1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of I 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: and there's Chuck and Jerry's over there somewhere on the 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: other side of the membrane because she's insane in the membrane, 5 00:00:22,880 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: and this is stuff you should know. I think it's 6 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:31,920 Speaker 1: pretty funny that I used to love Cyper Hill. Oh. 7 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:35,400 Speaker 1: I downloaded their album again, like the other day. Yeah, 8 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:39,440 Speaker 1: and it's it still holds up, insane, got no brain. 9 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: I love that guy. I don't remember his name actually, 10 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: now I think about I don't remember the other dude's 11 00:00:45,159 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 1: name either. I just remember their DJ was DJ Muggs, right. 12 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: That sounds about right. Yeah, I remember his name. I 13 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:53,800 Speaker 1: don't remember the other like the two ms I don't remember. 14 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:56,720 Speaker 1: I think they liked marijuana smoke if I remember here 15 00:00:56,880 --> 00:01:01,480 Speaker 1: there Yeah, yeah, yeah. They had a song about a bomb, 16 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:05,680 Speaker 1: I believe. Yeah, it's from that's right. I'm gonna go 17 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: listen to that now. You should listen to the album again. 18 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:10,839 Speaker 1: It's still pretty good. They I mean they're talking about 19 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: like shooting people and everything, just like come on, no, 20 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:17,920 Speaker 1: you don't do anything like that. But um, you know 21 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:20,080 Speaker 1: there are other stuff. The other stuff they talked about. 22 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: It's pretty good. Yeah, So I am literally going to 23 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:24,960 Speaker 1: go listen to that now and you can talk about 24 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 1: reverse Osmosis. Alright. So, Chuck, you made a reference before 25 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: we started um recording that sounded really familiar to me, 26 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:34,039 Speaker 1: but it's probably only going to sound familiar to like 27 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:39,800 Speaker 1: eight other people. You referenced Osmosis Jones, right, and I 28 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:42,080 Speaker 1: was like, who is that? That sounds really familiar and 29 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: I cannot, for the life of me place it, and 30 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: then you said it's from our TV show. Still can't 31 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: really place it, but now I kind of know what 32 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:53,280 Speaker 1: you're talking about. Actually, and now I'm doubting myself. Okay, 33 00:01:53,760 --> 00:02:01,360 Speaker 1: I think Osmosis Jones is uh is a movie? Okay, yeah, 34 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: I think you're thinking of Nash Pluto. No no, no, 35 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:08,800 Speaker 1: Osmosis Jones is Chris Chris Rock animated movie. Okay, I 36 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:11,080 Speaker 1: got it mixed up with something. Are are? One of 37 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:14,200 Speaker 1: our co star actors used to say a lot, which 38 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:18,079 Speaker 1: was to say Jones on the end of anything That's right, 39 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 1: And I think it reminded me of Osmosis Jones. But 40 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:23,960 Speaker 1: I have COVID, so I'm all over the place. You 41 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: are all over the place. But one thing where you 42 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: really nailed at, Chuck, and I'm really appreciative that you 43 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: brought up osmosis, Jones, is because we're talking about osmosis today, 44 00:02:32,960 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: and in particular, we're gonna focus mostly on reverse osmosis, 45 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: although we'll have to talk about regular osmosis as well. 46 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:42,720 Speaker 1: How does that sound? Yeah? I mean, can I go 47 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:48,840 Speaker 1: ahead and talk about regular osmosis? I mean, is there 48 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:51,600 Speaker 1: any better time? I can't think of a better time, 49 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:55,399 Speaker 1: certainly not in our Radium Girls episode. Yeah. I mean 50 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 1: this is basically like if you took chemistry in high 51 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: school and you have forgot everything about it since then, 52 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:05,800 Speaker 1: you might hear the words ostomosis and reverse osmosis and 53 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,720 Speaker 1: be like, wait a minute, that's that's tickling my brain 54 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: a little bit. I know I knew that at one point. 