1 00:00:01,760 --> 00:00:02,880 Speaker 1: Also media. 2 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:08,039 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to akab and Here. I am Andrew Sage. 3 00:00:08,119 --> 00:00:13,280 Speaker 2: I run andrewsam Ova on YouTube. I'm joined by the one. 4 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:15,319 Speaker 1: And only Garrison Davis. Hello. 5 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:18,639 Speaker 3: Hello, Hello. You don't sound securely festive. 6 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:21,440 Speaker 4: You know, it's a it's been a long week. This 7 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:25,319 Speaker 4: is the last workday of election week when we're recording this. 8 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:29,479 Speaker 4: I just returned from my cabin in the woods, which 9 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 4: I which I got to kind of watch the election unfold. 10 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:35,400 Speaker 4: So now I am back in the real world, not 11 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 4: just hiding up in the mountains of Georgia. So it 12 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:41,720 Speaker 4: feels slightly worse, but we we carry on. 13 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:45,280 Speaker 2: M As you mentioned, a cabin in the woods, it 14 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:49,400 Speaker 2: actually reminds me of this movie that came out to 15 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 2: Netflix a little while ago. 16 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 3: If you've seen it, Leave the World Behind. 17 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:54,120 Speaker 1: Yes, I have seen that. 18 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 2: Yes, it's it's pretty aftitu in a cabin and all 19 00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 2: this is going on. 20 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:03,240 Speaker 4: Yes, Yes, we actually talked about that movie earlier on 21 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:07,319 Speaker 4: this on this show and some conspiracy theories around it. 22 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:09,679 Speaker 3: Yeah, Oh, the Obama connection. 23 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. You understand you're already receiving the messages. 24 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: You already know. 25 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 2: Exactly, but we're not focused on the US for this episode, 26 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 2: thank goodness. Instead, we're going to be going back into 27 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 2: the past and the present as well, because the struggle 28 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 2: really doesn't end, and taking a look at the struggle 29 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 2: of the Mapuche in Chile and Argentina. I'd actually mentioned 30 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 2: them in my exploration of Latin American anarchisms that you 31 00:01:40,440 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 2: know they would need their own episode. So here we 32 00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 2: are taking a look at everything that they've been up to. 33 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 2: And it's really thanks to the work of fellow anarchists 34 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 2: m good Hawk and John sev Reno and their research 35 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:59,160 Speaker 2: I've been able to put together this illucidation of indigenous 36 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:04,560 Speaker 2: anarchist history. So the lands that now bear the titles 37 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 2: of Chile and Argentina have long held the Mapuche people, 38 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 2: long before borders were drawn, long before the world learned 39 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:17,600 Speaker 2: to cage the wild. The land itself is considered while mapoo, 40 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 2: and it's deeply entwined with the identity of the Mapuche people. 41 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:25,920 Speaker 2: While mapoo is of course not just a geographical term, 42 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,799 Speaker 2: is also a spiritual one. It's a tapestry of their 43 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 2: histories and their dreams and also their view of the 44 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 2: will through a lens of reciprocity because the Mapuche do 45 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:40,239 Speaker 2: acknowledge their kinship with the land, the rivers, the mountains, 46 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 2: and that worldview that they hold and have traditionally held. 47 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:49,360 Speaker 2: Rather champions balance and harmony and respect for all forms 48 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,239 Speaker 2: of life, which is what has been fuel in their 49 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 2: ongoing fight against occupation. So in a sense, the Mapuche 50 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 2: struggle echoes an anarchist e those of autonomy and mutual aid. 51 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:04,519 Speaker 2: But I wouldn't cau as far as to call them anarchists, 52 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 2: you know, I mean they have a very specific cultural 53 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:11,360 Speaker 2: and historical and spiritual context. It is distinct from anarchists thought. 54 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,360 Speaker 2: Despite these similarities and overlaps in there so s they 55 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:18,280 Speaker 2: will be exploring the history, people, and struggles of all 56 00:03:18,360 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 2: Mapou that have shaped the Mapuche experience. 57 00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:22,679 Speaker 3: Now. 58 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:26,679 Speaker 2: Ancient archaeological finds from tools to pottery have suggested that 59 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,480 Speaker 2: the Mapuche may have settled in present day southern Chile 60 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 2: and Argentina as far back twenty five hundred to three 61 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 2: thousand years ago. Genetic and linguistic research connects the Mapuche 62 00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 2: lineage to other indigenous groups across the Andes, meaning that 63 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,280 Speaker 2: their ancestors may have migrated down the western spin of 64 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 2: South America in waves, adapting to the rainforests, coastlines and 65 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:49,440 Speaker 2: valleys of. 66 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 3: What's now one Mapu. 67 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 2: Historically and currently, the mapuch have spoken Mapudungun, and the 68 00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:59,240 Speaker 2: language itself carries aspects of their cultural identity. 69 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:00,720 Speaker 3: Other is to be expected. 70 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:05,240 Speaker 2: Mapudung Gun is a polysynthetic language, meaning its words can 71 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 2: be formed by combining smaller parts to reflect complex ideas. 72 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 2: Mapuche itself combines Mapu meaning land and Cha meaning people. 73 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:19,280 Speaker 2: Shapouche lived on the border of the Incan Empire, meaning 74 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 2: that they were in contact with centralized state organizations and 75 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 2: hierarchical societies. I would have chosen to differentiate themselves and 76 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 2: the societies from these datus peoples, So how do they 77 00:04:30,200 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 2: do so exactly? The Puchi way of life would have 78 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:36,279 Speaker 2: revolved around, as I said, a deep respective for kinship, 79 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:40,520 Speaker 2: communal responsibility, and spiritual stewardship of the land. The society 80 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 2: itself was based around the loaf or family based communal unit, 81 00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 2: each love holding shared responsibility over a specific territory, ensuring 82 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:53,840 Speaker 2: the one's personal wealth doesn't override the interest and well 83 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:56,680 Speaker 2: being of the environment in the community. The love wasn't 84 00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:00,600 Speaker 2: just limited to the people of that family based community unit. 85 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,679 Speaker 3: It also incorporated the ecosystem. That unit. 86 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 2: Incombust and occupied nature was in a sense part of 87 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,520 Speaker 2: the family. Rivers, mountains, forests, and other animals were treated 88 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:19,000 Speaker 2: as living relatives with the spirit and agency that disiled respect. 89 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 2: In the Mapuche will view all beings and elements possess nuen, 90 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:26,719 Speaker 2: the life force, and so they have to be respected. 91 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 2: And that police system also leads the mapootated practice the 92 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 2: sustainable use of resources and intergenerational land care. And it 93 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 2: also compels there as I said, resistance to colonial resource extraction, deforestation, 94 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 2: and industrial expansion. In Mapuche's spirituality, guenu Mapu, or the 95 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:49,800 Speaker 2: land of the ancestors, refers to the spiritual realm connected 96 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:53,400 Speaker 2: to the physical world. They've traditionally believed that the spirits 97 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:58,120 Speaker 2: of past generations inhabit this realm, offering guidance and protection. 