1 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:05,359 Speaker 1: You're listening to History on Trial, a production of iHeart 2 00:00:05,400 --> 00:00:08,080 Speaker 1: Podcasts Listener Discretion. 3 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 2: Advised Hi History on Trial Listeners. Today's story will come 4 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 2: in two parts. This episode will cover the lead up 5 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:19,239 Speaker 2: to the trial, and the second episode will cover the 6 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:27,840 Speaker 2: trial and its aftermath. Thanks for listening. Clark Lee and 7 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 2: Harry Brendage couldn't believe their luck. Out of all the 8 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:37,239 Speaker 2: reporters in Japan, they were about to break one of 9 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 2: the biggest stories of the summer. It was August nineteen 10 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 2: forty five, only weeks after Japan's surrender in World War Two, 11 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:52,720 Speaker 2: and Tokyo was flooded with journalists. All the reporters Lee 12 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 2: remembered were going after the same three stories. They wanted 13 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 2: to get an interview with Hideki Tojo, Japan's leader during 14 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 2: the war. They wanted to describe the wreckage of Tokyo, 15 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:13,800 Speaker 2: and perhaps most of all, they wanted to identify Tokyo Rose. 16 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:23,160 Speaker 2: Tokyo Rose, the name conjured glamour, romance, intrigue. Tokyo Rose 17 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:27,840 Speaker 2: was famous all across the Pacific, from Alaska to Borneo, 18 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 2: a legend amongst soldiers and sailors alike. For two years, 19 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 2: as Allied forces fought their way across the ocean and islands. 20 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 2: Tokyo Rose had kept them company. No matter how remote 21 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 2: their ship or how wretched their conditions, Tokyo Rose had 22 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:53,680 Speaker 2: been there. Her mythological status and far reach might make 23 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 2: her seem supernatural, but it was simpler than that. Tokyo 24 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 2: Rose was a radio host. Throughout World War Two, the 25 00:02:04,120 --> 00:02:09,880 Speaker 2: Japanese Broadcasting Corporation or NHK short for Nipoon Hoso Kyo Kai, 26 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:15,239 Speaker 2: had broadcast English language propaganda radio programs throughout the Pacific. 27 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 2: Many of these programs used a female broadcaster. As the 28 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:25,799 Speaker 2: war wore on, these broadcasters became legendary, and they were 29 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:31,440 Speaker 2: often grouped together under a nickname Tokyo Rose. American press 30 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 2: reports depicted Tokyo Rose as a racialized fem fatale, a seductive, 31 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 2: exotic siren luring Allied Gis to abandon their cause. The 32 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 2: Gis themselves mostly had a less dramatic view of Tokyo Rose. 33 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:50,960 Speaker 1: Many thought she was just good company. 34 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:55,440 Speaker 2: She played popular music on her broadcasts, tease the men 35 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:59,920 Speaker 2: and crack jokes. Many Gis, instead of seeing Tokyo Row 36 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 2: as a propaganda pusher, thought that she boosted morale the 37 00:03:05,120 --> 00:03:08,880 Speaker 2: Navy even issued Tokyo Rose a tongue in cheek citation, 38 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:14,920 Speaker 2: saying Tokyo Rose has persistently entertained the men and inspired 39 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:17,840 Speaker 2: them to a greater determination than ever to get the 40 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 2: war over quickly, which explains why they are now driving 41 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 2: onward to Tokyo itself, so that soon they will be 42 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:30,880 Speaker 2: able to thank Tokyo Rose in person. Now that the 43 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 2: war had ended, the press was determined to find the 44 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 2: real Tokyo Rose, not to thank her, of course, but 45 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 2: to get an exclusive interview with her. When Clark Lee, 46 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:46,839 Speaker 2: a reporter for Hearst's International news service, and Harry Brundage, 47 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:51,080 Speaker 2: a writer at Cosmopolitan magazine, arrived in Japan in August 48 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:55,560 Speaker 2: nineteen forty five, they decided to team up and find 49 00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:57,880 Speaker 2: Tokyo Rose first. 50 00:03:58,200 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 1: The competition was stiff. 51 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:03,960 Speaker 2: On August thirtieth, a group of reporters burst into the 52 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 2: NHK offices and began interrogating staff members there about Tokyo 53 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:13,440 Speaker 2: Rose's real identity. The NHK employees claimed to have no 54 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:17,280 Speaker 2: idea what they were talking about. People began wondering if 55 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:22,080 Speaker 2: Tokyo Rose really existed. On August thirty first, an article 56 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:25,479 Speaker 2: from the associated press claimed that she was real, but 57 00:04:25,560 --> 00:04:29,279 Speaker 2: acknowledged that she was more than one person. Lee and 58 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:33,240 Speaker 2: Brendage were beginning to get discouraged. They reached out to 59 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 2: an old friend of Lee's, Leslie Nakashima. Nakashima, an American 60 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 2: of Japanese descent, had better luck at the NHK office. 61 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 2: Kenkichi Oki, an NHK employee, confirmed that there were five 62 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:49,880 Speaker 2: or six women who had broadcast in English during the 63 00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 2: war from the Tokyo station, but Oki would only give 64 00:04:53,720 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 2: Nakashima one name, Iva Toguri Dakino. Excited, Nakashima called up 65 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 2: Lee and Brundage to report his progress. Brundage and Lee 66 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:09,240 Speaker 2: told Nakashima that they would offer two thousand dollars or 67 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:12,840 Speaker 2: close to thirty five thousand in today's money, for an 68 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:18,440 Speaker 2: exclusive interview with Iva. When Nakashima visited Iva on September first, 69 00:05:18,920 --> 00:05:22,800 Speaker 2: she was reluctant to give an interview. Her husband, Felipe, 70 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 2: was also skeptical, but Nakashima told them that Iva's name 71 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:30,359 Speaker 2: was already public. She was going to be the focus 72 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 2: of press attention anyways, so why not get paid for it? 73 00:05:34,279 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 2: And the Dacuinos needed the money. Post war, Japan was 74 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,880 Speaker 2: economically devastated, and the pay that Nakashima was offering was 75 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:45,360 Speaker 2: close to three hundred times what Iva made in a month, 76 00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:49,719 Speaker 2: so Iva agreed to speak with Lee and Brandage. 77 00:05:49,760 --> 00:05:51,360 Speaker 1: As the two reporters. 78 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:55,000 Speaker 2: Sat in their hotel room awaiting Iva's arrival, they buzzed 79 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:55,880 Speaker 2: with anticipation. 80 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:01,919 Speaker 1: They had identified Tokyo Rose. They had gotten to her first. 