55 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:14,760 Speaker 1: So just a little basic chemistry. One oh one is 56 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: let's just talk about saltwater. Lay it on, um. Saltwater 57 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:23,800 Speaker 1: is going to figure in. Have almost said heavenly heavily here, 58 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:28,240 Speaker 1: because as you'll see, reverse osmosis is a great kind 59 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 1: of modern way too, sort of the hip new way 60 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:33,760 Speaker 1: to take salt from water so we can drink it 61 00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 1: like you're talking of. If you make a cup of 62 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,560 Speaker 1: salt water and you gargle it, you know for your throat, 63 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:43,000 Speaker 1: you have some left over, you could use reverse osmosis 64 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: to convert it back into regular water. That's real. Don't 65 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:48,680 Speaker 1: waste it. And we we talked about I know, we've 66 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:53,680 Speaker 1: done stuff on desalination. We did. We did an episode 67 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: way back in the day hauled um, is it possible 68 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: to drink the ocean or something like that. Uh, what 69 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: exactly what happens when we run out of water? I 70 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,080 Speaker 1: think is what it was. That was way off And 71 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: then I'm pretty sure we talked about drinking the ocean. 72 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: We also did one on manufacturing water too, but yeah, yeah, yeah, 73 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:17,920 Speaker 1: we talked about this desalinating before. That's right. So back 74 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:21,039 Speaker 1: to chemistry one on one. It's very simple. I don't 75 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 1: know if you folks remember what a solution is, but 76 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: a solution is when, in this case it's with salt water, 77 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:31,640 Speaker 1: you have a solvent, which is the water, and then 78 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: you have the salute, which is the salt or dissolve 79 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:40,279 Speaker 1: in the water or whatever else you want to to 80 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:43,320 Speaker 1: have in there. And this whole thing together is called 81 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: a solution and if you put this solution in a YouTube, 82 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: not y o u t ub dot com, but a 83 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:54,599 Speaker 1: literal beaker shaped like a tube, and you had a 84 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 1: semi permeable membrane in the middle. Let's just go ahead 85 00:04:57,200 --> 00:04:59,800 Speaker 1: and say gortex in this case, because that's what that is. 86 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:04,039 Speaker 1: Shout out cortex. And you poured this stuff in there 87 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 1: on one side, and then you poured regular water on 88 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:10,120 Speaker 1: the other side. That water on the other side is 89 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:12,240 Speaker 1: gonna want to just balance out. It's gonna want to 90 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:17,360 Speaker 1: seek thermodynamic equilibrium, and it's gonna fight its way through there, 91 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:22,039 Speaker 1: through that membrane until everything is nice and level. It's 92 00:05:22,040 --> 00:05:25,560 Speaker 1: got this osmotic pressure and it's gonna push through there 93 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:28,240 Speaker 1: until it reaches that equilibrium because that's where it wants 94 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:33,159 Speaker 1: to be. And that's yeah, because nature is seeking equilibrium. 95 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:39,200 Speaker 1: And because the the higher concentrated side is separated by 96 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:42,000 Speaker 1: a membrane from the lower concentrated side, it's got to 97 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: make it through that membrane to even things out, and 98 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: as it does, it's actually gonna push the concentrated side 99 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:51,719 Speaker 1: up the beaker because it's moving into that side through 100 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:55,640 Speaker 1: the membrane. It's pretty amazing stuff, but yeah, that's I mean, 101 00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:59,040 Speaker 1: that's osmosis, Chuck, nicely done. Why don't you tackle reverse 102 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 1: osmosis m so reverse osmosis so osmosis what you just 103 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: described as a passive process that happens because the atmosphere 104 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: above us has weight like air has weight. And in fact, 105 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:17,359 Speaker 1: if you took one square inch of a column of 106 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: atmosphere of air from the surface of the Earth all 107 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 1: the way up to the exosphere, the tippy top of 108 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 1: the atmosphere, that one square inch column with way about 109 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,160 Speaker 1: fourteen and three quarter pounds. So another way to put 110 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:32,520 Speaker 1: it is, there's fourteen point seven five pounds per square 111 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: ince of pressure at surface level on Earth. Because of 112 