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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday everyone. On the show. Recently we talked about

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Speaker 1: King Phillip's War and how it had ongoing ramifications within

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Speaker 1: New England, and that includes places that we did not

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Speaker 1: discuss at all in the King Phillips War episode, and

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Speaker 1: that includes New Hampshire. Today, we are going to go

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Speaker 1: back to our April episode on the Sham Battle in

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Speaker 1: the Cohico Massacre, which happened a few years later think

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Speaker 1: King Phillips War and involved refugees from that war. So

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Speaker 1: here we go. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I am Tracy B. Wilson

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Speaker 1: and I'm Holly fry So. Last fall I took a

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Speaker 1: trip to Dover, New Hampshire, and this was mostly just

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Speaker 1: to be a little personal adventure that sounded like something

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Speaker 1: fun to do and a chance to look at some

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Speaker 1: really amazing autumn leaves. But one of the things that

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Speaker 1: led me need to pick Dover specifically for my adventure

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Speaker 1: was the Woodman Institute Museum. So this museum opened in

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixteen and it's mostly dedicated to local and natural history,

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Speaker 1: although it has other exhibits as well. One of the

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Speaker 1: town's original garrisons is there. That building was built in

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Speaker 1: sixteen seventy five and then moved to the Woodman Institute

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Speaker 1: property later after it was donated to the museum. It's

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Speaker 1: actually pretty cool because there is an entire structure built

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Speaker 1: around the garrison to protect it from the elements because

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Speaker 1: it's so old. There's a lot of really fascinating stuff

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Speaker 1: in the Woodman Institute Museum. Natural history and taxon Army

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Speaker 1: displays are really arranged and curated a lot like they

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Speaker 1: were when the museum originally opened. But one of the

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Speaker 1: things that really caught my eye was inside the garrison,

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Speaker 1: which is full of colonial era artifacts, and on the

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Speaker 1: wall was a map that traced the progression of a

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Speaker 1: conflict between British colonists and the Native Americans from the area.

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Speaker 1: And the docent told me the basic story of what

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Speaker 1: had happened, and the part that made me think, this

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Speaker 1: needs to be an episode hinged on a sham battle.

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Speaker 1: So today sham basically means trick or hoax um, but

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Speaker 1: at the time, and maybe also regionally, i'm not quite sure,

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Speaker 1: the term sham battle was used to describe a lot

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Speaker 1: of different mock battles, so re enactments were sham battles

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Speaker 1: or UH battles that were done as part of a

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Speaker 1: ritual where sham battles, so it wasn't necessarily meant to

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Speaker 1: be deceptive in this case, however, it was from a

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Speaker 1: couple of different angles, So that is what we were

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Speaker 1: going to talk about today. UH. This sham led to

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Speaker 1: what came to be known as the Cohico Massacre or

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Speaker 1: the Raid on Dover. The Raid on Dover took place

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Speaker 1: during one of the many times in history which Britain

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Speaker 1: has been at war with France. In this case, wars

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Speaker 1: were happening both in North America and in Europe concurrently,

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Speaker 1: with each of the wars having a different name depending

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Speaker 1: on exactly when it happened and which side the historian

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Speaker 1: was on. Specifically, these were the French and Indian Wars,

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Speaker 1: which in North America were between Britain and its Native

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Speaker 1: American allies on one side, and France and its Native

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Speaker 1: American allies on the other. So each of the French

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Speaker 1: and Indian Wars ran alongside a related conflict that was

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Speaker 1: happening in Europe, and we could easily spend an entire

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Speaker 1: episode outlining all of the various nuances of who is it, were,

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Speaker 1: with whom and why If you look at UH timelines

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Speaker 1: of all of this, different historians group them together differently

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Speaker 1: and define them differently, and different nations give them different names.

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Speaker 1: So for the sake of simplicity, France and England were

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Speaker 1: at war with one another off and on for almost

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Speaker 1: a hundred years, with part of the conflict focused on

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Speaker 1: their territories in North America and who should control those territories.