81 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:04,080 Speaker 1: Now all that. 82 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:09,360 Speaker 2: Remained was seeing the woman behind the voice, and then 83 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:13,560 Speaker 2: Iva came through the door. Whatever Lee and Brundage had 84 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:19,279 Speaker 2: been expecting, she wasn't it. Instead of a glamorous siren, 85 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:23,800 Speaker 2: Lee and Brundage found a tiny young woman. Iva was 86 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 2: barely five feet tall. Years of malnutrition during the war 87 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:32,440 Speaker 2: made her seem even smaller. She wore her thick black 88 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:36,400 Speaker 2: hair in pigtails. The reporters thought she looked maybe twenty 89 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,360 Speaker 2: years old. In reality, she was twenty nine. She had 90 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:47,320 Speaker 2: a forthright manner and unexpectedly a rather unremarkable voice. Things 91 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 2: only got stranger from there. If Lee and Brundage had 92 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 2: expected to find a die hard Japanese patriot, they could 93 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 2: not have been more wrong. Iva, it emerged, was an 94 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 2: American citizen. Her parents were both Japanese, but Iva herself 95 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 2: had been born and raised in California. In fact, she 96 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:12,200 Speaker 2: barely spoke Japanese. Iva claimed that she had gotten stuck 97 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,360 Speaker 2: in Japan when the war broke out while she was 98 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 2: visiting a sick relative there. She had been forced to 99 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:21,960 Speaker 2: do the radio broadcast job to survive, She said. She 100 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:25,080 Speaker 2: told the reporters that she was delighted America had won 101 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:29,160 Speaker 2: the war, and that she had always believed they would. 102 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 2: This didn't make for a particularly compelling story, Lee and 103 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 2: Brendage thought. When Lee published his first story on Iva 104 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:41,760 Speaker 2: on September third, nineteen forty five, he mentioned that quote 105 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:46,320 Speaker 2: circumstances had forced her into broadcasting, but he also added 106 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 2: a little drama by raising the question of treason. Iva, 107 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:55,040 Speaker 2: Lee wrote, does not feel that she was a traitor 108 00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 2: to the US for the job of trying to make 109 00:07:57,160 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 2: American troops homesick. Iva had never even considered the question 110 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 2: of treason, nor was she concerned about the question now. 111 00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:10,040 Speaker 2: In truth, the United States government also did not consider 112 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:14,640 Speaker 2: the question seriously. After briefly questioning Iva, the Army let 113 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 2: her go and even asked her to participate in a 114 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 2: film about her time as Tokyo rose, but things were 115 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:27,040 Speaker 2: about to take a drastic turn. Three years after Clark 116 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:31,480 Speaker 2: Lee and Harry Brundage first interviewed Iva, to Gorri Daquino, 117 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 2: she would be standing trial in San Francisco, accused of treason. 118 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:42,720 Speaker 2: In a shocking reversal largely driven by public pressure and 119 00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:48,200 Speaker 2: political motives, the United States Justice Department was pursuing Iva, 120 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 2: and they were determined to convict her, no matter the 121 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:57,120 Speaker 2: illegal lengths they would have to go to do so. 122 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:04,000 Speaker 2: Welcome to History on Trial. I'm your host, Mira Hayward. 123 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:14,120 Speaker 2: This week the United States v Iva Takori Dakino. Iva 124 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:18,439 Speaker 2: Ikuko Toguri was the first American citizen in her family. 125 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 2: Her father, June, came to the United States from Japan 126 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:26,240 Speaker 2: in eighteen ninety nine. On a trip back to Japan 127 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:29,959 Speaker 2: in nineteen oh seven, he married Fumi Imuro, but had 128 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 2: had to return to America shortly after. The two spent 129 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 2: the first years of their marriage separated by an ocean, 130 00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 2: with June only able to visit several times. Their first child, Fred, 131 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 2: was born in Japan, but in nineteen thirteen Fumi and 132 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 2: Fred were able to join June permanently. In America, and 133 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,319 Speaker 2: thus their second child, Iva, was born in Los Angeles 134 00:09:54,360 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 2: in nineteen sixteen. In a fact that would seem too 135 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:01,400 Speaker 2: on the nose if you scripted it, Iva was born 136 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:06,080 Speaker 2: on July fourth. June to Goody added Iva to his 137 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 2: family register in Japan, which made her legally a Japanese 138 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 2: citizen too, But in nineteen thirty two, after Japan invaded Manchuria, 139 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,120 Speaker 2: he took the advice of Japanese American community leaders and 140 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 2: removed Iva and her two younger sisters from the family register, 141 00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:28,199 Speaker 2: making the three girls entirely American citizens. Iva and her 142 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,960 Speaker 2: sisters were nise, a term for the American born children 143 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:37,120 Speaker 2: of Japanese immigrants. The Taguris moved frequently around southern California 144 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:40,680 Speaker 2: while June searched for work, but by nineteen twenty eight 145 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:43,319 Speaker 2: he had saved enough money to open a small store 146 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 2: in Los Angeles. It was a happy childhood. Iva and 147 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 2: her siblings attended school, helped out at their father's store, 148 00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 2: and tended to their mother, who had diabetes and high 149 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 2: blood pressure. June wanted his children to assimilate to white 150 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:04,400 Speaker 2: America culture, though the Tagories occasionally spoke Japanese at home. 151 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:08,920 Speaker 2: And celebrated some Japanese holidays. June encouraged his children to 152 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 2: speak English and public, observe American holidays, and play mainly 153 00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:18,520 Speaker 2: with white children. Iva grew into a sporty, outgoing, good 154 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 2: humored teenager. She wanted to be a doctor, and in 155 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:27,200 Speaker 2: nineteen thirty four she enrolled in Compton Junior College. After 156 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:31,360 Speaker 2: six months, she transferred to UCLA, where she studied zoology. 