WEBVTT - How the Mapuche Fought Colonization 0:00:01.760 --> 0:00:02.880 Also media. 0:00:05.040 --> 0:00:08.039 Hello and welcome to akab and Here. I am Andrew Sage. 0:00:08.119 --> 0:00:13.280 I run andrewsam Ova on YouTube. I'm joined by the one. 0:00:12.960 --> 0:00:15.319 And only Garrison Davis. Hello. 0:00:16.000 --> 0:00:18.639 Hello, Hello. You don't sound securely festive. 0:00:18.920 --> 0:00:21.440 You know, it's a it's been a long week. This 0:00:21.480 --> 0:00:25.319 is the last workday of election week when we're recording this. 0:00:25.640 --> 0:00:29.479 I just returned from my cabin in the woods, which 0:00:29.520 --> 0:00:32.360 I which I got to kind of watch the election unfold. 0:00:32.840 --> 0:00:35.400 So now I am back in the real world, not 0:00:35.640 --> 0:00:38.280 just hiding up in the mountains of Georgia. So it 0:00:38.360 --> 0:00:41.720 feels slightly worse, but we we carry on. 0:00:42.120 --> 0:00:45.280 M As you mentioned, a cabin in the woods, it 0:00:45.360 --> 0:00:49.400 actually reminds me of this movie that came out to 0:00:49.479 --> 0:00:50.760 Netflix a little while ago. 0:00:50.880 --> 0:00:52.440 If you've seen it, Leave the World Behind. 0:00:53.000 --> 0:00:54.120 Yes, I have seen that. 0:00:54.640 --> 0:00:57.360 Yes, it's it's pretty aftitu in a cabin and all 0:00:57.400 --> 0:00:58.200 this is going on. 0:00:59.280 --> 0:01:03.240 Yes, Yes, we actually talked about that movie earlier on 0:01:03.280 --> 0:01:07.319 this on this show and some conspiracy theories around it. 0:01:07.600 --> 0:01:09.679 Yeah, Oh, the Obama connection. 0:01:10.240 --> 0:01:13.920 That's right, that's right. You understand you're already receiving the messages. 0:01:14.040 --> 0:01:14.679 You already know. 0:01:16.400 --> 0:01:21.360 Exactly, but we're not focused on the US for this episode, 0:01:21.600 --> 0:01:24.600 thank goodness. Instead, we're going to be going back into 0:01:24.680 --> 0:01:28.080 the past and the present as well, because the struggle 0:01:28.160 --> 0:01:31.880 really doesn't end, and taking a look at the struggle 0:01:31.959 --> 0:01:36.560 of the Mapuche in Chile and Argentina. I'd actually mentioned 0:01:36.600 --> 0:01:40.440 them in my exploration of Latin American anarchisms that you 0:01:40.440 --> 0:01:43.560 know they would need their own episode. So here we 0:01:43.640 --> 0:01:47.400 are taking a look at everything that they've been up to. 0:01:47.480 --> 0:01:50.440 And it's really thanks to the work of fellow anarchists 0:01:51.040 --> 0:01:54.000 m good Hawk and John sev Reno and their research 0:01:54.120 --> 0:01:59.160 I've been able to put together this illucidation of indigenous 0:01:59.160 --> 0:02:04.560 anarchist history. So the lands that now bear the titles 0:02:04.560 --> 0:02:08.440 of Chile and Argentina have long held the Mapuche people, 0:02:08.840 --> 0:02:12.120 long before borders were drawn, long before the world learned 0:02:12.160 --> 0:02:17.600 to cage the wild. The land itself is considered while mapoo, 0:02:18.120 --> 0:02:21.880 and it's deeply entwined with the identity of the Mapuche people. 0:02:22.560 --> 0:02:25.920 While mapoo is of course not just a geographical term, 0:02:26.200 --> 0:02:29.799 is also a spiritual one. It's a tapestry of their 0:02:29.840 --> 0:02:33.480 histories and their dreams and also their view of the 0:02:33.520 --> 0:02:37.080 will through a lens of reciprocity because the Mapuche do 0:02:37.160 --> 0:02:40.239 acknowledge their kinship with the land, the rivers, the mountains, 0:02:40.919 --> 0:02:45.280 and that worldview that they hold and have traditionally held. 0:02:45.360 --> 0:02:49.360 Rather champions balance and harmony and respect for all forms 0:02:49.400 --> 0:02:52.239 of life, which is what has been fuel in their 0:02:52.560 --> 0:02:56.720 ongoing fight against occupation. So in a sense, the Mapuche 0:02:56.800 --> 0:03:01.200 struggle echoes an anarchist e those of autonomy and mutual aid. 0:03:01.360 --> 0:03:04.519 But I wouldn't cau as far as to call them anarchists, 0:03:04.520 --> 0:03:07.440 you know, I mean they have a very specific cultural 0:03:07.440 --> 0:03:11.360 and historical and spiritual context. It is distinct from anarchists thought. 