1 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:06,720 Speaker 1: On this episode of News World, we're going to talk 2 00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:09,639 Speaker 1: about Thanksgiving, and I want to start by wishing each 3 00:00:09,640 --> 00:00:12,880 Speaker 1: of you a very happy Thanksgiving, a chance to be 4 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:15,960 Speaker 1: with your family, because this is the first Thanksgiving after 5 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:19,400 Speaker 1: COVID that many families will have gathered together since the 6 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:23,560 Speaker 1: pandemic started. So families are coming together to celebrate this 7 00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: uniquely American holiday which grows out of our history. Thanksgiving. 8 00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:31,120 Speaker 1: It's the one holiday each year that unites us, no 9 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:34,880 Speaker 1: matter what your background is. Thanksgiving as a holiday celebrated 10 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: by virtually every American because its celebrates our founding as 11 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: a free, independent people and allows us to reflect back 12 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:45,519 Speaker 1: at all those who came before us in this country 13 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: to support our society where religious freedom would prevail, where 14 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: we would be prosperous, and where we could celebrate God's 15 00:00:53,120 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: bounty to the American people. I thought i'd start by 16 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: talking about some of my own personal memories. I was 17 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and I grew up in the 18 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: little towns of Humblestown and Middletown and Royalton and Steelton, 19 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:17,720 Speaker 1: bouncing around my relatives. I had two families. My parents 20 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:21,920 Speaker 1: got divorced and my mother remarried and I was adopted 21 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:24,880 Speaker 1: by her new husband. So I went from a McPherson 22 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,560 Speaker 1: to a gingrich. But the McPherson's wanted me to come 23 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: to their thanksgivings too, so I had this great opportunity 24 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: as a kid, two cycles of Thanksgiving, two cycles of 25 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:37,679 Speaker 1: turkey legs, two cycles of pumpkin pie. I mean, it 26 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:40,679 Speaker 1: was pretty good. Central Pennsylvania. As many of you may know, 27 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:44,120 Speaker 1: he is a very traditional conservative area. At least when 28 00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: I was growing up. It was one of the places 29 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: that while alf Landon was losing nationally in nineteen thirty six, 30 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: he was carrying Central Pennsylvania by two to one. I 31 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: was very very Union oriented because of course it was 32 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: just above Gettysburg, and it was very Republican in that era, 33 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: which may explain part of my own background. But it 34 00:02:04,280 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: was also a place that had great traditions, and of 35 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 1: course we were very deeply influenced by the Amish, so 36 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: there were a lot of Amish dishes that came over, 37 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: things like shoefly pie and many of my favorite memories 38 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:19,240 Speaker 1: I have to confess their food. As a little kid, 39 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 1: I just loved turkey legs. I actually still loved turkey legs. 40 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: But when I was a little kid, was really pathetic 41 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 1: because he's gonna get turkey legs half the size of you. 42 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: My relatives were into very big get togethers, and so 43 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:37,360 Speaker 1: they would have twenty thirty forty people at Thanksgiving, which 44 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,359 Speaker 1: meant you had to have really big turkeys, which meant 45 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 1: you had a really big turkey leg. And I would cheerfully, 46 00:02:43,600 --> 00:02:45,639 Speaker 1: always whine until I got one of the turkey legs. 47 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 1: I could look forward to that all day and then 48 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: walk around cheerfully, getting grease all over my face as 49 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:54,320 Speaker 1: I gnawed away at this turkey leg. And then of 50 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:56,800 Speaker 1: course when you got to dessert, I should stop and 51 00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:00,880 Speaker 1: say things like cranberry sauce were into rule. In fact, 52 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: I'm very worried this year because there are reports that 53 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: there's going to be a shortage of cranberry sauce, although 54 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: my son in law, Jimmy Cushman, has already done homemade 55 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:11,960 Speaker 1: cranberry sauce, sent us a picture. We're going to have 56 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: our Thanksgiving with the Cushman's and the lovers in Atlanta, 57 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: really looking forward to being together again after four years 58 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:22,320 Speaker 1: of being in Rome. Jimmy, who's