399 parts of the country, homemade air rifles and shotguns seem 0:40:55.440 --> 0:40:58.719 to have been relatively commonplace before the start of the conflict, 0:40:58.920 --> 0:41:01.759 and they were mostly used for hunting. The country has 0:41:01.800 --> 0:41:04.040 also covered with land mines, which the e a o 0:41:04.200 --> 0:41:07.320 S used a great effect against the Topmadaw. We spoke 0:41:07.360 --> 0:41:09.880 to Pierre, a former combatant with the Karin who no 0:41:09.960 --> 0:41:13.520 longer lives in Myanmar. His experience is not that recent, 0:41:13.640 --> 0:41:16.200 but it helps us to understand the way this conflict 0:41:16.239 --> 0:41:19.760 has been fought for decades. What we used to produce 0:41:19.920 --> 0:41:24.600 a lot of uhland mines, that's uh that's produced at 0:41:24.640 --> 0:41:29.640 the base. Yes, with like you know, very very lot 0:41:29.640 --> 0:41:35.400 of systems with a little bit of of type of 0:41:35.600 --> 0:41:40.680 plastic explosive cople of bomboom for contactors and like batfield. 0:41:41.040 --> 0:41:44.040 That's it. Pellet guns are not good for combat and 0:41:44.120 --> 0:41:46.960 E A O s mostly relied on weapons imported from Thailand, 0:41:47.080 --> 0:41:50.600 India or China. Overwhelmingly these were a K or In 0:41:50.719 --> 0:41:57.360 sixteen pattern rifles. Yeah, mostly in my and the units 0:41:57.400 --> 0:42:02.279 have been U probably majority of a K platforms in 0:42:02.280 --> 0:42:07.400 this time. Yes, yeah, definitely. I mean it's more reliable 0:42:07.560 --> 0:42:12.520 and you know, simple to operate. It's very adapted to 0:42:12.640 --> 0:42:17.719 the to the to the type of it was. It 0:42:17.800 --> 0:42:22.600 was quite correct. I mean you swee from the moment 0:42:22.640 --> 0:42:26.600 that I switched to a case at least because at 0:42:26.640 --> 0:42:30.759 Tost I tried to use this scumperency M sixteen and 0:42:31.200 --> 0:42:38.279 it was a nightmare of malfunctions. So I switched back 0:42:38.320 --> 0:42:41.719 to a case which is the what I best known 0:42:41.920 --> 0:42:49.359 and used, or my idea doesn't have this. I never 0:42:49.480 --> 0:42:52.839 really had any any malfunction with the case. Maybe one time. 0:42:52.880 --> 0:42:55.960 It's a faulty lot of communition. But let's see, not 0:42:56.080 --> 0:42:59.640 really the rifles, but the fight pierces has never been 0:42:59.680 --> 0:43:02.640 restrict ript into the battlefield for the top medal violence 0:43:02.680 --> 0:43:05.759 against civilians as part of their four cuts doctrine that 0:43:05.800 --> 0:43:08.799 cuts off funding, food, intelligence, and recruits for the e 0:43:08.960 --> 0:43:11.840 a O. S Now they are moving that same outlook 0:43:11.960 --> 0:43:18.200 to the cities like literally uh literally by by absolutely 0:43:18.320 --> 0:43:25.680 no laws of wow airs. I mean like one of 0:43:25.719 --> 0:43:27.839 the first things that I saw when we went going 0:43:27.880 --> 0:43:34.800 Batrol and in the in the Karen villages, huh around 0:43:34.800 --> 0:43:40.239 the house one of operation is that there was absolutely 0:43:40.719 --> 0:43:45.880 no girl between the age of eleven to the age 0:43:45.880 --> 0:43:51.200 of seventeen. I was like, I asked, you know, my 0:43:51.200 --> 0:43:55.279 my uh commander about it, and he says, yeah, like 0:43:55.520 --> 0:43:57.640 obviously if they if they stay as they will be 0:43:57.719 --> 0:44:00.880 rapped by the model and the first patrol like the 0:44:00.920 --> 0:44:03.600 first times they will will come. You know. So this 0:44:03.600 --> 0:44:06.040 this gives you a little bit of the tone of 0:44:06.480 --> 0:44:12.080 what they are about. They constantly ransome civilians when they 0:44:12.080 --> 0:44:18.680 don't model them like you know, shell villages for no 0:44:18.760 --> 0:44:22.279 reason or because there had been an operation of the 0:44:22.640 --> 0:44:25.920 kind and they take evenge and who they can take 0:44:26.000 --> 0:44:30.120 evenge and the civilians. You know, this is this is 0:44:30.160 --> 0:44:33.200 how the b this is what they are. Basically the 0:44:33.280 --> 0:44:35.480 top the doll is a large army and many of 0:44:35.520 --> 0:44:39.200 the conscripts are hardly high speed operator types, but that 0:44:39.239 --> 0:44:43.000 hasn't stopped them from killing thousands of innocent civilians. I 0:44:43.040 --> 0:44:48.480 mean they have as many army defferent units with different 0:44:48.719 --> 0:44:55.760 military value. Uh let's say, uh, you know, um many 0:44:55.840 --> 0:45:03.160 times the units that they truck on hilltop in the 0:45:03.200 --> 0:45:08.160 middle of Libel zone are not like the most combative, 0:45:09.000 --> 0:45:13.719 let's say, but sometimes we will get sur highed resistance. 0:45:14.480 --> 0:45:20.920 But yeah, except of that, when they to uh an 0:45:21.000 --> 0:45:25.040 operation in uh in a place they bring in like 0:45:25.640 --> 0:45:30.920 more elite troops. Let's say. By contrast, the k and 0:45:31.120 --> 0:45:34.239 l A, the Karni National Liberation Army and other e 0:45:34.360 --> 0:45:39.279 aos relied on civilian support to survive. The Canada operates 0:45:39.400 --> 0:45:45.239 in uh in karen H territory, and the civilians are 0:45:45.320 --> 0:45:51.040 Karen I mean pretty much when we when we arrive 0:45:51.120 --> 0:45:54.440 in uh in the village as as medics. You know 0:45:54.560 --> 0:46:00.960 that with us that the kind of the population distribute medicine. 0:46:02.160 --> 0:46:06.759 Uh No, like I don't know what it was like 0:46:07.280 --> 0:46:10.720 quite uh it's quite a funny acquisition coming from the Totnam. 0:46:11.160 --> 0:46:13.160 This attitude has helped them, Pierre says. And they have 0:46:13.200 --> 0:46:16.840 always been open to noncurrent recruits. First of all, is 0:46:16.880 --> 0:46:22.400 not absolutely not um let's say some kind of ethnicist 0:46:22.520 --> 0:46:27.600 or organization of ethno nationalist like you know, with some 0:46:27.760 --> 0:46:31.799 hate for us, I think, including the Obama echnic group 0:46:31.880 --> 0:46:37.320 that like traditionally you know is the is our the 0:46:37.520 --> 0:46:40.799 leaders of the MODEO that have been oppressing them for 0:46:41.320 --> 0:46:44.920 seventy years. But they have absolutely no resentment. That are 0:46:44.960 --> 0:46:51.040 extremely open to work with the Democrats, democratic forces from 0:46:51.040 --> 0:46:55.279 from every ethnical Yes, since nine, Per said, the K 0:46:55.440 --> 0:46:57.080 and l A had been willing to link up with 0:46:57.120 --> 0:47:00.239 Democratic rebels, providing them with training and shelter in order 0:47:00.280 --> 0:47:02.960 the further their shared goal of a federal and democratic 0:47:02.960 --> 0:47:07.040 country that treated all ethnicities with respect to episode. These 0:47:07.560 --> 0:47:12.320 Obama rebels let's say, uh so trained by the currents 0:47:12.400 --> 0:47:15.920 and so by people I know very well since it 0:47:16.080 --> 0:47:21.520 was my commander then never so I've seen, I've seen 0:47:21.920 --> 0:47:30.959 the currents. I've always been extremely accommodating to the Obama opposition, 0:47:31.520 --> 0:47:35.960 meaning the Obama the Man ethnic group. I'd say this 0:47:36.080 --> 0:47:39.520 for me, for people that might not know the difference. 0:47:39.600 --> 0:47:47.239 So and so the currents always had representation and they 0:47:47.320 --> 0:47:53.240 took like you know, political refugees, let's say, from from 0:47:53.680 --> 0:47:58.440 inside the Boma in the territories, the control mano close 0:47:58.520 --> 0:48:02.719 I was like the student and association. The exact name 0:48:02.760 --> 0:48:08.080 I contricle right now. But all these are organization of position. 0:48:09.080 --> 0:48:12.680 And so now they keep this tradition by helping the 0:48:13.680 --> 0:48:19.680 UH these new revails of the PDF to get military twinning. 0:48:20.800 --> 0:48:25.280 And yes, by the summer of young people had flooded 0:48:25.280 --> 0:48:27.239 into the jungles, and many of them, even the ones 0:48:27.280 --> 0:48:30.960 of Burman ethnicity, we're fighting alongside the Karen and Krinni rebels. 0:48:31.000 --> 0:48:34.279 They had previously seen as troublemakers and terrorists. Just a 0:48:34.360 --> 0:48:37.200 year or two before we spoke with one of these people, 0:48:37.520 --> 0:48:44.120 Zall Lynn, who left his home in May. There was students, friends, 0:48:44.160 --> 0:48:48.280 but also young people from just the neighborhood. Most people 0:48:48.320 --> 0:48:52.440 were just above twenty. A lot of them were single. 0:48:52.880 --> 0:48:57.880 You know, there's women as well, people whom new technology 0:48:57.960 --> 0:49:04.759 young people from UH from the technology computer uh apologists 0:49:05.360 --> 0:49:12.200 why called university. A lot of these people who knew 0:49:12.560 --> 0:49:16.800 modern technology went into the jungle too, go into the 0:49:16.920 --> 0:49:19.879 guncle to train and be able to overthrow the men 0:49:19.960 --> 0:49:24.520 online government. So there was it was very tiring. We 0:49:24.560 --> 0:49:26.760 had to go up and down on lots of hills. 0:49:27.360 --> 0:49:31.640 It was two days of walking get there, so up 0:49:31.640 --> 0:49:34.439 and down the hills and back down, up and down 0:49:35.080 --> 0:49:51.560 until we got to the training planet. Hey everyone, I'm 0:49:51.560 --> 0:49:55.360 Rebert Evans, and welcome to episode three Printing the Revolution. 0:49:55.719 --> 0:49:59.760 Here's my partner, James Stout. In the spring and summer 0:49:59.840 --> 0:50:03.839 to millions of Americans had versions of the same experience. 0:50:04.960 --> 0:50:08.680 State forces killed the helpless man. Protesters took to the 0:50:08.719 --> 0:50:11.880 streets in anger, and armed agents of the state responded 0:50:11.920 --> 0:50:15.200 with mass violence. A lot of people's lives changed for 0:50:15.239 --> 0:50:18.880 ever and fairly short order. What happened in Me and 0:50:18.880 --> 0:50:21.920 Mara after the military coup was that story turned up 0:50:21.960 --> 0:50:25.479 to eleven within days. The military had used live fire 0:50:25.480 --> 0:50:30.080 and demonstrators or a source for today's episode, were twenty 0:50:30.080 --> 0:50:32.840 two years old at the time. He spent his days 0:50:32.880 --> 0:50:36.440 working as delivery driver hang out with his girlfriend playing 0:50:36.520 --> 0:50:40.279 video games. On the day the coup started, he was 0:50:40.320 --> 0:50:44.520 playing pub g after a long shift. Soon he and 0:50:44.560 --> 0:50:46.640 his girlfriend took to the streets with thousands of other 0:50:46.719 --> 0:50:51.160 gen z Burmese kids. The state responded with massacres, often 0:50:51.200 --> 0:50:54.920 firing automatic weapons into the crowds. So all had them 0:50:54.960 --> 0:50:58.880 in particularly politically active before this moment. In fact, he 0:50:58.920 --> 0:51:01.920 felt pretty poorly to woods revolutionary, supposing the government in 0:51:01.920 --> 0:51:06.400 the jungle, seeing them as rebellious troublemakers. Um In the past, 0:51:06.480 --> 0:51:10.440 we thought that the military is a group that loves 0:51:10.520 --> 0:51:12.680 all the people and all the different groups in the 0:51:13.160 --> 0:51:16.800 in the country, and then there's just a few people 0:51:16.960 --> 0:51:25.400 who really hate the military. But especially after the who 0:51:25.680 --> 0:51:29.200 we face it with our own foreheads, with the guns. 0:51:29.400 --> 0:51:34.680 We can face the evil the military and all the 0:51:34.760 --> 0:51:37.520 human rights and things that people who hated the military 0:51:37.560 --> 0:51:40.440 before we're talking about. We understand it now because we 0:51:40.520 --> 0:51:44.759 had to face it ourselves. And then they're gonna tell 0:51:44.880 --> 0:51:47.719 us terrorists, and however, must fix all us. We know 0:51:47.840 --> 0:51:52.360 that we're finding for human rights, and we know that 0:51:52.520 --> 0:51:56.880 each person deserves these basic things, you know, So so 0:51:57.520 --> 0:52:01.759 even when we captured a soldier, we don't kill them 0:52:01.800 --> 0:52:06.360 immediately as they're unarmed, you know, when they have sure PDF, 0:52:06.400 --> 0:52:10.360 they torture and kill them very very horrifically or horrendously, 0:52:11.520 --> 0:52:15.759 and they kill and to hurt all the citizens and 0:52:16.120 --> 0:52:21.400 ordinary bystanders. So for us, what they're calling at rebels before, 0:52:21.719 --> 0:52:26.040 we're not rebels. They're the ones that are rebels, So 0:52:26.120 --> 0:52:29.680 we have to call down rebels. They're the terrorists. But 0:52:30.080 --> 0:52:34.120 as violence against protesters escalated, Zuill began to see through 0:52:34.160 --> 0:52:36.400 the lives he'd been told by the military of his life. 0:52:36.840 --> 0:52:41.520 What we were calling as rebels are what we kind 0:52:41.520 --> 0:52:45.680 of become. But we know why we are now rebels. 0:52:45.680 --> 0:52:50.879 That's because of their terrorism. They're oppressive Rejews and their 0:52:51.280 --> 0:52:54.120 violation of human rights. That's why we have to revolt 0:52:54.160 --> 0:52:59.200 against them. For a time, protesters responded creatively with giant 0:52:59.200 --> 0:53:03.759 potato guns meant to fire less lethal protect ours long distances. 