0:03:11.720 --> 0:03:15.360 Despite these similarities and overlaps in there so s they 0:03:15.360 --> 0:03:18.280 will be exploring the history, people, and struggles of all 0:03:18.360 --> 0:03:21.440 Mapou that have shaped the Mapuche experience. 0:03:22.480 --> 0:03:22.679 Now. 0:03:22.760 --> 0:03:26.679 Ancient archaeological finds from tools to pottery have suggested that 0:03:26.720 --> 0:03:29.480 the Mapuche may have settled in present day southern Chile 0:03:29.600 --> 0:03:32.720 and Argentina as far back twenty five hundred to three 0:03:32.720 --> 0:03:36.240 thousand years ago. Genetic and linguistic research connects the Mapuche 0:03:36.320 --> 0:03:40.600 lineage to other indigenous groups across the Andes, meaning that 0:03:40.680 --> 0:03:43.280 their ancestors may have migrated down the western spin of 0:03:43.360 --> 0:03:48.000 South America in waves, adapting to the rainforests, coastlines and 0:03:48.120 --> 0:03:49.440 valleys of. 0:03:49.280 --> 0:03:50.400 What's now one Mapu. 0:03:51.480 --> 0:03:56.280 Historically and currently, the mapuch have spoken Mapudungun, and the 0:03:56.360 --> 0:03:59.240 language itself carries aspects of their cultural identity. 0:03:59.400 --> 0:04:00.720 Other is to be expected. 0:04:01.560 --> 0:04:05.240 Mapudung Gun is a polysynthetic language, meaning its words can 0:04:05.280 --> 0:04:09.240 be formed by combining smaller parts to reflect complex ideas. 0:04:09.600 --> 0:04:14.600 Mapuche itself combines Mapu meaning land and Cha meaning people. 0:04:15.280 --> 0:04:19.280 Shapouche lived on the border of the Incan Empire, meaning 0:04:19.320 --> 0:04:22.560 that they were in contact with centralized state organizations and 0:04:22.640 --> 0:04:26.640 hierarchical societies. I would have chosen to differentiate themselves and 0:04:26.720 --> 0:04:30.120 the societies from these datus peoples, So how do they 0:04:30.200 --> 0:04:32.960 do so exactly? The Puchi way of life would have 0:04:33.000 --> 0:04:36.279 revolved around, as I said, a deep respective for kinship, 0:04:36.320 --> 0:04:40.520 communal responsibility, and spiritual stewardship of the land. The society 0:04:40.560 --> 0:04:45.080 itself was based around the loaf or family based communal unit, 0:04:45.839 --> 0:04:50.440 each love holding shared responsibility over a specific territory, ensuring 0:04:50.440 --> 0:04:53.840 the one's personal wealth doesn't override the interest and well 0:04:53.920 --> 0:04:56.680 being of the environment in the community. The love wasn't 0:04:56.680 --> 0:05:00.600 just limited to the people of that family based community unit. 0:05:00.760 --> 0:05:04.679 It also incorporated the ecosystem. That unit. 0:05:05.200 --> 0:05:09.599 Incombust and occupied nature was in a sense part of 0:05:09.640 --> 0:05:14.520 the family. Rivers, mountains, forests, and other animals were treated 0:05:14.600 --> 0:05:19.000 as living relatives with the spirit and agency that disiled respect. 0:05:19.560 --> 0:05:23.640 In the Mapuche will view all beings and elements possess nuen, 0:05:23.880 --> 0:05:26.719 the life force, and so they have to be respected. 0:05:27.640 --> 0:05:29.920 And that police system also leads the mapootated practice the 0:05:30.000 --> 0:05:34.640 sustainable use of resources and intergenerational land care. And it 0:05:34.680 --> 0:05:40.240 also compels there as I said, resistance to colonial resource extraction, deforestation, 0:05:40.680 --> 0:05:46.040 and industrial expansion. In Mapuche's spirituality, guenu Mapu, or the 0:05:46.160 --> 0:05:49.800 land of the ancestors, refers to the spiritual realm connected 0:05:49.800 --> 0:05:53.400 to the physical world. They've traditionally believed that the spirits 0:05:53.400 --> 0:05:58.120 of past generations inhabit this realm, offering guidance and protection. 0:05:58.760 --> 0:06:02.719 The machies or spiritual leaders so as the bridges. 