157 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:35,559 Speaker 2: She loved her coursework, choosing to spend her school holidays 158 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:39,240 Speaker 2: out in the field on research trips with professors. She 159 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:43,280 Speaker 2: also loved college life and attended football games and played 160 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:47,719 Speaker 2: tennis with friends. After graduating in nineteen forty, I have 161 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:51,320 Speaker 2: a plan to pursue graduate work in medicine. She started 162 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 2: taking more zoology and pre medical courses. The future seemed 163 00:11:55,679 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 2: wide open for her, but in the summer of nineteen 164 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 2: forty one, a letter changed everything. That June, the Tagoris 165 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 2: received a letter from Fumi's brother in law in Japan. 166 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:14,560 Speaker 2: He wrote that Fumi's sister Shizu, was gravely ill and 167 00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:17,679 Speaker 2: wished to see Fumi while she still could after more 168 00:12:17,720 --> 00:12:22,000 Speaker 2: than thirty years apart. Fumi herself was too ill to 169 00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:25,600 Speaker 2: make the trip, so the Tagories decided to send Iva 170 00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 2: in her place. Iva was not happy about this plan, 171 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:34,080 Speaker 2: but agreed to travel to Japan. In July, June wrote 172 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,800 Speaker 2: to the State Department in Washington to apply for a 173 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 2: passport for Iva. Unlike today, passports were not required for 174 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:44,480 Speaker 2: international travel at the time, but June wanted to make 175 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 2: sure that Iva's documents were all in order. However, as 176 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 2: the date of Iva's departure grew closer, no passport arrived. 177 00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:56,439 Speaker 2: June got in contact with the Immigration office in Los Angeles, 178 00:12:56,840 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 2: who told him that Iva could substitute a notarized stificate 179 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,440 Speaker 2: of identification for her passport and then apply for a 180 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 2: passport for the American consulate in Tokyo. However, the passport 181 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:13,360 Speaker 2: requirements were about to change in ways that would profoundly 182 00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:18,080 Speaker 2: affect Iva's life. In November nineteen forty one, the State 183 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 2: Department declared that, due to the advent of the war, 184 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,000 Speaker 2: all international travel to or from the United States after 185 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:31,199 Speaker 2: January fifteenth, nineteen forty two, would now require a passport. 186 00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 2: Iva's trip to Japan in the summer of nineteen forty 187 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:38,840 Speaker 2: one would not be impacted by this change, but her 188 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,920 Speaker 2: plan returned to America scheduled for the spring of nineteen 189 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:48,559 Speaker 2: forty two would be impossible without a passport, and despite 190 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:54,240 Speaker 2: the Immigration Office's recommendation, getting a passport while abroad would 191 00:13:54,240 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 2: turn out to be extremely challenging. Ignorant of this change, 192 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 2: Iva departed for Japan on July fifth, nineteen forty one, 193 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 2: a day after her twenty fifth birthday. Nearly three weeks later, 194 00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 2: on July twenty fourth, Iva disembarked at Yokohama and met 195 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:16,440 Speaker 2: her uncle and cousins for the first time. Her mother's 196 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 2: family was welcoming and friendly, but Iva felt ill at ease. 197 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:27,600 Speaker 2: Japan impressed me as very, very strange. I've remembered all 198 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 2: the customs were strange to me. The food was entirely different, 199 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 2: the apparel was different, the houses were different. I felt 200 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:41,040 Speaker 2: like a perfect stranger, and the Japanese considered me very queer. 201 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 2: She was shocked by the poverty she saw in Japan. 202 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,600 Speaker 2: The country had been at war with China for four 203 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:52,160 Speaker 2: years at this point, and the economy was devastated. Food 204 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 2: and other essential resources were scarce. After years of speaking 205 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 2: mainly English, her spoken Japanese was a extremely rusty, and 206 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:05,120 Speaker 2: she could not read or write at all. Iva also 207 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 2: had a hard time communicating with her family back in America. 208 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:12,920 Speaker 2: Tensions between Japan and the United States steadily increased over 209 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:16,640 Speaker 2: the summer and fall of nineteen forty one, although Iva 210 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:20,280 Speaker 2: was largely unaware of just how bad things were because 211 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:24,120 Speaker 2: she could not read Japanese newspapers and her relatives tried 212 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:28,400 Speaker 2: to protect her from the news. In early August, Iva 213 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 2: went to the American Consulate to apply for a passport. 214 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 2: The consulate told her that they would first have to 215 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 2: verify her identity with the State Department in Washington, which 216 00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:42,000 Speaker 2: could take some time. By November, Iva still hadn't heard 217 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,239 Speaker 2: anything from the consulate and she was becoming increasingly homesick. 218 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 2: At the end of the month, she made an expensive 219 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 2: international telephone call and begged her father to buy her 220 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 2: passage home. June, concerned about Iva's well being, agreed and 221 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 2: said he would work on getting her a ticket, But 222 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:05,200 Speaker 2: when Iva's family contacted the steamship office, they learned that 223 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:09,080 Speaker 2: she would need a passport to return to America. Iva 224 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:12,200 Speaker 2: tried to speed things up the consulate. The consulate told 225 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 2: her to get a new letter of identification, but this 226 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:19,320 Speaker 2: paperwork would in turn require several other forms, scrambling to 227 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,520 Speaker 2: get the paperwork together before the ship left. On December tewod, 228 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 2: Iva encountered obstacle after obstacle, the red tape was insurmountable 229 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:34,400 Speaker 2: and Iva missed the ship, and then five days later, 230 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:38,640 Speaker 2: the Japanese attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. 231 00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,800 Speaker 2: All travel between Japan and America was immediately shut down. 232 00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 2: Two days after Pearl Harbor, a man from the Japanese 233 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 2: Special Security Police showed up at Iva's family's home. The 234 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 2: officer told Iva that she needed to renounce her American citizenship. 