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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And the

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Speaker 1: really interesting thing about the subject of today's podcast is

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Speaker 1: how many labels he gets. So if you look up

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Speaker 1: any biography on him, the Andrew will absolutely include some

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Speaker 1: combination of the words chemist, biologist, geologist, physiologist, economists. He

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Speaker 1: even held a law degree, though he never practiced law.

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Speaker 1: But at the end of the day, this particular figure

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Speaker 1: is most often referred to as a father of modern chemistry.

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Speaker 1: Uh and we referred to this person, who is Antoinevoisier

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Speaker 1: before during our episode on Sophie Blanchard and the Ballooning Craze.

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Speaker 1: But he definitely deserves his own podcast because he was

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Speaker 1: instrumental in transitioning the field of chemistry from one that

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Speaker 1: was still back in al chemical thinking and the combination

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Speaker 1: of science, ants and magic and sort of experimenting in

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Speaker 1: that arena, to a much more serious and systematic way

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Speaker 1: to analyze and understand the world around us. And while

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Speaker 1: he made incredible contributions to science, his life also took

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Speaker 1: some really important political turns. Amid the turmoil of the

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Speaker 1: French Revolution. So he had a lot of influence in

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Speaker 1: very many different and seemingly disparate places throughout his life. Yeah. Well,

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Speaker 1: and I was startled to learn how many of the

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Speaker 1: basic things that I learned in science class came straight

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Speaker 1: from him. Yeah. He was really impactful on our modern lives,

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Speaker 1: whether we realize it or not. Yes. He was born

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Speaker 1: Antoine Laurent Lavassier on August forty three, and he was

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Speaker 1: born pretty well into privilege. His father, Jean Antoine Lavassier,

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Speaker 1: was a wealthy Parisian lawyer, and his mother was from

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Speaker 1: a well to do family. When he was five, his

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Speaker 1: mother passed away and left him a huge inheritance. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And while his father had originally been from a town

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Speaker 1: roughly fifty miles northeast of Paris, and TOI, Laurent was

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Speaker 1: really born in a Parisian although he did often summer

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Speaker 1: in his father's hometown, which was villiers Cot, and the

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Speaker 1: absence of his mother, the Voisier's aunt, Constance became a

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Speaker 1: significant caregiver and influence on his life. The two of

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Speaker 1: them are said to have been extremely close, and he

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Speaker 1: attended the College Deacon. You'll sometimes see this referred to

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Speaker 1: as the College, and while there he studied astronomy, mathematics, botany, geology, mineralogy, logic, chemistry,

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Speaker 1: and other disciplines under some of the most respected thinkers

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Speaker 1: of the day. He eventually focused his education on pursuing

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Speaker 1: a law degree, primarily to please his family by following

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Speaker 1: in his father's footsteps. He finished his law studies in

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Speaker 1: seventeen sixty three, and then he was licensed to practice

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Speaker 1: a year later. But he never really had a passion

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Speaker 1: for law and he never practice. Instead, he went right

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Speaker 1: back to his love of science, primarily chemistry and geology,

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Speaker 1: and he published a paper in seventeen sixty five addressing

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Speaker 1: the problem of improving Parisian street lights. UH. Some of

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Speaker 1: his other earliest work, which he submitted to the Academy

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Speaker 1: of Sciences, was an analysis of gypsum and plaster of Paris,

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Speaker 1: and this early early work that he was doing is

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Speaker 1: still considered important work regarding the composition of cement. So

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Speaker 1: already we've established that he he his impact is still

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Speaker 1: felt very significantly today. Yeah. In seventeen sixty eight, while

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Speaker 1: he was still only twenty five, Lavoisier was inducted into

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Speaker 1: the Elite Academy of Sciences. This was a big year

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Speaker 1: for Lavoisier because he also bought an interest in La

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Speaker 1: firm General and La firm General was a private company

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Speaker 1: that's the translates to farm General uh, and they actually

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Speaker 1: collected taxes for the French sovereign. So they would go

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Speaker 1: out and do the tax collecting and make a profit

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Speaker 1: of it as they handed off the taxes to the government.