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Speaker 1: So it was part of like the greater history of

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Speaker 1: Britain being at war with France UH, and this part

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Speaker 1: had a specifically American component to it, and as far

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Speaker 1: as where the theater of the war was happening, and

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Speaker 1: today's subject kind of took place in a time that

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Speaker 1: it overlapped a bit with King William's War, which ran

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Speaker 1: from six nine to sixteen ninety seven. It was the

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Speaker 1: first of the French and Indian Wars, and in the

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Speaker 1: European theater, it was the War of the Grand Alliance

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Speaker 1: or the War of the League of Augsburg, along with

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Speaker 1: other names that it's sometimes called King Williams War was

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Speaker 1: named after King William the Third, also known as William

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Speaker 1: of Orange, who ruled Britain and other places at the time.

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Speaker 1: I know this may sound like a soup of many

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Speaker 1: different wars, and one of the things I am holly

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Speaker 1: as I was working on this was I find uh

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Speaker 1: the progression of all of these battles on each side

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Speaker 1: of the Atlantic Ocean to be very confusing. It is

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Speaker 1: because there is battle soup. It really becomes that way

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Speaker 1: when you try to sort it all out. Yeah, So,

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Speaker 1: during King William's War, battles ranged all over what's now

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Speaker 1: Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York. The colonies

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Speaker 1: of New Hampshire and New York already existed this at

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Speaker 1: this point, but Maine was founded much later, and at

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Speaker 1: the time Nova Scotia was Acadia and us. We have

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Speaker 1: heard your many requests for an episode on the expulsion

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Speaker 1: of the Acadians. We will do that at some point.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure when, but lots of people ask for that.

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Speaker 1: The French also tried and failed to conquer Boston during

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Speaker 1: King William's War. But before we get into this particular

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Speaker 1: event in King William's War, we're gonna have to talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit about where it happened. And before we

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Speaker 1: jump into that. Uh, it's a little early, but let's

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Speaker 1: go ahead and do a sponsor break now so that

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Speaker 1: we can keep some continuity later. So to get back

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Speaker 1: to the setting of where this event happened, Dover, New

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Speaker 1: Hampshire was founded in sixteen twenty three on the Cohico River.

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Speaker 1: The colonists and Dover overall maintained generally good relationships with

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Speaker 1: the Native American tribes in the area, which were primarily

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Speaker 1: the Pennacook, and as was common with many tribes in

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Speaker 1: the area, the Pennacook tended to move from place to

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Speaker 1: place seasonally, depending on where food was most available. And

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Speaker 1: although they hunted, gathered, and fished, they did also cultivate corn,

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Speaker 1: and they taught these skills to the colonists in and

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Speaker 1: around Dover, while trading with the colonists for tools and supplies.

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Speaker 1: There were, of course, sometimes disputes, and to be quite clear,

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Speaker 1: nearly half of the Pennacook had died of disease after

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Speaker 1: the arrival of Europeans and the Americans. But in general,

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Speaker 1: at this point in history, the Pennacook tried to maintain

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Speaker 1: positive diplomatic relations with their neighbors from Europe while also

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Speaker 1: defending themselves from the Mohawk, which had been their enemies

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Speaker 1: for quite a long time. Pennacook Chief pass Conaway formed

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Speaker 1: a confederation among other neighboring tribes to this end of

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Speaker 1: having positive relations with the colonists from Europe as well

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Speaker 1: as defending themselves from the Mohawk. His son want A Lancet,

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Speaker 1: also maintained this confederation and the ties to the colony

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Speaker 1: at Dover after he uh succeeded his father as becoming

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Speaker 1: the chief. The first industry and Dover came via a

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Speaker 1: sawmill which was founded by Richard Waldron in sixteen forty two,

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Speaker 1: and depending on what records you're looking at, you're going

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Speaker 1: to see different spellings. Sometimes it comes up as waldern

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Speaker 1: d e r n E or Waldron uh d r

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Speaker 1: y n E in the various records. But by sixteen

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Speaker 1: sixty four more than forty families had settled near the sawmill.

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Speaker 1: Today that's actually downtown Dover, but at this point people

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Speaker 1: called it Cohico after the sawmill. Waldron himself was put

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Speaker 1: in command of the militia and given the rank of major.