0:06:02.320 --> 0:06:04.240 Between these worlds. So they're supposed to. 0:06:04.240 --> 0:06:07.920 Do things that conduct ceremonies, heal the sick, and connect 0:06:07.920 --> 0:06:11.800 with the ancestral spirits. They've sailed as the custodians in 0:06:11.839 --> 0:06:15.279 a sense of spiritual knowledge and medicine, and that makes 0:06:15.320 --> 0:06:18.920 them an essential component in each love. The socio political 0:06:18.960 --> 0:06:22.080 structure of the Mapuche has been a confederation of love 0:06:22.160 --> 0:06:25.800 groups known as the Alaraway system, where the different loves 0:06:25.839 --> 0:06:29.159 would come together to make communal decisions and joint actions, 0:06:29.240 --> 0:06:32.880 particularly in times of conflict or threat. Each love will 0:06:32.920 --> 0:06:36.719 be represented in these confederations by alonco who would be 0:06:36.760 --> 0:06:41.080 bringing their communities voice and perspective to regional councils without 0:06:41.160 --> 0:06:45.960 necessarily exercise and centralized authority. The decisions and these councils 0:06:46.000 --> 0:06:52.600 are based on consensus traditionally and cooperation, compromise, honoring the 0:06:52.680 --> 0:06:56.040 collective will as much as possible rather than imposing will 0:06:56.080 --> 0:06:59.719 from above, and contrary to popular belief, this lack of 0:06:59.720 --> 0:07:04.160 centralization has actually made them more resilient, not more fragile. 0:07:04.720 --> 0:07:08.280 Rather than beckering and fighting at split in and splintering constantly, 0:07:08.680 --> 0:07:13.880 the mpouch have historically united and together resisted multiple attempts 0:07:13.920 --> 0:07:17.520 at subjugation, so they centralized alliances have empowered them to 0:07:17.520 --> 0:07:22.080 respond flexibly and quickly to the ever changing landscape of 0:07:22.120 --> 0:07:25.120 the threats that they're facing, and this resistance can use 0:07:25.160 --> 0:07:28.880 to this day, but let me not skip ahead. Spanish 0:07:28.960 --> 0:07:31.520 first made their way to Mapouche territory in the mid 0:07:31.560 --> 0:07:34.880 fifteen hundreds, initially confident that they could conquer the area 0:07:34.960 --> 0:07:37.400 with the same ease they had subdued the InCor Empire 0:07:37.480 --> 0:07:41.200 to the north. But the Mapuche were not easily intimidated. 0:07:41.600 --> 0:07:44.640 Early encounters quickly tour into conflict, and the Spanish found 0:07:44.640 --> 0:07:49.720 themselves up against a serious resistance movement. From the start, 0:07:50.120 --> 0:07:54.360 the Spanish had underestimated the Impuche's ability to adapt when 0:07:54.360 --> 0:07:58.520 the conquistadors introduced horses and new weaponry. The Apuche observed 0:07:58.560 --> 0:08:02.440 and leaned quickly, incorporating captured horses and arms into their 0:08:02.440 --> 0:08:06.120 own defense strategies. Rather than a simple series of skirmishes, 0:08:06.640 --> 0:08:10.080 this struggle would become a prolonged confrontation, one of the 0:08:10.200 --> 0:08:15.000 longest and most determined resistances to colonization throughout the Americas. 0:08:15.680 --> 0:08:18.920 This was Lagira Tiraco or the Araco. 0:08:18.600 --> 0:08:22.800 War, known for over one hundred years of protracted, brutal 0:08:22.840 --> 0:08:26.840 conflicts maintained by guerrilla warfare, and there would be no 0:08:27.080 --> 0:08:31.520 definitive battle or grand conclusion to this war. The Lapuce 0:08:32.040 --> 0:08:36.439 recognized that they were facing vast resources. They knew they 0:08:36.480 --> 0:08:41.240 had to find ways to level that playing field, and so, 0:08:41.400 --> 0:08:44.760 using their familiarity with the forests, rivers and mountains of Albapo, 0:08:45.280 --> 0:08:49.960 they ambushed, evaded, and outflanked Spanish troops, cut off supply lines, 0:08:50.280 --> 0:08:54.200 and employed tactics that frustrated and exhausted their lost and 0:08:54.280 --> 0:08:59.440 equipped opponents. Depuch were fighting on two fronts, defending their 0:08:59.520 --> 0:09:03.640 territories from physical invasion and preserving their cultural practices from 0:09:03.679 --> 0:09:09.240 Spanish influence. Those Mupuche are traditionally egalitarian. They did elect 0:09:09.320 --> 0:09:13.120 toki or war years during times of conflict. These figures 0:09:13.120 --> 0:09:16.560 were limited to their role in coordinating forces during these 0:09:16.559 --> 0:09:20.280 conflicts and had no other political power to wield above others. 