1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello, everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,960 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:07,400 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Hey, I'm Eves, 5 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 6 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 1: that uncovers history one day at a time. The day 7 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: was January. At about nine o'clock at night, a magnitude 8 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 1: nine earthquake hit the Pacific Northwest. In North America, the 9 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: Cascadia subduction Zone, a plate boundary that extends from northern 10 00:00:45,120 --> 00:00:50,839 Speaker 1: California to Vancouver Island in British Columbia, had ruptured. It 11 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:55,080 Speaker 1: broke at least one thousand kilometers or six of the 12 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: boundary between the wand of Fuca Plate and the North 13 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:01,920 Speaker 1: American Plate. It lead took about fifteen or twenty minutes 14 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:04,040 Speaker 1: for the wave to reach the coast of North America, 15 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:08,480 Speaker 1: causing massive destruction like sudden land subsidis and the drowning 16 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:12,319 Speaker 1: of coastal forests. And while all that devastation was happening 17 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: on the coast of North America, the western half of 18 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:19,040 Speaker 1: the wave was headed towards Japan. It reached the island 19 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:23,560 Speaker 1: ten hours later. The tsunami that struck the coast of 20 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:28,600 Speaker 1: Japan was devastating and well documented, but in Cascadia history 21 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: remained unwritten. Native stories were passed along through oral traditions, 22 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: so much of that history is lost, but folklore from 23 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: the region at the time does allude to huge earthquakes 24 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:45,680 Speaker 1: and massive flooding. Because information couldn't have traveled anywhere near 25 00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:48,480 Speaker 1: as fast as it does today, back then, nobody linked 26 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: the earthquake in North America to the tsunami in Japan 27 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: until centuries later, when a seismologist put the pieces together 28 00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:59,840 Speaker 1: in a nine article in the journal Nature. Before that, 29 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 1: the seventeen hundred tsunami in Japan was dubbed the Orphans tsunami. 30 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: Many of the stories the native people's told about the 31 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:10,960 Speaker 1: earthquakes and tsunamis can't be linked to the one in 32 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:15,079 Speaker 1: seventeen hundred specifically. After all, the region did have a 33 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: considerable amount of seismic activity, and ground shaking and flooding 34 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:22,400 Speaker 1: were motifs that showed up often in tribal stories. But 35 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:25,680 Speaker 1: there are some stories native people's told that most likely 36 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: point to the events since seventeen hundred. For instance, there 37 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:32,640 Speaker 1: was a story that Agnes Mets, a member of the 38 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:36,600 Speaker 1: Talawa tribe, told cultural anthropologist Cora A. Du Bois in 39 00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:41,800 Speaker 1: nineteen nine a grandmother had told her grandchildren to run 40 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: to the top of a mountain as the waves came, 41 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:47,520 Speaker 1: and when the children looked back, they saw the water 42 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:52,560 Speaker 1: destroying everything. And in the nineteenth century, Billy Balt, a 43 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,680 Speaker 1: leader of the Macad tribe, talked about how water had 44 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:58,679 Speaker 1: received it from the near Bay in Washington and suddenly 45 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: came back in submerging quote the whole of the cape, 46 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: and in fact the whole country except the mountains. So 47 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:09,280 Speaker 1: even though there isn't much recorded history from the period 48 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 1: and we can't be sure exactly what happened throughout the 49 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: region when the earthquake struck, we can say without much 50 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: doubt that it was disastrous. On the other side of 51 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: the Pacific, the tsunami that hit Japan went from the 52 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,080 Speaker 1: northeast to the southwest coast for anywhere from eight to 53 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:32,320 Speaker 1: ten hours. Floodwaters and fires destroyed homes in Kulagasaki, crops 54 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 1: were damaged in not Suchi and into Nave, a storehouse, 55 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: moat and farm land flooded. These are just some of 56 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 1: the recorded stories of what happened the day of the 57 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: tsunami strug. Record keeping was impeccable in Japan and much 58 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:51,320 Speaker 1: of the population was literate. All the written records come 59 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 1: from the island of Hanshu, where the capital city Etta was, 60 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: which is Tokyo