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:40,040 Speaker 1: that pressure, we have that osmotic pressure, and so the 113 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:42,440 Speaker 1: stuff can kind of move from one side to the other, 114 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:46,280 Speaker 1: from lower concentration to higher concentration to balance things out. 115 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: And it's all because of that. But the whole thing 116 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:51,200 Speaker 1: is a passive process. There's nothing moving. This is not 117 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:57,960 Speaker 1: it's not requiring energy to take place. Okay, with reverse osmosis, 118 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:00,680 Speaker 1: you're doing the opposite of what you just described, and 119 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,400 Speaker 1: it actually does take energy. You have to create more 120 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:07,520 Speaker 1: pressure that will overcome the the natural osmotic pressure. And 121 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 1: what you're doing in that case is actually taking the 122 00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:15,480 Speaker 1: solvent in this case water and moving it out against 123 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: its natural will, against every fiber of its being screaming 124 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:22,480 Speaker 1: at you that no, this is wrong, this is an 125 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 1: importance against nature. UM. It's moving it through that membrane 126 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: to the other side, to the lower concentration. So what 127 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,880 Speaker 1: you're doing is taking a concentrated solution and making it 128 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,480 Speaker 1: even more concentrated by taking out the the in this 129 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:40,120 Speaker 1: case the water. So what you have on one side 130 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: is saltwater and then saltwater concentrate, and what you have 131 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:45,880 Speaker 1: on the other side is just pure water what they 132 00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: call ultra pure water UM, and that's basically reverse osmosis. Yeah. 133 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: So if you look into UH to make saltwater not saltwater, 134 00:07:56,480 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: and you had a couple of tanks and on one 135 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: side you had that UM, that solution of salt water 136 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:06,040 Speaker 1: or let's just call it saltwater, and it's under that 137 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: you know, regular osmotic pressure that we were talking about. 138 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: It's all happy and well. You gotta apply I think 139 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: about fifty to sixty bars of pressure and you gotta 140 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: push that thing through there, and those salt molecules are 141 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:23,640 Speaker 1: too big to pass through the membrane, and it's it's 142 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:25,960 Speaker 1: really pretty easy. It's not the most I mean, I 143 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: can't go out and build one of these, but it's 144 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: not the most complicated process. It's really just if you 145 00:08:32,320 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: think about trying to fit something too big through a 146 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: small hole, it's not gonna go. Everything else will, so 147 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,959 Speaker 1: it's left over is salt or you know, sort of 148 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:44,640 Speaker 1: a briny solution, right, And what you're saying is like 149 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:47,520 Speaker 1: using pressure to push it through, Like that's that basically 150 00:08:47,559 --> 00:08:51,800 Speaker 1: makes sense. But but when you're almost you're not using 151 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: pressure to to push it. You're just increasing the pressure 152 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: in that concentration. And then reverse OUs moostis happens by 153 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: magic because you've over come that natural losmotic pressure. And 154 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 1: now you know to the to the solution or the 155 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:08,000 Speaker 1: salt water and the ultrapure water. You know, what's up 156 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: is down. Nothing makes sense anymore. All bets are off 157 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:14,360 Speaker 1: because you've overcome that natural losmotic pressure. So it's not 158 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: exactly like pushing it through a membrane, which is how 159 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:20,040 Speaker 1: my brain kept going. Um, there's like it's it's a 160 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: little more magic than that. But the upshot of it 161 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: is that that membrane you're using is so small, the 162 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 1: pores in it are so small that only water can 163 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:32,480 Speaker 1: make it through, and water, it turns out, was really small, Chuck. 