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Speaker 1: And so while his buy into this group solidified his

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Speaker 1: fiscal standing and it was really helping him, you know,

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Speaker 1: fund his life and his experimentation, it made him part

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Speaker 1: of an organization that was not exactly popular with those

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Speaker 1: not born into privilege, especially when you consider the political

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Speaker 1: climate in France at the time. Yeah, as is often

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Speaker 1: the case with really predominant scientific thinkers, he had a

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Speaker 1: personality that you might call distinctive. And Arthur Donovan's book

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Speaker 1: Antoine Lavassier, Science, Administration and Revolution, The Legendary Scientist, is

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Speaker 1: described as being something of an obsessive Yeah. And to

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Speaker 1: illustrate this, Donovan tell stories about things Lavoisi did when

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Speaker 1: he was very young and sort of starting out in

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Speaker 1: his uh scientific um experimentation, and he talks about him

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Speaker 1: at nineteen doing this experiment where he wanted to investigate

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Speaker 1: the effects of diet on human health, and as part

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Speaker 1: of this experiment, he adopted a plan of consuming nothing

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Speaker 1: but milk. I like milk, but only milk is a

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Speaker 1: little far. In a similar episode to study illumination, as

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Speaker 1: part of work he was doing about street lamps, he

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Speaker 1: proposed this plan to shut himself up in a dark

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Speaker 1: room for six weeks straight so that he could make

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Speaker 1: himself intensely sensitive to different levels of light. There's no

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Speaker 1: evidence about whether he actually followed through on that one,

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Speaker 1: so yes, it's clear that, like many groundbreakers throughout history,

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Speaker 1: Lavoisier really did have this propensity for approaching problems and

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Speaker 1: ideas with really extreme methodologies. On December sixteen, seventeen seventy one,

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Speaker 1: a few years after his induction into the Academy of Sciences,

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Speaker 1: Lavoisier married Marie Anne Pierrette Paul's, who was only thirteen

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Speaker 1: at the time. While such a young bride is an

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Speaker 1: unsettling concept, particularly to modern ears, Marie Anne was really

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Speaker 1: a very, very smart woman, and she became an important

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Speaker 1: collaborator to Lovoisier. By all accounts, it was quite a

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Speaker 1: happy marriage and certainly, I think more of an equal

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Speaker 1: set up than many marriages at the time. Marie Anne

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Speaker 1: actually learned English just so that she could translate scientific

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Speaker 1: texts for her husband, and she also educated herself in

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Speaker 1: art and engraving so she could illustrate his scientific papers.

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Speaker 1: And she assisted in him him in his experiments throughout

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Speaker 1: the year, and she often took notes while he was

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Speaker 1: working um and he really depended on those notes as

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Speaker 1: like the basis for his writings. So she was really

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Speaker 1: important and they really did seem to have um a

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Speaker 1: really good um marriage where they were collaborating all the time.

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Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy five, he got an appointment to the

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Speaker 1: Royal Gunpowder and Saltpeter Administration, often referred to as just

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Speaker 1: the Gunpowder Administration. This branch of the government had been

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Speaker 1: established by Louis the sixteenth after he ascended the throne

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Speaker 1: in seventeen seventy four and came to realize that France

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Speaker 1: didn't really have in any kind of self sufficient sourcing

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Speaker 1: for gunpowder, and so Lavoisier had been appointed because he

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Speaker 1: was a chemist, and he moved into the Paris Arsenal

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Speaker 1: and he set up a lab that was so well

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Speaker 1: appointed that. Throughout the years, I mean he had this

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Speaker 1: lab for a couple of decades, many of Europe's finest

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Speaker 1: chemists and great thinkers were attracted to it, so it

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Speaker 1: kind of became this interesting little enclave where people could

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Speaker 1: go and experiment and think and trade ideas. Working in

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Speaker 1: this then state of the art lab, Lavoisier was able

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Speaker 1: to to advance the production of gunpowder to a point

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Speaker 1: where he was making much better quality product at a

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Speaker 1: very rapid pace. And he was able to refine the

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Speaker 1: composition of gunpowder by analyzing and regulating the purity of

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Speaker 1: its ingredients, those primary ingredients being sulfur, charcoal, and potassium

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Speaker 1: nitrate a K saltpeter. And he also refined the granulation process.