98 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,719 Speaker 2: The machies or spiritual leaders so as the bridges. 99 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 3: Between these worlds. So they're supposed to. 100 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:07,920 Speaker 2: Do things that conduct ceremonies, heal the sick, and connect 101 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 2: with the ancestral spirits. They've sailed as the custodians in 102 00:06:11,839 --> 00:06:15,279 Speaker 2: a sense of spiritual knowledge and medicine, and that makes 103 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,920 Speaker 2: them an essential component in each love. The socio political 104 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 2: structure of the Mapuche has been a confederation of love 105 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,800 Speaker 2: groups known as the Alaraway system, where the different loves 106 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:29,159 Speaker 2: would come together to make communal decisions and joint actions, 107 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 2: particularly in times of conflict or threat. Each love will 108 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:36,719 Speaker 2: be represented in these confederations by alonco who would be 109 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,080 Speaker 2: bringing their communities voice and perspective to regional councils without 110 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 2: necessarily exercise and centralized authority. The decisions and these councils 111 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:52,600 Speaker 2: are based on consensus traditionally and cooperation, compromise, honoring the 112 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,040 Speaker 2: collective will as much as possible rather than imposing will 113 00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,719 Speaker 2: from above, and contrary to popular belief, this lack of 114 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:04,160 Speaker 2: centralization has actually made them more resilient, not more fragile. 115 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:08,280 Speaker 2: Rather than beckering and fighting at split in and splintering constantly, 116 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:13,880 Speaker 2: the mpouch have historically united and together resisted multiple attempts 117 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 2: at subjugation, so they centralized alliances have empowered them to 118 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 2: respond flexibly and quickly to the ever changing landscape of 119 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 2: the threats that they're facing, and this resistance can use 120 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 2: to this day, but let me not skip ahead. Spanish 121 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 2: first made their way to Mapouche territory in the mid 122 00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:34,880 Speaker 2: fifteen hundreds, initially confident that they could conquer the area 123 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:37,400 Speaker 2: with the same ease they had subdued the InCor Empire 124 00:07:37,480 --> 00:07:41,200 Speaker 2: to the north. But the Mapuche were not easily intimidated. 125 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 2: Early encounters quickly tour into conflict, and the Spanish found 126 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 2: themselves up against a serious resistance movement. From the start, 127 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:54,360 Speaker 2: the Spanish had underestimated the Impuche's ability to adapt when 128 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 2: the conquistadors introduced horses and new weaponry. The Apuche observed 129 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 2: and leaned quickly, incorporating captured horses and arms into their 130 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:06,120 Speaker 2: own defense strategies. Rather than a simple series of skirmishes, 131 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 2: this struggle would become a prolonged confrontation, one of the 132 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 2: longest and most determined resistances to colonization throughout the Americas. 133 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:18,920 Speaker 3: This was Lagira Tiraco or the Araco. 134 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:22,800 Speaker 2: War, known for over one hundred years of protracted, brutal 135 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 2: conflicts maintained by guerrilla warfare, and there would be no 136 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:31,520 Speaker 2: definitive battle or grand conclusion to this war. The Lapuce 137 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:36,439 Speaker 2: recognized that they were facing vast resources. They knew they 138 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:41,240 Speaker 2: had to find ways to level that playing field, and so, 139 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:44,760 Speaker 2: using their familiarity with the forests, rivers and mountains of Albapo, 140 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:49,960 Speaker 2: they ambushed, evaded, and outflanked Spanish troops, cut off supply lines, 141 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 2: and employed tactics that frustrated and exhausted their lost and 142 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:59,440 Speaker 2: equipped opponents. Depuch were fighting on two fronts, defending their 143 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 2: territories from physical invasion and preserving their cultural practices from 144 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:09,240 Speaker 2: Spanish influence. Those Mupuche are traditionally egalitarian. They did elect 145 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 2: toki or war years during times of conflict. These figures 146 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 2: were limited to their role in coordinating forces during these 147 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:20,280 Speaker 2: conflicts and had no other political power to wield above others. 148 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 2: One of the more notable of these toki was a 149 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 2: man named Lautaro. He was a young Mapuche who had 150 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:28,559 Speaker 2: been captured by the Spanish as a teenager and had 151 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:30,680 Speaker 2: worked for some time as a stable boy for Chief 152 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:35,440 Speaker 2: Conquistado and governor of Gilet Pedro de Valdivia. While working 153 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 2: as a stable boy, Lautaro managed to secretly observe many 154 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:43,200 Speaker 2: of the tactics the Spanish employed. He gained intimate knowledge 155 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:45,920 Speaker 2: of what made them tick in a sense, and he 156 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 2: eventually escaped captivity and brought this knowledge back to his people, 157 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:54,240 Speaker 2: transforming a Putui resistance by effectively using captured horses and 158 00:09:54,360 --> 00:09:58,840 Speaker 2: new formations to confront the Spanish on ivan ground. Lautaro 159 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:02,360 Speaker 2: was a pro military strategists and by all accounts a 160 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:07,119 Speaker 2: charismatic young man that inspired his people through several major victories, 161 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:09,959 Speaker 2: including defeating a large Spanish force at the Battle of 162 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,080 Speaker 2: Tucapel in fifteen fifty three, which is a confrontation that 163 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 2: killed his former master and a good bit of Spanish morale. Unfortunately, 164 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:21,440 Speaker 2: the outbreak of a typhus plague, a drought, and a 165 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 2: famine slowed the Mapouchier advance to expel the Spanish, as 166 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,959 Speaker 2: they had to spend some time recovering. But Lautero did 167 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:29,920 Speaker 2: try to push a band of Apoucha as far north 168 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:34,719 Speaker 2: as Santiago, Chile to liberate the country from Spanish rule. Unfortunately, 169 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 2: before he could even turn thirty, he was killed in 170 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,680 Speaker 2: an ambush, and well his spirit continues to live on 171 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:45,960 Speaker 2: as a symbol of Ampuche resilience. As the war evolved, 172 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:50,520 Speaker 2: they had cycles of conflict interspersed with uneasy pieces Spanish 173 00:10:50,559 --> 00:10:54,199 Speaker 2: settlements the Mapucher frontier became isolated, vulnerable outposts subject to 174 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 2: sudden raids, So in an attempt to hold the territory, 175 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:00,240 Speaker 2: the Spanish had to divert large amount of their resources 176 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 2: to maintain a military presence, which was a very costly 177 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:08,200 Speaker 2: strategy that didn't end up being sustainable long term. So finally, 178 00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:11,840 Speaker 2: after decades of failed attempts to subdue the Mapucha by force, 179 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:15,560 Speaker 2: the Spanish had to adopt a different approach. Resulted in 180 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 2: a series of peace treaties which will be unheard of 181 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 2: in the rest of Clonal Latin America. Among these was 182 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:25,559 Speaker 2: the Parliament of Killin in sixteen forty one, which established 183 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:29,880 Speaker 2: a formal boundary between Spanish controlled Chile and the autonomous 184 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:35,600 Speaker 2: Mapuche territories, granted the Mapuche legal recognition as an independent people. 