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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. We are following last week's Saturday Classic with

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Speaker 1: another about Hawaii. Today's is on Queen Liliukolani, who was

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Speaker 1: the last monarch of Hawaii and her attempts to resist

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Speaker 1: the overthrow of her government by United States business interests

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Speaker 1: who were backed by the U. S. Army. This episode

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Speaker 1: is from July with previous hosts Katie and Sarah Enjoy.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome

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Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah down.

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Speaker 1: In our last podcast, we talked about the great and

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Speaker 1: the formation of the monarchy, and we may have mangled

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Speaker 1: a few Hawaiian pronunciations, certainly pronounced our thoroughly. But how

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Speaker 1: did it all end? And why is a far flung

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Speaker 1: island grouping in the middle of the Pacific a state.

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Speaker 1: That's what we're going to talk about today, and we're

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Speaker 1: going to go back to a point we mentioned in

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Speaker 1: the earlier podcast, and actually a point we mentioned in

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Speaker 1: a podcast a long time ago on bread Fruit and

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Speaker 1: the mutiny on the Bounty, and that's Captain Cook's arrival

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Speaker 1: in Hawaii, and that marks the beginning of a century

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Speaker 1: of westernization in the islands, and we have explorers arriving, traders,

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Speaker 1: adventurers all coming to Haaii. And we also have some

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Speaker 1: stuff that fundamentally changes the the life of people on

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Speaker 1: the island. Livestock and frame houses, Protestant and Catholic religion, taverns,

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Speaker 1: written language. Yeah, but it's not until the middle of

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Speaker 1: the nineteenth century that European and American interests really start

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Speaker 1: to exert a pretty large amount of control over the islands.

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Speaker 1: And the white interest centers around business, and it's mostly

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Speaker 1: sugar trade stuff, and these business interests gradually forced the

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Speaker 1: monarchy to transform to give up power, like bit by bit,

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Speaker 1: it goes on for a long time, but by eighteen

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Speaker 1: forty eight, King Kamehameha the Third allows the Great Mehale,

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Speaker 1: which is the division of lands, to take place, and

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Speaker 1: this allows people to own private property. I mean, this

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Speaker 1: is a really great example too of fundamental life changes

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Speaker 1: for native Hawaiians. At the time, Hawaii was still certainly

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Speaker 1: its own country, but there are loads of different foreign

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Speaker 1: nations exerting influence in the islands. It's not just the

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Speaker 1: United States, and in fact, the US is pretty disenchanted

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Speaker 1: with the idea of possibly annexing the islands, when King

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Speaker 1: Kamehamea the Third secretly petitions the government to make it happen,

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Speaker 1: and he's met with a very definitive reply from Secretary

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Speaker 1: of State Daniel Webster. No power ought to take possession

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Speaker 1: of the islands as a conquest or colonization. But by

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Speaker 1: the eighteen seventies that's starting to change a bit, and

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Speaker 1: US dominance in Hawaii is becoming very vious. It's taking

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Speaker 1: precedents to other countries dominance. And this is really proven

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Speaker 1: by the Reciprocity Treaty, which allowed for free trade of

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Speaker 1: sugar to the United States and in return the right

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Speaker 1: for America to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor.

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Speaker 1: So it was a very good deal for these sugar

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Speaker 1: merchants in Hawaii because they could do all their trading

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Speaker 1: and not have to pay a bunch of tariffs on it.

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Speaker 1: The eight seventy five treaty had been supported by Hawaii's

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Speaker 1: new King, David Colakoa, but the businessman didn't quite trust

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Speaker 1: him because he was building up the royalty, you know,

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Speaker 1: constructing a palace and reviving Hawaiian traditions that had been

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Speaker 1: forced underground like the hula. So in eighteen eighty nine,

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Speaker 1: the Honolulu Rifles, a group of white troops, forced him

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Speaker 1: to ratify a new constitution known as the Bayonet Constitution,

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Speaker 1: which strips his powers, loads his cabinet with white businessmen,

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Speaker 1: and limits the voting rights of natives. So how to vote.