0:09:21.040 --> 0:09:23.120 One of the more notable of these toki was a 0:09:23.120 --> 0:09:26.080 man named Lautaro. He was a young Mapuche who had 0:09:26.080 --> 0:09:28.559 been captured by the Spanish as a teenager and had 0:09:28.600 --> 0:09:30.680 worked for some time as a stable boy for Chief 0:09:30.720 --> 0:09:35.440 Conquistado and governor of Gilet Pedro de Valdivia. While working 0:09:35.440 --> 0:09:39.640 as a stable boy, Lautaro managed to secretly observe many 0:09:39.679 --> 0:09:43.200 of the tactics the Spanish employed. He gained intimate knowledge 0:09:43.240 --> 0:09:45.920 of what made them tick in a sense, and he 0:09:45.920 --> 0:09:49.840 eventually escaped captivity and brought this knowledge back to his people, 0:09:50.240 --> 0:09:54.240 transforming a Putui resistance by effectively using captured horses and 0:09:54.360 --> 0:09:58.840 new formations to confront the Spanish on ivan ground. Lautaro 0:09:59.120 --> 0:10:02.360 was a pro military strategists and by all accounts a 0:10:02.440 --> 0:10:07.119 charismatic young man that inspired his people through several major victories, 0:10:07.440 --> 0:10:09.959 including defeating a large Spanish force at the Battle of 0:10:10.000 --> 0:10:13.080 Tucapel in fifteen fifty three, which is a confrontation that 0:10:13.360 --> 0:10:18.280 killed his former master and a good bit of Spanish morale. Unfortunately, 0:10:18.559 --> 0:10:21.440 the outbreak of a typhus plague, a drought, and a 0:10:21.520 --> 0:10:25.120 famine slowed the Mapouchier advance to expel the Spanish, as 0:10:25.160 --> 0:10:27.959 they had to spend some time recovering. But Lautero did 0:10:28.000 --> 0:10:29.920 try to push a band of Apoucha as far north 0:10:29.920 --> 0:10:34.719 as Santiago, Chile to liberate the country from Spanish rule. Unfortunately, 0:10:35.120 --> 0:10:37.840 before he could even turn thirty, he was killed in 0:10:37.880 --> 0:10:41.680 an ambush, and well his spirit continues to live on 0:10:41.760 --> 0:10:45.960 as a symbol of Ampuche resilience. As the war evolved, 0:10:45.960 --> 0:10:50.520 they had cycles of conflict interspersed with uneasy pieces Spanish 0:10:50.559 --> 0:10:54.199 settlements the Mapucher frontier became isolated, vulnerable outposts subject to 0:10:54.280 --> 0:10:57.120 sudden raids, So in an attempt to hold the territory, 0:10:57.320 --> 0:11:00.240 the Spanish had to divert large amount of their resources 0:11:00.360 --> 0:11:03.480 to maintain a military presence, which was a very costly 0:11:03.520 --> 0:11:08.200 strategy that didn't end up being sustainable long term. So finally, 0:11:08.280 --> 0:11:11.840 after decades of failed attempts to subdue the Mapucha by force, 0:11:12.360 --> 0:11:15.560 the Spanish had to adopt a different approach. Resulted in 0:11:15.559 --> 0:11:18.040 a series of peace treaties which will be unheard of 0:11:18.160 --> 0:11:21.240 in the rest of Clonal Latin America. Among these was 0:11:21.280 --> 0:11:25.559 the Parliament of Killin in sixteen forty one, which established 0:11:25.559 --> 0:11:29.880 a formal boundary between Spanish controlled Chile and the autonomous 0:11:29.880 --> 0:11:35.600 Mapuche territories, granted the Mapuche legal recognition as an independent people. 0:11:35.520 --> 0:11:36.960 With territorial rights. 0:11:37.960 --> 0:11:41.160 This is ritually unheard of across the rest of the Americas, 0:11:41.360 --> 0:11:43.880 and that's to tell you how powerful their resistance was 0:11:43.920 --> 0:11:48.040 at the time. The Spanish crown recognized Mapuche control over 0:11:48.120 --> 0:11:52.600 lands south of the Bobio River and agreed to regular negotiations. 0:11:53.040 --> 0:11:55.680 And although this agreement was tenuous. 0:11:55.120 --> 0:11:56.760 And at times violated. 