185 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 3: With territorial rights. 186 00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 2: This is ritually unheard of across the rest of the Americas, 187 00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:43,880 Speaker 2: and that's to tell you how powerful their resistance was 188 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:48,040 Speaker 2: at the time. The Spanish crown recognized Mapuche control over 189 00:11:48,120 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 2: lands south of the Bobio River and agreed to regular negotiations. 190 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:55,680 Speaker 2: And although this agreement was tenuous. 191 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 3: And at times violated. 192 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:00,160 Speaker 2: It did also mark an era of semi autonnamy for 193 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,680 Speaker 2: the Mapuche, allowing them to maintain their land, language and 194 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:08,400 Speaker 2: traditions in the face of surrounding clunal expansion. The fact 195 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 2: that they could even secure legal recognition of their autonomy 196 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,400 Speaker 2: from a state power as stubborn as a Spanish in 197 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:18,960 Speaker 2: a time like the seventeenth century, it's just remarkable. But unfortunately, 198 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,600 Speaker 2: as you could probably predict that recognition of the autonomy 199 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:35,679 Speaker 2: would not last. In the eighteen hundreds, Chile and Argentina 200 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:40,520 Speaker 2: emerged as independent republics following Spanish cluinal rule, each driven 201 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 2: by an appetite for territorial expansion and a nationalist vision. 202 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 2: The excluded indigenous autonomy with new ambitions to civilize and 203 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 2: consolidate the nations. Chilean and Argentine leaders saw the Mapuche 204 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 2: held lands as resources to be exploited. Both governments justified 205 00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:02,920 Speaker 2: their encroachment on Marpucha land under the guise of national progress. 206 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:06,600 Speaker 2: To them, these indigenous lands were free real estate to 207 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:10,000 Speaker 2: be conquered and improved, not sovereign regions held by an 208 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,240 Speaker 2: indigenous population. They such way of life as a barrier 209 00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:16,439 Speaker 2: as the economic development to your place with European style 210 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 2: land holdings, set the colonies and extractive industries under new management. 211 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,959 Speaker 2: They would not respect the sixteen forty one Parliament kill 212 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 2: in as far as they were concerned. They didn't sign 213 00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:31,960 Speaker 2: that agreement, and they would never sign an agreement with savages. 214 00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:35,160 Speaker 4: I mean, yeah, we also saw that sort of thing 215 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 4: throughout the Americas, where you would have these like alleged 216 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:41,679 Speaker 4: triaties that then either under future rule or even sometimes 217 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:42,840 Speaker 4: under the exact. 218 00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:45,400 Speaker 1: Same rule, would later just be completely disregarded. 219 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, you didn't sign it with me, you know. 220 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:51,400 Speaker 1: It's like a common colonial tactic to buy time. 221 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 2: As well exactly established and sure upper resources for a 222 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 2: later attack. Yeah, and I could just say, well, I 223 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:00,120 Speaker 2: didn't sign that, you know, somebody else signed it, so 224 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,040 Speaker 2: I don't have to be behold onto it, pretty much. 225 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:05,680 Speaker 3: And so Chileo. 226 00:14:05,440 --> 00:14:08,920 Speaker 2: Launched their campaign to annexed Mapuche land, known as the 227 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:15,000 Speaker 2: Pacification of Arakanya, initiated in the eighteen sixties. Some have 228 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,880 Speaker 2: argued that this attempted annexation was triggered by the events 229 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 2: surrounding the wreck of Hoven Daniel at the coast of 230 00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 2: Hrakania in eighteen forty nine, where erecked Chilean navy vessel 231 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:30,640 Speaker 2: was allegedly looted and its survivors allegedly attacked on Apoucha 232 00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:35,200 Speaker 2: territory by members of Apouche society, despite the Mapuche arguing 233 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 2: there had been no survivors, and despite them handing over 234 00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 2: some of the accused of Lutin to be tried by 235 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 2: Chilean authorities, even retiling in so of what was allegedly looted. 236 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 2: The perception of the incident as a brutal loot and 237 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:51,360 Speaker 2: rape by the Mapuche fueled anti Mapouche sentiment within Chilean society. 238 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 2: Although President Manuel Pulnaez of Chile dismissed the opposition's calls 239 00:14:56,440 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 2: for a punitive expedition at the time, the conquest would 240 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,240 Speaker 2: eventually counter past be getting in eighteen sixty one. If 241 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 2: you dig into this story, by the way, you come 242 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:06,840 Speaker 2: to find out that a lot of the Lootenant and 243 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:11,840 Speaker 2: Mapouche were accused of was actually members of Chilean society 244 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,960 Speaker 2: and bazilin the resources from the wreck and then play 245 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:17,480 Speaker 2: into office. 246 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:20,480 Speaker 3: If the Mapuche were wholly responsible for the loss of 247 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:22,160 Speaker 3: the resources, some of the. 248 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:25,040 Speaker 2: Same people who were accusing the Wa Pouchier looters of 249 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:28,080 Speaker 2: stealing all the all the loot from the ship. Many 250 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 2: of them had received some of that loot from the 251 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 2: Mahuche themselves. Thempuche were trying to return the loot, and 252 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 2: they decided to keep it for themselves instead of you know, 253 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,720 Speaker 2: retaining It's a Chilean government, so it's like the whole 254 00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:42,680 Speaker 2: trial was bunked. There was a whole bunch of corruption, 255 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:45,040 Speaker 2: and it was a real master And although the president 256 00:15:45,080 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 2: did you know, dismiss the attempts to attack at the time, 257 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 2: like I said, it would come to pass. The campaign 258 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 2: was justified as every government does by necessity. 259 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:57,120 Speaker 3: You know. The reality, however, was a. 260 00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:03,120 Speaker 2: Brutal invasion aimed up up roots Mapuche communities, displacing thousands, 261 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:05,640 Speaker 2: absorbing their lands into the Chilean state. 262 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:11,160 Speaker 4: This whole strategy also just reflects this just general dehumanization. 263 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 4: I mean, even the stuff with like the treaties and 264 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:16,160 Speaker 4: just like the going back on the treaties, denial of 265 00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 4: the legitimacy of treaties, that tactic would not be used 266 00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 4: the same way against like other colonial nations. And then 267 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 4: every subsequent development and every subsequent incursion onto land. All 268 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:29,560 Speaker 4: of it is just based on this underlying level of 269 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:33,880 Speaker 4: dehumanization that just sees land as resources and the people 270 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:37,200 Speaker 4: there as like acceptable casualties or just fierce obstacles to 271 00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:39,840 Speaker 4: overcome in conquest of those lands. 272 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:46,840 Speaker 2: Exactly, and obstacles they will, because Chile knew where they 273 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:49,160 Speaker 2: wanted to reach in terms of what they saw as 274 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:53,800 Speaker 2: their at full borders and will literally a wedge an 275 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 2: obstacle between them and region where they wanted to reach. 