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Speaker 1: You don't have to be a citizen, but you have

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Speaker 1: to own property and make more than six hundred dollars

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Speaker 1: a year. So this disenfranchises most Hawaiian natives. But this

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Speaker 1: is the state of the country when colakue sister Lilo

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Speaker 1: Kolani takes the throne in eight and she was born

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Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty eight. She was the third of ten

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Speaker 1: children born to a high chief, and she was adopted

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Speaker 1: at birth and educated very well at the Royal School

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Speaker 1: which was run by American missionaries, and she was even

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Speaker 1: given a Christian name, Lydia. Marries a white man, John

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Speaker 1: Owen Dominus, who later becomes an island governor. So just

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Speaker 1: to give you some background on her, she's very intelligent.

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Speaker 1: She was very well educated, and she's been thoroughly schooled

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Speaker 1: and how to be a modern, dignified lady. But she

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Speaker 1: doesn't ever really forget her Hawaiian background. She continues to

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Speaker 1: speak the native language, she likes to practice native customs.

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Speaker 1: She's aware of her heritage, and while she hadn't had

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Speaker 1: much experience governing, she had already proven herself more loyal

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Speaker 1: to her people than business interests. She'd been left in

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Speaker 1: charge for a time in eight one when her brother

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Speaker 1: went on an international journey, and when an epidemic of

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Speaker 1: smallpox struck the island, which was ultimately traced to Chinese labors,

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Speaker 1: she responded by shutting down the port. Businessmen completely freaked out,

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Speaker 1: but she stood her ground. And when she becomes queen,

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Speaker 1: it's no surprise that she immediately starts looking for a

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Speaker 1: way to overturn the unfair Bayonet Constitution. There's another really

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Speaker 1: important economic development that's going on around this same time

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Speaker 1: that seals Hawaii space, and that's the revocation of the

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Speaker 1: free and favored entry status for the sugar exports. So

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Speaker 1: in eighteen I do with the passing of the McKinley tariff,

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Speaker 1: sugar growers can no longer make these huge profits they've

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Speaker 1: been used to. They don't have this completely free trade

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Speaker 1: with the US anymore, and it causes a recession on

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Speaker 1: the island. Hey, then would it perhaps be easier for them, Sarah,

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Speaker 1: if Hawaii were part of the United States, Yes, it

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Speaker 1: certainly would. You wouldn't have tariffs if you, too were

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Speaker 1: part of the United States. So these sugar growers are

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Speaker 1: starting to think, let's get Hawaii annexed in The Queen

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Speaker 1: is ready to introduce her new constitution, and fearing trouble,

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Speaker 1: her advisors have her hold back a few days. But

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Speaker 1: trouble is brewing. Yeah, the businessmen aren't pleased that Lilaclannie

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Speaker 1: is unwilling to be cowed, and they're making plans to

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Speaker 1: form the Committee on Annexation and overthrow her. And the

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Speaker 1: perfect opportunity for this comes January when four boats of U.

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Speaker 1: S Marines with guns disembark in Hollolulu. So that you

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Speaker 1: have all of these troops now who might support this

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Speaker 1: American lead uprising. So a hundred and sixty two troops

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Speaker 1: marched through Honolulu streets toward the palace, and the queen

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Speaker 1: watches from her balcony. The next day, she surrenders at

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Speaker 1: gunpoint and seeds control to the island's wealthy white sugar

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Speaker 1: growers who are going to form this temporary government. So

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Speaker 1: we have a bloodless coup and Sanford Dole, as in

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Speaker 1: Dold Pineapples, establishes a temporary government and petitions the US

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Speaker 1: to annex Hawaii with the Committee on Annexation. He claims

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Speaker 1: the government is corrupt and that they're trying to advance democracy,

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Speaker 1: and he's supported by the U. S. Minister to Hawaii,

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Speaker 1: John Stevens. Next, Stevens recognizes the new government and proclaims

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Speaker 1: Hawaii a US protectorate, all without the permission of the U. S.

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Speaker 1: State Department. Crazy, I still can't go to over that part.