today. But even with all those records, 61 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,080 Speaker 1: the origin of the disaster was unknown. Where had the 62 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: high waters come from? At the time, the Japanese people 63 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: knew that earthquakes could cause tsunamis, but most of the 64 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: people who wrote about it then didn't call it a tsunami. Instead, 65 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: they called it things like flood and high tide. I mean, 66 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 1: how could it have been a tsunami if the earth 67 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: hadn't shook beforehand. For a long while, geologists didn't really 68 00:04:24,839 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: know that faults in the Pacific Northwest could create quakes 69 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,600 Speaker 1: so strong they could ripple over to Japan. But in 70 00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty Nina Mia Saburo linked early earthquakes in Japan 71 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: to Peru in Chile, and by the nineteen eighties researchers 72 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: were figuring out that the ghost forests and silt layers 73 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: they observed in the region were the result of an earthquake. 74 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: Over the years, scientists managed to narrow the formation day 75 00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: of the Ghost Forest using radiocarbon dating and tree rings. 76 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:56,719 Speaker 1: By nineteen eighties seven, geologist Brian at Water and grad 77 00:04:56,800 --> 00:05:00,040 Speaker 1: student David Yamaguchi had determined that an earthquake happened it 78 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: sometime between August in May seventeen hundred. But the journal 79 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: article wasn't the end of the research about earthquakes in 80 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:15,200 Speaker 1: the Cascadia subduction zone. The thing is, an earthquake happens 81 00:05:15,240 --> 00:05:18,360 Speaker 1: in Cascadia about once every two hundred and forty three years, 82 00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:22,280 Speaker 1: and the likelihood of a major earthquake occurring in Cascadia 83 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: in the next half century is about one in three. 84 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: The question now is how to prepare for the inevitable. 85 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:33,720 Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeffcote, and hopefully you know a little more 86 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:37,840 Speaker 1: today about history than you did yesterday. If you want 87 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:40,839 Speaker 1: to know more about the Cascadia earthquake in Japanese tsunami 88 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:43,840 Speaker 1: of seventeen hundred, listen to the episode of Stuff you 89 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:47,680 Speaker 1: missed in History class called the Orphans Tsunami. You can 90 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 1: subscribe to this Day in History class on Apple podcasts, 91 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: the I Heart radio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. 92 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:57,280 Speaker 1: Thanks to Taylor Mays for all his production help. We'll 93 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 1: see you tomorrow. Hi again, everyone. I'm Eves and you're 94 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:11,919 Speaker 1: listening to this day in history class where instead of 95 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: going back to the future, we go back to the past. 96 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:29,200 Speaker 1: The day was January oh eight. William Bly, the governor 97 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:32,400 Speaker 1: of New South Wales, was deposed by a military coup. 98 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,480 Speaker 1: The military was in power for two years during a 99 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:39,719 Speaker 1: takeover now known as the Run Rebellion, though this name 100 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:44,400 Speaker 1: was not used at the time. In Sight, the first fleet, 101 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:48,160 Speaker 1: led by Captain Arthur Philip, arrived in Australia from England 102 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:53,159 Speaker 1: on January. The ships arrived at Port Jackson, marking the 103 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:57,120 Speaker 1: beginning of British colonization on the Australian mainland, a place 104 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 1: that was already inhabited by indigenous Australian The first fleet 105 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:07,840 Speaker 1: included military and government officials, their families and other colonists, 106 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:11,760 Speaker 1: but it also included hundreds of people convicted of crimes 107 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 1: and sentenced to transportation. New South Wales was founded as 108 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:20,320 Speaker 1: a penal colony. Philip became the first governor of the colony. 109 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:24,480 Speaker 1: Governors represented and took instruction from the British government. They 110 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: were the supreme authority in the colony, and because the 111 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: British Parliament was far away, they were able to exercise 112 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: more power than Parliament prescribed. The New South Wales Core 113 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: made up of several hundred men formed in England in 114 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine. Many of them were unskilled or semi 115 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:45,440 Speaker 1: skilled men who were struggling in Britain and looking for 116 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: a better life in New South Wales. In addition to 117 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,320 Speaker 1: better wages and living conditions that the men could look 118 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:56,239 Speaker 1: forward to, the officers got the opportunity to engage in trade, 119 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,880 Speaker 1: land grants from the governor and free labor from confid 120 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: At the same time, officers grew wealthy and lived comfortably. 