276 00:16:57,520 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 2: At the type of South America. It was almost like 277 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:02,600 Speaker 2: a race between Argentina and Chile to see who could 278 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:07,320 Speaker 2: reach the edge and claim it first, and Theuch will 279 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:11,640 Speaker 2: something that was keeping them from doing that. And additionally, 280 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,840 Speaker 2: Tapouch would not have been granted the same legitimacy of 281 00:17:15,920 --> 00:17:19,760 Speaker 2: a claim as Argentina. You know, Chile and Argentina would 282 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:23,000 Speaker 2: eventually comes in agreement about where their border would lie. 283 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:24,640 Speaker 3: And their respected that agreement. 284 00:17:25,359 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 2: Same couldn't be said for the Mapuch And of course 285 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,480 Speaker 2: there were a lot of border disagreements of course in 286 00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:34,800 Speaker 2: South America following the you know, evacuation of the Spanish, 287 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:39,199 Speaker 2: but of course those are treated on equal foot. In 288 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:45,520 Speaker 2: the natives are different matter, so Chilean forces would corner 289 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:50,080 Speaker 2: advance into Aracania forcibly, removed thousands of families from the 290 00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:53,720 Speaker 2: ancestral territories and subject those that remain into the authority 291 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:54,600 Speaker 2: the Chilean government. 292 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 3: The traditional queen of land. 293 00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:01,320 Speaker 2: Holdings that remained were fragmented and redistributed off into Chilean settlers, 294 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 2: and the government's imposed European style laws, education and religion. 295 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:09,200 Speaker 2: To attempt to assimilate the Mapuche and suppress the identity, 296 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:13,200 Speaker 2: military outposts and settlements was established in the newly annexed land, 297 00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 2: facily facing the region under martial law and making it 298 00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:21,160 Speaker 2: difficult from Puccia communities to resist. Openly replace the words 299 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 2: Chilean government with Israeli government and Mapuche with Palestinian. And 300 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 2: that's just to tell you how antiquated the current tactics 301 00:18:31,880 --> 00:18:33,159 Speaker 2: of colonization are. 302 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:35,840 Speaker 3: You know, very little has changed. 303 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,359 Speaker 1: No, that's exactly what I've been thinking about. 304 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, a lot of the former major conal 305 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 2: powers have found more subtle means of continuing their exploitation 306 00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 2: and subjugation of people around the world. So it's very 307 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 2: rare to see something so open and flagrant, you know, 308 00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,160 Speaker 2: It's something that you expect to see in historical accounts 309 00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:02,760 Speaker 2: such as this of landhole ends being chopped up and 310 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:08,200 Speaker 2: give unto settlers, and laws and education and being imposed 311 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:11,840 Speaker 2: and to a native population to suppress and to similate 312 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 2: their dentity. You know, military outpost being established on New 313 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 2: Leanix Land, Marcia law being established for the native inhabitants, 314 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:23,800 Speaker 2: all those things. Hear about it, pushing of the American frontier, 315 00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,520 Speaker 2: and you hear about it and throughout South America and 316 00:19:27,680 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 2: Africa's cool o history. You don't really tend to think 317 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,560 Speaker 2: about that here now, and it's happening in four k. 318 00:19:36,119 --> 00:19:36,199 Speaker 1: No. 319 00:19:36,359 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 4: Like that's exactly what I was thinking about as you've 320 00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,520 Speaker 4: been going through all this, like how it just sounds 321 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,919 Speaker 4: exactly the same as what Israel is currently doing. And 322 00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:48,680 Speaker 4: I think why people latch on to like Israel specifically 323 00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:51,679 Speaker 4: so much is because of how like out of time 324 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 4: their tactics of colonial expansion feel and like similarly, like 325 00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:59,400 Speaker 4: it's just built on this base level of dehumanization exactly 326 00:19:59,480 --> 00:20:02,000 Speaker 4: that a whole bit of other like imperial powers kind 327 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,159 Speaker 4: of try to like hide or like mask a little bit, 328 00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:07,159 Speaker 4: and with Israel, it's just so mask off so I. 329 00:20:07,359 --> 00:20:10,040 Speaker 2: Think about all that time, they were like a century 330 00:20:10,119 --> 00:20:12,639 Speaker 2: late pretty much. Yeah, if they had starts and this 331 00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 2: process like a sentry ilia, they would have actually probably 332 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 2: have gotten away with it. 333 00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:19,840 Speaker 1: Unfortunately, well and they still might get away with it 334 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:22,080 Speaker 1: now to some degree. And that's like that is true. 335 00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:24,240 Speaker 4: That's that's kind of the super that's the super frightening 336 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:27,600 Speaker 4: thought is that even though it is this outdated like style, 337 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:30,679 Speaker 4: what if it like still works and if and if 338 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 4: it's proven to still work in Palestine, where like where 339 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:36,880 Speaker 4: else can this be used? Like will we just see 340 00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:38,960 Speaker 4: more countries feel like they can get away with it 341 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:42,840 Speaker 4: because Israel did? And like that's kind of part of 342 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:45,960 Speaker 4: looking into the next four years and looking into just 343 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:48,680 Speaker 4: just how how the world is going in this general 344 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:50,880 Speaker 4: kind of far right power grab happening all like all 345 00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:53,640 Speaker 4: over the globe. Will more and more countries be kind 346 00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:57,840 Speaker 4: of willing to utilize these types of colonial tactics And 347 00:20:57,880 --> 00:20:59,600 Speaker 4: it's scary and bad. 348 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:05,320 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean when you think about how the severity 349 00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 2: of the clumb situation, it's just going to worsen, and 350 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:11,000 Speaker 2: you think about the pressures had places on the most 351 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,320 Speaker 2: exploitive regions of the globe, How that might pressure, you know, migration, 352 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:20,680 Speaker 2: and how that might pressure sort of efforts to resist 353 00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:24,760 Speaker 2: the sort of tightening of the hold of expectation. Up 354 00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 2: until the call that was reading this called warned People's 355 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 2: history of fashion, just thinking about the whole textile trade 356 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,359 Speaker 2: as a whole and how it impacts different parts of 357 00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 2: the globe and whatever, and it's talking about this now. 358 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:42,200 Speaker 2: I'm just thinking, like, if workers in those countries were 359 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:45,439 Speaker 2: to stand up, well, in all this time, you know, 360 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:48,679 Speaker 2: some of the most deadly struggles have taking place in 361 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:51,800 Speaker 2: these regions, in these saturns. But if they were to 362 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 2: stand up and resist now, I mean it might e 363 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:58,639 Speaker 2: get even more open and then blatant with the suppression 364 00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 2: of those people and those whites, and as they attempt 365 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,080 Speaker 2: to try and make their way out of those hot spots, 366 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:08,560 Speaker 2: those hot regions of instability and violence and climate catastrophe, 367 00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:12,200 Speaker 2: you know, we have all this migrant raetoric to yes, 368 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:14,000 Speaker 2: make the struggle even worse. 