235 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:03,280 Speaker 2: When Iva refused, the man left, but then returned every 236 00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:06,520 Speaker 2: day for the next two weeks to continue to pressure her. 237 00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,959 Speaker 2: Iva was one of the approximately ten thousand Japanese Americans 238 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 2: who were stuck in Japan after Pearl Harbor. Many of them, 239 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 2: like Iva, were nise second generation Japanese Americans. It was 240 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:25,919 Speaker 2: extremely difficult for these people who found themselves caught between 241 00:17:25,960 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 2: two countries who were both suspicious of them. In Japan, 242 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:33,639 Speaker 2: they were pressured to give up their American citizenship by 243 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 2: the military and the Special Police. It was difficult to 244 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,120 Speaker 2: obtain a ration card or get a job while still 245 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:47,560 Speaker 2: holding American citizenship, so many ultimately renounced that citizenship. Iva, however, 246 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:53,280 Speaker 2: held out. Things were no easier for Japanese Americans in America. 247 00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:59,200 Speaker 2: In February nineteen forty two, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive 248 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:04,440 Speaker 2: Order nine six six. This order authorized the removal of 249 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:09,719 Speaker 2: Japanese Americans, both foreign and American born, from any quote 250 00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 2: military areas, which came to be defined as the. 251 00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:14,439 Speaker 1: Entire West Coast. 252 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,760 Speaker 2: This order was based on suspicion that Japanese Americans might 253 00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:24,000 Speaker 2: collaborate with Japan. Between March and August nineteen forty two, 254 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:28,680 Speaker 2: more than one hundred thousand Japanese Americans were forcibly removed 255 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:32,400 Speaker 2: from their homes and sent to prison camps, where conditions 256 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:37,240 Speaker 2: were horrible. The mass removal and incarceration of these people, 257 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,800 Speaker 2: two thirds of whom were American citizens, was a sickening 258 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 2: violation of their human rights and civil liberties, and is 259 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 2: an enduring stain on American history. When Iva heard that 260 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:53,760 Speaker 2: her family had been sent to a prison camp in Arizona, 261 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:56,879 Speaker 2: she did not believe that such a thing could happen 262 00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:01,680 Speaker 2: in America. She thought that the story be Japanese propaganda. 263 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 2: In February, Iva had been delighted to learn that the 264 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:10,359 Speaker 2: Swiss Consulate was organizing a repatriationship for Americans in Japan. 265 00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:14,200 Speaker 2: She applied for a spot, but when the Swiss Consulate 266 00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 2: telegraphed the State Department to confirm Iva's citizenship, the department 267 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 2: replied that there were doubts about her status. These doubts 268 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 2: are impossible to explain. Iva had been born in the 269 00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 2: United States and had never left the country for the 270 00:19:29,359 --> 00:19:32,720 Speaker 2: first twenty five years of her life. Thanks to the 271 00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:36,240 Speaker 2: State departments in action, Iva could not get on the ship, 272 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:40,919 Speaker 2: and things were only getting more difficult in Japan. The 273 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:45,399 Speaker 2: harassment by the military and secret police only intensified the 274 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:50,199 Speaker 2: longer Iva refused to give up her American citizenship. In June, 275 00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:53,480 Speaker 2: she decided to leave her uncle and aunt's home because 276 00:19:53,520 --> 00:19:56,200 Speaker 2: she didn't want her family to suffer for their connection 277 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 2: with her. Iva now had to pay rent at a 278 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,639 Speaker 2: boarding house, but the money that she had taken to Japan, 279 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,040 Speaker 2: which was only meant to cover six months, was fast 280 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 2: running out. Struggling to make ends meet, she tried to 281 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,879 Speaker 2: find a job. It wasn't easy, no one wanted to 282 00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:18,639 Speaker 2: hire American citizens, but after a three month search, Iva 283 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 2: managed to get a part time position at the Domain 284 00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:25,479 Speaker 2: News agency. The late night schedule was miserable and the 285 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:28,960 Speaker 2: pay was barely enough to cover her rent. By the 286 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,840 Speaker 2: time the next repatriationship left in September nineteen forty two, 287 00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 2: Iva had exhausted her meager savings and could not buy 288 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:41,000 Speaker 2: a ticket. It seemed that she was stuck in Japan. 289 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,479 Speaker 2: But there was one silver lining of that difficult summer. 290 00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:49,480 Speaker 2: In mid July, Iva met a new hire at Dome 291 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 2: named Felipe Dakino, of Portuguese and Japanese descent. Felipe had 292 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 2: grown up in Japan and attended Catholic schools, so he 293 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:03,240 Speaker 2: spoke fluent English. Iva was delighted to have someone to 294 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:06,600 Speaker 2: talk to, and the pair quickly bonded over their shared 295 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:10,399 Speaker 2: support for the American cause, something no one else around 296 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:14,879 Speaker 2: them agreed with. Once Felipe even got into a fistfight 297 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:19,200 Speaker 2: with a colleague over pro American remarks Iva had made. 298 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 2: A year later, in June nineteen forty three, Iva was hospitalized. 299 00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 2: She was extremely weak from lack of food and essential nutrients. 300 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 2: The military police had at one point blocked her from 301 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 2: getting a ration card when she continued to hold on 302 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:40,639 Speaker 2: to her American citizenship. Iva eventually recovered, but her medical 303 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 2: bills put her in debt, and she decided to find 304 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:47,159 Speaker 2: another part time job to pay back her bills. In 305 00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:50,880 Speaker 2: late August, Iva was hired as a typist at NHK. 306 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 2: Her job was to type up the broadcast scripts and 307 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:59,200 Speaker 2: correct grammatical mistakes. There was quite a bit of work 308 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 2: for Iva to do in this regard. NHK, like many 309 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:07,280 Speaker 2: other Japanese news agencies, had been co opted into the 310 00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:12,240 Speaker 2: war effort. The agency now produced propaganda under the command 311 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:18,520 Speaker 2: of Major Shikitsugu Suneishi. Suneishi had no propaganda experience, and 312 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 2: he and his subordinates spoke limited English, so their broadcasts 