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Speaker 1: But Benjamin Harrison, whose president, is game with all this,

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Speaker 1: even though it is defying any kind of structure or order,

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Speaker 1: and he signs the Treaty of Annexation and sends it

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Speaker 1: to the Senate. But wait, but we have had an

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Speaker 1: election by this point, and before the Senate can ratify

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Speaker 1: the treaty, we get a new president, Grover Cleveland, who

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Speaker 1: withdraws the treaty for the purpose of reexamination. So Cleveland

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Speaker 1: appoints James Blount to investigate what actually happened, and Blunt

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Speaker 1: finds that Stevens had acted improperly obviously, and there's no

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Speaker 1: reason that American flag should be flying over Hawaiian government buildings,

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Speaker 1: and also decides we need to restore the queen. What

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Speaker 1: happened was wrong. So Sandford Dole, however, is not willing

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Speaker 1: to let go, and he says, no, I'm not going

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Speaker 1: to give power back to the queen, and he argues

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Speaker 1: that the US has no right to interfere with what's

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Speaker 1: going on in Hawaii, so he's extremely defiant. The new

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Speaker 1: American Minister under President Cleveland, Albert S. Willis, offers the

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Speaker 1: crown back to the queen on the condition that she

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Speaker 1: pardoned those who dethroned her. She says no and then

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Speaker 1: changes her mind, but the delay compromises her position and

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Speaker 1: Cleveland releases the entire issue to Congress for debate. So

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Speaker 1: annexationists lobby Congress against the restoration of the monarchy. They

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Speaker 1: ultimately vote to censure Stevens for his disobedience, but they're

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Speaker 1: still pretty open to the idea of annexation, and the

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Speaker 1: United States won't move to help the queen in any way.

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Speaker 1: So on July fourth, the provisional government proclaims Hawaii is

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Speaker 1: a republic and Sanford Dole declares himself president without a vote,

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Speaker 1: and we've got some nerves that he really does and

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Speaker 1: pineapples and the new Republic of Hawaii is immediately recognized

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Speaker 1: by the US. So we go from this limbo limbo

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Speaker 1: state where their hope ing that they'll become part of

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Speaker 1: the United States, to actually being a republic their their

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Speaker 1: own country. But it's a country ruled by businessmen. The

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Speaker 1: queen has not lost hope. She still has faith that

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Speaker 1: Cleveland will restore her to the throne, and she retains

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Speaker 1: her title but no power. Eventually, her supporters try to

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Speaker 1: rise up for her, but when some are found on

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Speaker 1: the beach with a shipment of guns, her house is

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Speaker 1: searched and more weapons are found in her garden. She's

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Speaker 1: held captive in the palace for months and eventually gives

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Speaker 1: up her title on January with the promise that her

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Speaker 1: arrested supporters wouldn't be killed. Most are anyway, and native

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Speaker 1: Hawaiians are very very much against the takeover. Don't think otherwise.

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Speaker 1: I ran into some accounts about I don't even think

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Speaker 1: I learned about this really in US history, but I

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Speaker 1: ran into some accounts saying that it's glossed over oftentimes

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Speaker 1: and that it's taught like Hawaiians really wanted to become

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Speaker 1: part of that was not the case. Um, So they're

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Speaker 1: staging rallies and forming men's and women's groups against annexation.

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Speaker 1: Their princess and the heir to the throne, actually goes

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Speaker 1: to New York and d C. She's fresh from nine

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Speaker 1: years of boarding school in England, so she's very charming

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Speaker 1: and eloquent, and she wins a lot of hearts and mind.

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Speaker 1: She speaks to the newspaper men and gives them the

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Speaker 1: idea of that. Uh, the Hawaiians are nothing like what

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Speaker 1: they've been led to believe. She even meets with the president,

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Speaker 1: but it's not enough to really make things happen. The

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Speaker 1: Republican Party platform in the election of eight is very

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Speaker 1: pro annexation, so when their candidate McKinley is inaugurated in March,

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Speaker 1: it's really no surprise that he restarts the process. He

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Speaker 1: and three representatives from the Republic of Hawaii sign a

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Speaker 1: treaty of annexation and submit it to the Senate. So

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Speaker 1: the men's and women's groups in Hawaii swing into action.