369 00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 4: That's like the fucoas boomerang idea of all of these 370 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 4: colonial tactics also can eventually turned inward. And right now 371 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 4: you see the same level of dehumanization being levied against, 372 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 4: like millions of immigrants who are here both legally as 373 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,920 Speaker 4: refugees and are also here undocumented. But it's the same 374 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 4: like rhetorical tactics that make people okay with this is 375 00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,399 Speaker 4: that level of dehumanization. And you also see that, of 376 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:40,159 Speaker 4: course levied against like trans people. You still see that 377 00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,959 Speaker 4: livid against indigenous people. And it's just like a growing 378 00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:46,280 Speaker 4: list of people that are no longer seen as like 379 00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:47,720 Speaker 4: real humans. 380 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:51,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, for some reason you're saying that, my mind fixates 381 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 2: it on the fact that you said undocumented, and it's 382 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:56,919 Speaker 2: reminded me of the absurdity of all of this. The 383 00:22:56,960 --> 00:23:01,679 Speaker 2: difference is literally some pieces of people. The difference is 384 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 2: literally a rule of the dice spawn point from one 385 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,200 Speaker 2: side of the water or another. I do we allow 386 00:23:08,320 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 2: this to like totally dominate our lives. 387 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:17,639 Speaker 4: Yeah, it's like a it's like a deep spiritual evil. 388 00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,439 Speaker 4: So many people don't even like realize the absurdity of 389 00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 4: it and how just like it takes away so much 390 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:27,280 Speaker 4: of like thought and empathy and people people just don't 391 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:30,200 Speaker 4: even know, like they don't even like process that that's 392 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:34,040 Speaker 4: what they've done to themselves by like constructing this system 393 00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:38,639 Speaker 4: that they believe is like divine or like enshrined by God. 394 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:40,600 Speaker 3: The right to exist defense. 395 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,879 Speaker 4: Yeah, like it's it is. So much of it is 396 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,000 Speaker 4: a dice roll. So much of it is situations beyond 397 00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:47,920 Speaker 4: anyone's conscious control. 398 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 2: Yeah, And to sort of pull us a bit back 399 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:56,719 Speaker 2: on to the track, you can also see the mirrors 400 00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:01,199 Speaker 2: between the current past city and struggle and beyond Kurdmapuch 401 00:24:01,359 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 2: struggle and even going back to this time that I 402 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:09,600 Speaker 2: have even discussing the Puschi struggle of the past, because 403 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,639 Speaker 2: despite all of this conal expansion, the Upuci resisted, not 404 00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:16,080 Speaker 2: only militarily but culturally. They held on to their language, 405 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:17,560 Speaker 2: they held on to their customs, they held on to 406 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,879 Speaker 2: their spiritual practices, they held on to their identity in 407 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:25,719 Speaker 2: defiance of assimilations policies and across the Andes. Meanwhile, Argentina 408 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,840 Speaker 2: was pursuing a similarly aggressive campaign just known as the 409 00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:29,880 Speaker 2: Conquest of the Desert. 410 00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 3: This was led by. 411 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 2: General Julio Argentino Rocca in the eighteen seventies and eighteen eighties, 412 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 2: and this really sort of eradicate and displace all the 413 00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:41,879 Speaker 2: indigenous groups through in the area, including the Mapuch who 414 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:45,199 Speaker 2: had lived on the fertile Pampus and Patagonian regions to 415 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 2: secure valuable land for wait for it, cattle ranching, agriculture 416 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:58,800 Speaker 2: and European settled expansion. Cattle ranching as in Younoch, the. 417 00:24:57,880 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 3: Whole meat trade. 418 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:02,000 Speaker 1: The are more important than the people. 419 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,720 Speaker 2: Exactly, and the demand for the cows is more important 420 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:10,119 Speaker 2: than people. They see this violence of agricultural and expansion 421 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:12,720 Speaker 2: other places as well, as I said, I was reading 422 00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:14,879 Speaker 2: one and one of the things she notes is that 423 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:19,160 Speaker 2: part of what pushed the American westward expansion was that 424 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:23,560 Speaker 2: they were growing cotton. And cotton is extremely intensive, and 425 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:27,199 Speaker 2: historically cotton was grown in a polyculture, was grown with 426 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:31,280 Speaker 2: other plants. Right with these cotton monocultures, it really quickly 427 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,199 Speaker 2: strips the soil of its nutrients. And so they were 428 00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:36,680 Speaker 2: pushing westward because they kept on having to find new 429 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:39,760 Speaker 2: land to grow the cotton on. And of course who 430 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 2: was working that cotton, and who's working with plantations, just 431 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 2: explotation all the way down and all that just to 432 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:50,040 Speaker 2: feed this rapacious appetite of expansion. You know, we had 433 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:55,400 Speaker 2: thousands of years of sustainable growth and sustainable cyclical economies, 434 00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:58,639 Speaker 2: but things that did that would last, and just in 435 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:03,360 Speaker 2: these last few centuries we've just completely lost that because 436 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:06,680 Speaker 2: above all the line has to go up well. 437 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 4: And like also part of that quest for agricultural domination 438 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:13,239 Speaker 4: in order to make that possible, there's the invention of 439 00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:16,600 Speaker 4: the international slave trade, which is similarly built on this 440 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:20,760 Speaker 4: level of just base decumanization and the desire for agricultural 441 00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:25,159 Speaker 4: production being way more important than the humanity of like 442 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 4: everybody involved in that process. 443 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:27,840 Speaker 3: Yep. 444 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:32,600 Speaker 2: And then it's also tied to the petrochemical trade because 445 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:37,440 Speaker 2: to maintaining these soils and this unnatural form, you have 446 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:42,080 Speaker 2: to the basically pump the land with these artificial fertilizers 447 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 2: which are typically derived from Patrick Amick. 448 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:48,880 Speaker 4: Goals, and like that process of the soil basically becoming 449 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:51,760 Speaker 4: dead like started even as early as like the late 450 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 4: eighteen hundreds. Like this this isn't even just like a 451 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:57,639 Speaker 4: modern problem in like the past, like fifty hundred years 452 00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:00,680 Speaker 4: all of that land was like over you starting to 453 00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 4: get destroyed almost like two hundred years ago, but specifically 454 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:05,800 Speaker 4: like the late eighteen hundreds. 455 00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 2: Yeah, and this is what we're looking at here, and 456 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:13,720 Speaker 2: this this particular historical narrative we're just watching. The fall 457 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 2: of wild Mapoo of course, was looking at a more 458 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:22,000 Speaker 2: grandize sense, the fall of the remaining communities that actually 459 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:26,640 Speaker 2: were maintaining that connection land. They're being, in this process 460 00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:29,480 Speaker 2: subjugated so that there is no resistance and no present 461 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 2: alternative to the extractive model that was at least part. 462 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:35,800 Speaker 3: Of the goal of this expansion. 