313 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 2: were littered with errors. To try to fix this problem, 314 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:30,239 Speaker 2: NHK began to hire native English speakers to serve as 315 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:35,399 Speaker 2: radio announcers. Suneyishi also forced prisoners of war with radio 316 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:39,280 Speaker 2: experience to participate in his programming. One of the first 317 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:44,399 Speaker 2: POWs brought in was Major Charles Cousins, an Englishman who 318 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:48,199 Speaker 2: had worked as a radio announcer in Australia. Cousins had 319 00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:52,400 Speaker 2: initially refused to help the propaganda effort and was subsequently 320 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:57,000 Speaker 2: shipped off to a brutal labor camp. Suneishi eventually brought 321 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:00,520 Speaker 2: Cousins back to Tokyo and threatened the man with death 322 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:04,920 Speaker 2: if he did not participate. Cousins reluctantly agreed to work 323 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 2: at NHK. He was soon joined by two other POWs, 324 00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:14,320 Speaker 2: Norman Reyes and Wallace Ince, who had been similarly coerced 325 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:17,520 Speaker 2: with death threats. The men were put in charge of 326 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:21,960 Speaker 2: a program called Zero Hour, which broadcast every evening. The 327 00:23:22,040 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 2: Japanese had conceived of Zero Hour as a way to 328 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:28,879 Speaker 2: lure allied gis into listening to more of their programming, 329 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 2: so they told the POWs to make Zero Hour appealing 330 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:37,640 Speaker 2: to Western listeners. The POWs realized that they could use 331 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 2: this premise to their advantage. As the historian Messiah Deuce 332 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:47,159 Speaker 2: writes in Tokyo Rows Orphan of the Pacific, the men 333 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:52,359 Speaker 2: quote made Zero Hour into an entertainment program that would 334 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 2: boost GI morale rather than destroy it. They did their 335 00:23:56,680 --> 00:24:01,159 Speaker 2: best to downplay propaganda, reading up jects actionable news items 336 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 2: hurriedly or in a joking tone of voice. Zero Hour 337 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:11,120 Speaker 2: quickly became a hit. In November nineteen forty three, Suniishi 338 00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:15,399 Speaker 2: decided to expand Zero Hour The POWs were concerned that 339 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:18,840 Speaker 2: an expansion would dilute their control of the program and 340 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 2: thus their ability to sabotage the propaganda content, but Cousins 341 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 2: had an idea. When Iva to Gory had arrived at 342 00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 2: NHK in August, she had immediately tried to befriend the POWs, 343 00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:37,199 Speaker 2: grateful to have more pro American English speaking contacts. The 344 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:41,400 Speaker 2: men were initially suspicious, but once they realized how sincere 345 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:47,679 Speaker 2: she was, they became friendly. Iva had even begun smuggling food, medicine, 346 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 2: and warm clothing for the POWs. These items were gratefully 347 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,359 Speaker 2: received by the POWs, who lived in wretched conditions at 348 00:24:56,359 --> 00:25:00,280 Speaker 2: bunka Camp, a prison specifically for captured men, were working 349 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 2: on broadcasts. When Cousins was ordered to expand a zero hour, 350 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,000 Speaker 2: he decided to find staff who would aid in his 351 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:14,240 Speaker 2: sabotage efforts. He had to be careful with who he trusted, 352 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:17,879 Speaker 2: and in a station full of the enemy, there were 353 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:23,480 Speaker 2: few options. But that's when he thought of Iva. He 354 00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 2: could bring her on, and then he had an even 355 00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 2: better idea. They needed a new announcer for the program. 356 00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:37,959 Speaker 2: The station had many talented female broadcasters, but Cousins didn't 357 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 2: want a talented broadcaster. He wanted a person with a 358 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:46,760 Speaker 2: bad voice, a comic voice, a voice that would do 359 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:52,199 Speaker 2: anything but sell propaganda. And Iva, whose voice would be 360 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:58,359 Speaker 2: described as crow like, rough, and hacking, was just such 361 00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:03,439 Speaker 2: a person. Iva was reluctant to join Zero Hour, but 362 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:07,120 Speaker 2: once Cousins explained what he and the other POWs were 363 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,439 Speaker 2: trying to do with the program, she agreed to become 364 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:15,960 Speaker 2: an announcer. Sometime in mid November nineteen forty three, Iva 365 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,919 Speaker 2: Taguri sat down in front of a microphone at the 366 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:25,200 Speaker 2: NHK offices and broadcast for the very first time. It 367 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:29,159 Speaker 2: was a broadcast that would help birth a legend and 368 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 2: haunt Iva for the rest of her life. We're going 369 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,240 Speaker 2: to take a little break now. When we return, we'll 370 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:45,160 Speaker 2: pick Iva up in the broadcasting studio. Zero Hour came 371 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 2: on air every night at six pm Tokyo time. The 372 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,480 Speaker 2: program ran for an hour, always following the same schedule. 373 00:26:54,400 --> 00:27:00,440 Speaker 2: First music, then messages home from Allied POW's, then Iva's segment. 374 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,560 Speaker 2: Iva did not want to use her real name in 375 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:08,680 Speaker 2: her broadcasts, so Cousin suggested a nickname. He proposed Anne, 376 00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:13,720 Speaker 2: short for announcer, and later added orphan, in a cheeky 377 00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 2: nod to the Japanese propaganda term for Allied sailors Orphans 378 00:27:18,359 --> 00:27:22,080 Speaker 2: of the Pacific. The name referenced the fact that, like 379 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:26,480 Speaker 2: these gis Iva I was stuck far away from home. 380 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:27,480 Speaker 1: Orphan. 381 00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:31,320 Speaker 2: Anne's portion of Zero Hour lasted fifteen to twenty minutes, 382 00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:35,399 Speaker 2: but it mainly consisted of music. Iva only spoke for 383 00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 2: two to three minutes, always reading directly from Cousins's script. 384 00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:45,040 Speaker 2: The tone of her announcements was always playful greetings everybody 385 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:49,879 Speaker 2: went one script, How are my victims this evening already 386 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:53,720 Speaker 2: for a vicious assault on your morale? The vicious assault, 387 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:58,520 Speaker 2: in this case, being playing popular American music. After Iva's 388 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:02,480 Speaker 2: segment came news segments, then more music than a sign off. 389 00:28:03,160 --> 00:28:05,760 Speaker 2: She would come into the NHK studio for two to 390 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:09,200 Speaker 2: three hours every evening to prepare for and broadcast the show, 391 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:14,160 Speaker 2: except for Sundays, when another female announcer replaced her. During 392 00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 2: the day, Iva worked as a secretary for the Danish 393 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,240 Speaker 2: consul in Tokyo. She had had to quit her job 394 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:23,199 Speaker 2: at Domain after getting into a vicious argument over the 395 00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:25,080 Speaker 2: war with her Japanese colleagues. 