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Speaker 1: But before we get into some other pretty big chemistry

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Speaker 1: breakthroughs that happened in Lavoisi's lab, let's take a moment

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Speaker 1: and talk about our sponsor. So back to the world

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Speaker 1: of Lavoisier. He spent several hours every day and one

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Speaker 1: full day every week in the lab, and he said

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Speaker 1: to have treasured that one full day of research, which

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Speaker 1: I can completely identify with His wife is quoted as

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Speaker 1: saying it was for him a day of happiness, some

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Speaker 1: friends who shared his views, and some young men proud

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Speaker 1: to be admitted to the honor of collaborating and his experiments.

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Speaker 1: Assembled in the morning in the laboratory. There they lunched,

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Speaker 1: There they debated. It was there that you could have

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Speaker 1: heard this man with his precise mind, his clear intelligence,

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Speaker 1: his high genius, the loftiness of his philosophical principles illuminating

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Speaker 1: his conversation. Yes, so she again, it's kind of a

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Speaker 1: nice um representation of their relationship that she really spoke

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Speaker 1: very highly of him. Uh. And she clearly admired his

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Speaker 1: his work, in his mind and the way he worked.

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Speaker 1: And it's just nice that he had this magical day

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Speaker 1: every week that he felt like with his best day

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Speaker 1: and through his rigorous experimentation there. One of the big

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Speaker 1: things that happened is that Lavoisier became convinced that mass

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Speaker 1: is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions. Uh.

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Speaker 1: This is big stuff. The massive substances produced by a

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Speaker 1: chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the reactants involved.

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Speaker 1: And I will not pretend to have a particularly gifted

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Speaker 1: chemistry mind, but most people will recognize this as what

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Speaker 1: was eventually put forth by Lavoisier as the law of

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Speaker 1: conservation of mass hugely important basic chemistry concept. Thank you Lavoisier. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Those concepts also led him to further examination of the

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Speaker 1: work of English natural philosopher Joseph Priestley. Marie Anne had

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Speaker 1: translated a whole lot of Priestly's work for Lavoisier, and

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Speaker 1: Priestly had in seventeen seventy four heated red mercury oxide

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Speaker 1: to obtain a colorless gas which would cause a candle

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Speaker 1: that was lighted in it to burn with quote a

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Speaker 1: remark be vigorous flame, according to Priestly, and he referred

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Speaker 1: to this colorless gas as deflogisticated air. At the time,

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Speaker 1: the prevailing belief in chemistry was that a substance called

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Speaker 1: flogistine was a volatile part of all combustible substances, and

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Speaker 1: then it was released as flame during combustion. Uh Flogistin

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Speaker 1: gets its name from the Greek word for burn. Priestley

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Speaker 1: thought that his pure air enhanced respiration and caused the

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Speaker 1: more vigorous and longer lasting burn of candles because it

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Speaker 1: was free of fistin. He traveled to Paris to meet

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Speaker 1: with Lavossier and disgust these findings but Lavoisier felt that

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Speaker 1: the flogistin theory, which had been around for more than

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Speaker 1: a hundred years at this point, was fundamentally flawed, and

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Speaker 1: this was a very significant shake up in the scientific

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Speaker 1: community at the time. This is on par with someone

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Speaker 1: today claiming that potassium is an illusion. I mean it's

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Speaker 1: It was really like, completely broke apart the fundamental base

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Speaker 1: of how they approached chemistry. And when Lavoisier delved more

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Speaker 1: deeply into analysis of combustion, he was able to identify

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Speaker 1: the same gas that Priestly had, which Priestly was calling

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Speaker 1: his deef logisticated air. Uh. Lavoisi eventually named it oxygen,

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Speaker 1: and by weighing and analyzing the components of combustions, he

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Speaker 1: came to the conclusion that flogion was, as he had

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Speaker 1: suspected already, not a thing, because it's just the math

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Speaker 1: did not add up with his conservation of mass ideas right.