0:53:03.800 --> 0:53:06.439 These homemade guns will be fired in volleys well. Other 0:53:06.480 --> 0:53:11.000 protests protected them with shields. Some of these tactics were 0:53:11.000 --> 0:53:13.840 effective a points, but it quickly became clear that the 0:53:13.880 --> 0:53:16.960 government was willing to massacre everyone is standing up to them. 0:53:17.120 --> 0:53:19.920 So his girlfriend and their friends quickly decided that non 0:53:20.000 --> 0:53:23.040 violent resistance wasn't going to work, but they didn't give up. 0:53:23.440 --> 0:53:28.480 As we get onto into June, there's two paths, right, 0:53:28.600 --> 0:53:32.080 we can be normal, we can go on the streets, 0:53:33.000 --> 0:53:36.760 we can ask for the people's power back. And since 0:53:36.920 --> 0:53:39.120 that's not working, we know that what we have to 0:53:39.160 --> 0:53:42.400 do is we need to hold these guns. Get these guns. 0:53:42.520 --> 0:53:46.080 And on the military side, all they know is that 0:53:46.120 --> 0:53:50.120 they will solve this by holding guns. So the only thing, 0:53:50.480 --> 0:53:52.719 the only path that's left for us is to take 0:53:52.719 --> 0:53:57.279 those guns for ourselves. So around the end of May 0:53:57.560 --> 0:54:01.920 we started entering training school. So the downtour is what 0:54:02.000 --> 0:54:06.640 the word he used, and it's something like this corner 0:54:07.440 --> 0:54:12.880 part um so one corner part one to two. So talking, 0:54:13.120 --> 0:54:16.120 what that means is that in the funt things, funt 0:54:16.120 --> 0:54:18.960 things that we were doing, hunting rifles that we were 0:54:19.040 --> 0:54:23.279 using for that. So we kind of start started and 0:54:23.320 --> 0:54:26.879 we fought at first in Demoso. If we can ask 0:54:26.920 --> 0:54:30.080 the military nicely, then there's no reason for us to 0:54:30.160 --> 0:54:33.839 be using guns. But since they don't listen to our 0:54:33.880 --> 0:54:38.040 demands or our requests at all, then the and since 0:54:38.880 --> 0:54:41.680 all we can do all they are saying, all they're 0:54:41.719 --> 0:54:45.120 doing is using the guns and being terrorists trying to 0:54:45.160 --> 0:54:47.680 shoot us. So the only thing that we can do 0:54:47.760 --> 0:54:50.000 to get what we need and what we want is 0:54:50.320 --> 0:54:53.680 to take the guns for ourselves. And so, like hundreds 0:54:53.680 --> 0:54:56.480 of people this age, so headed into the jungle in 0:54:56.520 --> 0:55:01.000 May one. The decision wasn't even one or an easy one. 0:55:01.960 --> 0:55:05.960 But after protesting non violently, then meeting state violence with 0:55:06.000 --> 0:55:10.040 community defense, then seeing his peers gunned down in the street, 0:55:10.760 --> 0:55:13.200 he didn't have many of the choices. He'd picked up 0:55:13.200 --> 0:55:17.000 a megaphone, then a shield, and now he was heading 0:55:17.000 --> 0:55:19.600 in the jungle to pick up a rifle. The only 0:55:19.719 --> 0:55:23.640 problem was that there won't any rifles. He left with 0:55:23.719 --> 0:55:26.720 his girlfriend and quote with the blessing of his parents. 0:55:27.160 --> 0:55:29.680 Keep that in mind for later. When he first went 0:55:29.719 --> 0:55:32.000 to the jungle, Zall went to a two week training 0:55:32.040 --> 0:55:34.520 camp where the Karinny People's Defense Force taught him the 0:55:34.560 --> 0:55:37.760 basics of guerrilla warfare, but they didn't have enough weapons 0:55:37.800 --> 0:55:41.000 to arm him and his friends. So these gen Z 0:55:41.160 --> 0:55:44.760 militants began their fighting careers with twenty two caliber rifles. 0:55:45.360 --> 0:55:47.640 If you weren't a gun person, the twenty two was 0:55:47.719 --> 0:55:51.160 one of the smallest widely available bullets. Like any bullet, 0:55:51.239 --> 0:55:54.040 it can kill, but as a caliber it's better suited 0:55:54.080 --> 0:55:57.719 for shooting rabbits than soldiers. These twenty two rifles were 0:55:57.760 --> 0:56:00.760 handmade locally and only fired one shot at a time. 0:56:01.320 --> 0:56:03.759 But it was those rifles that Zaw, his girlfriend, and 0:56:03.800 --> 0:56:07.200 their friends carried into their first gunfight with the Totmadaw. 0:56:07.920 --> 0:56:11.320 After battling like that for about three weeks, the shooting stopped, 0:56:11.440 --> 0:56:14.680 he said in an interview. We conducted over signal. After 0:56:14.719 --> 0:56:17.600 the shooting stopped, we grouped together money to buy arms 0:56:17.640 --> 0:56:21.719 by asking for donations. They were massively outgunned, but determined 0:56:21.760 --> 0:56:23.560 to fight on with the weapons they could make and 0:56:23.680 --> 0:56:26.640 buy on the black market until they could find something better, 0:56:27.000 --> 0:56:30.400 even if that meant taking guns from dead soldiers. The 0:56:30.440 --> 0:56:33.399 military's guns are extremely good, of course, compared to Point 0:56:33.400 --> 0:56:36.279 two two's, he said. We fight with the mindset that 0:56:36.320 --> 0:56:38.759 we must win. Our minds are always prepared to take 0:56:38.800 --> 0:56:41.560 their guns when a soldier falls. It's a mindset to 0:56:41.600 --> 0:56:44.160 want the enemy's arms to beat your own arms. You 0:56:44.239 --> 0:56:47.360 need to want to resist injustice because we are fighting 0:56:47.360 --> 0:56:49.640 for what is right. We do not get sad even 0:56:49.680 --> 0:56:52.360 if we die. We are happy, even when wounded. We 0:56:52.440 --> 0:56:56.600 no longer care if our arms are matched unevenly now. 0:56:56.600 --> 0:56:59.919 Despite their enthusiasm, PDF units all over the country were 0:57:00.000 --> 0:57:03.600 finding themselves in the same desperate situation. When thousands of 0:57:03.640 --> 0:57:06.120 young people in Mianmar decided to take up arms against 0:57:06.120 --> 0:57:08.440 the government, They're just weren't enough guns to go around. 0:57:08.920 --> 0:57:11.600 A K pattern rifles sell for three thousand dollars on 0:57:11.640 --> 0:57:14.120 the black market, and a RS sell for up to 0:57:14.280 --> 0:57:17.400 seven thousand dollars. The g d P per capita in 0:57:18.240 --> 0:57:21.200 was just twelve hundred and eighteen dollars and thirty five 0:57:21.280 --> 0:57:24.760 since per person, and unlike militias in Syria and Iraq, 0:57:25.080 --> 0:57:27.959 the pro democracy E a O S and Myanmar don't 0:57:28.000 --> 0:57:31.520 have the benefit questionable benefit of the US flooding the 0:57:31.560 --> 0:57:34.720 region with its fire hose of guns and money. Undeterred, 0:57:34.880 --> 0:57:37.080 Zall and his squad took to YouTube, where they found 0:57:37.200 --> 0:57:40.160 videos explaining how to make two to three caliber bolt 0:57:40.200 --> 0:57:43.640 action rifles. Again, if you're not a gun person, two 0:57:43.640 --> 0:57:46.200 to three may not sound very different than twenty two, 0:57:46.440 --> 0:57:49.280 But whereas twenty two is commonly used to shoot squirrels, 0:57:49.560 --> 0:57:52.160 two to three is the standard rifle round more or 0:57:52.240 --> 0:57:55.360 less for the US military. These new bolt action two 0:57:55.360 --> 0:57:57.880 two three's all and his friends were making could not 0:57:58.120 --> 0:58:00.280 match the rate of fire of a modern riot full, 0:58:00.440 --> 0:58:03.240 but they could at least match those rifles in stopping power. 0:58:04.000 --> 0:58:06.880 Once these gen z insurgents had the technique down, they 0:58:06.880 --> 0:58:10.080 created a detailed album on Facebook showing how everything from 0:58:10.080 --> 0:58:12.840 the stock to the barrel could be made with pipes, lumber, 0:58:12.920 --> 0:58:16.640 and hours and hours of detailed hard work. Unlike their 0:58:16.640 --> 0:58:19.200 guerrilla warfare instructors, these kids had grown up on the 0:58:19.200 --> 0:58:21.680 Internet rather than the jungle, so they knew that if 0:58:21.680 --> 0:58:25.040 it exists, there's a subreddit for it. It was the 0:58:25.080 --> 0:58:28.240 Internet that came to their rescue. Three D printed guns 0:58:28.240 --> 0:58:30.520 have been around for a decade, but the early models 0:58:30.520 --> 0:58:33.520 didn't work well and suffered from a pretty bad reputation 0:58:33.920 --> 0:58:37.600 due in part to Cody Wilson, the pedophile libertarian activists 0:58:37.680 --> 0:58:41.160 we discussed last episode. Jake Hanrahan of Popular Front has 0:58:41.200 --> 0:58:44.960 covered the printed gun movement extensively. Cody Wilson made his 0:58:45.000 --> 0:58:46.760 whole thing like, I'm the guy with the three D 0:58:46.840 --> 0:58:50.440 print guns, and he was on this moral crusade. The 0:58:50.600 --> 0:58:53.320 three D printed gun lads, particularly Deterrence Dispense. We're like, yeah, 0:58:53.360 --> 0:58:54.720 we don't, we don't give a ship about that we're 0:58:54.760 --> 0:58:57.000 just putting our stuff out into the world. Obviously they 0:58:57.080 --> 0:58:58.800 got the right ideas, but they weren't really wedded to 0:58:58.840 --> 0:59:02.600 this idea of being one person. The Turns Dispensed was 0:59:02.640 --> 0:59:05.280 a group of anonymous activists who were more concerned with 0:59:05.360 --> 0:59:08.440 making printed guns that worked than making a name for themselves. 0:59:08.960 --> 0:59:12.240 Hanrahan was connected to one activist who used the pseudonym 0:59:12.400 --> 0:59:14.880 Jay Stark, through the group, and after three years of 0:59:14.920 --> 0:59:19.760 conversing online, Hanrahan met Stark in Germany to produce a documentary. 0:59:19.960 --> 0:59:22.320 Jay Stark died of a heart attack following a police 0:59:22.400 --> 0:59:26.400 raid last year, so we spoke to Hanrahan about Stark's worldview. 0:59:26.880 --> 0:59:30.720 His whole worldview comes from this idea that you know, 0:59:31.160 --> 0:59:34.400 it's everybody should have the right to be able to 0:59:34.440 --> 0:59:39.200 fight tyranny. And if you can't fight tyranny, like you're fucked. 0:59:39.240 --> 0:59:41.360 And the way to fight tyranny in the modern era 0:59:41.600 --> 0:59:44.080 is firearms. We know that, you know, there's there's no 0:59:44.720 --> 0:59:47.400 you can't argue it's that no peaceful march gets rid 0:59:47.440 --> 0:59:50.800 of a fascist dictatorship or whatever. But he he was, 0:59:51.840 --> 0:59:53.920 he he was you know, there's some people would say 0:59:53.960 --> 0:59:56.120 he was far right, Some people say it was an anarchist. 0:59:56.120 --> 0:59:59.200 Some people say he was a US patriots. I mean, first, 0:59:59.200 --> 1:00:01.520 he wasn't even from America, and he had a lot 1:00:01.520 --> 1:00:03.919 of He liked the laws in America, but he wasn't 1:00:03.960 --> 1:00:06.600 like some of the American kind of fan boy or 1:00:06.600 --> 1:00:10.040 anything in that sense. He liked the gun lawds. He 1:00:10.160 --> 1:00:12.080 liked the freedom of speech lords, which I do as well. 1:00:12.120 --> 1:00:14.800 You know that personally, I I in this country. You know, 1:00:14.840 --> 1:00:17.080 if you tweet the wrong thing, even in jest, like 1:00:17.200 --> 1:00:19.160 police will literally come to your house in Britain, like 1:00:19.240 --> 1:00:22.520 it's happened, it's fucking mental. Um. So yeah, he liked 1:00:22.520 --> 1:00:25.840 that kind of thing, um. And I think I think 1:00:25.920 --> 1:00:29.600 for him it was he was very tunnel vision, you know, 1:00:29.720 --> 1:00:32.680 he was very tunnel vision. It was just freedom, freedom, freedom, 1:00:32.960 --> 1:00:34.520 And if he said, well what about this, what about that, 1:00:34.560 --> 1:00:36.320 he was like, I don't care about that Until the 1:00:36.400 --> 1:00:39.320 freedom is there, there's no point looking at anything else. 1:00:39.400 --> 1:00:41.880 And so his brain was always on people that are 1:00:41.880 --> 1:00:44.280 living under tyranny, you know, and it genuinely would. I know, 1:00:44.400 --> 1:00:47.760 there's a lot of people, even leftist, particularly leftist had 1:00:47.760 --> 1:00:50.920 tried to completely smear him as a white supremacist. They 1:00:50.960 --> 1:00:52.680 were saying, oh, everything he said in that dog that 1:00:52.760 --> 1:00:56.680 I made was really it was secret um anti Jewish 1:00:57.000 --> 1:00:59.360 white supremacy. And then it came out that he wasn't 1:00:59.400 --> 1:01:02.040 even white. You know. It's like, very good, very good, 1:01:02.040 --> 1:01:03.880 you fucking idiots. So there was a lot of that 1:01:03.920 --> 1:01:07.040 going around. But I honestly believe that deep down he 1:01:07.160 --> 1:01:11.280 was just tunnel vision focused on this idea of every 1:01:11.360 --> 1:01:13.840 until everybody is not living on the tyranny, I must 1:01:13.880 --> 1:01:16.760 go on this mission and okay, if if someone shoots 1:01:16.800 --> 1:01:18.720 up at school with what I've invented, so be it. 1:01:19.040 --> 1:01:21.360 You know, which I'm not saying as good, but that 1:01:21.440 --> 1:01:23.160 was just his idea. You know, he was like, so 1:01:23.280 --> 1:01:25.840 be it. Fuck it if I can. You know, he 1:01:25.880 --> 1:01:27.960 was very genuine when he was done about the Wagers, 1:01:28.080 --> 1:01:30.400 or he was on about the mistreatment of Kurds from Turkey, 1:01:30.440 --> 1:01:31.920 and you know, he was like, look, if we can 1:01:31.960 --> 1:01:34.480 build something that can help them, well, sorry that the 1:01:34.520 --> 1:01:36.600 West might get funked up because of it, but I'm 1:01:36.680 --> 1:01:40.320 focused on this now. Obviously, in in practice that would 1:01:40.320 --> 1:01:44.440 be chaos probably, but you know, he he just saw 1:01:44.480 --> 1:01:45.720 it the way he saw it, and that was that 1:01:46.400 --> 1:01:49.480 the cavalier attitude Stark seems to have had how his 1:01:49.560 --> 1:01:52.520 invention might be used is of course worthy of criticism, 1:01:52.880 --> 1:01:55.400 but the revolutionaries on the ground in Myanmar were not 1:01:55.520 --> 1:01:59.440 concerned with ideological debates over the ethics of homemade firearms. 1:01:59.680 --> 1:02:03.160 Then did guns and they needed them now. J Starks. 1:02:03.200 --> 1:02:07.040 F GC nine, which stands for Fuck Gun Control nine millimeter, 1:02:07.480 --> 1:02:10.320 was simple to make, easy to use, and relied entirely 1:02:10.360 --> 1:02:13.560 on parts you could print or buy in any hardware store. 