396 00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:25,399 Speaker 1: There. 397 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:28,920 Speaker 2: Iva became close to the Danish consul and his family, 398 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:33,160 Speaker 2: and they generously shared some of their special diplomatic rations 399 00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:34,960 Speaker 2: with her, including. 400 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:36,360 Speaker 1: Matches, soap, and sugar. 401 00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,600 Speaker 2: Iva would trade these valuable items for food and medicine, 402 00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:44,040 Speaker 2: which she then smuggled to the POW's working at NHK. 403 00:28:45,080 --> 00:28:50,160 Speaker 2: She also brought the POW's good news from abroad. Felipe Jaquino, 404 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 2: now Iva's boyfriend, had a job monitoring Allied radio broadcasts, 405 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:58,560 Speaker 2: and he would pass on reports of Allied advances and 406 00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 2: victories to Iva, which she would then share with the POW's, 407 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:04,440 Speaker 2: boosting their spirits. 408 00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:06,600 Speaker 1: She took a significant risk. 409 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 2: In smuggling in these goods and information, but the danger 410 00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 2: did not stop her. In late June nineteen forty four, 411 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:19,479 Speaker 2: Iva's closest colleague at NHK, Charles Cousins, had a heart attack. 412 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,880 Speaker 2: He was sent to a POW hospital to recover. With 413 00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:28,920 Speaker 2: Cousins gone, Zero Hour began to change. More and more 414 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:34,239 Speaker 2: Japanese staffers replaced the POW staffers. Iva, concerned with the 415 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 2: more explicit propaganda content of the new Zero Hour, tried 416 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:43,920 Speaker 2: to quit, but George Mitsushio, an American born Japanese citizen 417 00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:47,840 Speaker 2: and the new director of Zero Hour told her quote 418 00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:51,640 Speaker 2: she had better reconsider whether she could quit a program 419 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 2: directly under the control of the Army simply for her 420 00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,960 Speaker 2: own personal reasons. Unable to officially leave and also needing 421 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,960 Speaker 2: the money that the job paid, especially once the Danish 422 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 2: consul left Japan, Iva instead decided to miss as much 423 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 2: work as she could, using the American air raids as 424 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:16,920 Speaker 2: an excuse. She frequently skipped broadcasting sessions and took weeks 425 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:21,400 Speaker 2: off at a time, citing illnesses and family commitments. Her 426 00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:25,600 Speaker 2: colleagues at the station resented her absences and disliked Iva, 427 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,880 Speaker 2: who they saw as unfriendly and pro American. There was 428 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 2: one bright spot amidst this turmoil. On April eighteenth, nineteen 429 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:41,640 Speaker 2: forty five, Iva and Philippe got married. Iva had converted 430 00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:45,160 Speaker 2: to Catholicism in order to marry Felippe, and the pair 431 00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:49,320 Speaker 2: were married in a Catholic ceremony. It was a beautiful day, 432 00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:52,920 Speaker 2: marred only by a bombing raid that sent the wedding 433 00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:57,440 Speaker 2: party running for shelter. After her marriage, Iva became even 434 00:30:57,480 --> 00:30:59,320 Speaker 2: more determined to quit Zero Hour. 435 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:01,080 Speaker 1: But after a week. 436 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,440 Speaker 2: Of absences, an Army officer showed up at her door 437 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,760 Speaker 2: and ordered her to report to work the next day. 438 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 2: Iva had heard from cousins and the other POWs about 439 00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:15,280 Speaker 2: the death threats from the army when they had tried 440 00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 2: to resist helping with broadcasts. Frightened of the consequences, she 441 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:26,240 Speaker 2: reluctantly continued her broadcasting work. On August fifteenth, nineteen forty five, 442 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:32,920 Speaker 2: Japan officially surrendered. Iva and Felipe were overjoyed, but an 443 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:37,240 Speaker 2: Allied victory did not mean an immediate improvement in conditions. 444 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 2: Much of Tokyo had been destroyed in the war, and 445 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:45,280 Speaker 2: food and other essential supplies were hard to obtain. When 446 00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:48,920 Speaker 2: Iva was contacted by Clark Lee and Terry Brundage with 447 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,160 Speaker 2: an offer of two thousand dollars for an exclusive interview 448 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:56,000 Speaker 2: about her radio work, she could not refuse, and the 449 00:31:56,040 --> 00:32:00,680 Speaker 2: positive attention she got with soldiers asking for her autograph 450 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:06,840 Speaker 2: was fun at first, but things quickly went awry. First, 451 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,920 Speaker 2: Iva never received her promised payment. It turned out that 452 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:15,160 Speaker 2: Brundage had offered the two thousand dollars without first receiving 453 00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 2: the go ahead from Cosmopolitan magazine. When he wired his 454 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:22,360 Speaker 2: boss to confirm the payment after his interview with Iva, 455 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:28,880 Speaker 2: the magazine refused and then the Army came knocking. Iva 456 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:32,800 Speaker 2: was detained for questioning by the American Counter Intelligence Corps 457 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:37,240 Speaker 2: on September fifth. Fortunately, after a day of questioning, the 458 00:32:37,280 --> 00:32:44,280 Speaker 2: counter Intelligence Corps or CIC, released Iva. The Army seemed satisfied, 459 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:48,000 Speaker 2: so much so that ten days later, a sergeant from 460 00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 2: the Army's Intelligence and Education Section asked Iva to help 461 00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:55,120 Speaker 2: him make a movie about her time as Tokyo Rose 462 00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:59,640 Speaker 2: to entertain soldiers. Iva agreed and gave soldiers on the 463 00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:06,160 Speaker 2: films her autograph. But a month later everything changed. On 464 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:10,720 Speaker 2: October seventeenth, four officers from the CIC appeared at Iva 465 00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 2: and Felipe's apartment. They told Iva that they needed to 466 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:17,080 Speaker 2: ask her a few more questions and that it might 467 00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:20,320 Speaker 2: take a little bit, so she ought to pack a toothbrush. 