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Speaker 1: The colonists in the Dover area also constructed garrisons that

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Speaker 1: could be used for both defense of the town and

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Speaker 1: to shelter people in case there was an attack. So

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Speaker 1: families would gather up their food and their betting, and

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Speaker 1: they would go to the garrison, which could be defended

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Speaker 1: thanks to being constructed out of immensely thick logs. I

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Speaker 1: mean they are enormous. Having stood in one of these things,

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Speaker 1: they are almost in comprehensibly huge logs, and there would

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Speaker 1: be little slits in them for firearms to be able

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Speaker 1: to shoot through. And the protection of the garrison was

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Speaker 1: not just for the European colonists. Native peoples in the

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Speaker 1: area also frequently asked for and were granted shelter in

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Speaker 1: the garrisons for the night. The population in this area

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Speaker 1: really increased significantly in sixteen seventy six when Native Americans

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Speaker 1: from Massachusetts fled to Dover and other settlements in the

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Speaker 1: wake of King Philip's War. So, in spite of the

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Speaker 1: similarity in the name to King William's War came, King

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Speaker 1: Philip's War was not one of the French and Indian Wars,

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Speaker 1: and the early sixteen hundreds colonists and what's now Massachusetts

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Speaker 1: had gradually become independent from needing Native American help for

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Speaker 1: their own survival, and as the colonists began moving farther

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Speaker 1: and farther into territory that Native people's were already living on,

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Speaker 1: the tribes started to resist to this encroachment. Relationships between

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Speaker 1: the Native peoples and the colonists in the areas Pretty

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Speaker 1: Clee soured. Medicom, also known as King Philip, had become

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Speaker 1: the leader of the Wampanoaggs after the death of his father,

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Speaker 1: and in sixteen seventy five, Medicom led most of the

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Speaker 1: Native American tribes in the area in an uprising against

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Speaker 1: the British. It went on for more than a year.

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Speaker 1: The Native peoples were generally holding their own in these battles,

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Speaker 1: or even winning, until the spring of sixteen seventy six,

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Speaker 1: when they faced starvation due to the destruction of their crops.

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Speaker 1: The uprising also lost its leader when medicalm was beheaded.

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Speaker 1: King Philip's war ended not long after. This was an

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Speaker 1: extremely bloody, extremely destructive war, especially considering the population of

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Speaker 1: the area at the time. It wound up killing almost

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Speaker 1: three thousand of the Native people and six hundred Europeans,

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Speaker 1: and it destroyed settlements all over the New England Frontier.

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Speaker 1: The area around Dover had been less affected, largely because

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Speaker 1: the Pennacook had retreated to more remote areas to try

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Speaker 1: to avoid the fighting. And in the wake of y

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Speaker 1: Phillip's War, Native American refugees fled both north and west.

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Speaker 1: About four hundred wound up at the Cohico settlement at Dover.

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Speaker 1: So that's where we get to the sham battle that

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Speaker 1: led me to want to do this episode. It's sixteen

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Speaker 1: seventy six, so King William's War has not started yet.

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Speaker 1: That's gonna play a part in the next chapter of

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Speaker 1: this Uh. The area around Dover, New Hampshire at this

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Speaker 1: point is home to us a sawmill, some garrisons, fewer

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Speaker 1: than fifty families of colonists from Europe, its own local

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Speaker 1: Native American population, and also about four hundred Native American

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Speaker 1: refugees who had fled the terror and destruction of King

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Speaker 1: Philip's War. And we will go on to talk about

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Speaker 1: how this turned into a problem after another reef word

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Speaker 1: from a sponsor. So, because the Native American refugees in

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Speaker 1: Dover had fled from around Boston, Boston actually sent two

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Speaker 1: companies of soldiers to capture them and bring them back

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Speaker 1: by force. Now, Major Waldron thought it might be possible

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Speaker 1: to make this problem go away without bloodshed. He did

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Speaker 1: think that the Boston area Native Americans should be returned

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Speaker 1: back to Boston, but he didn't want the Native peoples

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Speaker 1: from around Dover to be harmed. I mean, after all,

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Speaker 1: especially from the colonists point of view, relationships with the

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Speaker 1: Pannica had been pretty good. They didn't really want to

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Speaker 1: mess that up. There was a productive trade relationship going on,

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Speaker 1: there was cooperation between the people's and my overall a

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Speaker 1: lot of fighting at that point. So he proposed that

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Speaker 1: they have a sham battle. He would arm the Native

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Speaker 1: Americans with muskets and they would have a mock fight

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Speaker 1: against the Dover militia to make a good show for

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Speaker 1: the Boston troops. The Boston troops would see this battle,

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Speaker 1: be satisfied that things were being taken care of, and

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Speaker 1: go back home. Waldron reportedly armed them, although with only