121 00:08:04,840 --> 00:08:08,960 Speaker 1: People in the colony dealt with food shortages and poor infrastructure. 122 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:13,360 Speaker 1: Since the colony did not have enough currency, trade was 123 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 1: handled through barter, permissory notes, and coins. Convicts in lower 124 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: ranking military members were often paid in goods, especially rum 125 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,960 Speaker 1: imported from India. The officers of the corps monopolized the 126 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: trade in rum, buying it up and exchanging it for 127 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,719 Speaker 1: goods and labor. Because of this, they became known as 128 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: the Rum Corps. The commanding officers of New South Wales 129 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 1: Corps took over after Governor Philip returned to England in 130 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 1: seventeen two. During their time in power, they controlled the 131 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: colony's economy. They administered the colony until Governor John Hunter 132 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: took the reins in sevent Hunter and the next governor, 133 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,840 Speaker 1: Philip Gidley King, fought the military's monopoly on trade, but 134 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: to no avail. In eighteen o six, William Bli became 135 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,720 Speaker 1: the governor of New South Wales. Bli had a reputation 136 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 1: for being tough, and he began efforts to control trade 137 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: monopolies and corruption among the officers. The Corps officers began 138 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 1: to resent him. Bli soon clashed with former Corps officer 139 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:21,360 Speaker 1: John McArthur over a land grant, and conflict between the 140 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: two continued over other matters. When Bli had mcgarthur taken 141 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:28,560 Speaker 1: to trial over an issue involving one of McArthur's ships, 142 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:32,680 Speaker 1: the court included a jury of six Corps officers. The 143 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,480 Speaker 1: trial escalated from Bly accusing the officers of treason to 144 00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: the Corps commanding officer, George Johnston, issuing an order that 145 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: Bligh be removed from office. On January eight, men from 146 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:49,640 Speaker 1: the New South Wales Corps marched from the parade ground 147 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:53,319 Speaker 1: on High Street to Government House, followed by a large crowd. 148 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:58,040 Speaker 1: They found Bligh and arrested and deposed him. Johnston and 149 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:02,600 Speaker 1: McArthur then took control of the colony. Bli remained under 150 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: arrest in Government House with his daughter for more than 151 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: a year. The next governor, Lochland Macquarie, took over in 152 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:14,040 Speaker 1: January of eighteen ten. The seventy third Regiment replaced the 153 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:18,560 Speaker 1: New South Wales Corps. Macquarie canceled all land grants and 154 00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: court sentences made under the military's rule, and he called 155 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 1: for quote union, tranquility and harmony, declaring that everyone appointed 156 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: to an office of law after the coup would be 157 00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: immune from prosecution regarding their actions while in office. In 158 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:38,199 Speaker 1: eighteen ten, Johnston was convicted of mutiny and dismissed from 159 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:41,320 Speaker 1: the army, though he later returned to New South Wales 160 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: and lived a comfortable life. MacArthur had gone to England 161 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: and he was ordered to be tried for treason when 162 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:51,719 Speaker 1: he returned to New South Wales, but he did not 163 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:54,800 Speaker 1: go back until he was given permission to return without 164 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:58,319 Speaker 1: facing trial in eighteen seventeen, on the condition that he 165 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 1: would not be involved in public Affairs MacArthur was appointed 166 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:07,800 Speaker 1: to the new South Wales Legislative Council in I'm Eve 167 00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:10,280 Speaker 1: Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little more about 168 00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. You can find us 169 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:17,359 Speaker 1: on social media at t d i h C Podcast 170 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 1: on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. You can also shoot us 171 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:26,920 Speaker 1: an email at this Day at I heart media dot com. 172 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:30,120 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoyed today's episode. We'll be back tomorrow 173 00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:37,559 Speaker 1: with another one.