468 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:24,520 Speaker 2: Iva would not see her home again for more than 469 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:29,000 Speaker 2: a year. The CIC officers escorted her to the military 470 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:33,000 Speaker 2: prison in Yokohama. No one told Iva why she was 471 00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 2: being held. She was not given a lawyer or allowed 472 00:33:36,240 --> 00:33:40,840 Speaker 2: to contact anyone outside the prison. She was interrogated about 473 00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:45,600 Speaker 2: her role in propaganda activities. After a month, Iva was 474 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 2: transported to Sugamu Prison, where the Allied forces were keeping 475 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:54,040 Speaker 2: Japanese war criminals. Her cell was six feet by nine feet. 476 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:57,920 Speaker 2: Iva tried again to ask for a lawyer to know 477 00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,120 Speaker 2: what charges she was being held on, to be granted 478 00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:06,080 Speaker 2: a speedy trial all constitutional rights guaranteed to an American citizen, 479 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:11,040 Speaker 2: but was denied. Messiah Duce notes the grim irony of 480 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:16,440 Speaker 2: the situation outside the prison, quote, the Americans were hard 481 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:20,560 Speaker 2: at work teaching the Japanese how to be democratic. Only 482 00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:24,160 Speaker 2: two weeks before the CIC had arrested Iva without a 483 00:34:24,239 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 2: warrant or an explanation, MacArthur's headquarters had ordered the abolition 484 00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 2: of restraints on political freedoms. Over the course of her 485 00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:38,359 Speaker 2: year in Sugamo, Iva was questioned by the CIC and 486 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:42,640 Speaker 2: the FBI. The contents of these interrogations were sent to 487 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:47,879 Speaker 2: the American Occupation's General headquarters. In April nineteen forty six. 488 00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:52,040 Speaker 2: An internal memo from the Army's Legal section concluded that 489 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:56,120 Speaker 2: Iva had not violated any articles of war, but recommended 490 00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:58,799 Speaker 2: that her case be sent to the Justice Department to 491 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:02,640 Speaker 2: review if she had broken any civilian laws. The Army 492 00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:07,240 Speaker 2: duly passed the file onto the Justice Department. Five months later, 493 00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:10,680 Speaker 2: the department reported that the evidence of treason was inadequate 494 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:15,759 Speaker 2: and recommended that Iva be released. On October sixth, the 495 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:19,399 Speaker 2: War Department notified the military in Tokyo that Iva could 496 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,920 Speaker 2: be let go. For some reason, she was not released 497 00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 2: for three more weeks. On the morning of October twenty fifth, 498 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:30,920 Speaker 2: Iva was notified that she could go home. That evening, 499 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,399 Speaker 2: reporters gathered outside Sugamo to take pictures of her. 500 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:36,560 Speaker 1: As she left. 501 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,879 Speaker 2: Iva returned to an outside world even more barren than 502 00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:44,160 Speaker 2: the one she had left. Felipe had been scraping by 503 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,400 Speaker 2: on his meeker salary, but the couple was living hand 504 00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:50,759 Speaker 2: to mouth. Iva decided that they should go to America 505 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:55,680 Speaker 2: right away. Felippe urged caution, saying that she should wait 506 00:35:55,719 --> 00:35:59,799 Speaker 2: for the press attention to die down, but Iva was resolved. 507 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:03,920 Speaker 2: In December nineteen forty six, she went to the American 508 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 2: Consulate and applied to be repatriated. The consulate once again 509 00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:13,520 Speaker 2: confusingly told her that her citizenship was unclear. She would 510 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:17,000 Speaker 2: need to prove that she was an American citizen, despite 511 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:21,280 Speaker 2: having just been jailed for potentially committing treason against America. 512 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:25,799 Speaker 2: Iva spent the next five months gathering documentation of her 513 00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,320 Speaker 2: citizenship then presented it to the Consulate in May nineteen 514 00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:34,600 Speaker 2: forty seven. They warned her that the review might take months. Indeed, 515 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,880 Speaker 2: the Department of Justice only notified the State Department on 516 00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:42,000 Speaker 2: October twentieth that they had no objections to Iva receiving 517 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:46,160 Speaker 2: a passport. Iva was now pregnant with her first child 518 00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:50,640 Speaker 2: due in January. She hoped to return to America in 519 00:36:50,719 --> 00:36:54,640 Speaker 2: time to raise her child there. The DOJ's approval should 520 00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:59,480 Speaker 2: have sealed the deal. Unfortunately, news of Iva's potential return 521 00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 2: caught the press's attention, and all of a sudden, she 522 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:07,720 Speaker 2: faced a title wave of criticism. The powerful radio host 523 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:12,880 Speaker 2: and newspaper columnist Walter Winchell, who was interestingly enough a 524 00:37:12,880 --> 00:37:16,279 Speaker 2: good friend to Confidential Magazine, which we discussed in episode five, 525 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:20,960 Speaker 2: began a crusade against Iva. He told his millions of 526 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:25,640 Speaker 2: listeners that Iva was a trader. The American Legion, a 527 00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:30,480 Speaker 2: large veterans organization, joined his cause, though not all its 528 00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:35,960 Speaker 2: members agreed with Winschell's conclusions about Iva. As public pressure mounted, 529 00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:40,759 Speaker 2: the Justice Department decided to re review the case. Politics 530 00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,719 Speaker 2: also played a factor in this decision. It was a 531 00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:49,839 Speaker 2: presidential electioneer and President Truman's popularity was down. His administration 532 00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:54,080 Speaker 2: had been accused of being soft on traders and communists. 533 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:58,120 Speaker 2: Pursuing the Tokyo Rose case could be away. Attorney General 534 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 2: Tom Clark seems to have thought of toughening up the 535 00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:06,880 Speaker 2: administration's image. There was another point too. The United States 536 00:38:06,920 --> 00:38:11,080 Speaker 2: government had committed an unthinkable violation of human rights when 537 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:16,240 Speaker 2: it had incarcerated thousands of Japanese Americans. They had justified 538 00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:21,560 Speaker 2: their actions by claiming that these Japanese Americans were security risks. However, 539 00:38:22,239 --> 00:38:27,120 Speaker 2: no Japanese American was ever convicted of serious acts of 540 00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:32,360 Speaker 2: espionage or sabotage. By trying Iva, the government could try 541 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,759 Speaker 2: to retroactively prove Executive Order nine h sixty six right. 