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Speaker 1: enough for the armed men to fire one single shot

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Speaker 1: and not reload. So the part about putting on a

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Speaker 1: good show for the Boston troops and making them go

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Speaker 1: away seems to have been how he sold the refugees

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Speaker 1: on this whole plant. But here's what he did not

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Speaker 1: tell them. He had actually arranged for the Dover area

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Speaker 1: militia to be present. And what's the Native fighters had

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Speaker 1: all fired their one shot from their muskets, surround them

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Speaker 1: and weed out the ones who were from Dover from

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Speaker 1: the ones who were from Boston, and then send the

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Speaker 1: Boston group back with the Massachusetts soldiers. The Massachusetts soldiers

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Speaker 1: took more than two hundred Native Americans back to Boston,

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Speaker 1: where some of them were executed and others were sold

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Speaker 1: into slavery. So this whole sham battle had done what

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Speaker 1: it was supposed to do. From Waldern's point of view.

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Speaker 1: It had gotten the Boston area Native population back to Boston,

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Speaker 1: and it had left the Dover Native population unharmed. However, unsurprisingly,

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Speaker 1: this was not good for the relationship between the Dover

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Speaker 1: colonists and the Native Americans from the area. There's productive

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Speaker 1: trading relationships and diplomatic ties quickly started to crumble. Things

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Speaker 1: remained tense for more than a decade, during which Dover

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Speaker 1: added to its collection of garrisons, and the newer garrisons

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Speaker 1: had a second floor that was larger than the first floor,

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Speaker 1: which created an overhang that could be used to pour

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Speaker 1: hot oil on people who were trying to set the

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Speaker 1: structure on fire or break their way into it. Each

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Speaker 1: neighborhood had its own garrison and five houses. Those that

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Speaker 1: were at the highest vantage points around Dover were converted

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Speaker 1: into garrisons at public expense and surrounded by a palisade.

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Speaker 1: Some accounts actually say there were a total of six

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Speaker 1: heavily fortified garrisons, so there's a little bit of lack

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Speaker 1: of clarity around those specifics. So Major Wildren, possibly in

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Speaker 1: an effort to try to keep things under control, also

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Speaker 1: started putting a number of restrictions on the native people

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Speaker 1: around Dover. He started restricting their like their rights to

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Speaker 1: travel in the woods, and he started quote trading with

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Speaker 1: them for land. But these trades always happened under Durest

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Speaker 1: and they always worked strongly in the colonists favor, So

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Speaker 1: things were going south pretty quickly. Eventually, Chief one A

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Speaker 1: Lancet died and he was succeeded by conk Omegus. While

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Speaker 1: one A Lancet had followed his father's example in maintaining

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Speaker 1: cooperative relationships with the Dover colonists, Concamegus had no intention

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Speaker 1: of doing any such thing. While his father and his

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Speaker 1: grandfather had tried to maintain these diplomatic ties with colonists,

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Speaker 1: he had seen one injustice after another following in the

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Speaker 1: wake of the Sham Battle. Also running concurrently with all

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Speaker 1: of this escalation was, as we mentioned at the top

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Speaker 1: of the podcast, King William's War. So things are becoming

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Speaker 1: increasingly tense all over the area. Small scale attacks against

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Speaker 1: colonial homes and settlements were happening all over New England,

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Speaker 1: and it was clear to the colonists at Dover that

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Speaker 1: more serious hostility was eminent. People started to taking refuge

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Speaker 1: in the garrisons every single night. Governor Edward Cranfield decided

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Speaker 1: to enlist the aid of the Mohawk, who remember had

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Speaker 1: long been enemies of the Pennacook, for support. So cock

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Speaker 1: Omegus at first moved as many of his people as

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Speaker 1: he could into a more remote area to try to

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Speaker 1: keep them safe, and he sent a series of letters

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Speaker 1: to Governor Cranfield to try to reach some kind of agreement.