a great cook, his 59 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: daughter Maggie, who's even better cook, are gone to town here, 60 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: and so I'm confident we'll have one or two turkeys, 61 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:33,120 Speaker 1: plus probably a ham. Jimmy's fixing all sorts of side 62 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 1: dishes already, and then they'll have, of course a lot 63 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:40,000 Speaker 1: of desserts. But back to the mcphersons and the Gingwiches 64 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: and the good old days. Several of my aunts were 65 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: great pie bakers and cake makers. Others were great at 66 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: fixing the main courses, and they would all come together 67 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: with these amazing meals. And because I belonged to two 68 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:56,400 Speaker 1: different families, on some days, I'd actually get to go 69 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: to both thanksgivings, which had its own great advantage. Of course, 70 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: then I got two turkey legs. So I will confess 71 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: that in my childhood, well, I knew this thing about 72 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: the Pilgrims, and of course I grew up in a 73 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: generation where the schools taught the Pilgrims and the Thanksgiving 74 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:16,280 Speaker 1: fairly straight. Because it was a real historic event. We 75 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 1: do have records of it. It was done to celebrate 76 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:21,839 Speaker 1: that God had been good and that they were giving 77 00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:24,479 Speaker 1: thanks I mean thanksgiving, and its original meaning is not 78 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,200 Speaker 1: a transliteration of Turkey. It is for giving thanks and 79 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:31,719 Speaker 1: so they initially did that. We did people dress up 80 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: as Pilgrims and do the whole routine. I will report, 81 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 1: because my opponents might try to denigrate me. I never 82 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: dressed up as a Turkey. That is not true, and 83 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:43,919 Speaker 1: no one should say that. But we would study the 84 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:47,160 Speaker 1: period of the arrival of the Puritans and the Pilgrims 85 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: and that whole process in the early years of the country. 86 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: That's my personal experience. I look forward every year to Thanksgiving, 87 00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 1: which of course also the time to watch pro football. 88 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:00,560 Speaker 1: And I had an uncle who was very successful in business. 89 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,040 Speaker 1: We would go to his home in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, have 90 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: this wonderful thing, and I knew every Thanksgiving that approximately 91 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:11,279 Speaker 1: one hour after eating, he would be on the couch, 92 00:05:11,440 --> 00:05:14,479 Speaker 1: laid out, falling asleep, and all of us kids would 93 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:16,760 Speaker 1: run around, and it didn't matter how much noise we made, 94 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:18,960 Speaker 1: he wouldn't wake up. So he'd get in his two 95 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: hour nap and he'd had a great Thanksgiving because he 96 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:24,760 Speaker 1: was totally refreshed. It was a different world as a 97 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 1: world that I looked back on with enormous fondness. And 98 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: then of course we went on to interesting places as 99 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:34,360 Speaker 1: my dad was sent around by the army to Fort Riley, Kansas, 100 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: and orley On France, and stood Card Germany, and finally 101 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:39,919 Speaker 1: to Fort Benning, Georgia, where I became a Georgian, and 102 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:42,839 Speaker 1: we had Thanksgiving every single place. And my mother, who 103 00:05:42,839 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: had learned a great deal from both her mother and 104 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: her aunts, he was a pretty good job of fixing Thanksgiving. 105 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:52,000 Speaker 1: My stepfather was a very good cook, So I've always 106 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: been surrounded by these very good cooks. So that's my 107 00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:58,320 Speaker 1: personal report on Thanksgiving, but you know, it's also part 108 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: of a much bigger, longer story. Thanksgiving became official at 109 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:24,360 Speaker 1: the very beginning of the country. On September twenty eighth, 110 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine, this brand new government, in its very 111 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: first year, just before they left for recess, the first 112 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: Federal Congress passed a resolution asking that the President Nined 113 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: States recommended the nation a day of Thanksgiving. Now, just 114 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:44,479 Speaker 1: think about the priorities they were setting. These were the 115 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:48,880 Speaker 1: people who signed the declas Independence, wrote the