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Speaker 1: He had come to the conclusion that air actually consisted

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Speaker 1: of two components, one that combined with metal and supported respiration,

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Speaker 1: and one that did not support either of these things.

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Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy seven, he officially put forth a new

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Speaker 1: theory of combustion that left Flogiston completely off the table.

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Speaker 1: And it's also during this time in his famous lab

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Speaker 1: that Lovoisier built on the work of other scientists to

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Speaker 1: isolate and name hydrogen, and that's the thing that got

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Speaker 1: him mentioned in our ballooning episode. And seventeen eighty three

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Speaker 1: he was still embroiled in a constant, rigorous debate in

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Speaker 1: the scientific community over this anti flogist instance. He became

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Speaker 1: really adamant that it was time to lead chemistry back

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Speaker 1: to a stricter way of thinking, and he campaigned for

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Speaker 1: a systematic analysis of chemistry and science that distinguished true

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Speaker 1: fact from assumption. His goal was quote to rid chemistry

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Speaker 1: of every kind of impediment that delays its advance. So

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Speaker 1: scientific method being established extremely important, as we have discussed

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Speaker 1: in several episodes. In seventeen seven UH, in collaboration with

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Speaker 1: Louis Bernard Guiton de Morveaux, Claude, Louis Bertroyer, Antoine, Francois

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Speaker 1: aquas Uh, he set forth this proposed method de nomenal

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Speaker 1: chimik and this is basically the early periodic table, and

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Speaker 1: at this point it only consisted of thirty three elements

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Speaker 1: which were grouped as gases, metals, non metals, and earth's

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Speaker 1: and this was pretty groundbreaking, Like basically he was saying,

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Speaker 1: if you can break a thing down to a point

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Speaker 1: where you can't break it down any further, that's an element,

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Speaker 1: and it's going on this list. That's the thing that

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Speaker 1: we basically take for granted now in chemistry class. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then in seventeen eighty nine, so two years later,

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Speaker 1: still working with a lot of these same collaborators, Lavoisier

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Speaker 1: published the Trite Element the Simi, which is basically the

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Speaker 1: elementary Treatise of chemistry, and it's basically the textbook that

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Speaker 1: really set the stage and transitioned us to modern chemistry officially.

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Speaker 1: It included the periodic table, it included the law of

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Speaker 1: conservation of mass, as well as many other concepts, and

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Speaker 1: Lavoisier anticipated that it was really going to take quite

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Speaker 1: some time for these new ideas to be accepted. But

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Speaker 1: interestingly enough, it was really just a couple of years

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Speaker 1: before the ideas that he and his colleagues had worked

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Speaker 1: scientific practices. And I think it's probably because he was

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Speaker 1: well we think it's like we tested this, and tested

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Speaker 1: this and tested this. Even though he was always really

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Speaker 1: busy in his lab, Lavoisier also worked as a civil servant.

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Speaker 1: In seven he was chosen as a member of the

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Speaker 1: Assembly of Orleans, and in this position he began to

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Speaker 1: this included the establishment of workhouses, canals, insurance societies, and

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Speaker 1: savings banks. He was also asked to advise on issues

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Speaker 1: such as sewers, the water supply, and developing a unified

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Speaker 1: system of weights and measures also known now as the

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Speaker 1: metric system. Yeah, he really Again, the checklist of things

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Speaker 1: he contributed to our modern lives starts to get a

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Speaker 1: little um mind blowing, because everything that he touched we

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Speaker 1: still are doing. Uh. But as the revelation stirred up

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Speaker 1: around him, he really did seem to be genuinely interested

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Speaker 1: in bettering the situation of the lower classes. And this

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Speaker 1: is something that's been debated throughout the years just to

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Speaker 1: whether or not he was kind of a foolish, well

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Speaker 1: off person or if he really was in touch with

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Speaker 1: these ideas and and really had a keen understanding of

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Speaker 1: what was going on. He said to have donated money

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Speaker 1: of his own to the towns of Blois and Ramonte

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Speaker 1: for the purchase of grains during the famine. But unfortunately

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Speaker 1: he had already made a pretty significant enemy uh in

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Speaker 1: revolutionary Jean when he had belittle Mara's work in the sciences.