463 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 2: As we see in Argentina, the few Mapuche who survived 464 00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 2: this massacre because they employed all sorts of tactics, rangers 465 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:49,880 Speaker 2: from scorch student policies to force relocations to like outright 466 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 2: just you know, the few that survive were relocated to reservations, 467 00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,120 Speaker 2: trip to their land, and reduced to liverers within this 468 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:04,120 Speaker 2: modern of rapidly modernized in Argentina and General Rocker's campaign 469 00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:08,520 Speaker 2: was celebrated by the Argentine elite as a triumph of 470 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,280 Speaker 2: civilization over barbarism. 471 00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:12,840 Speaker 3: Where have I heard that before? 472 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,560 Speaker 2: So in both Chile's passification of Aracanya and Argentina's conquest 473 00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:21,639 Speaker 2: of the desert, he had this large scale dispossession of 474 00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:25,200 Speaker 2: Apucha land. And while Ma Poo now being fully split 475 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:28,440 Speaker 2: by the border of Argentina and Chile, the vast majority 476 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:30,879 Speaker 2: of Pucha now live in Chile. There are only a 477 00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:44,240 Speaker 2: few times one thousands left in Argentina to this day. Initially, 478 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,880 Speaker 2: Mapucha leaders and communities launched uprisings and gorilla attacks against 479 00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:51,880 Speaker 2: the Chilean and Argentine military forces, fighting to defend their territories, 480 00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,200 Speaker 2: but as military suppression intensified, resistance also had to adapt. 481 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,720 Speaker 2: Puccia communities had to adopt more food forms of opposition, 482 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 2: maintaining cultural practices, stories, and languages as an active resistance. 483 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:08,000 Speaker 2: Some Puccer leaders petitioned for land rights and autonomy through 484 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:11,680 Speaker 2: legal channels, seeking to challenge dispossession through the courts. 485 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:13,400 Speaker 3: Others continue to resist. 486 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:17,960 Speaker 2: Through armed confrontation, often leading isolated uprisings when government forces 487 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,400 Speaker 2: overstepped or attempted to cease more land. 488 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 3: The future resistance that. 489 00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,200 Speaker 2: Follows this period is basically rooted in the traumas of 490 00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:28,880 Speaker 2: this period, as the people were forcibly integrated into Chilean 491 00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:34,040 Speaker 2: and Argentine societies, yet never fully accepted. As we move 492 00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:37,120 Speaker 2: into the early twentieth century, the Pusche communities continue to 493 00:29:37,160 --> 00:29:39,400 Speaker 2: be hit hard by policies that aim to dissolve the 494 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:43,160 Speaker 2: traditional ways of life. The Chilean and Argentine governments squeeze 495 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,680 Speaker 2: Onucha onto reservations, but surrounding lands were given to power 496 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:50,880 Speaker 2: for landowners and settlers. Land's guesty was a significant issue, 497 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:54,000 Speaker 2: as from Puchet families often had thoughts too small to 498 00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:57,920 Speaker 2: sustain their traditional agricultural practices, and the dispossession led to 499 00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:02,480 Speaker 2: economic hardship and wide tread pop further marginalized them from 500 00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:06,680 Speaker 2: national economies. The assimilation attempts to frame rendition as community 501 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:10,360 Speaker 2: identity as something to be erased in favor of European norms, 502 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:15,720 Speaker 2: pushed out the Mapundun language and cultural ties and aimed 503 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:21,120 Speaker 2: to impose Spanish as the primary language. Thankfully today Mapundum 504 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:25,400 Speaker 2: still survives as the language and the Jucha people. At 505 00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,920 Speaker 2: the time, Mapuchi were also forced into the wage labor 506 00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,600 Speaker 2: on settler farms experienced and of course very harsh conditions 507 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:32,720 Speaker 2: are very little protection. 508 00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:33,800 Speaker 3: Many of them. 509 00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,880 Speaker 2: Mapuchi ended up migrating from rural areas to cities as 510 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,360 Speaker 2: the arable land twindled, and then found themselves in places 511 00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 2: like Santiago and Temuco beginning the nineteen thirty years and Animo. 512 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:48,080 Speaker 2: Puchier families ended up working as laborers and urban centers 513 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,640 Speaker 2: where their these new forms of discrimination. A lot of 514 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:54,880 Speaker 2: Mpuche women ended up going to work as servants within 515 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:59,000 Speaker 2: the houses of the Chilean elite, and during this period 516 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,480 Speaker 2: of hardship, Ili Mapoucha political movements began. 517 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:03,600 Speaker 3: To take shape. 518 00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:07,360 Speaker 2: In the nineteen tens, Wabuchi leaders organized groups like Society 519 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,960 Speaker 2: dad Kapu Likan Defense Soa de la Arakanya, which advocated 520 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,320 Speaker 2: for land rights and civil protections aban to reclaim the 521 00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,680 Speaker 2: dispossessed land and fight against the abuse of indigenous laborers. 522 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,560 Speaker 2: These early organizations marked a significant shift in Mapuche strategy 523 00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:29,040 Speaker 2: represented a movement towards formal political approaches to resistance. The 524 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:32,480 Speaker 2: assaulntionment of political alliances that sympathetic groups also strengthened the 525 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:37,200 Speaker 2: Mapuche cause. In the nineteen twenties nineteen thirties, indigious organizations 526 00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,920 Speaker 2: began working with Literilean communists and socialist parties, focusing on 527 00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:45,840 Speaker 2: indigenous labor issues and broader anti landlord campaigns. However, these 528 00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:50,840 Speaker 2: alliances often prioritized national labor and Aukrainian reform over specific 529 00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:54,720 Speaker 2: indition's rights, leaving Themapouche to continue to fight largely on 530 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:58,840 Speaker 2: their own terms. But in spite of this limited political power, 531 00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:01,760 Speaker 2: these iarly effort helped lay the groundwork for later land 532 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 2: rights activism. From the mid twentieth century onward, rapid and gustrialization, 533 00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 2: extractive forestry operations and monoculture plantations began to dominate Mapucha land, 534 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:16,480 Speaker 2: and pollution increased. Rivers were contaminated. Forest part of diversity 535 00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:20,080 Speaker 2: was replaced by non active species like pine and eucalyptus plantations, 536 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:23,520 Speaker 2: and all of this leads, of course, soiled depletion. The 537 00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:28,440 Speaker 2: remaining Mapuchia agriculture and local ecosystems were naturally threatened, which 538 00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:33,000 Speaker 2: fully compel their resistance. At the same time, they were still, 539 00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 2: of course working to preserve their language, their cultural practices, 540 00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:40,800 Speaker 2: their music, their arts, the spiritual ceremonies. For a small moment, 541 00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:44,760 Speaker 2: there was some hope as the government of Salvador Allende 542 00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:48,680 Speaker 2: you know this is going passed an indigenous a law 543 00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:52,400 Speaker 2: that recognized their distinctive culture and history and began to 544 00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,680 Speaker 2: restore Mapuche commune lands. 