Constitution, fought 116 00:06:48,880 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: the British for eight years, and they were saying in 117 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,240 Speaker 1: their very first session in Congress, you know, we really 118 00:06:55,279 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 1: ought to give thanks for the fact that we're at peace, 119 00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: that we have an economy that's beginning to grow, that 120 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: we have an established government, and that we have a 121 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:07,240 Speaker 1: president who is respected and loved by virtually everyone in 122 00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:11,280 Speaker 1: the country. A few days later, President George Washington issued 123 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:16,720 Speaker 1: a proclamation naming Thursday, the twenty sixth, seventeen eighty nine 124 00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:21,720 Speaker 1: as a day of quote, public Thanksgiving. Many presidents have 125 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:24,280 Speaker 1: issued days of Thanksgiving, but they varied by day and 126 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: month from seventeen eighty nine. It was not until nineteen 127 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: forty one, just before World War Two, the Congress passed 128 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 1: a bill establishing that Thanksgiving would occur annually on the 129 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:40,280 Speaker 1: fourth Thursday of November, and on November twenty sixth, nineteen 130 00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 1: forty one. Franklin Delandor Roosevelt signed the bill into law, 131 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:48,680 Speaker 1: only about two weeks before Pearl Harbor an American entry 132 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: into the war. Now there's only one other firsthand account 133 00:07:53,680 --> 00:07:57,920 Speaker 1: of the first Thanksgiving. Colonists William Bradford kept a journal 134 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 1: entitled of Plymouth Plantation. He described the autumn of sixteen 135 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:07,280 Speaker 1: twenty one as follows quote and besides waterfowl, there was 136 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:10,800 Speaker 1: great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many 137 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:14,240 Speaker 1: besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a pack a 138 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 1: meal a week to a person, or now since harvest 139 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: Indian corn to that proportion, although it does not specifically 140 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:25,720 Speaker 1: mention whether the wild turkeys on Thanksgiving or not. However, 141 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: when his journal, lost during the Siege of Boston in 142 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy five, resurfaced and was reprinted in the eighteen fifties, 143 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 1: the idea that the early colonists hunted wild turkeys became 144 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:40,600 Speaker 1: widely popular, and wild turkeys, by the way, were very 145 00:08:40,679 --> 00:08:45,760 Speaker 1: common and all over the East as colonists came from Europe. 146 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: Sarah Joseph Hale, the editor of Godie's Ladies Book, campaigned 147 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:53,760 Speaker 1: for years for Thanksgiving to be represented as a national holiday, 148 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: and her campaigning was successful when Abraham Lincoln took note 149 00:08:58,120 --> 00:09:02,480 Speaker 1: and he established his proclamation. So you had the founder 150 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: of our country, George Washington, and the savior of our country, 151 00:09:06,679 --> 00:09:11,360 Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln, both proclaiming it. Lincoln said, quote, as the President, 152 00:09:11,360 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: I say, says the power of appointments for the District 153 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: of Columbia and the territories, also for the Army and Navy, 154 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,880 Speaker 1: and all American citizens abroad who claim protecting from Theo's flag. 155 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:24,560 Speaker 1: Could he not, withrite as well as duty, issue his 156 00:09:24,720 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: proclamation for a day of National Thanksgiving and for the 157 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:33,359 Speaker 1: above classes of persons. Hale published recipes and wrote cookbooks 158 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: for Thanksgiving that featured turkey as the main bird. So 159 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: this tradition of turkeys clearly got locked in in the 160 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,679 Speaker 1: middle of the nineteenth century. After Lincoln made his proclamation 161 00:09:43,679 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty three, turkeys began to appear on Thanksgiving menus. 162 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:50,400 Speaker 1: Now it's kind of funny because there's an old story 163 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: that Benjamin Franklin wanted the national bird to be a turkey. Frankly, 164 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:58,400 Speaker 1: I believed the story for years. I told this story 165 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: that Franklin had said he wanted the turkey, not the 166 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:06,160 Speaker 1: bald eagle, because, supposedly in the letter, Franklin wrote that 167 00:10:06,240 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 1: the bald eagle's a bird of moral bad character. He 168 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: does not get his living honestly, he's too lazy to 169 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:14,680 Speaker 1: fish for himself. And about the turkey, Franklin wrote that 170 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:16,920 