542 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:41,400 Speaker 2: Harry Brundage, who was now working for a newspaper in Nashville, 543 00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:45,400 Speaker 2: also jumped back on the case. His career was going 544 00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:49,320 Speaker 2: downhill due in part to his alcoholism, and he wanted 545 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:53,080 Speaker 2: another scoop, so he traveled to Tokyo alongside a DOJ 546 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:58,320 Speaker 2: investigator to look into the case. In the meantime, Iva 547 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:03,160 Speaker 2: was suffering a personal travel. On January fifth, she delivered 548 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:07,960 Speaker 2: her baby, a son, but he was stillborn. Iva and 549 00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:13,400 Speaker 2: Felippe were heartbroken. Iva's physical health suffered, and she was 550 00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:16,560 Speaker 2: bedbound for much of the first part of nineteen forty eight. 551 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:21,799 Speaker 2: On August twenty sixth, c IC officers again showed up 552 00:39:21,840 --> 00:39:25,960 Speaker 2: at Iva's apartment in Tokyo. They arrested her again, this 553 00:39:26,080 --> 00:39:29,279 Speaker 2: time on charges of treason, and sent her back to 554 00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:33,160 Speaker 2: Sugamo prison. Iva told the press that she welcomed a 555 00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,319 Speaker 2: trial because it would finally be a chance to clear 556 00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:40,560 Speaker 2: her name. She was confident that the truth would come out. 557 00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:45,520 Speaker 2: On September ninth, Iva was put into a military transport 558 00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:49,880 Speaker 2: ship bound for San Francisco. She arrived on September twenty 559 00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:53,400 Speaker 2: fifth and set foot on American soil for the first 560 00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:57,480 Speaker 2: time in seven years. When Iva and her escort arrived 561 00:39:57,520 --> 00:40:01,239 Speaker 2: at the US Commissioner's office where she would reigned, an 562 00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:07,240 Speaker 2: unexpected reunion occurred. Standing in the office were Iva's father, June, 563 00:40:07,719 --> 00:40:12,600 Speaker 2: and her younger sister June. Like Iva, they had suffered 564 00:40:12,719 --> 00:40:16,120 Speaker 2: during the war. The family had been forced into a 565 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:20,319 Speaker 2: prison camp. In May nineteen forty two. While at a 566 00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:25,160 Speaker 2: prison camp near Ti Larry, California, flewmy to Gory's fragile 567 00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:29,360 Speaker 2: health pushed to the breaking point by the inhumane conditions 568 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:34,719 Speaker 2: at the camp, shattered and she died. Iva had last 569 00:40:34,719 --> 00:40:38,000 Speaker 2: seen her mother in the summer of nineteen forty one, 570 00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:41,360 Speaker 2: and she would never see her again. She had not 571 00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:45,520 Speaker 2: even had a chance to say goodbye. The remaining te 572 00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:48,080 Speaker 2: Gorris had been sent to a prison camp at Hila 573 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:53,560 Speaker 2: River in the blazingly hot Arizona Desert. In nineteen forty three, 574 00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:57,080 Speaker 2: people incarcerated at Hila River were given the option of 575 00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:59,759 Speaker 2: leaving the camp on the condition that they moved to 576 00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:02,840 Speaker 2: a new part of the country, away from the West Coast. 577 00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:08,120 Speaker 2: The Tagoris chose to go to Chicago. There, June had 578 00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:13,600 Speaker 2: again become a shopkeeper. June was horrified by his daughter's appearance. 579 00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:17,160 Speaker 2: When he had last seen her, she had been a plump, 580 00:41:17,360 --> 00:41:22,760 Speaker 2: bubbly twenty five year old. Now thirty two, Iva was pale, 581 00:41:23,520 --> 00:41:27,239 Speaker 2: drawn and so skinny that her clothes nearly fell off 582 00:41:27,239 --> 00:41:31,759 Speaker 2: her body. But still June was delighted to see his 583 00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:37,600 Speaker 2: beloved Iva. They hugged, and then June told her, girl, 584 00:41:38,239 --> 00:41:42,360 Speaker 2: I'm proud of you. You didn't change your stripes. The 585 00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:46,640 Speaker 2: tiger can't change his stripes, but a person can so easily. 586 00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,759 Speaker 2: Iva was relieved to know that her family believed in 587 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:57,280 Speaker 2: and supported her. June would fight tirelessly on his daughter's behalf. 588 00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:01,520 Speaker 2: He was not alone in this fight. For the first 589 00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,320 Speaker 2: time since Iva had been detained by the military police 590 00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:09,120 Speaker 2: in the fall of nineteen forty five, she finally had 591 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:11,239 Speaker 2: a lawyer, Wayne M. 592 00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:12,520 Speaker 1: Collins. 593 00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:18,239 Speaker 2: Collins, a passionate civil rights attorney, had represented Fred Korematsu 594 00:42:18,640 --> 00:42:22,360 Speaker 2: in his ultimately unsuccessful Supreme Court battle to have the 595 00:42:22,480 --> 00:42:28,759 Speaker 2: Japanese American prison camps declared unconstitutional. Collins offered his services 596 00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,920 Speaker 2: to Iva for free, and would eventually even use his 597 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,719 Speaker 2: personal funds to cover some of the trial expenses. On 598 00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:40,080 Speaker 2: October eighth, nineteen forty eight, a grand jury charged Iva 599 00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:45,760 Speaker 2: with eight overt acts of treason, with quote treasonable intent 600 00:42:46,480 --> 00:42:49,400 Speaker 2: and for the purpose of and with the intent in 601 00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:53,279 Speaker 2: her to adhere and give aid and comfort to the 602 00:42:53,320 --> 00:42:58,400 Speaker 2: Imperial Japanese government. Though the prospect of a trial was frightening, 603 00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:03,640 Speaker 2: Iva was content. She believed that a trial would finally 604 00:43:03,719 --> 00:43:07,279 Speaker 2: make her innocence clear to the public and allow her 605 00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:10,520 Speaker 2: to move on with her life. But she would soon 606 00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:16,600 Speaker 2: find out that things would not be so simple. In 607 00:43:16,640 --> 00:43:20,239 Speaker 2: the next episode, we'll cover the trial and its aftermath. 608 00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:24,799 Speaker 2: Thank you for listening to History on Trial. My main 609 00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,800 Speaker 2: source for this episode was Messiah Duce's book Tokyo Rose, 610 00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:32,600 Speaker 2: Orphan of the Pacific. For a full bibliography as well 611 00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:36,120 Speaker 2: as a transcript of this episode with citations, please visit 612 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:42,600 Speaker 2: our website History on Trial podcast dot com. History on 613 00:43:42,719 --> 00:43:46,640 Speaker 2: Trial is written and hosted by me Mira Hayward. The 614 00:43:46,719 --> 00:43:50,360 Speaker 2: show is edited and produced by Jesse Funk, with supervising 615 00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:55,480 Speaker 2: producer Trevor Yung and executive producers Dana Schwartz, Alexander Williams, 616 00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,440 Speaker 2: Matt Frederick, and Mira Hayward. Learn more about the show 617 00:43:59,520 --> 00:44:03,600 Speaker 2: at History Trial podcast dot com and follow us on 618 00:44:03,680 --> 00:44:08,680 Speaker 2: Instagram at History on Trial and on Twitter at Underscore 619 00:44:08,960 --> 00:44:09,960 Speaker 2: History on Trial. 620 00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:11,879 Speaker 1: Find more podcasts 621 00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:16,719 Speaker 2: From iHeartRadio by visiting the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 622 00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:19,440 Speaker 2: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.