545 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 3: But I think we all remember how that turned out. 546 00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:02,600 Speaker 2: Bam, you have a who are coop sponsored by the 547 00:33:02,680 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 2: US and Pinochet is in Pola in power. Pinochet calls 548 00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:10,880 Speaker 2: for the division of the reserves and the liquidation of 549 00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 2: the Indian communities. He initially sounds like a cartoon villain 550 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 2: of everything I've read and learned about him, I mean, 551 00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:20,719 Speaker 2: who speaks of the liquidation of a people? 552 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:24,480 Speaker 4: Pinochet is extremely cartoon villain coded, except it was a 553 00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:28,760 Speaker 4: real person. So I also have this tendency to not 554 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:33,720 Speaker 4: dismiss super evil people as like unhuman monsters, because I 555 00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 4: think that actually limits our understanding of how evil humans 556 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:39,120 Speaker 4: can be. Sure, and this isn't even just a pure principle, 557 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,640 Speaker 4: Like I don't like dehumanization in general, it's that I 558 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:44,840 Speaker 4: think it actually makes these people harder to beat if 559 00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 4: you view them as like some monstrous force instead of 560 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:51,160 Speaker 4: something that's actually deeply human. And yeah, he is a 561 00:33:51,160 --> 00:33:55,120 Speaker 4: cartoon villain, he's also like a person, and like that's 562 00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 4: actually kind of more scary than just viewing him as 563 00:33:57,440 --> 00:34:00,000 Speaker 4: some monster. Very true, And I don't know, it's it's 564 00:33:59,880 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 4: a frame of thought I've come back on specifically, and 565 00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:04,440 Speaker 4: like thinking about like anti fascism. 566 00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:09,040 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean that's something I always think about when 567 00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:13,640 Speaker 2: I think of a lot of the most brutal world leaders. 568 00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:14,720 Speaker 3: Across human history. 569 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:19,160 Speaker 2: I often think, you know, this person did not spawn 570 00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:21,640 Speaker 2: out of the air. There was a time when this 571 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:26,040 Speaker 2: person was a newborn, when they were babbling, learning to speak, 572 00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:31,840 Speaker 2: learning to walk, became a toddler, small child, pre teen, teenager, 573 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:34,640 Speaker 2: young adults. 574 00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:35,400 Speaker 3: So much. 575 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 2: Nature and nurture would have gone into the Polson they became, 576 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,360 Speaker 2: but they had the same spawn point as everybody else. 577 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:50,600 Speaker 2: They all started as a baby, and Pinochet was unfortunately 578 00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:55,799 Speaker 2: no exception. After the pass and his Decree twenty five 579 00:34:55,880 --> 00:34:58,840 Speaker 2: sixty eight to nineteen seventy nine, the number of additionous 580 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:03,400 Speaker 2: creaties was reduced by twenty five percent and several Mapuchia 581 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:08,600 Speaker 2: leaders were murdered, threatened with imprisonment or excerpt. After the 582 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:12,719 Speaker 2: fall of Pinochet and returned to democracy, the Apuche had 583 00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 2: a resurgience and identity and political activism for the nineteen nineties. 584 00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:19,960 Speaker 2: This revival gained homentum after the passage of Chile's Indigenous 585 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:22,520 Speaker 2: Law in nineteen ninety three, which acknowledged the Puche land 586 00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:26,240 Speaker 2: right to advocate it for bilingual education, opening new paths 587 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:30,320 Speaker 2: for cultural Reclamationia. That same year, Mapuchi representatives at the 588 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,640 Speaker 2: UN pushed for Chile to adopted Iolo Convention one sixty nine, 589 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,240 Speaker 2: a key indigious rights treaty, but Chile didn't actually ratify 590 00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:39,800 Speaker 2: the Convention until two thousand and eight. Despite the established 591 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:42,760 Speaker 2: run to the National Cooperation of Indigenous Development or KANNADI 592 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:46,320 Speaker 2: in nineteen ninety three to facilitate indigenous inclusion in policy making, 593 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,279 Speaker 2: Mapucha involvement in such state institutions has not guaranteed geruine representation. 594 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:56,080 Speaker 2: Several canadi leaders who openly advocated from Mapuche autonomy or 595 00:35:56,239 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 2: pushed against corporate interests have been removed from their piss. 596 00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:07,120 Speaker 2: In twenty fifteen, Governor Francisco Juanchomia, a Promapuchi advocate in Aracanya, 597 00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:09,759 Speaker 2: was removed from his position due to his support for 598 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 2: legal reforms recognizing Mapucha rights. He can'tgo and change the system. 599 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:18,279 Speaker 2: System changes you will gets you out of the way. 600 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:24,080 Speaker 2: With the intensification of extractive industries encroach lands, a wave 601 00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:27,840 Speaker 2: of activism emerged, specifically aimed the protecting secret territories and 602 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 2: the environment. Mapuchi activists frequently have set up against forestry companies, 603 00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 2: hydroelectric projects, and multinational corporations that have aimed to exploit 604 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,640 Speaker 2: their resources, e engaging land occupations and protests for land 605 00:36:40,680 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 2: restitution and environmental protection. The Chilean stage reaction to Maputi 606 00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:47,440 Speaker 2: activism is entirely. 607 00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:49,600 Speaker 3: Predictable harsh repression. 608 00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:56,000 Speaker 2: Under anti terrorism legislation, Mapoochi activists face heightened police surveillance, imprisonment, 609 00:36:56,320 --> 00:37:01,600 Speaker 2: and accusations of terrorism, a tactic which is universally used 610 00:37:01,640 --> 00:37:07,800 Speaker 2: to delegitimize resistance to injustice and violence, exportation, and destructure. 611 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:10,160 Speaker 1: It is kind of one of those magic words that 612 00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,600 Speaker 1: has been increasingly invoked in the past twenty years. 613 00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:18,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, terrorist is a magic wood. Illegal, isn't it a 614 00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:18,719 Speaker 2: magic wood? 615 00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:21,440 Speaker 4: Yeah, they're all just like the humanization terms, right, Like 616 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:23,480 Speaker 4: you are not a person, you are not an ex 617 00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 4: you are not well whatever. You are a terrorist, and 618 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,799 Speaker 4: terrorists do not have the same rights as humans. It's 619 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:32,880 Speaker 4: not a war crime if you do it against a terrorist. 620 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:37,640 Speaker 3: Luke Skywalker was not a terrorist. You are a terrorist, 621 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:39,520 Speaker 3: you know. 622 00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:42,000 Speaker 4: But no, like like whether you're like finding in like 623 00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:45,440 Speaker 4: an actual resistance movement or you're just attending like a 624 00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:48,640 Speaker 4: protest in a in an American city, both of those 625 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:52,520 Speaker 4: can now become quote unquote terrorists or. 626 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:55,640 Speaker 2: Or some like the level clerk who just happens to 627 00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:56,719 Speaker 2: be within has abu lah. 628 00:37:57,239 --> 00:37:59,760 Speaker 4: Yeah, or you're a daughter of a low level clerk 629 00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:03,279 Speaker 4: who is picking up a pager and oops, I guess 630 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,600 Speaker 4: your dad shouldn't have been a terrorist and like Jesus Christ. 631 00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:09,799 Speaker 3: Yeah yeah. 632 00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:13,719 Speaker 2: And then, of course the media has a big part 633 00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:17,840 Speaker 2: to play in all this. You know, terrorist as a 634 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:22,320 Speaker 2: term is associated with certain stereotypes about various groups of people. 