Speaker 1: in comparison to the bald eagle, the turkey is a 171 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,079 Speaker 1: much more respectable bird, and with all a true original 172 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: Native America he is. Besides, though little vain and silly 173 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:27,440 Speaker 1: a bird of courage. Now, Franklin did defend the turkey 174 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,560 Speaker 1: against the bald eagle, however, he did not propose it 175 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: to be the national bird instead of the eagle. So 176 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:36,440 Speaker 1: the story's half true, and I feel semi vindicated, although 177 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:39,400 Speaker 1: I liked the original version better even if it wasn't true. 178 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: Let me go back to the beginning of the American 179 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: Republic and Washington's Thanksgiving proclamation. I remember Washington was involved 180 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:51,599 Speaker 1: in the Seven Years War, actually started the French and 181 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:53,960 Speaker 1: Indian War, as a very young man in his twenties, 182 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:58,280 Speaker 1: I was involved in saving the British Army during Braddock's 183 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:01,000 Speaker 1: March when they were ambushed by the French and Indians. 184 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:04,160 Speaker 1: When Braddock was killed, and Washington was literally the man 185 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: who saved the army. Again, still in his twenties, came 186 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: back and was involved in the Continental Congress, became the 187 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: head of the army, spent eight years fighting the British, 188 00:11:16,320 --> 00:11:19,560 Speaker 1: went back home, came back to the Constitutional Convention which 189 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:24,960 Speaker 1: he presided over, was elected president unanimously. And so he 190 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:29,040 Speaker 1: had always said that anybody who thought that the United 191 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: States became an independent country without the divine intervention of providence, 192 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:37,199 Speaker 1: did not understand what happened, and did not understand how 193 00:11:37,240 --> 00:11:40,080 Speaker 1: providential many of the events were. He was thinking, I 194 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:44,520 Speaker 1: think in particular, of the point in seventeen seventy six 195 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: where the American Army was trapped in Brooklyn had to 196 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: get across the East River. The Royal Navy was sitting 197 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: in the East River and would have destroyed any American 198 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:57,520 Speaker 1: effort to go by boat. And suddenly a huge fog 199 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:01,400 Speaker 1: rolled in if you literally could not see anything, and 200 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: the Americans were able to sneak across the river in 201 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:09,960 Speaker 1: boats driven by fishermen from Massachusetts, and the army was saved. 202 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:12,120 Speaker 1: And I think Washington lived at events like that and 203 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: thought this had to be providential. This couldn't just be 204 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: a random accident, and his army would have been destroyed 205 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:21,440 Speaker 1: if the fog hadn't come in. So when Washington's issuing 206 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:24,960 Speaker 1: a Thanksgiving proclamation, he's looking back as an older man 207 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,040 Speaker 1: at a life in which again and again remember also 208 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:30,560 Speaker 1: that in the battle where he saves the British Army 209 00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: when they are ambushed by the French and Indians, he 210 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: has four bullet holes through his coat and has two 211 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 1: horses shot out from under. So when Washington talks about 212 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: being grateful, he really has a lifetime to be grateful for. 213 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,160 Speaker 1: And this is what he said in the very first proclamation, 214 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: in the very first year that the United States existed 215 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 1: as a formal country. But the President United States of 216 00:12:57,160 --> 00:13:00,840 Speaker 1: America a proclamation where as it is the duty of 217 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to 218 00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:08,400 Speaker 1: obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and 219 00:13:08,600 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: humbly to implore his protection and favor. And whereas both 220 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee, requested me 221 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:18,880 Speaker 1: to recommend to the people of the United States a 222 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 1: day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging, 223 00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: with grateful hearts, the many signal favors of Almighty God, 224 00:13:28,559 --> 00:13:32,560 Speaker 1: especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a 225 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:37,080 Speaker 1: form of government for their safety and happiness. Now, therefore, 226 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:41,320 Speaker 1: I do recommend and assign Thursday, the twenty sixth day 227 