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Speaker 1: I think people don't always remember that Mara worked in

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Speaker 1: science as well as his uh sort of revolutionary status. Mara,

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Speaker 1: in reference to his interactions with the Academy of Science,

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Speaker 1: referred at one point to quote the class of geometers

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Speaker 1: and astronomers which has formed a terrible cabal against me.

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Speaker 1: The Vossier was among those he felt had a bias

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Speaker 1: against him, And yeah, he kind of did seem to

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Speaker 1: think that Marat was as Charlatan. Yeah, he didn't have

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Speaker 1: high praise for him at all. So there there is

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Speaker 1: merit to that idea. Uh. In seventeen ninety, Lavoisier is

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Speaker 1: quoted as saying the state of public affairs in France

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Speaker 1: from the work that is most precious to them. That

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Speaker 1: he seemed to be kind of irritated by all of

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Speaker 1: the world and analyzing it. In January of seventeen ninety one,

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Speaker 1: Jean Paul Morat began to loudly and publicly attack Lavoisier,

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Speaker 1: and a pamphlet he wrote, I denounce you to the

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Speaker 1: corea Paus, the leader of the chorus of the Charlatan's

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Speaker 1: master Lavoisier, son of a land grabber, apprentice chemist, pupil

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Speaker 1: of the Genevan stock jobber, Necker, a farmer, General commissioner

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Speaker 1: for gunpowder and salt, Peter, director of the Discount Bank,

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Speaker 1: Secretary to the King, member of the Academy of Science,

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Speaker 1: intimate of Volvier, unfaithful administrator of the Paris Food Commission,

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Speaker 1: and the greatest schemer of our times? Would you believe

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Speaker 1: that this little gentleman, who enjoys an income of forty

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Speaker 1: thou livres and who's only claimed to public recognition is

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Speaker 1: that he imprisoned Paris by cutting off the fresh air

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Speaker 1: with a wall that cost the poor people thirty three

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Speaker 1: million livre. Is that he moved gunpowder from the arsenal

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Speaker 1: into the bast deal on the night of July twelfth,

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Speaker 1: and is engaged in a devilish intrigue to get himself

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Speaker 1: elected as administrator of the Department of Paris. Yeah. So

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Speaker 1: basically Murra is saying, like, oh, you claimed to be,

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Speaker 1: you know, trying to do all of this civil work. Yeah, yeah, yeah, really,

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Speaker 1: you just want more power and more money. Your hands

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Speaker 1: are in everything that's super suspicious. During what what came

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Speaker 1: to be known as the Reign of Terror, arrest warrants

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Speaker 1: were issued for all the stakeholders in the firm General Um.

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Speaker 1: Lavoisier was, of course, among those sought for arrest. An

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Speaker 1: Allegations against this group of men included embezzlement of government

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Speaker 1: funds and cutting the tobacco with other substances in order

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Speaker 1: to increase toll duty profits. On May eighth, seventeen ninety four,

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Speaker 1: a revolutionary tribunal tried Lavoisier and found him guilty in

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Speaker 1: the conspiracy against the people of France. The famed chemist

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Speaker 1: was sent to the guillotine that very day, as was

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Speaker 1: his father in law, Jacques Paul's, leaving Marie Anne without

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Speaker 1: a father or a husband. Yeah. He had always had

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Speaker 1: some business interests with her father. Uh, And some historians

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Speaker 1: have pointed to the fact that Jean Parmarra had been

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Speaker 1: assassinated ten months prior to Lavoisier's beheading as evidence that

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Speaker 1: Maurras should really not be blamed for Lavoisier's death. But

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Speaker 1: there are others that would counter that his anti Lavoisier

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Speaker 1: rhetoric really took a toll on the man's public image.