1:02:14.040 --> 1:02:17.160 In September one, a post popped up on the fosse 1:02:17.240 --> 1:02:20.440 cads subreddit, which is dedicated to the manufacturing of three 1:02:20.520 --> 1:02:24.320 D printed guns. Stark is a hero there. The post said, 1:02:24.840 --> 1:02:27.200 wanted to say thanks to this community, the creators of 1:02:27.200 --> 1:02:29.560 f GC nine and the various mods when we could 1:02:29.840 --> 1:02:33.440 you guys are literally empowering the armed revolution against dictators 1:02:33.440 --> 1:02:36.320 and one of the most underdeveloped countries. We are now 1:02:36.320 --> 1:02:39.240 equipped with f GC nine and starting the armed revolution 1:02:39.320 --> 1:02:42.960 to the coup leader dictator. As one poster comments, the 1:02:43.000 --> 1:02:45.840 account quote went from posting about mobile games to how 1:02:45.880 --> 1:02:48.800 to three D print SMG S two, desperately asking people 1:02:48.840 --> 1:02:52.240 to pay attention what was happening in Myanmar. Then, after 1:02:52.280 --> 1:02:56.480 the f GC nine post, it was deleted entirely. J 1:02:56.640 --> 1:03:00.800 Stark never lived to see this. He would I've loved it. 1:03:00.920 --> 1:03:04.920 What everything that he was doing, that was the main 1:03:05.200 --> 1:03:07.600 focus in my opinion, that like, it couldn't be a 1:03:07.640 --> 1:03:13.880 more perfect, like practical actual realization of his project. You 1:03:13.920 --> 1:03:17.280 couldn't pick a more perfect version of it to happen 1:03:17.360 --> 1:03:20.040 like that, you know. And there's a lot of talk 1:03:20.080 --> 1:03:21.960 of all where there's a lot of drug dealers in 1:03:22.320 --> 1:03:26.040 Amsterdam have FGC nines. There was a Natzi recently arrested 1:03:26.080 --> 1:03:28.720 with one. You know, these people are awful, of course, 1:03:29.200 --> 1:03:32.800 But the most prevalent use of the f GC nine, 1:03:32.880 --> 1:03:36.280 at least from what I've observed, has been from the 1:03:36.560 --> 1:03:38.480 rebels in MYRMA making them. I think that I've seen 1:03:38.520 --> 1:03:40.720 like thirty of them so far, you know, that's a 1:03:40.720 --> 1:03:42.720 lot of them, And there was one was found stashed 1:03:42.720 --> 1:03:45.160 in a bush. My theory is they're left around for 1:03:45.200 --> 1:03:48.840 ambush attacks and areas that are not as fully controlled 1:03:49.040 --> 1:03:53.800 by the rebels. First CAD, a community of mostly US 1:03:53.880 --> 1:03:58.080 based gun printers lost its collective mind, and it didn't 1:03:58.080 --> 1:03:59.960 take long for people to make the connection between the 1:04:00.040 --> 1:04:03.120 host and a desperate plight of me and my Spring Revolution. 1:04:04.560 --> 1:04:07.280 Soon after the post, the tap the Door started posting 1:04:07.320 --> 1:04:11.240 pictures of f GC nins, often without sights, captured from 1:04:11.280 --> 1:04:16.720 fighters in Yangon and the one September, the Tapmodor's Ministry 1:04:16.760 --> 1:04:21.400 of Information released a statement, I'm the ap th way 1:04:21.720 --> 1:04:25.720 yea mint were found with an f GC nine Mark 1:04:25.800 --> 1:04:30.200 two pistol five rounds of nine millimeter an munition. They 1:04:30.200 --> 1:04:35.200 were arrested along with their drone. The military alleged they 1:04:35.200 --> 1:04:38.320 were an urban unit from the same generation Ze Freedom 1:04:38.440 --> 1:04:42.000 Army that's all was a part of. That same month, 1:04:42.560 --> 1:04:46.960 the military posted pictures of three more captured f GC nins, 1:04:46.960 --> 1:04:49.880 suggesting that at least five are been captured by late September. 1:04:51.280 --> 1:04:54.880 Then two months later, a new post popped up in 1:04:54.920 --> 1:04:59.080 the fos cat cebreadit Hey, I'm back and the guy 1:04:59.120 --> 1:05:01.360 who posted a thank you know back in September here. 1:05:02.200 --> 1:05:05.320 Now that the FGC nines are ready known by the dictator, 1:05:05.800 --> 1:05:08.600 I can proudly announce the We're from me and mar. Yes, 1:05:08.960 --> 1:05:11.720 we are mass producing FGC nines to fight back against 1:05:11.720 --> 1:05:15.080 the Dictator. More info about our production will be published 1:05:15.160 --> 1:05:20.200 later this time. The user you slash daddy u m 1:05:20.320 --> 1:05:25.200 c D hung around to answer questions. Those basterds didn't 1:05:25.200 --> 1:05:27.560 know we had the tech back then. Now that everything 1:05:27.640 --> 1:05:29.840 is in public, we can proudly say we're from me 1:05:29.960 --> 1:05:33.600 and mar. We are mostly responsible for production in R 1:05:33.640 --> 1:05:37.280 and D, even though we also involved in other ground missions. 1:05:37.880 --> 1:05:39.960 We distribute the FDC nine to a lot of different 1:05:40.040 --> 1:05:43.440 urban guerrillas in urban and rural areas. Some of the 1:05:43.520 --> 1:05:45.960 units got arrested a few weeks ago, which you might 1:05:45.960 --> 1:05:48.600 have already seen on the sub credit. Apart from the 1:05:48.640 --> 1:05:51.640 FGC nine, there are other equipments and weapons that are 1:05:51.680 --> 1:05:55.120 being produced with three D printers, he wrote. He said 1:05:55.160 --> 1:05:59.680 his team were residing in ethnic armed organization areas, mainly 1:05:59.800 --> 1:06:04.280 the Corn National Union and the Kitchin Independence Army controlled zones. 1:06:05.320 --> 1:06:08.640 He posted that they tried other three D printed designs, 1:06:08.680 --> 1:06:10.840 such as the plastic of which is a printed a 1:06:10.960 --> 1:06:14.320 K forty seven receiver, but getting the other parts made 1:06:14.320 --> 1:06:18.560 it impractical. By contrast, the FTC nine can be made 1:06:18.760 --> 1:06:22.120 entirely using a three D printer and some hardware store parts. 1:06:23.160 --> 1:06:26.920 According to another source, Mere Moust, small motorcycle repair shops 1:06:26.920 --> 1:06:29.680 made quick work of the metal barrels and bolts. Electro 1:06:29.800 --> 1:06:33.680 Chemical machining was used to make more barrels. They also 1:06:33.760 --> 1:06:36.440 had the chance to buy a few glock barrels from Thailand, 1:06:37.000 --> 1:06:39.720 Daddy U m c d said, but those costs a 1:06:39.720 --> 1:06:44.480 lot more than the FDC nine barrels. While his account 1:06:44.480 --> 1:06:47.760 continued to post, the military continued to share photos of 1:06:47.800 --> 1:06:52.160 captured FCC nines. Three workshops that have been using lathes 1:06:52.240 --> 1:06:54.919 to make the barrels were raided. The photos of three 1:06:54.920 --> 1:06:59.240 more captured guns popped up in November, alongside bolt action 1:06:59.400 --> 1:07:02.360 rifles still had stickers on their stocks from what looked 1:07:02.360 --> 1:07:08.120 like US gun shops. Production and decentralized locations continued despite 1:07:08.120 --> 1:07:12.640 the raids, while other groups fought on with homemade revolving rifles, 1:07:13.120 --> 1:07:19.160 crude homemade wooden stocks, another improvised weapons. A telegram channel 1:07:19.160 --> 1:07:21.840 with instructions in Burmese on how to make the guns 1:07:21.960 --> 1:07:24.680 made sure that even when one shop or gunsmith was 1:07:24.720 --> 1:07:28.360 taken out of the fight, the knowledge wasn't lost. Although 1:07:28.480 --> 1:07:31.280 filament for their three D printers were becoming harder to get, 1:07:32.080 --> 1:07:36.280 they'd stock piled a lot in advance. Daddy U m 1:07:36.480 --> 1:07:40.600 c D tried to manufacture automatic FGC nine and another 1:07:40.640 --> 1:07:44.840 printiple model called Professor Parabellum square tubes of machine gun, 1:07:45.560 --> 1:07:47.880 but nothing else seemed as easier as reliable as the 1:07:47.960 --> 1:07:51.760 FDC nine. Of course, read it. Being read it, people 1:07:51.840 --> 1:07:56.400 questioned the veracity and utility of his posts. He responded, 1:07:57.080 --> 1:07:59.440 FCC nines are just part of the game because they 1:07:59.440 --> 1:08:01.640 could be use with what we have At the lowest 1:08:01.640 --> 1:08:05.200 cost available rifles of four thousand to seven thousand U 1:08:05.240 --> 1:08:08.560 S dollars at our border, f gcs are under one 1:08:08.600 --> 1:08:12.360 hundred dollars. Rifle parts are ten times more expensive than 1:08:12.520 --> 1:08:16.240 lock parts. To all those who are saying these photos 1:08:16.240 --> 1:08:19.800 of sus we don't want to blame your suspicion. If 1:08:19.840 --> 1:08:22.120 any of you remember the threat I posted in September, 1:08:22.720 --> 1:08:25.600 you will remember that we are mass producing FGC nights. 1:08:25.880 --> 1:08:28.080 The ones in the photos you've seen were supplied by us. 1:08:28.600 --> 1:08:30.960 There are many groups like this now we do the 1:08:30.960 --> 1:08:35.200 main production, just like I explained in September. Then, Daddy 1:08:35.280 --> 1:08:37.320 um c D went on to thank the other members 1:08:37.320 --> 1:08:39.920 of the sub creddit, claiming their active help was the 1:08:40.040 --> 1:08:42.880 only reason he and other revolutionaries have been able to 1:08:42.920 --> 1:08:46.799 overcome certain technical issues. We wouldn't be here without you, guys, 1:08:47.200 --> 1:08:50.040 especially someone who shared with me the buffer spring and 1:08:50.040 --> 1:08:55.360 fire control groups bring the measurements, he said. By late November, 1:08:55.720 --> 1:08:58.400 photos of FGC nins in the hands of fighters emerged 1:08:59.160 --> 1:09:02.479 and they showed sight. This time they had longer barrels 1:09:02.640 --> 1:09:06.960 and home made suppresses too. The FGC nines were apparently 1:09:07.040 --> 1:09:10.080 used by urban units for close up fighting and for 1:09:10.120 --> 1:09:12.320 the training of new fighters, since they have essentially the 1:09:12.360 --> 1:09:15.200 same controls and they are fifteen or M sixteen rifle, 1:09:15.720 --> 1:09:18.240 both of which are common in ME and Moze rebel units. 1:09:19.479 --> 1:09:22.960 We have successfully streamlined variety of techniques to produce f 1:09:23.120 --> 1:09:28.920 GC nine one thousand plus efficiently. Our primary forces are 1:09:28.920 --> 1:09:32.479 equipped with proper rifles. FDC nines are for guerrilla warfare. 1:09:33.040 --> 1:09:35.519 We started using those in hit and run and special 1:09:35.520 --> 1:09:38.760 Task Force missions too. We don't share much about the 1:09:38.760 --> 1:09:41.600 mission to the public yet. It will definitely come and 1:09:41.640 --> 1:09:44.479 when it does, are updated here if I'm still alive, 1:09:44.680 --> 1:09:47.880 ha ha, wrote Daddy u m c D on the 1:09:47.920 --> 1:09:53.040 False cat Sepreddit. Even with production in false Wing, ammunition 1:09:53.080 --> 1:09:58.000 remained a problem. Although some regions can produce twenty two 1:09:58.080 --> 1:10:00.439 and nine minimeter at home. According to the u m 1:10:00.520 --> 1:10:04.360 c D, five six can be purchased in large quantities 1:10:04.360 --> 1:10:07.839 at the border with Thailand, but it isn't cheap. Instead, 1:10:08.479 --> 1:10:11.400 the PDF alide on raiding police and military outposts in 1:10:11.439 --> 1:10:14.960 the same way the EO has had for years. Nine 1:10:14.960 --> 1:10:17.280 millimeter is the most common center fire pistol around in 1:10:17.320 --> 1:10:20.479 the world. That's why the Turrns Dispense picked it for 1:10:20.520 --> 1:10:24.719 the FDC. Nine sees weapons often only have a handful 1:10:24.760 --> 1:10:27.880 of rounds, but that's enough to kill a soldier and 1:10:27.920 --> 1:10:31.320 take his weapon. Jay Stark might not have been around 1:10:31.479 --> 1:10:34.639 to see his invention used to fight tyranny, but Hammrahan 1:10:34.720 --> 1:10:36.840 thinks he would have been happy with the results. He 1:10:36.880 --> 1:10:39.320 would have been made up. I think that's everything he 1:10:39.400 --> 1:10:42.160 wanted to achieve. You know what I'm saying, That really 1:10:42.240 --> 1:10:45.519 is everything you wanted to do. Even the National Unity 1:10:45.600 --> 1:10:48.920 Government me and mus government in exile has come around 1:10:48.960 --> 1:10:50.880 to at least some of Jay Stark's ways of thinking. 1:10:51.439 --> 1:10:55.200 According to Daddy um c D Ministry of Defense Minister 1:10:55.680 --> 1:10:57.840 already promised about the right to bear arms at the 1:10:57.880 --> 1:11:02.200 first day of the revolution. Promises made by revolutionary governments 1:11:02.200 --> 1:11:05.320 are not exactly solid commitments, but it's not hard to 1:11:05.320 --> 1:11:08.080 see why a generation of kids like Zaw forged by 1:11:08.120 --> 1:11:11.040 an asymmetrical conflict with a government that possessed a near 1:11:11.120 --> 1:11:14.840 absolute advantage in armaments, might be committed to staying armed 1:11:15.000 --> 1:11:17.800 even if they win. At the moment, the future of 1:11:17.840 --> 1:11:20.919 their struggle is very much in doubt. Scrolling through Facebook 1:11:20.920 --> 1:11:24.080 photos of Zol and his comrades is a surreal experience. 1:11:24.479 --> 1:11:27.920 They look not just young soldiers mostly look young, but 1:11:27.960 --> 1:11:32.200 they look like students, kids from some weirdly militarized university. 1:11:32.600 --> 1:11:35.080 Photos on Facebook show them sprawled out together in the 1:11:35.160 --> 1:11:38.720 grass and camo fatigues, bearing rifles, but each glued to 1:11:38.760 --> 1:11:42.560 their phones as they cuddle in together. Zow and his girlfriend, 1:11:42.560 --> 1:11:45.000 who he described to us as the girl I love, 1:11:45.400 --> 1:11:48.639 fought alongside each other until January seven of this year. 1:11:49.240 --> 1:11:54.200 The battle that we started, she was coming within and 1:11:54.439 --> 1:11:58.000 you know, asp of sense weapons landed near her and 1:11:59.240 --> 1:12:04.000 hit her like so their bone broke so so she 1:12:04.040 --> 1:12:06.759 had to go to hospital. Three D printed and homemade 1:12:06.800 --> 1:12:09.080 guns have helped, but Zoll and his friends are still 1:12:09.120 --> 1:12:12.799 fighting against a modern military with planes, night vision goggles, 1:12:12.800 --> 1:12:16.000 and tanks. Despite this, more than a year after the coup, 1:12:16.240 --> 1:12:19.759 they're still fighting, and more soldiers affect to join them weekly. 