0:11:57.440 --> 0:12:00.160 It did also mark an era of semi autonnamy for 0:12:00.200 --> 0:12:03.680 the Mapuche, allowing them to maintain their land, language and 0:12:03.720 --> 0:12:08.400 traditions in the face of surrounding clunal expansion. The fact 0:12:08.440 --> 0:12:11.120 that they could even secure legal recognition of their autonomy 0:12:11.120 --> 0:12:13.400 from a state power as stubborn as a Spanish in 0:12:13.440 --> 0:12:18.960 a time like the seventeenth century, it's just remarkable. But unfortunately, 0:12:19.040 --> 0:12:22.600 as you could probably predict that recognition of the autonomy 0:12:22.640 --> 0:12:35.679 would not last. In the eighteen hundreds, Chile and Argentina 0:12:35.800 --> 0:12:40.520 emerged as independent republics following Spanish cluinal rule, each driven 0:12:40.559 --> 0:12:44.200 by an appetite for territorial expansion and a nationalist vision. 0:12:44.280 --> 0:12:49.280 The excluded indigenous autonomy with new ambitions to civilize and 0:12:49.400 --> 0:12:53.400 consolidate the nations. Chilean and Argentine leaders saw the Mapuche 0:12:53.480 --> 0:12:58.480 held lands as resources to be exploited. Both governments justified 0:12:58.480 --> 0:13:02.920 their encroachment on Marpucha land under the guise of national progress. 0:13:02.960 --> 0:13:06.600 To them, these indigenous lands were free real estate to 0:13:06.640 --> 0:13:10.000 be conquered and improved, not sovereign regions held by an 0:13:10.000 --> 0:13:13.240 indigenous population. They such way of life as a barrier 0:13:13.280 --> 0:13:16.439 as the economic development to your place with European style 0:13:16.520 --> 0:13:22.000 land holdings, set the colonies and extractive industries under new management. 0:13:22.400 --> 0:13:24.959 They would not respect the sixteen forty one Parliament kill 0:13:25.040 --> 0:13:27.800 in as far as they were concerned. They didn't sign 0:13:27.840 --> 0:13:31.960 that agreement, and they would never sign an agreement with savages. 0:13:32.720 --> 0:13:35.160 I mean, yeah, we also saw that sort of thing 0:13:35.440 --> 0:13:39.040 throughout the Americas, where you would have these like alleged 0:13:39.080 --> 0:13:41.679 triaties that then either under future rule or even sometimes 0:13:41.760 --> 0:13:42.840 under the exact. 0:13:42.559 --> 0:13:45.400 Same rule, would later just be completely disregarded. 0:13:45.520 --> 0:13:47.800 Yeah, you didn't sign it with me, you know. 0:13:48.559 --> 0:13:51.400 It's like a common colonial tactic to buy time. 0:13:51.200 --> 0:13:55.480 As well exactly established and sure upper resources for a 0:13:55.559 --> 0:13:58.040 later attack. Yeah, and I could just say, well, I 0:13:58.040 --> 0:14:00.120 didn't sign that, you know, somebody else signed it, so 0:14:01.000 --> 0:14:03.040 I don't have to be behold onto it, pretty much. 0:14:04.520 --> 0:14:05.680 And so Chileo. 0:14:05.440 --> 0:14:08.920 Launched their campaign to annexed Mapuche land, known as the 0:14:08.920 --> 0:14:15.000 Pacification of Arakanya, initiated in the eighteen sixties. Some have 0:14:15.200 --> 0:14:19.880 argued that this attempted annexation was triggered by the events 0:14:19.880 --> 0:14:22.360 surrounding the wreck of Hoven Daniel at the coast of 0:14:22.400 --> 0:14:26.200 Hrakania in eighteen forty nine, where erecked Chilean navy vessel 0:14:26.360 --> 0:14:30.640 was allegedly looted and its survivors allegedly attacked on Apoucha 0:14:30.800 --> 0:14:35.200 territory by members of Apouche society, despite the Mapuche arguing 0:14:35.280 --> 0:14:37.960 there had been no survivors, and despite them handing over 0:14:38.080 --> 0:14:40.080 some of the accused of Lutin to be tried by 0:14:40.120 --> 0:14:43.560 Chilean authorities, even retiling in so of what was allegedly looted. 0:14:44.040 --> 0:14:46.360 The perception of the incident as a brutal loot and 0:14:46.480 --> 0:14:51.360 rape by the Mapuche fueled anti Mapouche sentiment within Chilean society. 0:14:52.640 --> 0:14:56.440 Although President Manuel Pulnaez of Chile dismissed the opposition's calls 0:14:56.440 --> 0:14:59.200 for a punitive expedition at the time, the conquest would 0:14:59.200 --> 0:15:02.240 eventually counter past be getting in eighteen sixty one. If 0:15:02.280 --> 0:15:04.480 you dig into this story, by the way, you come 0:15:04.560 --> 0:15:06.840 to find out that a lot of the Lootenant and 0:15:06.880 --> 0:15:11.840 Mapouche were accused of was actually members of Chilean society 0:15:12.360 --> 0:15:16.960 and bazilin the resources from the wreck and then play 0:15:17.000 --> 0:15:17.480 into office. 