635 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:24,719 Speaker 2: In the past few years, it's been the you know, 636 00:38:25,239 --> 00:38:30,759 Speaker 2: machete and aka waven Islamist fightal but in other time 637 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:35,959 Speaker 2: periods it was another prominent stereotype, you know, the Black 638 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:42,320 Speaker 2: seventies revolutionary or vikong. And in the Chilean situation, media 639 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:47,920 Speaker 2: portrayals have also reinforced stereotypes of Mapuche violence, which of 640 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,920 Speaker 2: course serves the role of obscure in the reality of 641 00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:54,560 Speaker 2: their fight for justice and environmental stewardship. It hasn't all 642 00:38:54,640 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 2: been for not the mapuch struggle, that is, have had 643 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:04,759 Speaker 2: a few legal triumphs rulans where the Inter American Court 644 00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:08,800 Speaker 2: of Human Rights has held Chile accountable in air quotes 645 00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,640 Speaker 2: as much as any state is actually held accountable for 646 00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:15,439 Speaker 2: viouating Mapuche rights. Grassroots groups and artist collectors with white 647 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:17,799 Speaker 2: have also supported Mapuche efforts. 648 00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:19,440 Speaker 3: But curly, these. 649 00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:23,799 Speaker 2: Small victories and triumps are really not much. They're not 650 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,840 Speaker 2: enough within the broader apuch movement, you do have the 651 00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:33,320 Speaker 2: reformists and the simulationists, and you have groups like Quording 652 00:39:33,360 --> 00:39:37,919 Speaker 2: their Daughter, Arauko Mayeko or Camp and they're splinter group, 653 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:42,799 Speaker 2: which is why chan Alca Mapu. And they've adopted separatist 654 00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:46,880 Speaker 2: stances advocating for direct actions such as land occupations and 655 00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:50,960 Speaker 2: resistance against state forces because they view autonomy and territorial 656 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:55,560 Speaker 2: reclamation as essential to Mapuchia sovereignty and they have no 657 00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:59,399 Speaker 2: interest in compromise with the extractive industries and government they're 658 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:03,040 Speaker 2: responsible for their suffering. Traditionally, these groups are focused on 659 00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:06,759 Speaker 2: acts of economic sabotage against companies that are infringing on 660 00:40:06,840 --> 00:40:12,480 Speaker 2: their lands and their stewardship. Within wider Chilean society, there's 661 00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:18,200 Speaker 2: still some prejudice against some Mapuche, particularly, but not exclusively 662 00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 2: from the right way, but she lays twenty nineteen uprising 663 00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:26,520 Speaker 2: against inequality and government abuses found strong supports and ally 664 00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:31,920 Speaker 2: ship between wider Chilean society and Upuche communities who had 665 00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:35,560 Speaker 2: seen echoes of their own grievances and national protests. The 666 00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:39,120 Speaker 2: protests were initially sparked by a metro affair hike, but 667 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:43,600 Speaker 2: They quickly became a national movement, demanding systemic reform in 668 00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:48,200 Speaker 2: both urban and rural spaces. Mapuche communities joined or supported protesters, 669 00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:51,960 Speaker 2: were resistant continued to government policies that marginalized their communities 670 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:56,160 Speaker 2: and undermined their cultural rights. Mapoocher symbols and flags emerged, 671 00:40:56,200 --> 00:41:00,920 Speaker 2: prominently aligning aditional struggles with these word amounts of justice, 672 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:05,960 Speaker 2: and the government response can you predict was swift and severe. 673 00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:11,160 Speaker 2: Military and police forces were deployed to use excessive violence. 674 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,480 Speaker 2: Apuch ben knew about this, but some of the Chileans 675 00:41:14,560 --> 00:41:17,799 Speaker 2: their experience in this for the first time, and this 676 00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:22,759 Speaker 2: mutual experience of repression reinforced alliances between the Mapuche and 677 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:26,040 Speaker 2: the Chilean activists, as both faced the stature of enviolence, 678 00:41:26,080 --> 00:41:30,759 Speaker 2: of propaganda that portrayed them as radicals and terrorists and extremists. So, 679 00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:34,680 Speaker 2: despite the crackdown, the uprising saw unprecedented support for the 680 00:41:34,680 --> 00:41:39,160 Speaker 2: Mapuche cause, amplifying calls for restitution of indigious lands, formal 681 00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,320 Speaker 2: recognition of Appouoche rights in a reformed constitution, and a 682 00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:44,120 Speaker 2: declinal approach to governments the. 683 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:45,640 Speaker 3: Respects indigenous autonomy. 684 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:48,640 Speaker 2: The twenty nineteen protests laid the groundwork for a national 685 00:41:48,719 --> 00:41:53,320 Speaker 2: constitutional reform was significant Mapucha involvement to public support the 686 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,520 Speaker 2: draft interview constitutions was the twenty one raised the potential 687 00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:00,520 Speaker 2: for insurance indigenous rights from PUCCI representatives actively dissipate in 688 00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:04,880 Speaker 2: the process and creating renewed optimism for meaningful legal reprotections 689 00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:10,160 Speaker 2: the respecting Puja culture, territory and autonomy. That somewhat progressive 690 00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:14,400 Speaker 2: attempt at a constitution reform, which also included gender equality measures, 691 00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:18,200 Speaker 2: was rejected. Said there was another attempt just last year, 692 00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:22,080 Speaker 2: entered to twenty three, but it was a very conservative 693 00:42:22,120 --> 00:42:25,800 Speaker 2: attempt shaped by the far right Republican Party, which trickter 694 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:29,439 Speaker 2: provisions and immigration, a ban and abortion and a free 695 00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:33,440 Speaker 2: market focus that did not resonate with the majority of voters. 696 00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:36,640 Speaker 2: Fifty five point eight percent voted against the twenty twenty 697 00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:40,160 Speaker 2: three draft and forty four point two percent in fever. 698 00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:46,440 Speaker 2: Chile In President Gabriel Borek, whose administration had supported constitutional change, 699 00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:51,040 Speaker 2: acknowledged that further attempts that constitutional reform were unlikely, So 700 00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:54,279 Speaker 2: for now, Chile continues to be governed by the constitution 701 00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:57,400 Speaker 2: that dates back to the ditatorship of Pinochet. While its 702 00:42:57,440 --> 00:43:01,480 Speaker 2: leaders looking at alternative PABs address and social, economic and 703 00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:04,760 Speaker 2: environments of this suites in line with Chilean public opinion. 704 00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:07,520 Speaker 2: If you know anything about me and my positions, you 705 00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:10,120 Speaker 2: know that I'm not confident in the ability of states 706 00:43:10,320 --> 00:43:13,960 Speaker 2: to meaningfully respect people's agency and autonomy. Have all but 707 00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:16,400 Speaker 2: I wish them Pucha all the best we have of 708 00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:21,279 Speaker 2: their struggle goals, and I've personally found their story very impactful. 709 00:43:22,080 --> 00:43:26,200 Speaker 2: It's one of resilience, adaptability and vase of centuries or avolicity. 710 00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:28,840 Speaker 3: They've had an unyielding. 711 00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:31,480 Speaker 2: Desire to maintain their connection to the land and cultural identity, 712 00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:33,920 Speaker 2: and they aren't going fright. Is really just a testament 713 00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,520 Speaker 2: to the power of solidarity, and that's it for me. 714 00:43:38,440 --> 00:43:41,440 Speaker 2: This has been it could happen There, all power to 715 00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:41,719 Speaker 2: all the. 716 00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:47,399 Speaker 3: People it could happen. Here is a production of cool 717 00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:48,040 Speaker 3: Zone Media. 718 00:43:48,239 --> 00:43:51,320 Speaker 4: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website 719 00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,600 Speaker 4: Coolzonemedia dot com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio 720 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:58,400 Speaker 4: app Apple Podcasts. But wherever you listen to podcasts, you 721 00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:00,600 Speaker 4: can now find sources for it could Happen near listed 722 00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:02,120 Speaker 4: directly in episode descriptions. 723 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:03,280 Speaker 3: Thanks for listening.