1:12:20.280 --> 1:12:23.320 It's hard to see what victory looks like the cities 1:12:23.360 --> 1:12:26.200 will be another battle altogether. But in the jungle camp 1:12:26.240 --> 1:12:29.080 where Zoll video calls us from, it's impossible to see 1:12:29.120 --> 1:12:32.080 what giving up might look like. Either he's still fighting, 1:12:32.280 --> 1:12:35.040 his girlfriend is healing, and they're both committed to staying 1:12:35.040 --> 1:12:37.200 out in the jungle until they are in their freedom 1:12:37.200 --> 1:12:54.640 back or die trying. I'm Robert Evans, and this is 1:12:54.760 --> 1:12:58.920 part four of me and mar printing the revolution. And 1:12:58.920 --> 1:13:01.240 then once we thought that we couldn't rest, you know, 1:13:01.400 --> 1:13:04.639 reign sid whatever. Women as well, and we were all 1:13:05.080 --> 1:13:09.360 like try. When they came when we were leaving, they 1:13:09.360 --> 1:13:13.200 were all like very fair skin beautiful. And then we 1:13:13.280 --> 1:13:16.360 went in and then everyone got tanned. In the jungle, 1:13:16.920 --> 1:13:20.559 we're training all the time, you know, people in training camp. 1:13:21.200 --> 1:13:22.920 We were driven with the part and the reason that 1:13:22.960 --> 1:13:25.280 we were all doing this is because of Man nine 1:13:25.280 --> 1:13:29.680 school as students and how much he has terrorized the 1:13:29.720 --> 1:13:32.800 public and the people, and that's why we were We 1:13:32.840 --> 1:13:35.920 have this morale and the ability to get through the 1:13:36.000 --> 1:13:40.160 training and be able to wield weapons. Zor and his 1:13:40.240 --> 1:13:45.000 friends went into the jungleist students, programmers and kids. Now 1:13:45.040 --> 1:13:48.639 they're fighters. They would tech savvy, young people. He says, 1:13:49.080 --> 1:13:52.160 they grew up online and that generational divide was the 1:13:52.200 --> 1:13:55.519 Internet brought here came much later in Mima. It wasn't 1:13:55.600 --> 1:13:58.560 until twenty eleven the people really gained access to the 1:13:58.640 --> 1:14:04.000 Internet with the new ideas and identities today brought. Those 1:14:04.080 --> 1:14:08.439 generation are among the first to embrace glible connectivity, and 1:14:08.439 --> 1:14:11.400 now after having it taken away, they're refusing to give 1:14:11.400 --> 1:14:14.439 it up. The start of the coup in February, the 1:14:14.560 --> 1:14:19.320 military school gen Z was organizing online social media and 1:14:19.320 --> 1:14:22.320 all that so and they were kind of I think 1:14:22.640 --> 1:14:27.320 this is from my experience, but um kind of organizing 1:14:27.400 --> 1:14:31.360 around like gen Z is going to be different than 1:14:31.400 --> 1:14:35.479 the generation because we have the Internet, and also we 1:14:35.720 --> 1:14:38.160 know more about the world and can come communicate the 1:14:38.280 --> 1:14:40.960 rest of the world. I think one thing that was 1:14:41.000 --> 1:14:44.160 big was that in two thousand eight, it just took 1:14:44.360 --> 1:14:47.280 one video leaking out of the country for there to 1:14:47.360 --> 1:14:51.240 be big international repercussions. It's worth noting that when people 1:14:51.479 --> 1:14:55.160 in Burma talk about the Internet, they mean Facebook. Phones 1:14:55.280 --> 1:14:59.240 come with the Facebook app installed and it's sometimes exempt 1:14:59.280 --> 1:15:02.600 from day to church juice. For many people in Burma, 1:15:02.760 --> 1:15:06.799 using the Internet means using Facebook. Zor and his friends 1:15:06.840 --> 1:15:09.439 are different from their parents in many ways, not at 1:15:09.479 --> 1:15:11.960 least in their perceptions of authority. This has led to 1:15:11.960 --> 1:15:15.320 a situation where the PDF people's defense force units are 1:15:15.400 --> 1:15:18.400 much less hierarchical than units of the town moidor so 1:15:18.600 --> 1:15:23.960 when we make decisions in our group, there's no master 1:15:24.080 --> 1:15:26.519 and student. There's no teacher and student. But you know 1:15:27.120 --> 1:15:30.920 the way that it works. There are people who are good. 1:15:30.920 --> 1:15:34.479 They're older, people who are more trained, and then their 1:15:34.560 --> 1:15:37.559 new recruits, new people who just came in. So of 1:15:37.600 --> 1:15:39.680 course the people who are there for longer and know 1:15:39.800 --> 1:15:42.840 more about the situation have more voice. And when we 1:15:42.920 --> 1:15:47.759 discussed so especially people who were there when we founded 1:15:47.800 --> 1:15:50.880 this group. There were only really eight people from when 1:15:50.880 --> 1:15:54.080 we group, so those eight people kind of discussed on 1:15:54.160 --> 1:15:59.679 the bigger strategy. You know, we don't really vote their 1:16:01.840 --> 1:16:04.320 He says he wants to do it, he thinks it's good. 1:16:04.840 --> 1:16:08.599 We are there's the seven of us we think is good, 1:16:08.680 --> 1:16:11.439 or we support him, or someone says, well, we don't 1:16:11.439 --> 1:16:14.160 really like that idea, then we don't do it. They 1:16:14.160 --> 1:16:16.920 try to achieve more gender quality as well, but there's 1:16:16.920 --> 1:16:19.080 are explained that in his unit the women are not 1:16:19.120 --> 1:16:23.640 always the frontline fighter is that's the place there's no discrimination. 1:16:23.920 --> 1:16:27.759 You know, women can women and men were training whoever 1:16:27.840 --> 1:16:34.120 could come. But like on the battlefield, people, we don't 1:16:34.200 --> 1:16:38.519 use women that much on the battlefield. That's one thing 1:16:38.560 --> 1:16:40.840 that we do know is that it's not it's not 1:16:40.880 --> 1:16:47.400 really discrimination. But if women are with us together, we 1:16:47.479 --> 1:16:50.639 have a confusion about whether we need to protect them 1:16:50.760 --> 1:16:53.759 or they're just fighting with with them, or they're fighting 1:16:53.800 --> 1:16:58.479 in front of us. And that there's one thing that 1:16:58.640 --> 1:17:03.560 is very different. It is that in terms of mentality, 1:17:06.240 --> 1:17:09.559 we we can't. We never take the women out really 1:17:09.600 --> 1:17:14.240 far into very dangerous flights, so often they're in the back, 1:17:14.280 --> 1:17:17.920 gets back up or two supplies or things like that. 1:17:19.000 --> 1:17:23.120 But as you know, the military government, the military terroristists 1:17:23.200 --> 1:17:27.880 are very very very unethical. They don't follow the rules, 1:17:28.200 --> 1:17:31.200 so you know they're gonna shoot wherever they see. So 1:17:31.560 --> 1:17:35.160 even if they're hanging back and they're sending medical supplies there, 1:17:34.680 --> 1:17:37.800 they can still get hit for Zor in particular, there's 1:17:37.840 --> 1:17:40.000 a lot at stake. After almost an hour and a 1:17:40.040 --> 1:17:43.479 half of talking, I asked about his parents. I've heard 1:17:43.520 --> 1:17:46.160 of retribution attacks against the families of factors and wondered 1:17:46.200 --> 1:17:48.559 if he was worried about that. So mom and dad 1:17:48.600 --> 1:17:53.160 are both they support me fighting against the military. They're 1:17:53.240 --> 1:17:57.439 very happy. There's that really wants to do c d M, 1:17:57.479 --> 1:18:03.719 but he can't run away because the military has taken 1:18:03.840 --> 1:18:08.559 his uh mother and his sisters. He's still has five sisters. 1:18:09.479 --> 1:18:12.599 They're all still in that military command and they're worked 1:18:12.640 --> 1:18:17.280 there in the military stool schools, so it's very hard 1:18:17.320 --> 1:18:22.360 for them to run away, right, So he really wants 1:18:22.400 --> 1:18:26.519 to leave the military, but he can't. So well, so 1:18:27.000 --> 1:18:29.840 that the fact that I am they're trying to fight 1:18:29.840 --> 1:18:34.479 against the military. He's very happy, and but he tells 1:18:34.520 --> 1:18:38.880 me to be careful about my own life. They're supportive 1:18:39.160 --> 1:18:41.639 and they really want to come fight themselves, but they 1:18:41.640 --> 1:18:45.439 can't because of my sisters and my mother. So him 1:18:45.439 --> 1:18:49.080 seeing that I can do it is really wonderful for them. 1:18:49.080 --> 1:18:54.320 So his father, his other brother and other people, but 1:18:54.439 --> 1:18:58.720 are three of them below him. They've all usually just 1:18:58.840 --> 1:19:04.200 lived together with grandfather and stuff in the military trumpounds 1:19:04.320 --> 1:19:07.639 or near the military. So he really wants to call 1:19:07.520 --> 1:19:09.920 all the people that are still there, but they can't leave. 1:19:10.400 --> 1:19:12.920 This is what civil Ward does. Trapped us in a 1:19:13.000 --> 1:19:16.000 situation where we can't make the right choice even when 1:19:16.000 --> 1:19:19.360 we know what it is, and in many situations it's 1:19:19.360 --> 1:19:21.639 pretty hard to discern right from wrong. In the midst 1:19:21.680 --> 1:19:24.719 of so much violence, This All has been able to fight, 1:19:25.280 --> 1:19:28.040 but his dad is stuck fighting against people like his 1:19:28.080 --> 1:19:32.080 son in order to protect his daughters. Thousands of families 1:19:32.120 --> 1:19:35.160 across the country divided in the same way by circumstance 1:19:35.360 --> 1:19:39.280 or ideology. The military is something of a separate society, 1:19:39.600 --> 1:19:42.439 has its own schools in its own culture, but ethnic 1:19:42.520 --> 1:19:45.920 armed organizations have not been close to Ovan populations either, 1:19:46.360 --> 1:19:49.240 and so whole new identities are being forged by Generation 1:19:49.360 --> 1:19:53.080 Z while their families often struggle to abandon all certainties. 1:19:53.840 --> 1:19:57.000 As we record this, Zall is still fighting, his girlfriend 1:19:57.120 --> 1:19:59.639 is still healing. Every few weeks a video of him 1:19:59.640 --> 1:20:02.280 and his for ends pops up on redditor Facebook. They 1:20:02.280 --> 1:20:04.559 have optics on their rifles now and are taking long 1:20:04.680 --> 1:20:07.839 range shots at the topmodal who rely on iron sights. 1:20:08.400 --> 1:20:11.679 They shoot and reload like soldiers, and they laugh like kids. 1:20:12.360 --> 1:20:15.680 The Totmadaw still controls the cities, but to move between them, 1:20:15.680 --> 1:20:20.160 they have to travel in convoys at breakneck speeds, using ambushes, mines, 1:20:20.200 --> 1:20:22.320 and knowledge of the terrain. E a o S and 1:20:22.320 --> 1:20:25.439 the PDF are able to deny the military access to 1:20:25.520 --> 1:20:29.040 large portions of the countryside. Without a serious change in 1:20:29.080 --> 1:20:32.320 the conflict, it might stay like this for years. A 1:20:32.400 --> 1:20:35.200 report published this month detailed the attacks in the Karini 1:20:35.280 --> 1:20:38.880 state by the TOTMODAU on churches, residential homes, camps were 1:20:38.920 --> 1:20:41.599 displaced people, which killed sixty one in the months since 1:20:41.640 --> 1:20:45.479 Saw left the city On Christmas Eve. In Prusso's township, 1:20:45.600 --> 1:20:48.920 they killed at least forty civilians. Autopsies show some were 1:20:48.960 --> 1:20:52.840 gagged and burned alive. In recent months, the TOTMODAW has 1:20:52.840 --> 1:20:55.320 increased its use of air strikes against targets that it 1:20:55.360 --> 1:21:00.320 deems legitimate. Ming Anhlang, the junta's leader, flew to Russia twice. 1:21:00.360 --> 1:21:03.920 In one he was proclaimed an honorary professor of the 1:21:03.960 --> 1:21:08.160 Military University of the Russian Armed Forces. Quote. We are 1:21:08.240 --> 1:21:11.400 determined to continue our efforts to strengthen bilateral ties based 1:21:11.400 --> 1:21:14.040 on the mutual understanding, respect and trust that have been 1:21:14.160 --> 1:21:18.400 established between our two countries, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu 1:21:18.439 --> 1:21:20.439 said at a meeting with the coup leader on June 1:21:20.439 --> 1:21:23.320 twenty two. We pay special attention to this meeting as 1:21:23.400 --> 1:21:25.559 we see me and mar as a time tested strategic 1:21:25.600 --> 1:21:28.240 partner and a reliable ally in Southeast Asia and the 1:21:28.280 --> 1:21:32.240 Asia Pacific region. He went on. Min Onhlang was equally 1:21:32.320 --> 1:21:35.240 lavish with his praise, saying that he saw Russia as 1:21:35.320 --> 1:21:39.439 a friend forever. Meanwar relies heavily on Russian hind M 1:21:39.520 --> 1:21:44.080 I thirty five helicopter gunships, transport helicopters, Mid twenty nine 1:21:44.120 --> 1:21:46.679 and s U thirty fighter jets and Yak one thirty 1:21:46.720 --> 1:21:50.720 ground attack aircraft to carry out bombing raids and straight civilians. 1:21:51.080 --> 1:21:53.800 All of these weapons systems have been seen more recently 1:21:53.960 --> 1:21:58.000 in the fighting in Ukraine. One prominent Burmese Irish family, 1:21:58.080 --> 1:22:01.240 the Kiyo Tongs, has helped the Unta avoid an international 1:22:01.400 --> 1:22:04.240 arms embargo using their global connections and a network of 1:22:04.280 --> 1:22:08.000 shady shadow companies. They have purchased helicopters under the pretense 1:22:08.000 --> 1:22:11.040 of using them for tourism and the oil and gas industry, 1:22:11.120 --> 1:22:13.840 and handed them over to the Top Meadaw. They've also 1:22:13.880 --> 1:22:16.839 helped shuttle coastal radar to me Anmar, which the Topmadal 1:22:17.000 --> 1:22:20.160 used to track Rohinga refugees and provide cover for several 1:22:20.200 --> 1:22:24.160 aircraft purchases to fund these arms purchases, the top Meada 1:22:24.280 --> 1:22:27.640 has found willing markets for luxury goods abroad. According to 1:22:27.760 --> 1:22:31.439 Justice for Menmar, since the coup in February one, the 1:22:31.560 --> 1:22:34.799 United States has imported fifteen hundred and sixty five metric 1:22:34.840 --> 1:22:38.880 tons of teak from the Annmar, using intermediaries to avoid sanctions. 