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: of November next to be devoted by the people of 228 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:47,400 Speaker 1: these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, 229 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 1: who is the beneficient author of all the good that was, 230 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 1: that is, or there will be, That we may then 231 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble 232 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:02,360 Speaker 1: thanks for his kind care and protection the people of 233 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:05,520 Speaker 1: this country previous to their becoming a nation, for the 234 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:10,280 Speaker 1: signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of His 235 00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:14,360 Speaker 1: providence which we experienced in the course and conclusion of 236 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,960 Speaker 1: the late war, for the de great degree of tranquility, union, 237 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: and plenty which we have since enjoyed, for the peaceable 238 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:23,880 Speaker 1: and rational manner in which we have been enabled to 239 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and 240 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:33,040 Speaker 1: particularly the national one now lately instituted, for the civil 241 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:36,200 Speaker 1: and religious liberty with which we are blessed, and the 242 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 1: means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge, and 243 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,760 Speaker 1: in general, for all the great and various favors which 244 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,800 Speaker 1: He hath been pleased to confer upon us. And also 245 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 1: that we may then unite in most humbly offering our 246 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:54,240 Speaker 1: prayers and supplications to the Great Lord and Ruler of nations, 247 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 1: and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions, 248 00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,360 Speaker 1: to enable us all, whether in public private stations, to 249 00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:06,240 Speaker 1: perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually, to 250 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,520 Speaker 1: render our national government a blessing to all the people, 251 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:14,600 Speaker 1: by constantly being a government of wise, just and constitutional laws, 252 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:19,120 Speaker 1: discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed, to protect and guide 253 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:23,040 Speaker 1: all sovereigns and nations, especially such as have shown kindness 254 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 1: unto us, and to bless them with good government, peace, 255 00:15:26,160 --> 00:15:29,520 Speaker 1: and conquort. To promote the knowledge and practice of true 256 00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:33,240 Speaker 1: religion and virtue, and the increase of science among them 257 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: and us, And generally to grant onto all mankind such 258 00:15:36,760 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 1: a degree of temporal prosperity as He alone knows to 259 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:43,920 Speaker 1: be best given under my hand at the City of 260 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: New York, the third day of October, in the year 261 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:51,120 Speaker 1: of our Lord, seventeen eighty nine. Now, I want to 262 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: just say, is my own personal belief. If every student 263 00:15:55,440 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: in school studied this and understood the depth of Washington's 264 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:06,080 Speaker 1: belief that God had favored America, that God had provided 265 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:11,040 Speaker 1: the opportunity that we owed in fact our privileges, our prosperity, 266 00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 1: our safety, and our liberty to God, I think we 267 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:19,000 Speaker 1: be a healthier country. At a time of pentonel killing 268 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:22,920 Speaker 1: many Americans, at a time of teenagers committing suicide, at 269 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:25,880 Speaker 1: a time of people who are crazy driving trucks into crowds, 270 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:30,040 Speaker 1: at a time of random violence, and an arrogant belief 271 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: that eighty people can run into a store and steal 272 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:37,520 Speaker 1: whatever they want and nothing will be done. At this time, 273 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:42,440 Speaker 1: I would argue that the classic traditional beliefs, the beliefs 274 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: of people like Washington, Franklin, Ann Adams, the police of 275 00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: people like Lincoln, are a dramatically better world for us 276 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:52,440 Speaker 1: to live in and our children to live in than 277 00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:55,600 Speaker 1: the mess that has been created by those so arrogant 278 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:58,080 Speaker 1: that they think they can get rid of God, get 279 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,480 Speaker 1: rid of patriotism, tear down the statues of national heroes, 280 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 1: and somehow replace it with what with an empty world 281 00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:08,959 Speaker 1: of no hope, with people dying from drugs, and with 282 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 1: people killing each other out of hatred. Hatred