0:15:17.480 --> 0:15:20.480 If the Mapuche were wholly responsible for the loss of 0:15:20.520 --> 0:15:22.160 the resources, some of the. 0:15:22.120 --> 0:15:25.040 Same people who were accusing the Wa Pouchier looters of 0:15:25.240 --> 0:15:28.080 stealing all the all the loot from the ship. Many 0:15:28.120 --> 0:15:30.760 of them had received some of that loot from the 0:15:30.800 --> 0:15:34.560 Mahuche themselves. Thempuche were trying to return the loot, and 0:15:34.600 --> 0:15:37.520 they decided to keep it for themselves instead of you know, 0:15:37.560 --> 0:15:40.720 retaining It's a Chilean government, so it's like the whole 0:15:40.760 --> 0:15:42.680 trial was bunked. There was a whole bunch of corruption, 0:15:42.800 --> 0:15:45.040 and it was a real master And although the president 0:15:45.080 --> 0:15:47.800 did you know, dismiss the attempts to attack at the time, 0:15:48.280 --> 0:15:50.880 like I said, it would come to pass. The campaign 0:15:51.040 --> 0:15:54.520 was justified as every government does by necessity. 0:15:54.960 --> 0:15:57.120 You know. The reality, however, was a. 0:15:57.160 --> 0:16:03.120 Brutal invasion aimed up up roots Mapuche communities, displacing thousands, 0:16:03.520 --> 0:16:05.640 absorbing their lands into the Chilean state. 0:16:06.520 --> 0:16:11.160 This whole strategy also just reflects this just general dehumanization. 0:16:11.280 --> 0:16:13.120 I mean, even the stuff with like the treaties and 0:16:13.200 --> 0:16:16.160 just like the going back on the treaties, denial of 0:16:16.200 --> 0:16:19.240 the legitimacy of treaties, that tactic would not be used 0:16:19.280 --> 0:16:22.640 the same way against like other colonial nations. And then 0:16:22.640 --> 0:16:27.160 every subsequent development and every subsequent incursion onto land. All 0:16:27.360 --> 0:16:29.560 of it is just based on this underlying level of 0:16:29.600 --> 0:16:33.880 dehumanization that just sees land as resources and the people 0:16:33.920 --> 0:16:37.200 there as like acceptable casualties or just fierce obstacles to 0:16:37.240 --> 0:16:39.840 overcome in conquest of those lands. 0:16:40.120 --> 0:16:46.840 Exactly, and obstacles they will, because Chile knew where they 0:16:46.880 --> 0:16:49.160 wanted to reach in terms of what they saw as 0:16:49.320 --> 0:16:53.800 their at full borders and will literally a wedge an 0:16:53.800 --> 0:16:57.480 obstacle between them and region where they wanted to reach. 0:16:57.520 --> 0:16:59.920 At the type of South America. It was almost like 0:17:00.080 --> 0:17:02.600 a race between Argentina and Chile to see who could 0:17:02.640 --> 0:17:07.320 reach the edge and claim it first, and Theuch will 0:17:07.520 --> 0:17:11.640 something that was keeping them from doing that. And additionally, 0:17:12.200 --> 0:17:15.840 Tapouch would not have been granted the same legitimacy of 0:17:15.920 --> 0:17:19.760 a claim as Argentina. You know, Chile and Argentina would 0:17:19.760 --> 0:17:23.000 eventually comes in agreement about where their border would lie. 0:17:23.280 --> 0:17:24.640 And their respected that agreement. 0:17:25.359 --> 0:17:28.000 Same couldn't be said for the Mapuch And of course 0:17:28.000 --> 0:17:30.480 there were a lot of border disagreements of course in 0:17:30.560 --> 0:17:34.800 South America following the you know, evacuation of the Spanish, 0:17:35.440 --> 0:17:39.199 but of course those are treated on equal foot. In 0:17:40.200 --> 0:17:45.520 the natives are different matter, so Chilean forces would corner 0:17:45.600 --> 0:17:50.080 advance into Aracania forcibly, removed thousands of families from the 0:17:50.119 --> 0:17:53.720 ancestral territories and subject those that remain into the authority 0:17:53.760 --> 0:17:54.600 the Chilean government. 0:17:55.160 --> 0:17:56.639 The traditional queen of land. 0:17:56.680 --> 0:18:01.320 Holdings that remained were fragmented and redistributed off into Chilean settlers, 0:18:01.720 --> 0:18:06.000 and the government's imposed European style laws, education and religion. 