1:22:39.240 --> 1:22:41.880 In the two thousand seventeen two thousand eighteen financial year, 1:22:41.960 --> 1:22:44.559 the last year for which data is available, the government 1:22:44.560 --> 1:22:47.639 received one hundred million US dollars in revenue from taxes 1:22:47.640 --> 1:22:51.519 and royalties applied to the timber trade. One there were 1:22:51.520 --> 1:22:54.759 more shipments than two thousand eighteen, offering the top medauw 1:22:54.800 --> 1:22:57.679 the chance to make enough money to continue purchasing weapons 1:22:57.840 --> 1:23:01.160 to use against their population. The consult in ME and 1:23:01.240 --> 1:23:04.840 My remains complicated. It's easy to reduce the alphabet super 1:23:04.880 --> 1:23:07.439 rebel groups to E O S and the PDF, but 1:23:07.479 --> 1:23:10.800 these groups and their motivations are diverse. Pierre explained to 1:23:10.880 --> 1:23:14.160 us that even within the Koran there are deep divisions. Well, first, 1:23:14.200 --> 1:23:19.320 you have to know that historically the Karen rebellion that 1:23:19.520 --> 1:23:23.960 started in the nineteen forty eight nineteen nine, so quite 1:23:24.000 --> 1:23:28.400 a long time ago, was led by by Christian by 1:23:28.439 --> 1:23:32.439 the Christian minority, okay, of the of the Karen people 1:23:32.920 --> 1:23:40.840 because obviously that was the most Western educated people at 1:23:40.880 --> 1:23:46.320 the time. And so this elite kind of reproduced itself 1:23:46.360 --> 1:23:50.720 in the gay who without being the guy new is 1:23:51.400 --> 1:23:58.800 the Karen National Union is democratic movement. But you know, 1:23:58.920 --> 1:24:04.160 our elites stand reproduce themselves. And so most of the leadership, 1:24:04.960 --> 1:24:08.920 let's say, of the Karen National Union and the Karen 1:24:09.160 --> 1:24:20.599 National Liberation Army was Christian like. And so the Burmese Junta, 1:24:21.000 --> 1:24:29.479 the Burmese military government, decided to use this to create 1:24:29.560 --> 1:24:34.920 a wedge between between the Karen Christians and the Karen 1:24:35.160 --> 1:24:43.080 Buddhists uh, and sent monks to say, agitate and try 1:24:43.160 --> 1:24:48.000 to cause this split on religious grounds no uh, And 1:24:48.240 --> 1:24:52.760 they succeeded in parts and succeeded to to separate a 1:24:52.800 --> 1:24:59.840 part of Karen Buddhists that created the democratic Garen Buddhists, 1:25:00.240 --> 1:25:07.439 the army, which then allied themselves of course, to the 1:25:07.520 --> 1:25:13.600 to the junta and to UH to attack the to 1:25:13.760 --> 1:25:16.960 attack the kind of and the manor of plow, which 1:25:17.120 --> 1:25:19.960 of course they knew all the all the hoods there 1:25:20.000 --> 1:25:24.000 on the defenses and where was the defense is situated 1:25:24.040 --> 1:25:28.040 et cetera, and succeeded in destroying the capital of the 1:25:29.080 --> 1:25:33.760 Canon National Union in Manaplow in nine. So that was 1:25:33.800 --> 1:25:39.599 the situation pretty much when I arrived. It was pretty hard, 1:25:41.120 --> 1:25:48.160 like uh, there was not so much territory anymore held 1:25:48.320 --> 1:25:51.280 by the caren and most more importantly, they lost a 1:25:51.320 --> 1:25:54.960 lot of income because a lot of their income come 1:25:55.040 --> 1:25:59.320 from tax at the border that they can control. You know. 1:26:00.960 --> 1:26:05.719 So yeah that not every e a O has embraced 1:26:05.760 --> 1:26:08.960 the National Unity Government directly, after all, many of its 1:26:08.960 --> 1:26:12.360 members were enthusiastically running cover for the Rohinga genocide a 1:26:12.360 --> 1:26:14.640 few years ago. Many of the e a O s 1:26:14.720 --> 1:26:17.760 remain technically under a ceasefire with the Totmodal, and the 1:26:17.800 --> 1:26:20.360 Totmada knows that if it pushes too far into e 1:26:20.439 --> 1:26:23.880 a O territory, it risks provoking a full blown response. 1:26:24.439 --> 1:26:26.479 The e a O s, meanwhile, have been aiding and 1:26:26.520 --> 1:26:29.920 training the PDF and still maintaining enough deniability that na 1:26:30.000 --> 1:26:33.640 Totmadal has not been forced into a confrontation e a 1:26:33.760 --> 1:26:37.280 O PDF alliances look different in different regions, and often 1:26:37.360 --> 1:26:40.160 realities on the ground bear little relationship to the back 1:26:40.200 --> 1:26:43.599 door diplomacy and official stances embraced by leadership in public, 1:26:44.280 --> 1:26:46.600 the war continues to have a huge toll on civilians. 1:26:47.160 --> 1:26:50.200 According to United Nations, in total, some four hundred and 1:26:50.240 --> 1:26:53.719 forty thousand people have been newly displaced since Seku happened 1:26:53.760 --> 1:26:57.559 in February twenty one, adding to an existing three hundred 1:26:57.640 --> 1:27:00.800 seventy thousand who had fled their homes from earlier waves 1:27:00.840 --> 1:27:03.439 of violence and over a million people who had fled 1:27:03.479 --> 1:27:07.719 the Regina genocide. More than half the population of Corelli 1:27:07.800 --> 1:27:12.880 State has fled. Humanitarian access is hard. Much of the 1:27:12.960 --> 1:27:16.640 relief effort for displaced people occurs within the local communities. 1:27:18.120 --> 1:27:21.040 Thousands of refugees are camping along the border with Thailand, 1:27:21.439 --> 1:27:26.200 which is defined by rivers. Initially, many people fled into Thailand, 1:27:26.320 --> 1:27:29.160 but terrible conditions in refugee camps led some of them 1:27:29.200 --> 1:27:33.280 to return to Myanmar. Now they wade across the river 1:27:33.560 --> 1:27:36.479 for international aid donations of food and water, but they 1:27:36.520 --> 1:27:39.280 can't bring themselves to stay in the crowded camps overnight, 1:27:39.800 --> 1:27:42.240 so they wade back to sleep on the Burmese side 1:27:42.240 --> 1:27:45.000 of the bank. The U n h c R the 1:27:45.080 --> 1:27:47.960 High Commission on Refugees, it's been unable to access camps 1:27:48.000 --> 1:27:51.080 in Thailand or Me and Mar to check on the conditions. 1:27:51.840 --> 1:27:54.200 But it has urged the Thai government, which has been 1:27:54.240 --> 1:27:57.320 credibly accused of forcing people back across the border, to 1:27:57.400 --> 1:28:00.360 move people to better conditions further into Thailand instead of 1:28:00.439 --> 1:28:02.880 keeping them in camps near the border. And here we 1:28:02.920 --> 1:28:06.040 find the unfortunate, unavoidable reality of the civil war in 1:28:06.080 --> 1:28:09.479 Myan Mar. For all the uniqueness of aspects of the conflict, 1:28:09.600 --> 1:28:12.680 the innovative ways of gen Z militias have interfaced with 1:28:12.760 --> 1:28:16.040 older ethnic military forces, the three D printed arms, et cetera. 1:28:16.720 --> 1:28:18.360 At the end of the day, this is another brutal, 1:28:18.840 --> 1:28:21.519 horrific conflict between large numbers of people who want to 1:28:21.520 --> 1:28:24.280 be free and a small number of people who want 1:28:24.320 --> 1:28:27.160 to control them. From Me and Mar to our media, 1:28:27.840 --> 1:28:32.959 Ukraine to Syria, Ethiopia, true Iraq and beyond. The novelties 1:28:32.960 --> 1:28:35.640 the twenty one century conflict don't change the fact that 1:28:35.720 --> 1:28:38.000 at the end of the day, each war brings with 1:28:38.040 --> 1:28:40.439 it what might be the truest symbol of our current age, 1:28:41.040 --> 1:28:44.439 parents saying goodbye to their kids, camps filled with deathperate 1:28:44.479 --> 1:28:48.000 people fleeing violence, and government's all over the world willing 1:28:48.000 --> 1:28:51.000 to send nothing more than kind words and stern warnings. 1:28:53.280 --> 1:28:57.840 This is a PostScript, episode four. It's not one that 1:28:57.880 --> 1:29:00.599 we've been intending to record, because it's not news that 1:29:00.680 --> 1:29:06.760 we'd ever hoped to have to share, but here we are. Unfortunately, 1:29:06.800 --> 1:29:09.799 we found out that about ten days after we last spoken, 1:29:10.600 --> 1:29:14.639 a couple of weeks before we released our podcast, Zor died. 1:29:15.080 --> 1:29:18.639 And he died in battle fighting with the top me door. 1:29:19.880 --> 1:29:27.560 He's really was, I suppose, an amazingly brave and courageous 1:29:27.560 --> 1:29:33.400 young men and Um. I think that his loss is 1:29:33.479 --> 1:29:37.479 one that reflects the realities of of what war is, 1:29:37.640 --> 1:29:44.880 which is not great and glorious and exciting. It's young 1:29:44.960 --> 1:29:49.640 men and sometimes young women, young non binary folks. I 1:29:49.640 --> 1:29:54.759 imagine too, um dying when they had no quarrel with anyone, 1:29:54.960 --> 1:29:58.760 when they just wanted to live their lives. Two years ago, 1:29:59.280 --> 1:30:02.320 a year and a half forgo even he was just 1:30:02.439 --> 1:30:05.840 loving the people, he loved, having fun, being a kid, 1:30:06.880 --> 1:30:09.920 riding his motorcycle, speaking to his girlfriend on his phone, 1:30:11.439 --> 1:30:15.280 living a happy life. And then someone who had power 1:30:15.320 --> 1:30:17.080 decided that they wanted to have more power, and they 1:30:17.120 --> 1:30:21.439 decided that it didn't matter how many kids had to 1:30:21.520 --> 1:30:25.280 die so they could have what they want, and he 1:30:25.400 --> 1:30:27.760 decided to say no to that, and that's brave, and 1:30:27.800 --> 1:30:30.960 I think all of us would agree that what he 1:30:31.000 --> 1:30:36.160 did was right and morally courageous, and that that we 1:30:36.200 --> 1:30:38.120 would hope to be brave enough to do the same 1:30:38.160 --> 1:30:42.040 if the same thing happened to us. This one's hit 1:30:42.120 --> 1:30:45.800 me quite hard, honestly. I know this is my job, 1:30:45.840 --> 1:30:47.400 and it happens that it's happened before and it will 1:30:47.400 --> 1:30:52.400 happen again. But he was such a happy, polite, kind 1:30:52.479 --> 1:30:55.840 young man. He never didn't pick up the phone, He 1:30:56.400 --> 1:31:01.240 never got tired of explaining stuff that we didn't understand um, 1:31:01.280 --> 1:31:05.720 and he always answered our questions. It was nothing that 1:31:05.880 --> 1:31:08.439 was off the table. There was nothing that he wouldn't 1:31:08.439 --> 1:31:13.800 talk about with us. He was completely open. And yeah, 1:31:13.800 --> 1:31:17.800 we will miss him greatly. He died fighting the thing 1:31:19.120 --> 1:31:25.439 that we all have to fight, right, fascism, dictatorship, totalitarianism, militarization, 1:31:25.800 --> 1:31:32.560 And yeah, we'll will grieve his loss. Both Robert and 1:31:32.640 --> 1:31:34.840 I have. We've just spoken on the phone and we 1:31:34.960 --> 1:31:37.479 found out because the contact of mine on the ground 1:31:38.200 --> 1:31:40.120 sent me a Reddit message with a link to a 1:31:40.200 --> 1:31:43.599 Facebook post and it's very clearly Zorin no doubt about that. 1:31:43.680 --> 1:31:50.200 It names him, and unfortunately it also shows him dead. 1:31:51.479 --> 1:31:53.479 So we were not in any doubt that it was 1:31:53.560 --> 1:31:56.840 him who died, and we're not in any doubt that 1:31:56.920 --> 1:32:01.680 we will gravely miss him either. We both hoped to 1:32:01.760 --> 1:32:04.040 go over and record with him, to speak with him, 1:32:04.080 --> 1:32:07.880 to meet him. I've spoken to him several times on video, 1:32:09.400 --> 1:32:12.559 sometimes just to chat, not even to to record anything, 1:32:12.600 --> 1:32:16.000 just just to chat, just to catch up and and 1:32:16.000 --> 1:32:18.280 and look at what each of us was doing that day. 1:32:18.360 --> 1:32:24.679 So it's a hard loss for me and for Robert 1:32:24.720 --> 1:32:29.040 will As I said, we've just spoken, um, so yeah, 1:32:29.080 --> 1:32:33.439 that's the news that we hadn't hoped to end on. Obviously, though, 1:32:33.520 --> 1:32:36.160 this is the reality of war. And as the world 1:32:36.439 --> 1:32:40.599 is looking at the conflict in Ukraine now, I'd urge 1:32:40.600 --> 1:32:42.559 you too to look at the conflict in Myanmar. To 1:32:43.000 --> 1:32:49.439 another Russian bomb killed another nice kid who never had 1:32:49.479 --> 1:32:52.240 any quarrel with anyone, who just wanted to live his life, 1:32:52.640 --> 1:32:54.920 and I didn't want to live the rest of his 1:32:55.000 --> 1:32:57.839 life with a boot on his neck, so he decided 1:32:57.880 --> 1:33:00.920 to stand up against it. As you can probably hear 1:33:01.040 --> 1:33:07.439 my voice, I'm quite upset bye by his loss and 1:33:08.439 --> 1:33:11.559 will be probably for a few days. So I'm sorry 1:33:11.600 --> 1:33:13.880 to have to end this podcast on such a sad note. 1:33:14.560 --> 1:33:19.120 I'm sorry for his family who are now caught between 1:33:19.160 --> 1:33:23.200 the loss of their son and trying to protect their daughters. 