often taught 283 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:16,200 Speaker 1: in our schools. Today, as we celebrate Thanksgiving, we should 284 00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: remember that there's a deep moral religious base to thanksgiving, 285 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: that we're giving thanks to God, and that we're giving 286 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 1: thanks for things which God has enabled us to have. Now, 287 00:17:28,359 --> 00:17:30,920 Speaker 1: Washington was the winner. He's looking back on a lifetime 288 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,679 Speaker 1: of having created a country, defeated the largest empire in 289 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:58,960 Speaker 1: the world. The next Great Thanksgiving Proclamation is issued in 290 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: the middle of the Civil War. If Washington is creating America, 291 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:08,439 Speaker 1: Lincoln is saving it. And remember, Lincoln will ultimately go 292 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:12,280 Speaker 1: to Gettysburg to give his great address at the dedication 293 00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: of the first National Military Cemetery. Gettysburg was the largest 294 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: battle in the Civil War, was fought over three days. 295 00:18:20,119 --> 00:18:23,160 Speaker 1: More people died at Gettysburg than any other single place. 296 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:27,119 Speaker 1: And Lincoln is trying to say to the nation, despite 297 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: the agony, despite the loss of life in some cases, 298 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: despite the loss of your husband or your son, that 299 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,440 Speaker 1: we still need to give thanks to God. And this 300 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:42,440 Speaker 1: is what Lincoln issued on October third, eighteen sixty three. Quote, 301 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: the year that is drawing towards its close has been 302 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. 303 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,399 Speaker 1: To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we 304 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:55,680 Speaker 1: are prone to forget the source from which they come. 305 00:18:56,040 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 1: Others have been added, which are of so extraordinary and 306 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:02,560 Speaker 1: nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften even 307 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,480 Speaker 1: the heart, which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful 308 00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:10,320 Speaker 1: providence of Almighty God. In the midst of a civil world, 309 00:19:10,359 --> 00:19:14,359 Speaker 1: unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign 310 00:19:14,359 --> 00:19:18,480 Speaker 1: states to invite and provoke their aggression. Peace has been 311 00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:22,679 Speaker 1: preserved with all nations. Order has been maintained, the laws 312 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,200 Speaker 1: have been respected and obeyed, and harmony is prevaried everywhere 313 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: except in the theater of military conflict. While that theater 314 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:33,959 Speaker 1: has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies 315 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 1: of the Union. Needful diversions of wealth and strength from 316 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:41,399 Speaker 1: the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have 317 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,919 Speaker 1: not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship. The 318 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: axe has enlarged the borderers of our settlements, and the mines, 319 00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:51,480 Speaker 1: as well as of iron and coal, of the precious metals, 320 00:19:51,560 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, 321 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:59,880 Speaker 1: notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, 322 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,480 Speaker 1: the siege, in the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in 323 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:06,800 Speaker 1: the consciousness of augment and strength and vigor, is permitted 324 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: to expect continuance of years with a large increase of freedom. 325 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,800 Speaker 1: No human counsel hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand 326 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts 327 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us 328 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:24,840 Speaker 1: in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy. It 329 00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: has seemed to me fit and proper that they should 330 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:32,800 Speaker 1: be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart 331 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:36,720 Speaker 1: and one voice, by the whole American people. I do 332 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,399 Speaker 1: therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the 333 00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:43,240 Speaker 1: United States, and also those who are at sea, and 334 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 1: those who are so journeying in foreign lands, to set 335 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,680 Speaker 1: apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as 336 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,920 Speaker 1: a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficient Father, 337 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:56,920 Speaker 1: who dwelleth in the heavens. And I recommend to them that, 338 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,480 Speaker 1: while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for 339 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:03,679 Speaker 1: such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also with humble 340 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:07,720 Speaker 1: penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience command to His 341 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners, 342 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:15,840 Speaker 1: or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we 343 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:20,359 Speaker 1: are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the 344 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,639 Speaker 1: Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and 345 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:26,720 Speaker 1: to restore it as soon as may be consistent with 346 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility, 347 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:36,080 Speaker 1: and union. