1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,280 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all. We're rerunning two episodes today, which means you 2 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: might hear two hosts. Enjoy the show. Welcome to this 3 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:10,200 Speaker 1: Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com 4 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:12,680 Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. 5 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day 6 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:17,160 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 7 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:24,400 Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 8 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:29,400 Speaker 1: Tracy B. Wilson, and it's November nineteen. Indira Gandhi was 9 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:32,480 Speaker 1: born on the day in nineteen seventeen. She is, as 10 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:35,159 Speaker 1: of this recording, the only woman to be Prime Minister 11 00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: of India. Her father, Jahlal Nuru, was India's first Prime minister, 12 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: serving from seven to nineteen sixty four. She got a 13 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,240 Speaker 1: very prestigious education and as a young woman, was part 14 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 1: of India's struggle for independence from Britain. So was her father, 15 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: so were many other people in their family. She joined 16 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:59,319 Speaker 1: the Congress Party in eight and then she married her 17 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:04,480 Speaker 1: husband for Ro's Gandhi on March two. He was also 18 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:07,080 Speaker 1: a member of the Congress Party. They would go on 19 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:11,240 Speaker 1: to have two children. Indira Gandhi held a lot of 20 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:14,480 Speaker 1: political offices in India, and then when her father became 21 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:18,280 Speaker 1: the Prime Minister, she acted as his hostess. This was 22 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:20,960 Speaker 1: a role that often would be filled by the prime 23 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: minister's spouse, but Indira Gandhi's mother died of tuberculosis in 24 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty six, so she became the person who acted 25 00:01:28,120 --> 00:01:31,839 Speaker 1: as his host and was often his companion when he traveled. Also, 26 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: after her father became Prime Minister, she became part of 27 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: the Congress Party's Working Committee. In nineteen sixty four, her 28 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:43,960 Speaker 1: father's successor named her the Minister of Information and Broadcasting 29 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:46,680 Speaker 1: and then he died in office in nineteen sixty six. 30 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: That's when Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress Party, 31 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: which also made her the Prime Minister. She had been 32 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: placed in this position through a compromise between different factions 33 00:01:57,840 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: within the Congress Party, but at the same time, her 34 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:05,240 Speaker 1: leadership was immediately and frequently challenged. She served three consecutive terms, 35 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: though holding other roles during that time, which included being 36 00:02:08,880 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 1: the Minister of Atomic Energy and leading the Ministry of 37 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,120 Speaker 1: External Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs at various points. 38 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: Her first terms in office were really contentious and marked 39 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:22,800 Speaker 1: with a lot of infighting within her political party, including 40 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: a spinoff into an entirely new party known as the 41 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,359 Speaker 1: New Congress Party, and this time was also marked with 42 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: a lot of strife on the Indian subcontinent. But at 43 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,920 Speaker 1: the same time, Gandhi's early tenure as Prime minister also 44 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: had its share of successes, including a program that made 45 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: the country more self sufficient in terms of its food production. 46 00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 1: There were also a lot of very popular social welfare 47 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: programs that were ruled out in ninety one. Gandhi also 48 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:53,359 Speaker 1: supported East Pakistan in its effort to separate from West Pakistan, 49 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: becoming the independent nation of Bangladesh. This included taking in 50 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 1: Pakistani refugees, as well as supplying groups and arms, and 51 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:07,040 Speaker 1: eventually invading Pakistan. After the nineteen seventy one election, though 52 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,240 Speaker 1: she was charged with breaking election law, and after a 53 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: court ruled against her, she was supposed to resign her 54 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:15,400 Speaker 1: post and then not run for office again for a 55 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:20,080 Speaker 1: period of six years. Instead, though she declared a state 56 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: of emergency and imprisoned her political opponents as well as 57 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:28,919 Speaker 1: political dissidents. She implemented a number of widely unpopular measures, 58 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:32,440 Speaker 1: including a mass sterilization program that was an attempt at 59 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 1: population control. This period is called the emergency, and it's 60 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 1: also nicknamed the Reign of Terror. There was heavy resistance 61 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: to all of this, but the state of Emergency went 62 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: on for twenty one months when a new election was 63 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:51,560 Speaker 1: finally held in nineteen seventy seven, at which point she 64 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: was pretty confident that the new Congress Party would win again. 65 00:03:55,280 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 1: The party was instead massively defeated. Gandhi once and formed 66 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: another political party, this time called congress Ie with the 67 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:07,440 Speaker 1: Eye for Indira in parentheses, and this party started gaining 68 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: power in Parliament before winning a wide majority in nineteen eighty, 69 00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: which put Gandhi back into the role of Prime minister. 70 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:17,839 Speaker 1: Her son, Sanjay, who she had been grooming as her successor, 71 00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:20,280 Speaker 1: had a seat in Parliament as well and was one 72 00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:22,960 Speaker 1: of her advisors, but he died in a plane crash 73 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,599 Speaker 1: that June. This term as prime minister was once again 74 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:29,960 Speaker 1: really tumultuous. There were some Indian states that were looking 75 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: for autonomy, and there was also an increasing separatist movement 76 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:38,159 Speaker 1: among Sikhs who wanted a Sikh state to be established. 