1:33:24.439 --> 1:33:28.680 I'm sorry for his girlfriend, who's dealing with shrapnel in 1:33:28.680 --> 1:33:30.320 her own leg and now the loss of the person 1:33:30.439 --> 1:33:34.160 she loved. And I'm sorry for his comrades. And they've 1:33:34.160 --> 1:33:36.000 said they'll go on fighting, and I hope they do. 1:33:36.880 --> 1:33:39.280 And I don't think there's any point really pretending to 1:33:39.320 --> 1:33:41.240 be objective at this stage in the games, and I 1:33:41.280 --> 1:33:45.920 hope they win, um, But I mostly just hope that 1:33:46.040 --> 1:33:52.280 like one day, young men and women and everyone else 1:33:52.400 --> 1:33:56.479 just gets to live their lives without having to kill 1:33:56.520 --> 1:34:01.479 and die, because ultimately, no one should have to and 1:34:01.720 --> 1:34:06.280 no parents should have to bury their kids. Um. So yeah, 1:34:06.320 --> 1:34:08.479 as much as we're all focusing on Ukraine and what's 1:34:08.479 --> 1:34:11.759 happening there is terrible, Please don't forgets all his comrades, 1:34:11.800 --> 1:34:16.959 Please don't forget his legacy, um, and please don't forget him. 1:34:17.360 --> 1:34:19.879 We won't and we obviously want to dedicate this podcast 1:34:19.920 --> 1:34:38.040 to him and what he stood for. So yeah, thanks, Oh, 1:34:38.200 --> 1:34:42.080 welcome to it could happen here. I'm Robert Evans, recording 1:34:42.160 --> 1:34:46.360 from a deeply unsettling airbnb right near the border of 1:34:46.400 --> 1:34:49.880 Texas and Mexico. Um. I'm here with my good friend 1:34:50.080 --> 1:34:54.439 James Stout. Say hello to the people. Hi everyone, and 1:34:54.439 --> 1:34:57.200 we're going to talk about well, let me let me 1:34:57.280 --> 1:35:00.320 introduce briefly. You'll you'll see the episodes soon. Eno. What 1:35:00.360 --> 1:35:04.519 we're down here reporting on um a mixture of of 1:35:04.520 --> 1:35:09.559 of right wing militancy, government militarization of the border, and 1:35:09.640 --> 1:35:12.440 the attempts by people trapped in the middle to survive 1:35:12.600 --> 1:35:16.920 and avoid those authoritarian structures. So today, James and they're 1:35:16.960 --> 1:35:21.040 going to talk about molotov cocktails. Um. But first, James, 1:35:21.840 --> 1:35:23.559 you want to talk about this airbnb. We're in for 1:35:23.600 --> 1:35:27.320 a second because you book this motherfucker deeply. Yeah yeah, yeah. 1:35:27.520 --> 1:35:30.599 So what happens when you have like less than twenty 1:35:30.640 --> 1:35:32.559 four hours before you arrive and need a place for 1:35:33.040 --> 1:35:36.479 more than two people is uh, you really get into 1:35:36.479 --> 1:35:39.000 the depth of airbnb And I've found this place, which 1:35:39.680 --> 1:35:45.559 how to describe it? Um? Yeah, YEA unsettling, Yeah yeah, 1:35:45.800 --> 1:35:49.759 it it just feels wrong. I can't put my finger 1:35:49.800 --> 1:35:52.479 quite on where there is a basement which definitely has 1:35:52.560 --> 1:35:56.639 like murder vibes. And there's not basements in Texas normally, 1:35:56.800 --> 1:35:59.439 and it's it's it's crumbling and unsettling. There's a some 1:35:59.640 --> 1:36:04.520 pump doesn't appear connected to anything. There's puddles of standing water. Um. 1:36:04.560 --> 1:36:07.679 I think there's like nine bedrooms in this house. Yeah, 1:36:07.720 --> 1:36:11.639 but only one like it is upstairs, and it seems 1:36:11.640 --> 1:36:14.000 to have like like to be designed to command an 1:36:14.080 --> 1:36:18.280 arqui fier around the house. Then there are other bedrooms 1:36:18.280 --> 1:36:22.000 which are like kind of in this stable block. What 1:36:22.120 --> 1:36:25.040 else is weird? Like three of the bedrooms are separate 1:36:25.080 --> 1:36:27.120 from the main house and in a built in a 1:36:27.160 --> 1:36:29.880 way that it looks like a roadside motel. And then 1:36:29.880 --> 1:36:32.679 there's a main house that has like four living rooms 1:36:33.200 --> 1:36:36.080 for We're sitting at a large kitchen table right now, 1:36:36.080 --> 1:36:40.040 which spins around a central access. For some inexplicable reason, 1:36:40.920 --> 1:36:45.000 we have the overwhelming feeling that something horribly wrong was 1:36:45.040 --> 1:36:47.720 done in this space because it doesn't everything is a 1:36:47.760 --> 1:36:50.639 little off. None of the decorations look like people. This 1:36:50.680 --> 1:36:53.240 is some sort of trap house, but we cannot identify 1:36:53.320 --> 1:36:57.200 the kind. I think you describe it best when you 1:36:57.240 --> 1:36:59.600 said it's like one of those this person does not 1:36:59.680 --> 1:37:02.040 exist photos but of a home, and you can't work 1:37:02.040 --> 1:37:04.639 out what's wrong. But it's not human and it's not right. 1:37:04.800 --> 1:37:06.160 So we just had to get that out of our 1:37:06.200 --> 1:37:09.000 systems because it's been deeply unsettling the last couple of days. 1:37:09.000 --> 1:37:13.679 We're here now, James, you wrote an article about Molotov 1:37:13.760 --> 1:37:17.439 cocktails that got you in a bit of a fascinating situation. 1:37:17.520 --> 1:37:19.280 I want to just kind of walk me through what 1:37:19.479 --> 1:37:21.920 happened there and what the fallout was. Yeah, well, the 1:37:21.960 --> 1:37:25.000 one that started it was about how to tear down statues, 1:37:25.400 --> 1:37:27.759 and that was for popular mechanics. In In that article, 1:37:27.840 --> 1:37:30.200 I interviewed a couple of experts and one of them 1:37:30.200 --> 1:37:34.160 explained how to make something called thermite. Thermitees like an 1:37:34.160 --> 1:37:36.720 exotherermic reaction, and you mix a couple of things, they 1:37:36.760 --> 1:37:38.800 get hot, They get hot enough to melt some metal. 1:37:38.920 --> 1:37:42.400 So if you were interested in bringing down a statue 1:37:42.400 --> 1:37:44.920 of a bigot, that might be helpful to you. By 1:37:44.960 --> 1:37:47.519 the way, it's legal basically all of the US to 1:37:47.560 --> 1:37:50.240 possess their mite, and pretty simple to make. Not that 1:37:50.840 --> 1:37:52.920 you know, you can google it. You can figure that 1:37:52.960 --> 1:37:54.880 out yourself. Yeah, I'm not telling you how to make it. 1:37:54.920 --> 1:37:59.000 I'm telling you that it exists, exists, and is surprisingly legal. Yes, 1:37:59.120 --> 1:38:01.240 and if you need to old some ship underwater or 1:38:01.280 --> 1:38:03.519 joined together some train tracks, it's the right tool for 1:38:03.560 --> 1:38:05.559 the job. Yeah. If you happen to be I know 1:38:05.720 --> 1:38:08.360 a lot of the Russian Army in Ukraine listens to 1:38:08.400 --> 1:38:10.400 this podcast. If you happen to be in the process 1:38:10.439 --> 1:38:13.000 of abandoning hundreds of millions of dollars in armor, their 1:38:13.080 --> 1:38:16.920 mite can allow you to stop Ukrainian farmers from towing 1:38:16.920 --> 1:38:19.400 it back to their homes. Yeah, but don't do that 1:38:19.439 --> 1:38:22.640 if you're a Russian soldier. Just just run, um, go 1:38:22.760 --> 1:38:26.240 to the Ukrainians. I'll let you call your mom. They're nice. Um. Okay. 1:38:26.560 --> 1:38:30.120 So I write the story for pop Mac Right. It's 1:38:30.200 --> 1:38:32.320 it's just a useful guide to people who are looking 1:38:32.360 --> 1:38:36.320 to safely dispose of a racist statue. Right. And when 1:38:36.360 --> 1:38:42.200 I write it, I think their readership might lean pretty conservative, 1:38:42.560 --> 1:38:44.799 or they felt like that was a safe space. Anyway. 1:38:45.720 --> 1:38:50.519 It immediately became like the epicenter of the culture War 1:38:50.800 --> 1:38:55.599 for like a week, including triggering one Benjamin Shapiro, who 1:38:56.600 --> 1:39:01.800 then sub tweeted me like a coward and asked when 1:39:01.840 --> 1:39:06.240 I'll be writing my story about Molotov cocktails, which I 1:39:06.280 --> 1:39:08.960 subsequently wrote. So that that gets us to the Molotov 1:39:09.000 --> 1:39:12.040 cocktail story. I was in Russia today as well, now 1:39:12.160 --> 1:39:16.800 banned media outlet No No No. I wrote it for 1:39:16.960 --> 1:39:21.280 a British magazine called Huck. I described like Huck is 1:39:21.360 --> 1:39:25.280 like like Vice but less tragic, like af device went bad, 1:39:25.360 --> 1:39:29.920 Huck Huck school. Um, and so yeah, Ben Ben was upset. 1:39:30.640 --> 1:39:34.040 Ben orchestrated this kind of right wing panic around the story. 1:39:34.840 --> 1:39:38.000 They canceled pop Mac for a while, and I wrote 1:39:38.000 --> 1:39:42.320 a piece about the history and I guess chemistry of 1:39:42.479 --> 1:39:45.720 monotor and they're rolling democratization movements. That was really fascinating 1:39:45.720 --> 1:39:47.040 to me. So yeah, that's how we got to the 1:39:47.080 --> 1:39:50.000 Molotov story. And you want to give me kind of 1:39:50.000 --> 1:39:52.640 some cliffs notes on the history of the Molotov and 1:39:52.640 --> 1:39:55.120 it's rolling because what I know about Molotov cocktails, I 1:39:55.120 --> 1:39:58.160 assume it's named after Molotov, of the Molotov ribbon trop 1:39:58.200 --> 1:40:01.960 packed right the at slav Molotov. Yeah, um, and I 1:40:02.000 --> 1:40:04.599 know I have been near a couple of them going off. 1:40:04.640 --> 1:40:06.640 I nearly got lit on fire by one, and I 1:40:06.680 --> 1:40:08.920 watched a colleague get let on fire by another. So 1:40:08.960 --> 1:40:13.360 I am aware of what they do. Um, But yeah, 1:40:13.400 --> 1:40:15.000 why don't you walk us through kind of the close 1:40:15.040 --> 1:40:18.559 notes of the history of molotovs. Yeah, absolutely, so. Um. 1:40:18.600 --> 1:40:20.360 A lot of times you'll go on the Internet and 1:40:20.400 --> 1:40:21.920 you're read something about history and it will turn out 1:40:21.920 --> 1:40:23.920 not to be right, and that that's often the case 1:40:23.960 --> 1:40:28.880 with Molotov cocktails. So, yes, they're named after Lav Molotov. 1:40:29.280 --> 1:40:30.800 We can get to why they named that way in 1:40:30.800 --> 1:40:35.200 a second. But they their origin is actually with Franco's 1:40:36.160 --> 1:40:39.479 nationalist fascist national fascists, whatever you wanna call them, national 1:40:39.479 --> 1:40:43.240 Catholic troops in the Spanish Civil War. So early on 1:40:43.320 --> 1:40:46.559 in the Spanish Civil War nineteen thirties seven ish, um, 1:40:46.720 --> 1:40:50.320 the Republic had some Soviet tanks and they were using 1:40:50.320 --> 1:40:53.719 these against the At Fentbro, they were using these against 1:40:53.720 --> 1:40:55.920 the nationalists and nationalists were throwing what they then called 1:40:55.960 --> 1:40:59.519 petrol bombs at the tanks too great effect. There's those 1:40:59.560 --> 1:41:02.360 old tanks had rubber on the wheels that turned the 1:41:02.400 --> 1:41:05.160 tracks and those would melt. So that's when they were 1:41:05.200 --> 1:41:07.360 first used. And if you're not familiar with what a 1:41:07.360 --> 1:41:12.360 Molotov cocktail is, it's an improvised incendiary device. It's a 1:41:12.439 --> 1:41:16.120 glass thing filled with a flammable thing, topped with some 1:41:16.240 --> 1:41:19.360 kind of cloth with a flame that the goth is burning. 1:41:19.720 --> 1:41:22.679 And when you throw it, obviously the glass thing breaks, 1:41:22.720 --> 1:41:25.680 the flammable liquid comes out, and the flame catches a 1:41:25.720 --> 1:41:30.240 liquid and you have a fireball. So the first time 1:41:30.280 --> 1:41:32.080 we kind of see them is used it in the 1:41:32.120 --> 1:41:34.240 Spanish and war. We see references to them in like 1:41:34.520 --> 1:41:37.720 British media in the nineteen thirties when British reporters were 1:41:37.720 --> 1:41:40.040 going out to watch the Spanish Civil War and they 1:41:40.040 --> 1:41:43.160 were like, Wow, what a development, what a technology, and 1:41:43.680 --> 1:41:46.439 so they used there. But where they get their names 1:41:46.439 --> 1:41:50.400 in Finland, right when the Soviets invade Finland. Why they 1:41:50.479 --> 1:41:54.479 got their name is that Molotov claimed that his planes 1:41:54.520 --> 1:41:57.160 were not dropping bombs. You'll see like a history of 1:41:57.200 --> 1:42:00.840 gas lighting in Russian Foreign poll or Soviet foreign policy here. Um. 1:42:00.880 --> 1:42:03.439 He claimed they weren't dropping bombs. He claimed that they 1:42:03.479 --> 1:42:07.040 were bringing aid to the people of Finland, right, and 1:42:07.400 --> 1:42:09.320 Finland was like, this is ridiculous. So they kind of 1:42:09.400 --> 1:42:13.000 started calling the bombs Molotov's bread baskets, and pretty soon 1:42:13.120 --> 1:42:17.360 everything that was shipped was associated with molotovs. Bombers were 1:42:17.400 --> 1:42:24.519 Molotov's chickens, blackout curtains were Molotov's curtains, And so the 1:42:24.520 --> 1:42:27.559 they switched many of their state alcohol factories to making 1:42:27.840 --> 1:42:31.160 Molotov cocktails, and so they started calling these these pet 1:42:31.160 --> 1:42:34.200 work work called petrol bombs Molotov cocktails, and that's how 1:42:34.200 --> 1:42:36.880 the names dug It is neat that Russia has such 1:42:36.920 --> 1:42:40.360 a long history of causing other nations to retool their 1:42:40.400 --> 1:42:44.320 domestic liquor production towards making bombs to throw at Russian soldiers, 1:42:44.720 --> 1:42:47.360 and like, how what do we now eighty odd years 1:42:47.439 --> 1:42:52.000 on from from nine seven? Like it's it's not always 1:42:52.080 --> 1:42:56.240 Russian tanks, but it's nearly always Russian tanks, right like 1:42:56.560 --> 1:42:59.439 Spain and the Russian tanks are obviously like in the 1:42:59.479 --> 1:43:05.720 Republican Spain is much preferable to Franco Finland hungry and 1:43:05.840 --> 1:43:10.479 ninety six right um, And today in Ukraine you see 1:43:10.479 --> 1:43:13.920 people throwing bottles of petrol with flames on top of 1:43:14.000 --> 1:43:17.280 Russian tanks. Yeah, they have a long history. Yeah, I 1:43:17.280 --> 1:43:19.880 mean it's it's among other things like especially if you 1:43:19.920 --> 1:43:23.439 don't have easy access to firearms and and no access 1:43:23.479 --> 1:43:27.680 to explosives and stuff like. It's it's not a force equalizer, 1:43:27.760 --> 1:43:30.679 but it does allow you to to do certain things 1:43:31.720 --> 1:43:35.519 militarily that that would be harder to do, um if 1:43:35.520 --> 1:43:37.720 you were like trying to manufacture something a little bit 1:43:37.720 --> 1:43:41.160 more like it's easier than making a grenade, right, Like, yeah, 1:43:41.160 --> 1:43:43.040 and it does much more damage than a rock, but 1:43:43.080 --> 1:43:45.760 it's not much harder to come by for most people. Right. 