0:18:06.400 --> 0:18:09.200 To attempt to assimilate the Mapuche and suppress the identity, 0:18:09.760 --> 0:18:13.200 military outposts and settlements was established in the newly annexed land, 0:18:13.720 --> 0:18:16.639 facily facing the region under martial law and making it 0:18:16.680 --> 0:18:21.160 difficult from Puccia communities to resist. Openly replace the words 0:18:21.240 --> 0:18:26.240 Chilean government with Israeli government and Mapuche with Palestinian. And 0:18:26.280 --> 0:18:31.760 that's just to tell you how antiquated the current tactics 0:18:31.880 --> 0:18:33.159 of colonization are. 0:18:33.880 --> 0:18:35.840 You know, very little has changed. 0:18:36.240 --> 0:18:38.359 No, that's exactly what I've been thinking about. 0:18:38.720 --> 0:18:42.320 Yeah, I mean, a lot of the former major conal 0:18:42.400 --> 0:18:47.000 powers have found more subtle means of continuing their exploitation 0:18:47.160 --> 0:18:50.840 and subjugation of people around the world. So it's very 0:18:50.920 --> 0:18:55.320 rare to see something so open and flagrant, you know, 0:18:55.400 --> 0:18:58.160 It's something that you expect to see in historical accounts 0:18:58.200 --> 0:19:02.760 such as this of landhole ends being chopped up and 0:19:02.840 --> 0:19:08.200 give unto settlers, and laws and education and being imposed 0:19:08.280 --> 0:19:11.840 and to a native population to suppress and to similate 0:19:11.880 --> 0:19:15.000 their dentity. You know, military outpost being established on New 0:19:15.040 --> 0:19:19.600 Leanix Land, Marcia law being established for the native inhabitants, 0:19:19.640 --> 0:19:23.800 all those things. Hear about it, pushing of the American frontier, 0:19:23.800 --> 0:19:27.520 and you hear about it and throughout South America and 0:19:27.680 --> 0:19:30.600 Africa's cool o history. You don't really tend to think 0:19:30.640 --> 0:19:34.560 about that here now, and it's happening in four k. 0:19:36.119 --> 0:19:36.199 No. 0:19:36.359 --> 0:19:38.800 Like that's exactly what I was thinking about as you've 0:19:38.800 --> 0:19:41.520 been going through all this, like how it just sounds 0:19:41.560 --> 0:19:44.919 exactly the same as what Israel is currently doing. And 0:19:44.960 --> 0:19:48.680 I think why people latch on to like Israel specifically 0:19:48.680 --> 0:19:51.679 so much is because of how like out of time 0:19:51.920 --> 0:19:55.040 their tactics of colonial expansion feel and like similarly, like 0:19:55.200 --> 0:19:59.400 it's just built on this base level of dehumanization exactly 0:19:59.480 --> 0:20:02.000 that a whole bit of other like imperial powers kind 0:20:02.000 --> 0:20:04.159 of try to like hide or like mask a little bit, 0:20:04.720 --> 0:20:07.159 and with Israel, it's just so mask off so I. 0:20:07.359 --> 0:20:10.040 Think about all that time, they were like a century 0:20:10.119 --> 0:20:12.639 late pretty much. Yeah, if they had starts and this 0:20:12.800 --> 0:20:15.760 process like a sentry ilia, they would have actually probably 0:20:15.760 --> 0:20:16.600 have gotten away with it. 0:20:16.680 --> 0:20:19.840 Unfortunately, well and they still might get away with it 0:20:19.920 --> 0:20:22.080 now to some degree. And that's like that is true. 0:20:22.119 --> 0:20:24.240 That's that's kind of the super that's the super frightening 0:20:24.280 --> 0:20:27.600 thought is that even though it is this outdated like style, 0:20:28.119 --> 0:20:30.679 what if it like still works and if and if 0:20:30.680 --> 0:20:33.800 it's proven to still work in Palestine, where like where 0:20:33.800 --> 0:20:36.880 else can this be used? Like will we just see 0:20:36.880 --> 0:20:38.960 more countries feel like they can get away with it 0:20:39.280 --> 0:20:42.840 because Israel did? And like that's kind of part of 0:20:43.080 --> 0:20:45.960 looking into the next four years and looking into just 0:20:45.960 --> 0:20:48.680 just how how the world is going in this general 0:20:48.760 --> 0:20:50.880 kind of far right power grab happening all like all 0:20:50.920 --> 0:20:53.640 over the globe. Will more and more countries be kind 0:20:53.640 --> 0:20:57.840 of willing to utilize these types of colonial tactics And 0:20:57.880 --> 0:20:59.600 it's scary and bad. 0:21:00.440 --> 0:21:05.320 Yeah, I mean when you