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my 348 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:38,639 Speaker 1: hand and cause the seal of the United States to 349 00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:42,520 Speaker 1: be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this third 350 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,320 Speaker 1: day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand, 351 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,639 Speaker 1: eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of 352 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:54,200 Speaker 1: the United States the eighty eighth by President Abraham Lincoln. 353 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:57,399 Speaker 1: Now think about what it must have taken in depth 354 00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:02,040 Speaker 1: of belief to have endured the Civil War and yet 355 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:05,000 Speaker 1: to have concluded, though we still owed, thanks to God, 356 00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:07,880 Speaker 1: and that in fact, as you would see later when 357 00:22:08,119 --> 00:22:11,639 Speaker 1: in his second inaugural Lincoln again comes back again and 358 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:15,080 Speaker 1: again to what is God's purpose? What does God want 359 00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:17,439 Speaker 1: us to learn? And again, I would suggest to you 360 00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:21,960 Speaker 1: that a school which started with Washington's declaration and went 361 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:25,880 Speaker 1: to Lincoln's, which spent this week asking why did they 362 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:29,560 Speaker 1: issue these proclamations, What were they trying to tell us, 363 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,160 Speaker 1: what was their view of what being an American meant? 364 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:36,639 Speaker 1: That school would be a hundred times more effective in 365 00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:40,800 Speaker 1: creating good citizens than the kind of woke, left wing 366 00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:45,320 Speaker 1: anti American education that tragically goes on to day. However, 367 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:49,760 Speaker 1: on a happier note, because Thanksgiving did continue despite the 368 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,200 Speaker 1: efforts of some One of the things which has made 369 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:57,280 Speaker 1: our modern Thanksgiving unique is the Macy's Day Parade, the 370 00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,880 Speaker 1: first Macie's Day Parade, and I remember a kid watching 371 00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:05,040 Speaker 1: these and just thinking, wow, it's amazing. And even today 372 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,600 Speaker 1: I watched when they have these giant balloons, and I 373 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:09,760 Speaker 1: wonder how they're going to manage him, particularly on a 374 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 1: windy day. The first Macy's Day Parade, on November twenty seventh, 375 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: nineteen twenty four, was not intended to be for Thanksgiving. 376 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,680 Speaker 1: The store won a showcase the opening of the world's 377 00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:25,439 Speaker 1: largest store and its million square feet of retail space. 378 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,000 Speaker 1: The store happened to have decided to hold it on 379 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving morning. The parade was watched by ten thousand people. 380 00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:36,480 Speaker 1: Now think about the size on television today of the 381 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,159 Speaker 1: audience for the parade, but it was watched in nineteen 382 00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: twenty four by ten thousand people, and because of the 383 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:46,679 Speaker 1: success of the parde, Macie's announced the following morning there 384 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:50,960 Speaker 1: would stage another parade. The following Thanksgiving with an announcement 385 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,200 Speaker 1: the local paper stating quote, we did not dare dream 386 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,400 Speaker 1: its success would be so great. The Macy's parade now 387 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: has been going on for almost one hundred years. Kind 388 00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: of wonder what their twenty twenty four parade will be like. 389 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:06,720 Speaker 1: And it's part of the American pattern, you know. You 390 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:09,159 Speaker 1: get up in the morning, usually late, You have a 391 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:12,919 Speaker 1: little breakfast, You start the turkey, you start the other food. 392 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,320 Speaker 1: Then you go turn on the TV. You watch the 393 00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:18,240 