1:43:46.439 --> 1:43:48.479 One really interesting thing I read about them was by 1:43:48.520 --> 1:43:50.720 this academic who I really like his work. It's called 1:43:50.760 --> 1:43:54.680 Ali Cadiva, and he's Iranian, and he's looked at like 1:43:54.720 --> 1:43:58.040 democratization movements all over the world. Right, so, how do 1:43:58.120 --> 1:44:03.439 authoritarian regimes collapse? And his research suggested that like peaceful 1:44:03.600 --> 1:44:07.080 extreme like extremely like quote unquote peaceful protests tend not 1:44:07.160 --> 1:44:11.000 to work, and insurgencies hadn't had that higher a success rate. 1:44:11.520 --> 1:44:14.800 But his paper is called stick, stones and Molotov cocktails, 1:44:14.880 --> 1:44:17.439 and like his research suggested, like, if you're prepared to 1:44:17.479 --> 1:44:20.160 do violence against property by hidding it with a stick, 1:44:20.240 --> 1:44:22.400 throwing a stone, throwing a Monotov cocktail, then you are 1:44:22.439 --> 1:44:25.720 more likely to have success in toppling a regime. So like, 1:44:26.040 --> 1:44:28.559 because they're accessible to people who don't necessarily have guns, 1:44:28.600 --> 1:44:31.479 aren't doing insurgencies. They've had this really interesting role in 1:44:32.160 --> 1:44:36.800 arming nonstate actors or arming liberation movement throughout history. I mean, 1:44:36.840 --> 1:44:39.360 that's really interesting because it would seem to suggest, like 1:44:39.439 --> 1:44:42.000 a reading of that paper would seem to suggest that, yeah, 1:44:42.560 --> 1:44:46.240 it's not so much like being willing to carry out 1:44:46.840 --> 1:44:49.880 like a militant movement, but being willing to destroy things 1:44:49.920 --> 1:44:52.040 as one of the primary signs that like you have 1:44:52.080 --> 1:44:55.000 a chance of actually overthrowing an authoritarian regime is like 1:44:55.040 --> 1:44:59.519 your your ability to prepare to to do damage, um, 1:44:59.680 --> 1:45:01.760 like a financial nature, Like is that kind of the 1:45:01.840 --> 1:45:04.479 argument is making. I think the argument he's making is that, like, 1:45:04.720 --> 1:45:06.559 and it's an argument that can't be made enough. Right, 1:45:06.800 --> 1:45:09.000 the damage to property is not the same as damage 1:45:09.040 --> 1:45:12.200 to people, and violence against property in the name of 1:45:12.280 --> 1:45:15.400 liberation or justice is okay and tends to work. And 1:45:15.439 --> 1:45:17.760 but yeah, you have to have some skin in the game. 1:45:17.920 --> 1:45:19.960 You have to be prepared to fund some ship up 1:45:20.400 --> 1:45:22.759 if you if you want to bring down a regime 1:45:22.760 --> 1:45:26.200 which is prepared to use violence against you. That's kind 1:45:26.240 --> 1:45:30.480 of talking about the use of these tools within liberatory struggles. 1:45:30.479 --> 1:45:33.560 But they're not I guess the liberatory strugglesm the I 1:45:33.640 --> 1:45:35.519 have the beholder that's talking about the use of these 1:45:35.520 --> 1:45:39.040 tools and kind of like street movements that are agitating 1:45:39.080 --> 1:45:42.800 for change. But we also have this military history UM, 1:45:42.840 --> 1:45:44.559 which I think is much more muddled in terms of 1:45:44.560 --> 1:45:47.240 its actual efficacy as a as a weapon, its ability 1:45:47.280 --> 1:45:50.719 to deny area, it's ability to destroy UM or damage 1:45:50.760 --> 1:45:54.439 like enemy uh like combat ability. Do you do you 1:45:54.479 --> 1:45:56.320 have any kind of sense of like how effective like 1:45:56.360 --> 1:45:58.360 we're seeing all these people in Ukraine arming themselves with 1:45:58.439 --> 1:46:02.960 cocktails UM evidence of of of you know, the efficacy 1:46:02.960 --> 1:46:05.559 of these and calmbat as a lot murkier UM, at 1:46:05.640 --> 1:46:07.439 least within the present conflict. Do you have a sense 1:46:07.479 --> 1:46:10.920 of how historically they're useful? They tend to be for that, Yeah, 1:46:10.960 --> 1:46:13.400 I think depending on the age of the and and 1:46:13.400 --> 1:46:15.640 then the type of the vehicle you're attacking. Right, So 1:46:15.800 --> 1:46:19.120 like these old Russian tanks UM, what they would do 1:46:19.160 --> 1:46:21.439 a lot was make something which is not quite what 1:46:21.479 --> 1:46:23.200 we would see if the MONOTORV cocktails, I had a 1:46:23.200 --> 1:46:26.000 whole blanket that was soaked in petrol, and that would 1:46:26.000 --> 1:46:29.160 get caught up in the track and then it would 1:46:29.200 --> 1:46:31.920 destroy that. There was a bit of rubber on on 1:46:32.000 --> 1:46:34.479 the wheels interface with the tracks that it would melt 1:46:34.479 --> 1:46:37.200 and that would immobilize the tank and then folks could 1:46:37.280 --> 1:46:39.640 swarm it from all angles. That was kind of the 1:46:39.640 --> 1:46:44.320 move there, and then I think they've been more useful 1:46:44.360 --> 1:46:48.000 in Ukraine than one might have expected. Because of the 1:46:48.160 --> 1:46:50.599 nature of some of the Russian military vehicles. They tend 1:46:50.640 --> 1:46:53.160 to carry their fuel on the outside. They also because 1:46:53.160 --> 1:46:56.160 of the mud, they'll carry lots of pieces of wood 1:46:56.439 --> 1:46:58.040 that they can use to put under their wheels like 1:46:58.120 --> 1:47:00.760 you would you know, like sand ladders on the truck um, 1:47:00.800 --> 1:47:03.040 so those tend to catch fire more easily. I know 1:47:03.080 --> 1:47:05.920 the b MPs also have fuel storage on the back door, 1:47:06.040 --> 1:47:08.200 which is is pretty optimal for if you want to 1:47:08.200 --> 1:47:10.960 walk up behind someone to set something on fire. So 1:47:11.000 --> 1:47:14.200 that they've worked pretty well there. In other places, yeah, 1:47:14.200 --> 1:47:16.200 they seem to be more of an annoyance, Like I know, 1:47:16.280 --> 1:47:19.080 I've spoken to people who have been in the military 1:47:19.680 --> 1:47:22.920 in the UK and like the big thing in Northern 1:47:22.920 --> 1:47:25.280 Ireland right again right, you have a sort of a 1:47:25.320 --> 1:47:28.120 liberatory movement there and so they were very popular, but 1:47:28.120 --> 1:47:30.920 they didn't seem to do much of them, cause people distress, 1:47:31.080 --> 1:47:35.400 cause people personal injury sometimes but not particularly too. They 1:47:35.400 --> 1:47:38.080 weren't game changing in terms of like the monopoly on 1:47:38.200 --> 1:47:41.000 violence there, but yeah, they seem to be very very 1:47:41.080 --> 1:47:42.360 I think they're better when you have a ton of 1:47:42.360 --> 1:47:44.160 people throwing them. I think you have a lot of 1:47:44.200 --> 1:47:47.720 people setting things on fire, that tends to be it 1:47:47.960 --> 1:47:51.040 causes people to stop. And I think with Russia being 1:47:52.600 --> 1:47:56.040 lacking in excellent leadership, it seems like we could say 1:47:56.040 --> 1:47:58.360 in Ukraine and some of their soldiers maybe lacking in training, 1:47:59.080 --> 1:48:01.000 and with the fact that they tend to carry fuel 1:48:01.000 --> 1:48:03.360 externally so their vehicles catch fire. If you can just 1:48:03.479 --> 1:48:06.880 convince some conscripts that their vehicle is on fire, they 1:48:06.880 --> 1:48:09.439 are going to get out, run away. And we've seen 1:48:09.479 --> 1:48:12.599 that a lot, right, a lot of people running away. Yeah. 1:48:12.680 --> 1:48:15.920 I think when I think about, like outside of military uses, 1:48:15.960 --> 1:48:18.680 where I've seen molotovas be most effective in like the 1:48:18.720 --> 1:48:20.800 time I've been covering conflict, that the first thing that 1:48:20.840 --> 1:48:26.360 comes up is the My Dawn Revolution Ukraine, where people 1:48:26.400 --> 1:48:28.640 were throwing some of the same people throwing molotops at 1:48:28.680 --> 1:48:31.599 Russian troops. Now we're through a mix of throwing by 1:48:31.600 --> 1:48:35.040 hand and like catapult devices were launching sometimes hundreds of 1:48:35.080 --> 1:48:37.360 molotovs in a couple of minutes and like melting tank 1:48:37.360 --> 1:48:40.479 treads to the ground, which is definitely like that's a 1:48:40.720 --> 1:48:43.599 that's obviously it was effective. It's also almost a different 1:48:43.640 --> 1:48:45.519 kind of weapons system when you're when you're dealing with 1:48:45.560 --> 1:48:51.000 that kind of volume grad molotov launcher. Yeah. Yeah, but 1:48:51.040 --> 1:48:53.360 then I can think about, like, there's this really amazing 1:48:53.479 --> 1:48:56.280 video that you can find if you look of Greek 1:48:56.439 --> 1:49:01.240 anarchists on bicycles swarming pass a Greek police station and 1:49:01.280 --> 1:49:03.599 throwing it looked like about a dozen molotovs at once, 1:49:03.760 --> 1:49:06.200 and and just like sacking a police station that way 1:49:06.200 --> 1:49:08.640 and then biking right the funk off and like disappearing 1:49:08.640 --> 1:49:12.320 into the city um, which is which you know, seemed 1:49:12.360 --> 1:49:14.439 like a more effective tactic than some of the ways 1:49:14.439 --> 1:49:16.639 I've seen them used, where it's like a person throwing 1:49:16.720 --> 1:49:20.240 a molotov um and then the cops get really fucking angry, 1:49:20.280 --> 1:49:21.800 but it doesn't really do that much damage to them, 1:49:21.800 --> 1:49:23.639 and then people get or they hit the wrong person. 1:49:24.040 --> 1:49:25.800 Like it is, it is a tool with a high 1:49:26.000 --> 1:49:28.000 degree of chance for error if you don't know what 1:49:28.040 --> 1:49:31.160 you're doing. Yeah, it's there's a decent skill requirement. You 1:49:31.200 --> 1:49:33.760 also really don't want to have like anything flammable on 1:49:33.800 --> 1:49:36.439 your hands or shirt or anything like that. Like I've 1:49:36.439 --> 1:49:40.400 seen people really end up badly after trying to make 1:49:40.439 --> 1:49:42.600 a molotov and just hurting themselves trying to light it 1:49:42.680 --> 1:49:45.840 or throw it. Yeah, it's it's not. It's not one 1:49:45.840 --> 1:49:48.719 of those things that like you want to casually suggest 1:49:48.760 --> 1:49:51.680 people use because the odds of actually injuring yourself with 1:49:51.720 --> 1:49:54.360 it are pretty high if you're not being careful. Um, 1:49:54.439 --> 1:49:56.439 and if you if you're going into a situation where 1:49:56.479 --> 1:50:02.840 you think people might have molotov's natural fibers people, natural fibers, nuts, synthetics. Yeah, 1:50:02.920 --> 1:50:07.040 well is your friend welding gloves your friend? Like, yeah, 1:50:07.040 --> 1:50:10.599 you don't want to be caught on fire. So let's 1:50:10.600 --> 1:50:13.439 talk a little bit about how, like what are the 1:50:13.439 --> 1:50:16.479 different kinds of constructions of molotops you've seen people using 1:50:16.479 --> 1:50:18.320 and how they changed over time. You talked a little 1:50:18.360 --> 1:50:20.400 bit about kind of the early Spanish ones were like 1:50:20.439 --> 1:50:22.840 full blankets and stuff. Yeah, I think one of the 1:50:22.840 --> 1:50:26.840 interests where we go from Spain to to Finland right 1:50:26.840 --> 1:50:29.400 where we're seeing the same thing basically petrol or maybe 1:50:29.400 --> 1:50:32.800 ethanol or something like that inside a bottle with with 1:50:32.920 --> 1:50:35.680 just a wig, right something sort of. I know in 1:50:35.720 --> 1:50:37.960 Spanish Civil War they were using jars a lot like 1:50:38.040 --> 1:50:42.120 jam jars. But when things started to develop, I think 1:50:42.200 --> 1:50:45.599 is in the UK, so in Britain, and you actually 1:50:45.600 --> 1:50:48.120 have this guy called Tom Wintringham who went to Spain 1:50:48.160 --> 1:50:50.519 as a walk correspondent, decided to become a soldier and 1:50:50.560 --> 1:50:54.479 then returned to the UK and tried to share what 1:50:54.560 --> 1:50:56.479 he'd learned with British people. Right in this article he 1:50:56.520 --> 1:51:00.160 wrote a picture post and he was very much into 1:51:00.320 --> 1:51:02.959 Molotov cocktails is a great way of fighting an invasion, 1:51:03.520 --> 1:51:05.400 much like actually the old guy you heard, did you 1:51:05.400 --> 1:51:08.760 hear the guy who called into NPR recently? Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, 1:51:08.800 --> 1:51:12.519 he was outstanding, just just turning NPR into our how 1:51:12.560 --> 1:51:15.400 to do gorilla warfare. And so what they did they 1:51:15.439 --> 1:51:18.200 made this thing called the number seventy six grenade, and 1:51:18.240 --> 1:51:21.599 they made six million of them, I think Jesus Christ. 1:51:21.920 --> 1:51:23.960 And they still find them. It's funny, they'll still find 1:51:24.000 --> 1:51:25.640 them in like when they'll be digging the foundation for 1:51:25.640 --> 1:51:27.479 a building. They'll be like, oh shit, this is not 1:51:27.560 --> 1:51:30.720 a box of beer. And what those had was a 1:51:30.720 --> 1:51:33.360 strip of rubber that they dropped in it. It was 1:51:33.400 --> 1:51:35.840 in a bottle with a cap, and it had a 1:51:35.840 --> 1:51:38.120 phosphorus ignitor actually, so you didn't have to light it, 1:51:38.200 --> 1:51:41.879 you just hosted it. And yeah, and those were extremely effective. 1:51:41.880 --> 1:51:46.759 The rubber dissolves and then that allows the flaming liquid 1:51:46.760 --> 1:51:50.080 to adhere better to the person or thing that is hit. Right, 1:51:50.360 --> 1:51:54.679 and you're almost like making a napalm bark, yes exactly, yeah, yeah, yeah, 1:51:54.720 --> 1:51:57.160 and the phosphorus will last for a long time. It's 1:51:57.320 --> 1:52:00.400 much less risky to the thrower and you and also 1:52:00.520 --> 1:52:03.720 have a whole box of them and just keep throwing them, right. 