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Speaker 1: And this was certainly a time when smear campaigns and

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Speaker 1: bad press, particularly in France, were coloring the reputations of

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Speaker 1: people for very long periods of time. For example, well,

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Speaker 1: let the meat cake came out of a cartoon that

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Speaker 1: was running at the time, and how long have people

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Speaker 1: still believed that ranch when it said that eighteen months

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Speaker 1: after his beheading Lavoisier was exonerated. Yeah, Once things had

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Speaker 1: calmed down a little bit and there was a more

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Speaker 1: in depth analysis of everything that had happened, it became

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Speaker 1: clear that really he was not this evil weasel that

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Speaker 1: they had made him out to be. Unfortunately, if they

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Speaker 1: had thought of that eighteen months prior, think of all

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Speaker 1: the other chemistry stuff, we would have uh. However, on

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Speaker 1: June eighth, the American Chemical Society and that society Falsese

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Speaker 1: Dihimi dedicated an international historical chemical landmark to Lavoisier in Paris.

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Speaker 1: As an additional note, Lavoisier has also had a rather

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Speaker 1: lasting impression on American science and industry via the DuPont family.

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Speaker 1: Pierre Samuel DuPont was one of Lavoisier's close friends, and

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Speaker 1: after the Revolution, during which DuPont had been arrested and

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Speaker 1: barely managed to escape the guillotine, Pierre Samuel decided to

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Speaker 1: travel to the United States and start a new life

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Speaker 1: using gunpowder manufacturing, a knowledge that he had learned from Lavoisier.

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Speaker 1: DuPont and his son opened up a powder works in

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Speaker 1: Delaware in eighteen o two, and it eventually became the

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Speaker 1: huge corporation we know it as today. Yeah, and his

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Speaker 1: son actually wanted to name it after Lavoisier initially. Oh wow. Yeah. So,

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Speaker 1: for better or for worse, on all of these points,

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Speaker 1: he's really in the thick of our modern chemistry knowledge

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Speaker 1: and happenings even now. So yeah, thank him for having

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Speaker 1: to learn the periodic table that except many people probably

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Speaker 1: didn't enjoy learning that. I will just say thank for

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Speaker 1: the awesomeness that is the periodic table. You don't like

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Speaker 1: memorizing things, we need it, Yeah, it's important. Do you

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Speaker 1: have some listener mail for us? I do, and I'm

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Speaker 1: reading an excerpted version because it's a little bit long,

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Speaker 1: so I apologize for not including everything. But this is

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Speaker 1: from our listener, Kathleen Uh and it is in relation

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Speaker 1: to our bright of Frankenstein episodes, and she says, I

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Speaker 1: wanted to share a little story I had concerning the

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Speaker 1: history of the Frankenstein franchise. A few years ago. I

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Speaker 1: had the pleasure of meeting and interviewing Sarah Carlaw, the

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Speaker 1: only child of Boris car Law. She came to my

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Speaker 1: university to give a speech about her father, and as

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Speaker 1: I was the only one on this newspaper staff who

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Speaker 1: knew who Boris Karloff was by name, I got the assignment,

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Speaker 1: which I was super excited to do. I had a

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Speaker 1: long interview with miss Carloff and she told me that

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Speaker 1: although Frankenstein is always depicted as green, he was supposed

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Speaker 1: to be gray. The makeup artist used green paint on Carloff,

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Speaker 1: but they did this to get a better gray color.

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Speaker 1: Since the film is in black and white. It also

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Speaker 1: makes more sense that a body made out of dead

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Speaker 1: corpses would be gray instead of green. She showed me

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Speaker 1: the only known footage of Boris in the Green Makeup

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Speaker 1: on color film that was filmed by her mother on set,

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Speaker 1: which shows Boris out of character sticking his tongue out

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Speaker 1: at the camera. It was incredibly charming to see Rankenstein

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Speaker 1: do such a childish thing. Miss Carlos said that her

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Speaker 1: father never minded being typecast as a horror actor or

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Speaker 1: villain because he was so thankful to have a job.