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Speaker 1: They order a mass petition and between September and October

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Speaker 1: collect two D sixty nine signatures, and that's of thirty

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Speaker 1: nine thousand Native Hawaiians. And they also sent four delegates

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Speaker 1: to d C with the petition, and the Queen is

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Speaker 1: already there lobbying and preparing a strategy. And the delegation

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Speaker 1: meets with the chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign

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Speaker 1: Relations on December nine, and the Senator reads the text

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Speaker 1: of the petition to the Senate. It's formally accepted, so

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Speaker 1: roots work really good work here. And the next day

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Speaker 1: the delegates meet with the Secretary of State and formally

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Speaker 1: protest annexation. And from there they go crazy lobbying all

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Speaker 1: sorts of senators trying to oppose this as furiously as

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Speaker 1: they can. And by the time they leave on Februar,

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Speaker 1: only forty six Senators are willing to vote for annexing Hawaii.

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Speaker 1: So they've really made a huge difference because that is

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Speaker 1: not enough for a two thirds majority. So the treaty

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Speaker 1: is defeated. But February, the USS Main blows up in

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Speaker 1: the Havannah Harbor, the Spanish American War starts, some of

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Speaker 1: which takes place in the Philippines, and now we need

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Speaker 1: a mid Pacific feeling station and naval base so pro

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Speaker 1: annexation groups decide to resubmit the proposal, playing up the

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Speaker 1: fears of war and the possibility that the Japanese will

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Speaker 1: do it first. This time, it's a joint resolution, which

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Speaker 1: requires a simple majority instead of that two thirds majority,

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Speaker 1: and the New Lands Resolution passes and is signed into

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Speaker 1: law by McKinley in Hawaii is now part of the

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Speaker 1: United States, and Cleveland actually later wrote of this, I

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Speaker 1: am ashamed of the whole affair. So this was not

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Speaker 1: something that everyone in the United States was still librating.

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Speaker 1: And back in Hawaii, obviously everyone who supported the royal

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Speaker 1: family is in deep mourning. Um The queen and her

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Speaker 1: air focus on trying to secure voting rights for the

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Speaker 1: people now that they are part of the United States,

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Speaker 1: and the queen also writes songs for the rest of

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Speaker 1: her life, something that she did before as well. But

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Speaker 1: she was really good at blending Native Hawaiian and Western

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Speaker 1: styles together, and her most famous song is a Low Hallway.

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Speaker 1: And she's also responsible for writing one of Hawaii's national anthems.

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Speaker 1: So the queen lived a long time. We bid goodbye

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Speaker 1: to her in November eleventh, nineteen seventeen, at the age

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Speaker 1: of seventy nine, but she didn't live long enough to

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Speaker 1: see statehood for Hawaii, which didn't come until nineteen fifty nine,

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Speaker 1: and that, of course gave people living in Hawaii full

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Speaker 1: rights as American citizens. And we have one more little

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Speaker 1: note on this. In the nineteen eighties, a sovereignty movement

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Speaker 1: started in Hawaii, and some people wanted a restoration of

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Speaker 1: the mo on our Key, others wanted some sort of reparations.

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Speaker 1: Some people wanted Hawaii to become its own nation, and

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Speaker 1: others wanted Hawaii to have the native people at least

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Speaker 1: received the same sort of federal recognition that Native Americans received.

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Speaker 1: Queen Lilia Wocolani's story obviously inspired this movement, but it

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Speaker 1: also one our respect and admiration, and that is the

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Speaker 1: story of the last Queen of Hawaii. Thank you so

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Speaker 1: much for joining us on this Saturday. If you have

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Speaker 1: heard an email address or a Facebook you are l

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Speaker 1: or something similar over the course of today's episode, since

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Speaker 1: it is from the archive that might be out of

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Speaker 1: date now, you can email us at History Podcast at

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Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com, and you can find us

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Speaker 1: all over social media at missed in History, and you

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Speaker 1: to podcasts. Dondee miss in History Class is a production

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Speaker 1: H