1:52:03.760 --> 1:52:05.080 You don't have to light each one, you don't have 1:52:05.160 --> 1:52:07.800 to have someone else like each one. So those seem 1:52:07.840 --> 1:52:09.800 pretty effective. I don't know if they were ever really 1:52:09.920 --> 1:52:14.160 used in anger, because obviously the Nazis never landed in 1:52:14.160 --> 1:52:18.000 the UK, but yeah, that was that was a pretty 1:52:18.040 --> 1:52:21.040 big development, and that kind of set the tone for 1:52:21.080 --> 1:52:24.080 the other developments which I've seen, at least. I'm not 1:52:24.160 --> 1:52:28.080 like a Molotov expert. But people put sugar in them, 1:52:28.400 --> 1:52:31.160 people put polystyrene in them or what do you call that? 1:52:31.360 --> 1:52:34.400 What does sugar in them do? I think it gives 1:52:34.439 --> 1:52:38.400 it a higher viscosity, and I think they sort of 1:52:38.800 --> 1:52:43.280 it maybe melts when they like sticks. It like creates 1:52:43.280 --> 1:52:45.479 like a sticky kind of hot, like like if you're 1:52:45.479 --> 1:52:48.840 making toffee. I would imagine, Um, the big thing I've 1:52:48.840 --> 1:52:52.120 seen people putting in them is various like plastics. Right, 1:52:52.200 --> 1:52:55.000 So when you look at the You've seen these videos 1:52:55.040 --> 1:52:57.479 of old ladies in Ukraine with cheese graters just grating 1:52:57.560 --> 1:53:00.559 like packing styrofoam, and they put at in there, and 1:53:00.600 --> 1:53:03.280 that that does the same thing, right, creates a more 1:53:03.520 --> 1:53:06.880 viscous kind of napalm which adheres to the thing that 1:53:06.920 --> 1:53:09.000 you throw at. And that I think if you're talking 1:53:09.000 --> 1:53:12.240 about persuading someone that their tank is on fire, if 1:53:12.680 --> 1:53:15.400 it keeps burning for ten twenty seconds, you know you 1:53:15.439 --> 1:53:17.360 don't have a very long time to get out of 1:53:17.400 --> 1:53:20.800 a BMP, so you're going to start getting out, I 1:53:20.800 --> 1:53:22.760 would imagine. Well, and that does point to like an 1:53:22.760 --> 1:53:26.040 interesting reality of like not just this war all war, 1:53:26.160 --> 1:53:30.040 but like specifically in the context of territorial kind of 1:53:30.120 --> 1:53:35.760 volunteers who are on paper terribly out gunned. Um. But 1:53:35.880 --> 1:53:38.120 the psychological dimension is that, like you said, if you 1:53:38.120 --> 1:53:40.880 can convince people they may be in an armored vehicle 1:53:41.000 --> 1:53:44.240 that has unquestioned supremacy over the partisans attacking them. But 1:53:44.280 --> 1:53:46.680 if you can convince them they are on fire, they 1:53:46.680 --> 1:53:49.200 will make decisions that lead them to no longer have 1:53:49.560 --> 1:53:53.080 the advantage in terms of firepower. It's not impossible to do. Yeah, 1:53:53.160 --> 1:53:54.839 I think you saw that. I think there's some footage 1:53:54.840 --> 1:53:57.879 from my dan of them sort of ambushing some armored vehicles. 1:53:57.920 --> 1:54:00.080 And yet once you throw half a dozen monitor of 1:54:00.080 --> 1:54:03.320 cocktails from above at windows, you can only get those 1:54:03.320 --> 1:54:05.400 people to abandon their vehicle and run away. That's the goal. 1:54:05.439 --> 1:54:07.120 If they get out, there are a lot more vulnerable 1:54:07.120 --> 1:54:10.080 to further attacks from molotov cocktails or anything else. Right, 1:54:10.400 --> 1:54:13.240 So yeah, I think it. It really plays into that 1:54:13.360 --> 1:54:18.960 kind of gorilla or sort of like underdog side of conflict. Yeah. 1:54:19.000 --> 1:54:20.720 One of the things that's interesting to them about me. 1:54:20.760 --> 1:54:22.600 I mean, you and I just finished this series that 1:54:22.640 --> 1:54:25.160 dealt heavily with like three D printed weapons, homemade guns 1:54:25.160 --> 1:54:27.400 and stuff. But you know, there's a lot that you, 1:54:27.520 --> 1:54:31.200 as the state can do to reduce people's access to firearms, 1:54:31.320 --> 1:54:34.360 or even to reduce people's access to like knives that 1:54:34.400 --> 1:54:36.120 are bigger than kitchen knives. A lot you can do 1:54:36.160 --> 1:54:39.480 to reduce people's access to conventional arms, but everywhere has 1:54:39.520 --> 1:54:43.480 got liquor. Yeah, exactly, it's almost impossible to stop people 1:54:43.560 --> 1:54:49.120 having them. Right, If you have gasoline, diesel, alcohol, and 1:54:49.240 --> 1:54:53.120 glass things and fabric and lighter, you have access to these. 1:54:53.200 --> 1:54:57.560 So yeah, they're accessible to everyone, and they are incredibly effective. Like, 1:54:57.600 --> 1:54:59.640 they're probably the most effective thing that you could make 1:54:59.680 --> 1:55:03.000 in your home if you were doing an insurgency or 1:55:03.080 --> 1:55:08.240 fighting Russian invaders in this case. Yeah, well, James, was 1:55:08.240 --> 1:55:09.840 there anything else you wanted to get into on the 1:55:09.840 --> 1:55:15.440 subject of molotos or other forms of cocktails? Yeah, let 1:55:15.480 --> 1:55:18.280 me think I should probably say that it's probably illegal 1:55:18.320 --> 1:55:21.000 to make them in the United States. I mean, there 1:55:21.000 --> 1:55:23.600 are specific ways you legally can, but you you need 1:55:23.640 --> 1:55:26.200 a number of different permits. Yeah. Yeah, you do have 1:55:26.280 --> 1:55:30.120 to ask the government. So I probably wouldn't suggest to 1:55:30.160 --> 1:55:33.960 do Yes, you have to, I probably wouldn't suggest doing that, 1:55:34.040 --> 1:55:36.720 But no, I think it's always interesting to look at 1:55:36.720 --> 1:55:41.839 these like, if we want to move towards a world 1:55:41.920 --> 1:55:45.000 where there is less authority more freedom, then these things 1:55:45.080 --> 1:55:47.640 which take away the state's monopoly on the ability to 1:55:47.680 --> 1:55:50.480 do violence should always be not necessarily like things that 1:55:50.520 --> 1:55:53.360 we want that. It's interesting. Yeah, that's one of the 1:55:53.360 --> 1:55:57.040 things that's fascinating to me. Obviously, Ukraine is a pretty 1:55:57.080 --> 1:56:01.440 standard government within the global or at least up until 1:56:01.440 --> 1:56:03.480 this point, has been like they are. They are a 1:56:03.600 --> 1:56:06.120 state that has done a number of ugly things in 1:56:06.120 --> 1:56:08.400 its past, and we'll do them in the future. But 1:56:08.480 --> 1:56:12.400 they're in this fascinating moment where the government has really 1:56:12.480 --> 1:56:16.480 set down any claim to a monopoly on force in 1:56:16.560 --> 1:56:19.600 a lot of fascinating ways, the kind of widespread here's 1:56:19.600 --> 1:56:21.800 how to make a molotov, here's how to disable And 1:56:22.080 --> 1:56:24.120 one of the things that's fascinating, the Ukrainian government very 1:56:24.120 --> 1:56:26.360 famously sent around sheets which are like, here is where 1:56:26.400 --> 1:56:28.720 to throw molotovs to do the most damage. Different Russian 1:56:28.800 --> 1:56:33.200 vehicles are also Ukrainian vehicles. Yeah, yeah, and also those 1:56:33.280 --> 1:56:36.800 vehicles now belong to random farmers, Like I saw that 1:56:36.920 --> 1:56:38.800 was a thing with the Ukrainian equivalent of the I 1:56:38.960 --> 1:56:40.880 R S who said, like, don't worry, you don't need 1:56:40.920 --> 1:56:44.080 to declare this tank on your income tax. Right, how 1:56:44.120 --> 1:56:47.320 does one tax a person who has a tank? Yeah, 1:56:47.960 --> 1:56:50.040 or in the case of some of them, has a 1:56:50.120 --> 1:56:54.320 twenty million dollar anti aircraft system. Yeah, who is the 1:56:54.360 --> 1:56:56.960 tax man who is willing to go and collect that? 1:56:57.240 --> 1:57:00.920 Like they have become ungovernable, right, yeah, I mean it's 1:57:01.120 --> 1:57:03.360 we're they are in the thick of it, and maybe 1:57:03.440 --> 1:57:05.360 for the rest of all of our lives. Nobody knows 1:57:05.360 --> 1:57:07.400 how long this thing is going to last. But if 1:57:08.120 --> 1:57:10.520 if the war does end in any kind of reasonable 1:57:10.520 --> 1:57:14.800 time frame, the what's Ukraine going back to. I don't 1:57:14.840 --> 1:57:17.600 know how they go back to being a normal state 1:57:18.040 --> 1:57:21.240 when they have when they have opened the floodgates to everyone. 1:57:21.360 --> 1:57:23.880 Is the army now? Well? I think it's Yeah, it 1:57:23.880 --> 1:57:25.880 calls into question number things, right, like that maybe you 1:57:25.960 --> 1:57:29.680 don't necessarily always need is very strict disciplinary and structure 1:57:29.760 --> 1:57:35.000 to fight very effectively. But also yeah, that like do 1:57:35.080 --> 1:57:37.480 you need the state? Right? People are just doing their 1:57:37.520 --> 1:57:39.760 own thing right now, and I yeah, I don't know 1:57:39.800 --> 1:57:41.840 how you already take that back? Like how do you 1:57:41.880 --> 1:57:43.920 go and collect the tanks from people? They know how 1:57:43.960 --> 1:57:47.000 to kill tanks, that's what they've been doing. Yeah, the 1:57:47.120 --> 1:57:49.960 Ukrainian government in the future, if we imagine a time 1:57:50.000 --> 1:57:52.600 of people piece, it'll be quite a while before there's 1:57:52.640 --> 1:57:55.360 any chance of like, well we better send in the 1:57:55.440 --> 1:57:58.320 riot troops to crack down on this protest. It's like, no, 1:57:58.360 --> 1:58:00.000 you're not going to get those riot troops to go 1:58:00.000 --> 1:58:04.360 anywhere near there. Yeah, Like, yeah, we're testing out this 1:58:04.520 --> 1:58:07.600 armed society as a polite society thesis, right, But yeah, 1:58:07.640 --> 1:58:10.400 I don't know how the police return to a country 1:58:10.440 --> 1:58:14.000 which is seemingly at least holding off, if not defeating, 1:58:14.360 --> 1:58:19.000 a military superpower. Yeah. It is a fascinating question, and 1:58:19.000 --> 1:58:21.040 and no one really has a clear answer, but I 1:58:21.080 --> 1:58:23.920 do think it's interesting. Of course they have embraced the 1:58:23.920 --> 1:58:26.680 Molotov as you've kind of made the case here that's 1:58:26.760 --> 1:58:30.800 it really has this history as this great kind of 1:58:30.840 --> 1:58:35.600 democratizing force within the conflicts between people and governments and 1:58:35.680 --> 1:58:38.840 governments and governments. Yeah, and and people in capital, right, 1:58:38.880 --> 1:58:41.440 Like if you're prepared to destroy capital goods like people 1:58:41.480 --> 1:58:43.400 have done for centuries, and that that seems to be 1:58:43.480 --> 1:58:46.560 the way to make change. Right. It's kind of interesting, 1:58:46.640 --> 1:58:48.680 I think, to reflect on from our me and my podcast, 1:58:48.680 --> 1:58:51.240 I thought was that they had very strict gun ownership 1:58:51.280 --> 1:58:54.320 laws before this, very very strict apart from from one 1:58:54.320 --> 1:58:57.560 ethnic group called the Chin. But what they've promised to 1:58:57.600 --> 1:59:00.080 do afterwards, at least according to our sources is to 1:59:00.600 --> 1:59:04.320 allow people to keep and bear arms, right, because I 1:59:04.360 --> 1:59:06.680 guess they kind of have to write because a they 1:59:06.720 --> 1:59:08.880 can't stop them anymore. These people are three D printing 1:59:08.920 --> 1:59:12.640 guns and be the only way they got freedom or 1:59:12.960 --> 1:59:14.880 if this is if the if they're able to defeat 1:59:14.920 --> 1:59:18.160 the Tapmador, then the only way they've they've become free 1:59:18.280 --> 1:59:20.480 is through fighting for their freedom. And it seems that 1:59:20.520 --> 1:59:22.840 they're not going to be willing to give that up, 1:59:23.200 --> 1:59:25.440 especially for the ethnic groups there. So yeah, it's really 1:59:25.440 --> 1:59:29.360 interesting to see, like what kind of a state emerges 1:59:29.680 --> 1:59:33.280 from a sort of uh, what's the sort of world 1:59:33.360 --> 1:59:35.840 like Like it's it's not an authoritarian structure, right, the 1:59:35.840 --> 1:59:37.800 militaries are not like a lot of people in Ukraine 1:59:37.800 --> 1:59:40.880 are not necessarily authoritarian instructures. So what emerges for the 1:59:40.960 --> 1:59:44.600 state when we've had this horizontal resistance? Yeah, these are 1:59:44.640 --> 1:59:47.520 These are fascinating questions and ones that I think will 1:59:47.560 --> 1:59:50.400 all be continuing to ask and answer for for the 1:59:50.440 --> 1:59:53.160 foreseeable future. For now, do you have anything you want 1:59:53.160 --> 1:59:55.800 to plug before we were all out? James M No. 1:59:55.960 --> 1:59:57.720 You should listen to our podcast on MIMMA. You can 1:59:57.760 --> 2:00:02.200 follow me on Twitter. That's my name at stout Patreon. 2:00:02.240 --> 2:00:05.000 I write some other things. I teach at the community college. 2:00:05.040 --> 2:00:06.560 If you want to take some history courses, we can 2:00:06.640 --> 2:00:10.640 learn about molotovs. Have a lecture about that. But otherwise no, 2:00:10.920 --> 2:00:13.480 that's about well, that's gonna do it for us here 2:00:13.600 --> 2:00:17.520 until next time. Don't make a molotov if it's illegal 2:00:17.520 --> 2:00:21.120 where you live. But but do think about molotovs, because, 2:00:21.160 --> 2:00:23.400 as the last couple of weeks have shown us, you 2:00:23.440 --> 2:00:26.040 could by next week be living in a state where 2:00:26.080 --> 2:00:28.960 it's very legal to make molotov cocktails. That could happen 2:00:28.960 --> 2:00:30.840 to any of us. You never know, you know, you 2:00:30.920 --> 2:00:34.520 never know, So you know, do some reading online, use 2:00:34.600 --> 2:00:38.640 a use a VP a VPN to do that reading browser. 2:00:38.720 --> 2:00:42.320 If you're gonna be how to make molotov, do some 2:00:42.480 --> 2:00:45.520 very careful reading, and um, you know, keep an eye 2:00:45.680 --> 2:00:54.800 on the world. Hey, we'll be back Monday with more 2:00:54.800 --> 2:00:57.520 episodes every week from now until the heat death of 2:00:57.520 --> 2:01:00.120 the universe. It could happen. Here is a production of 2:01:00.120 --> 2:01:03.080 cool Zone Media. For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, 2:01:03.160 --> 2:01:05.600 visit our website cool zone media dot com, or check 2:01:05.680 --> 2:01:07.960 us out on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 2:01:08.040 --> 2:01:11.080 or wherever you listen to podcasts you can find sources 2:01:11.080 --> 2:01:13.680 for It could happen here. Updated monthly at cool Zone 2:01:13.680 --> 2:01:16.440 media dot com slash sources. Thanks for listening.