Speaker 1: Macy's Day parade, and about the time the parade is over, 394 00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:20,919 Speaker 1: it's time for lunch. All your friends and relatives have 395 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:23,280 Speaker 1: shown up. You have a great time, and then it's 396 00:24:23,320 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: time for the football game. So you have a great 397 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving except for my uncle Red, who of course is 398 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:30,640 Speaker 1: asleep on the couch. But he was having a great 399 00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: time too, because what he wanted to do on Thanksgiving 400 00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:36,399 Speaker 1: was sleep on the couch. So in that tradition, knowing 401 00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: that all of us have many things to be grateful for, 402 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:42,639 Speaker 1: and that all of us should remember the divine Providence 403 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,360 Speaker 1: who has enabled us to be together, to share ideas, 404 00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:52,480 Speaker 1: to be free, and allowed us despite inflation, despite logistics chains, 405 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,199 Speaker 1: despite all that stuff that annoys us. The fact is 406 00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: that we are still the most amazing country in the world. 407 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,760 Speaker 1: We still three hundred and thirty millions strong, offer greater 408 00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,919 Speaker 1: opportunity for people, which is why people come here. There 409 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:09,280 Speaker 1: are no great lines to get into China, they're no 410 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: great lines to get into Germany, they're no great lines 411 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: to get into Brazil. But there are people all over 412 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: the world who recognize that you get to say Thanksgiving 413 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: in America for really good reasons, because we have so 414 00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,439 Speaker 1: much to give thanks for. And that's part of why 415 00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: I just wanted to share this combination of a personal 416 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: memory and the history of Thanksgiving. And I want to 417 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,560 Speaker 1: thank you for listening, and I hope all of you 418 00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:39,320 Speaker 1: will have a good Thanksgiving. I know that COVID has 419 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,080 Speaker 1: divided us. It's certainly been involved in my own family. 420 00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:46,040 Speaker 1: But last year people were left eating alone and they 421 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:49,439 Speaker 1: were isolated. This year, almost everybody will be able to 422 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:52,280 Speaker 1: come together. And I hope that as you get together 423 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:56,840 Speaker 1: with your family, you'll both remember America. You remember God's 424 00:25:56,920 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: role in making us a remarkable country, and you'll remember 425 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:05,399 Speaker 1: that our national anthem ends verse with the Land of 426 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:07,680 Speaker 1: the Free and the Home of the brave, and as 427 00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 1: long as we're prepared to be brave, will remain free. 428 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:13,600 Speaker 1: And when we no longer have the courage to be brave, 429 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,600 Speaker 1: we will no longer be free. And we have a 430 00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,879 Speaker 1: lot to give thanks for. I hope you have a 431 00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:21,960 Speaker 1: wonderful Thanksgiving, and I hope that you have a chance 432 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:24,080 Speaker 1: to get with your loved ones, and I hope then 433 00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:27,119 Speaker 1: that next year we'll have an even better Thanksgiving in 434 00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:29,440 Speaker 1: a country that is healed and that is an even 435 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:37,920 Speaker 1: more comfortable with itself than we are right now. Thank 436 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:39,639 Speaker 1: you for listening, and I want to wish each and 437 00:26:39,680 --> 00:26:42,320 Speaker 1: every one of you and your families a very happy 438 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:46,400 Speaker 1: and RESTful Thanksgiving Day. News World is produced by Gingwish 439 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:50,760 Speaker 1: three sixty and iHeartMedia. Our executive producer is Debbie Myers, 440 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: our producer is Guardsey Slow, and our researcher is Rachel Peterson. 441 00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:58,560 Speaker 1: The artwork for the show was created by Steve Penley. 442 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,120 Speaker 1: Special thanks the team at Gingwish three sixty. If you've 443 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: been enjoining Newtsworld, I hope you'll go to Apple Podcast 444 00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:08,199 Speaker 1: and both rate us with five stars and give us 445 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,359 Speaker 1: a review so others can learn what it's all about. 446 00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:14,720 Speaker 1: Right now, Listeners of news World can sign up for 447 00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:19,639 Speaker 1: my three free weekly columns at gingwish three sixty dot 448 00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:24,240 Speaker 1: com slash newsletter. I'm Newt Gingridge. This is Newtsworld