think about how the severity 0:21:05.400 --> 0:21:08.280 of the clumb situation, it's just going to worsen, and 0:21:08.400 --> 0:21:11.000 you think about the pressures had places on the most 0:21:11.000 --> 0:21:15.320 exploitive regions of the globe, How that might pressure, you know, migration, 0:21:16.280 --> 0:21:20.680 and how that might pressure sort of efforts to resist 0:21:21.240 --> 0:21:24.760 the sort of tightening of the hold of expectation. Up 0:21:24.840 --> 0:21:27.840 until the call that was reading this called warned People's 0:21:27.880 --> 0:21:33.000 history of fashion, just thinking about the whole textile trade 0:21:33.000 --> 0:21:35.359 as a whole and how it impacts different parts of 0:21:35.400 --> 0:21:38.320 the globe and whatever, and it's talking about this now. 0:21:38.359 --> 0:21:42.200 I'm just thinking, like, if workers in those countries were 0:21:42.240 --> 0:21:45.439 to stand up, well, in all this time, you know, 0:21:45.480 --> 0:21:48.679 some of the most deadly struggles have taking place in 0:21:48.720 --> 0:21:51.800 these regions, in these saturns. But if they were to 0:21:51.840 --> 0:21:55.520 stand up and resist now, I mean it might e 0:21:55.640 --> 0:21:58.639 get even more open and then blatant with the suppression 0:21:58.720 --> 0:22:01.200 of those people and those whites, and as they attempt 0:22:01.200 --> 0:22:04.080 to try and make their way out of those hot spots, 0:22:04.080 --> 0:22:08.560 those hot regions of instability and violence and climate catastrophe, 0:22:09.119 --> 0:22:12.200 you know, we have all this migrant raetoric to yes, 0:22:12.280 --> 0:22:14.000 make the struggle even worse. 0:22:14.640 --> 0:22:16.920 That's like the fucoas boomerang idea of all of these 0:22:16.920 --> 0:22:20.560 colonial tactics also can eventually turned inward. And right now 0:22:20.600 --> 0:22:23.800 you see the same level of dehumanization being levied against, 0:22:24.000 --> 0:22:27.320 like millions of immigrants who are here both legally as 0:22:27.320 --> 0:22:30.920 refugees and are also here undocumented. But it's the same 0:22:31.000 --> 0:22:34.560 like rhetorical tactics that make people okay with this is 0:22:34.600 --> 0:22:37.399 that level of dehumanization. And you also see that, of 0:22:37.440 --> 0:22:40.159 course levied against like trans people. You still see that 0:22:40.200 --> 0:22:43.959 livid against indigenous people. And it's just like a growing 0:22:44.040 --> 0:22:46.280 list of people that are no longer seen as like 0:22:46.640 --> 0:22:47.720 real humans. 0:22:48.480 --> 0:22:51.520 Yeah, for some reason you're saying that, my mind fixates 0:22:51.520 --> 0:22:54.159 it on the fact that you said undocumented, and it's 0:22:54.240 --> 0:22:56.919 reminded me of the absurdity of all of this. The 0:22:56.960 --> 0:23:01.679 difference is literally some pieces of people. The difference is 0:23:01.720 --> 0:23:05.600 literally a rule of the dice spawn point from one 0:23:05.640 --> 0:23:08.200 side of the water or another. I do we allow 0:23:08.320 --> 0:23:13.000 this to like totally dominate our lives. 0:23:15.240 --> 0:23:17.639 Yeah, it's like a it's like a deep spiritual evil. 0:23:18.400 --> 0:23:21.439 So many people don't even like realize the absurdity of 0:23:21.480 --> 0:23:23.920 it and how just like it takes away so much 0:23:23.920 --> 0:23:27.280 of like thought and empathy and people people just don't 0:23:27.280 --> 0:23:30.200 even know, like they don't even like process that that's 0:23:30.240 --> 0:23:34.040 what they've done to themselves by like constructing this system 0:23:34.359 --> 0:23:38.639 that they believe is like divine or like enshrined by God. 0:23:38.640 --> 0:23:40.600 The right to exist defense. 0:23:41.000 --> 0:23:42.879 Yeah, like it's it is. So much of it is 0:23:42.920 --> 0:23:46.000 a dice roll. So much of it is situations beyond 0:23:46.040 --> 0:23:47.920 anyone's conscious control. 0:23:48.880 --> 0:23:54.080 Yeah, And to sort of pull us a bit back 0:23:54.119 --> 0:23:56.719 on to the track, you can also see the mirrors 0:23:56.760 --> 0:24:01.199 between the current past city and struggle and beyond Kurdmapuch 0:24:01.359 --> 0:24:05.600