164 00:09:32,559 --> 00:09:36,640 Speaker 1: You want to know how small water is, well, prepare 165 00:09:36,679 --> 00:09:38,200 Speaker 1: for it, because I'm about to lay it on you. 166 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:41,440 Speaker 1: The average, actually it wouldn't be average, would be exactly 167 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:44,480 Speaker 1: the same size. The size of a water molecule is 168 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:51,720 Speaker 1: point to seven nanometers, which is twenty seven hundred thousands 169 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: of a micron, and a micron is a millionth of 170 00:09:55,640 --> 00:10:01,240 Speaker 1: a meter, So a human hair's diameter is about seventy microns. 171 00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: A water molecule is hundred thousands of one micron. So 172 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,839 Speaker 1: it's really really small, which means that if you can 173 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: make a membrane that is small enough, large enough for 174 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 1: water to get through, but not much larger than that, 175 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:20,079 Speaker 1: it's going to keep a lot of other stuff from 176 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:24,560 Speaker 1: passing through that membrane as well. That's right. Uh, maybe 177 00:10:24,559 --> 00:10:26,320 Speaker 1: we should take a break and we'll talk a little 178 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,760 Speaker 1: bit about what we've been teasing, which is desalination right 179 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:57,439 Speaker 1: after this. All right, so if you want to, I mean, 180 00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 1: water is is a commodity. We've been talking about that 181 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:02,079 Speaker 1: a lot on the show for a while and kind 182 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: of trying to bang that drum that potable drinking water. Uh, 183 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:09,360 Speaker 1: you know, it could be a crisis in the near 184 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:12,120 Speaker 1: or far future for the world. So there have been 185 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:14,440 Speaker 1: a lot of efforts over the years, uh, kind of 186 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:16,280 Speaker 1: to try and get ahead of this a little bit. 187 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: And the ocean is an obvious place to look because 188 00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:22,040 Speaker 1: there's a lot of water out there. So the efforts 189 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,439 Speaker 1: have been made since I believe about the nineteen fifties 190 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:28,559 Speaker 1: to try and turn that that salt water into something 191 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 1: that people can drink or at least use, you know, 192 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:34,600 Speaker 1: for other purposes. Um, you know, not necessarily like potable water, 193 00:11:34,679 --> 00:11:38,800 Speaker 1: but you know, useing in industries and stuff like that. Yeah. Um. 194 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:42,560 Speaker 1: In particular, we've known how to like distill or to 195 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:46,599 Speaker 1: get water from saltwater pure water from saltwater using distillation, 196 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 1: but that uses a lot of energy where you boil 197 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: the water. It takes a lot of energy to boil 198 00:11:50,840 --> 00:11:54,320 Speaker 1: water and boil the salt out of water. Um. And 199 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:55,960 Speaker 1: that was kind of the first attempt. But I think 200 00:11:55,960 --> 00:11:59,599 Speaker 1: in the sixties they started to say, um, maybe we 201 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:02,439 Speaker 1: could take this ousmosis thing that's happening all over the 202 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,520 Speaker 1: place and reverse it and and we could use that 203 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:08,480 Speaker 1: to get salt out of water. Yeah, And they figured 204 00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:10,320 Speaker 1: out how to do it and it was going pretty well, 205 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:11,760 Speaker 1: but they didn't have a great way to do it 206 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:15,040 Speaker 1: on a large scale that made it kind of financially 207 00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:19,120 Speaker 1: practical to do until a couple of engineering grad students 208 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:22,080 Speaker 1: that U c l A. Came along. One was named 209 00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:28,319 Speaker 1: Sydney Loebe and the other one's name Strini Bassa surre Rajan. Boy, 210 00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:31,319 Speaker 1: you're gonna nail that. Yeah you did? Would you say 211 00:12:31,320 --> 00:12:35,679 Speaker 1: it another way or no? No? And I don't have 212 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:37,520 Speaker 1: their names in front of me, but I think that 213 00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 1: you it sounded pretty believable, Chuck. You know what I do. 214 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: Here's a little trick for you. And of course this 215 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,400 Speaker 1: is only works is if you're pronouncing the parts correctly. 