77 00:04:38,839 --> 00:04:41,839 Speaker 1: In nineteen eighty two, Gandhi ordered the Indian army to 78 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:45,840 Speaker 1: attack a large number of Sikh separatists who had occupied 79 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: a temple complex that was one of the most important 80 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: religious sites in sikhis Um. Hundreds of Sikhs were killed 81 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:56,920 Speaker 1: in this attack, and then two years later, on October thirty, 82 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,560 Speaker 1: one of Gandhi was assassinated by to Seek bodyguards and 83 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: retaliation for what had happened in Her surviving son succeeded her, 84 00:05:07,839 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 1: but in the aftermath of this assassination, there was widespread 85 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: anti Seek rioting in which thousands were killed over the 86 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: span of four days. Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis for his 87 00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: research on today's episode into Casey Pegram and chandeler Maze 88 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: for their audio work on the show. You can subscribe 89 00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:27,920 Speaker 1: to the Stay in History Class on Apple podcast, Google 90 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: podcast and wherever real to get your podcast, and you 91 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:42,839 Speaker 1: can tune in tomorrow for an infamous wailing ship. Hi again, everyone, 92 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:46,120 Speaker 1: I'm Eaves and you're listening to this Day in History 93 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:49,359 Speaker 1: class where instead of going back to the future, we 94 00:05:49,480 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 1: go back to the past. The day was November nine, 95 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine. Brazilian soccer player Pele scored his thousandth 96 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:08,359 Speaker 1: goal in a game against Bosco da Gama at the 97 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro. Pale was his nickname. 98 00:06:13,480 --> 00:06:15,560 Speaker 1: He was born at Saint add On to don ciment 99 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 1: and he grew up poor in the south of Brazil. 100 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,000 Speaker 1: By the time he was fifteen years old, he was 101 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:25,080 Speaker 1: a professional athlete with the Santos Football Club. The Santos 102 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: Football Club was successful with Pele on the team. In 103 00:06:28,839 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty eight, not long after he signed professionally, he 104 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: was called up to the Brazil national team. That year, 105 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:38,680 Speaker 1: Brazil won its first World Cup title, with Pele as 106 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 1: the star of the tournament. Brazil went on to win 107 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,920 Speaker 1: the World Cup in nineteen sixty two and nineteen seventy 108 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: with Pele on the team. L A has been considered 109 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:51,240 Speaker 1: the only player to have won three World Cups. Though 110 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: he was injured for most of the nineteen sixty two 111 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: tournament and sat out, the Brazilian government even declared him 112 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:01,600 Speaker 1: a national treasure to keep him in Brazil. His scoring 113 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: success had even led to opponents trying to throw him 114 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 1: off or incapacitate him during matches, but he still scored 115 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:12,160 Speaker 1: an average of seventy seven goals per year. By nineteen 116 00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:15,200 Speaker 1: sixty nine, he was getting close to a significant milestone 117 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: his thousandth goal. There were a few other soccer players 118 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 1: who had scored a thousand goals before him, Franz Bender, 119 00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 1: Joseph Beatsan and Our Tour Freed and Re Reich. Fans 120 00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: had been counting down since the previous month. He got 121 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: to nine and ninety three goals in in October fifteenth 122 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: match against Portugeza, then scored his next six goals against 123 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: corri Ciba, Flamenco Santa Cruz in botha Phogo of Paraiba State. 124 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:46,360 Speaker 1: People were expecting him to score his thousandth goal in 125 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,680 Speaker 1: the Pardaiba game after he scored his nine and ninety 126 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 1: nine with the penalty kick, but Pele ended up having 127 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:56,559 Speaker 1: to take over as goalie for his sick teammate. People 128 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: around the world were following his journey to his thousandth goal. 129 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: A crowd of around eighty thousand people gathered for Santos 130 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: this November nineteenth match against Boscoe Dugama, a Real Day 131 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,320 Speaker 1: j Niro based team. Pell was twenty nine years old. 132 00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: It was his nine and ninth first class match. His 133 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:17,840 Speaker 1: opponents told him that he would not score against them 134 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: that day, but he did. He scored his thousandth goal 135 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 1: on a penalty kick. Balloons were released in celebration. Fans 136 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 1: ran out onto the field and Pele was given a 137 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: shirt with the number one thousand on the back. Pell 138 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: was substituted in Santos went on to win the game 139 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:38,200 Speaker 1: two to one. He had reached a mile simo or 140 00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: the thousand. Throughout his career, he scored an average of 141 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 1: a goal per game and net it nearly hundred goals. 142 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:49,520 Speaker 1: This number is debatable for some people who dispute the 143 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 1: inclusion of his goals in friendlies and tour games. Pele 144 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,320 Speaker 1: retired from professional soccer permanently in nineteen seventy seven and 145 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,720 Speaker 1: became a sports commentator. I'm Eve jeffco and hopefully you 146 00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 147 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:08,679 Speaker 1: Looking up for our content a little more sophisticated than 148 00:09:08,760 --> 00:09:11,760 Speaker 1: cat memes in your feed. Connect with us on social 149 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: media at t V I h C Podcast, or if 150 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:19,440 Speaker 1: you would prefer to email us, you can send us 151 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:24,240 Speaker 1: a message at this day at I heart media dot com. 152 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:27,080 Speaker 1: Thank you again for listening, and we'll see you tomorrow.