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Speaker 1: The Governor apparently didn't enter into serious negotiations with Conchamegus

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Speaker 1: at any point, so Concamegus eventually started planning a more

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Speaker 1: coordinated attack against the colonists and Dover. Although Major Waldron

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Speaker 1: insisted that everyone's fears were overblown, some of the Pennacook

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Speaker 1: who were loyal to the colonists tried to warn them

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Speaker 1: that there was an incoming attack. Word made it to

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Speaker 1: the governor, who wrote to Waldron warning him of a

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Speaker 1: large gathering of Native Americans in the area who seemed

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Speaker 1: to have hostile intentions. He sent this letter on the

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Speaker 1: twenty seven of June nine. Unfortunately, that same night, before

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Speaker 1: the letter reached its destination, two or three Native American

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Speaker 1: women asked for shelter at the garrisons around Dover and

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Speaker 1: were allowed in it all but one of them. While

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Speaker 1: everyone was asleep, these women unbarred the doors and opened

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Speaker 1: the gates so that the UH warriors who were waiting

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Speaker 1: outside could come in. At Major Waldron's garrison, the Major

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Speaker 1: himself was tied to a chair and slashed with his

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Speaker 1: own sword, with his attacker reportedly saying quote, I cross

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Speaker 1: out my account. He was dismembered and killed, and his

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Speaker 1: family was killed or taken captive before his house was

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Speaker 1: burned down. Similar scenes played out at Dover's other garrisons,

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Speaker 1: as the colonists within were killed and captured before the

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Speaker 1: garrison itself was set on fire. Some of the garrisons

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Speaker 1: were ultimately left standing, but their contents were looted and

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Speaker 1: their inhabitants killed or captured before the raiders moved on.

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Speaker 1: The only garrison that was left untouched was one where

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Speaker 1: a bar working dog had alerted the family who were there.

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Speaker 1: Most of them were actually away Uh, and someone who

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Speaker 1: was there had woken up, closed the gate and mounted

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Speaker 1: a defense. Twenty three people were killed in twenty nine

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Speaker 1: were taken captive, and this was about a quarter of

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Speaker 1: Dover's population. Some of the captives were reportedly also sold

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Speaker 1: into slavery. As had happened after the Sham battle, Conca

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Speaker 1: Vegas and the Pennacook retreated quickly before the militia could

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Speaker 1: be raised or before any kind of real resistance could

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Speaker 1: be mounted and Uh. Coca Vegas eventually relocated the Pennacook

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Speaker 1: and then joined his people with the Abenaki people, which

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Speaker 1: was a closely related tribe that was native to the area.

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Speaker 1: Many of Concho Vegas family was killed or captured in

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Speaker 1: a raid later on by Captain Benjamin Church that took

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Speaker 1: place in sixteen nine. He and the Pennacook continued to

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Speaker 1: attack other settlements in the area after the raid on Cahico,

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Speaker 1: and this stopped only when he learned that the British

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Speaker 1: were holding his his surviving family members hostage. Because such

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Speaker 1: a large proportion of the population of Dover had been lost,

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Speaker 1: it took quite a while for the town to recover.

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Speaker 1: It continued to be the target of similar attacks and raids,

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Speaker 1: but there was never anything on the scale of this massacre.

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Speaker 1: When you look into information about the Pennacook and the

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Speaker 1: Abenaki today, a lot of times they're written about as

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Speaker 1: one tribe or as like different parts of the same

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Speaker 1: tribe or the same people. So Um, there are still

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Speaker 1: members of those tribes who are alive today. They're not

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Speaker 1: a group that has disappeared. So that is what I

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Speaker 1: learned when I delved more deeply into something that I

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Speaker 1: had heard the very brief um Museum docent version of

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Speaker 1: while on a weekend trip. Museums are very inspiring places.

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Speaker 1: They are I tend even when I am deliberately like, Okay,

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Speaker 1: I am on vacation and I am not going to

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Speaker 1: think about the podcast, because we like to work on

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Speaker 1: the podcast, but it is still our jobs. It is work,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes we need to break from work. Um So,

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Speaker 1: even when I am conscientiously like I'm at this museum

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Speaker 1: for myself and my own edification, I still wind up

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Speaker 1: writing down things the new episodes about later on me

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Speaker 1: to thank you so much for joining us today for

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Speaker 1: this Saturday classic. If you have heard any kind of

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Speaker 1: email address or maybe a Facebook you are l during

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Speaker 1: the course of the episode, that might be obsolete. It

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Speaker 1: might be doubly obsolete because we have changed our email

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Speaker 1: address again. You can now reach us at History podcast

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Speaker 1: at i heart radio dot com, and we're all over

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Speaker 1: social media at missed in History, and you can subscribe

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Speaker 1: to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I

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Speaker 1: heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class is a production of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for

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Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite show. I was