216 00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 1: But I just like I looked them up on the 217 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 1: internet and call them and ask them how to say 218 00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 1: their names. Well, you could sometimes I look on YouTube 219 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: see if they're interviewed, but um, I just spell it 220 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: out dictionary style, like syllable by syllable with big spaces 221 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,760 Speaker 1: in between. Oh yeah, yeah, and then do you make 222 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 1: the one with the emphasis the syllable with emphasis like 223 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,200 Speaker 1: in all caps or something like that sometimes, or they'll 224 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:12,600 Speaker 1: scribble underline or you know, none of it's like like 225 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:19,839 Speaker 1: real dictionary style. Uh, yeah, I don't. I don't even 226 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,480 Speaker 1: know what swat is. It's the upside down. Oh that's 227 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 1: a schwa. Yes, what's the word we were talking about 228 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:31,719 Speaker 1: the other day that I loved swing? I hate swing? 229 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:36,160 Speaker 1: You hate I think everybody hated schwing for a little while. 230 00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: They're yeah, not a fan, So all right, So I 231 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:41,360 Speaker 1: nailed those two names. They were grad students at u 232 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:44,880 Speaker 1: C l A. And they were the two gentlemen who 233 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:49,960 Speaker 1: came up with this basically the first practical reverse osmosis 234 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,920 Speaker 1: membrane using cellulose acetate. And it was the first time 235 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,679 Speaker 1: that they could actually use this on a large scale 236 00:13:57,200 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 1: and they did so. Uh, this is actually more of 237 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,720 Speaker 1: a small scale operation, but the idea was the same 238 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:07,200 Speaker 1: at a place in Coalinga, California, nineteen sixty five that 239 00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:11,000 Speaker 1: was online for seven years and worked pretty well from 240 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,240 Speaker 1: what I understand. Yeah, and at the very least it 241 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: was a very good um proof of concept, I guess, 242 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:18,720 Speaker 1: you know. And it's showed that yeah, with this new 243 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: this new ascetate membrane, you know, like you were saying, 244 00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:24,240 Speaker 1: you can get a lot more through it at a 245 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:27,520 Speaker 1: much faster pace. Um, and that's kind of what you 246 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:29,880 Speaker 1: need if you're going to ramp this up for industrial 247 00:14:29,920 --> 00:14:33,880 Speaker 1: style production. And they definitely did. That was nineteen sixty five, 248 00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:39,240 Speaker 1: you said it went on online. As of two thousand nineteen, 249 00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:43,000 Speaker 1: there's now a hundred and seventy seven different countries producing 250 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:48,760 Speaker 1: desalinated water using reverse osmosis. And in fact, there's I 251 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,400 Speaker 1: think sixteen thousand desalination plants in the world by far, 252 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: the most are in Africa and the Middle East, but 253 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,360 Speaker 1: there's a total capacity now today, just since nineteen sixty five, 254 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:02,800 Speaker 1: this is developed where hundred million cubic meters of fresh 255 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: water can be produced everyday worldwide. That is just not 256 00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: so from taking seawater and using reverse osmosis to turn 257 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: it into pure fresh water. That's right. And uh, those 258 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: numbers are growing and they need to, which is which 259 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:22,840 Speaker 1: is a great thing. I love it when we figured 260 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: out how to do something and then it's just a 261 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:30,240 Speaker 1: matter of sort of getting more and more of it going. Yeah, yeah, 262 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:32,560 Speaker 1: I mean yeah, And I think from what I understand, 263 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 1: you know, everybody's trying to figure out like UM, you 264 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:39,160 Speaker 1: know how to build on efficiencies or how to continue 265 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: to scale up and how to use less energy and 266 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:45,080 Speaker 1: time and all that. But it's it's it seems to 267 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:47,640 Speaker 1: be one of those technologies as roughly the same as 268 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:52,200 Speaker 1: it was when they invented it initially and basically UM 269 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: to kind of give just a little bit of detail 270 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:57,120 Speaker 1: on on how it goes, it's it's you you take 271 00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: in seawater. Most reverse osmosis plant that UM desalinate seawater 272 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: built pretty close to the sea. UM because transportation is 273 00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 1: is a big cost. So if you can just pipe 274 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 1: it right from the sea into your plant, that saves 275 00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: on a lot of costs and time and energy. UM. 