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Speaker 1: He was half Indians, so his skin tone enhanced by

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Speaker 1: makeup and his dark voice were perfectly utilized in villain parts.

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Speaker 1: Karloff was disappointed to not be able to be in

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Speaker 1: the film Arsenic and Old Lace with Carrie Grant, but

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Speaker 1: as he had a contract for the play on Broadway,

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Speaker 1: he was unable to take part in the film, even

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Speaker 1: though there is a joke written about him in the script.

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Speaker 1: Karlov is also known for the voice of the narrator

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Speaker 1: of The Grinch, and Miss Karloff said that he took

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Speaker 1: that role for his grandchildren. She also went into detail

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Speaker 1: about how Boris Karloff was one of the founders of

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Speaker 1: the Screen Actors Guild and his card number was something

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Speaker 1: like six. She discussed how famous actors would come to

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Speaker 1: her house, or how her father would go to their houses,

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Speaker 1: and as they organized to unionized the film business, she

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Speaker 1: said that they would have to park their cars a

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Speaker 1: long way from the houses and then walk just in

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Speaker 1: casey were being watched by studio bosses. I always love

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Speaker 1: those wonderful yeah. Uh. And then Kathleen mentions that she

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Speaker 1: would like us to do more topics on Sweden, which

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Speaker 1: I would like to do as well, uh, and talks

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Speaker 1: about some other things she would love for us to cover,

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Speaker 1: so hopefully look at some of those. Um. I have

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Speaker 1: seen this beautiful picture of Karloff in the full makeup

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Speaker 1: drinking tea and he's totally pinky out like fancy pants

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Speaker 1: drinking it. It's the cutest thing I've ever seen. Uh. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's uh, and it is funny. I always kind of

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Speaker 1: laugh when you see Frankenstein's monster painted green because it

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Speaker 1: is kind of weird. That's not what happens to of courses.

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Speaker 1: They don't unless they grow some kind of fungus so much. Uh.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us and share

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00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,280
Speaker 1: cool anecdotes, which I always love, uh, you may do

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00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,719
Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. You can

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00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:54,200
Speaker 1: also connect with us on Facebook at facebook dot com,

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00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,800
Speaker 1: splash history class stuff on Twitter at miss in history

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00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:00,760
Speaker 1: at missed in history dot Tudler dot m, and you

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00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:05,359
Speaker 1: can visit us on pinterest. We are off a bit away, uh,

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Speaker 1: if you'd like to learn a little bit more about

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Speaker 1: something we talked about today, not two ideas. One as

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00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:11,800
Speaker 1: you can go to our website and do a search

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Speaker 1: for oxygen and one of the articles will be what

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Speaker 1: if I pumped pure oxygen into my car engine instead

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Speaker 1: of using the air in the atmosphere. And the other

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Speaker 1: is that if you types or guillotine you get the

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Speaker 1: article do you really stay conscious after being decapitated? And

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Speaker 1: there was at one point kind of an apocryphal rumor

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Speaker 1: story about Lavoisier making a deal with somebody else that, uh,

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Speaker 1: if he could still if he was still conscious after

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Speaker 1: decapitation for a moment, he would wink um. That's been

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Speaker 1: largely discounted, but it's a fun story just the same.

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Speaker 1: And if anybody would try something like that, it's the

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Speaker 1: same man that wanted to drink nothing but milk is

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Speaker 1: a nineteen year old definitely, So if you would like

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Speaker 1: to look up either of those things or almost anything else,

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00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:56,280
Speaker 1: you can think of. You can do that at our website,

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00:24:56,280 --> 00:25:02,159
Speaker 1: which is how Stuff Works dot Com. The more I

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00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: missed thousands of other topics because it has to works

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Speaker 1: dot com. E