276 00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:17,520 Speaker 1: It's ramped up using pumps and then it's run through 277 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: the reverse osmosis filters and under pressure that like you said, 278 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: I think sixty bars of pressure, so it's a pressurized 279 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:30,800 Speaker 1: so that it overcomes the natural osmotic pressure. And it 280 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:34,080 Speaker 1: is it goes over, not through like I keep wanting 281 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,280 Speaker 1: to think of it going through, like there's a membrane 282 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: in the water's way and it has to go through 283 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: this membrane. That's not how it goes. It goes through 284 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:44,480 Speaker 1: a tube and in the center of the tube is 285 00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:49,880 Speaker 1: another tube um that's wrapped in the membrane and the 286 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:55,440 Speaker 1: concentrate the salt keeps going, but the water that's in 287 00:16:55,480 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 1: that concentrate, that salt, that solution um goes through the 288 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,960 Speaker 1: membrane into that inner tube, and the inner tube pushes 289 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:09,400 Speaker 1: that fresh water, that that reverse osmosis water along um 290 00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:13,880 Speaker 1: into what's called the production water stream, and then that 291 00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,080 Speaker 1: salt water just continues along its way back out to 292 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:20,199 Speaker 1: the ocean under pressure and what's called the reject stream, 293 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: which is not nice, but it's you know, an accurate description. 294 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,879 Speaker 1: And then that's how like you would desalinate water. It 295 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:34,120 Speaker 1: is reject reject water stream. Sure as the reject stream. Sure, Okay, 296 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: there you go. When you have three names, I think 297 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 1: that's more an album title. So maybe just reject stream. Yeah, 298 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 1: I think reject stream is great. And we'll talk about 299 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:50,160 Speaker 1: that more later. Not the band, but are the imaginary 300 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 1: band the album? Yeah? And who's playing what? Uh So, 301 00:17:56,600 --> 00:17:59,119 Speaker 1: reverse osmosis is not the kind of thing that you 302 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: can just you for salt water. It's a great application, 303 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:05,120 Speaker 1: of course, but it can you know, you're filtering something out, 304 00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:07,800 Speaker 1: so you can filter out almost anything. Um, if you 305 00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:10,440 Speaker 1: have a local water source that has way too much fluoride, 306 00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:12,800 Speaker 1: you can filter out some of that fluoride in a 307 00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: much more efficient way than you can using charcoal filtrations. Uh. 308 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:20,240 Speaker 1: We did a show on fluoride like a thousand years ago. 309 00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:22,840 Speaker 1: I remember that one. Yeah, I think it's a floride 310 00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:25,719 Speaker 1: making a stupid that. I feel like that was one 311 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 1: of our like fifteen minute episodes or something. Yeah, easily 312 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:32,359 Speaker 1: at most, I think some kind You talked about the 313 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: ultrapure water, which can is the you know, one side 314 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,439 Speaker 1: of the result, and some companies need that stuff and 315 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:41,960 Speaker 1: some industries need that stuff. So sometimes you're filtering out 316 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:46,760 Speaker 1: things just to get that ultrapure water to use as 317 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:51,280 Speaker 1: an industry application. I think when you're manufacturing electronics sometimes, 318 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 1: or pharmaceuticals, um, different kind of chemicals, certain medical applications. 319 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: We talked about wastewater a lot of the toilet to 320 00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: tap that's using reverse osmosis. Right on our best episodes, 321 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: I think, do you think so wastewater treatment? I mean, 322 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:11,120 Speaker 1: it's hard to say best episode when we've been doing 323 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:14,600 Speaker 1: this for eighty years, but uh, I thought it was 324 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,320 Speaker 1: a good one. Yeah, I thought it was good too. 325 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:18,960 Speaker 1: I was just surprised to hear you say that. But 326 00:19:19,359 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: that's yeah, and toilets just happens. It's just gross, but 327 00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:27,400 Speaker 1: it's it's sensible for sure. And the point of it 328 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:31,600 Speaker 1: is it's gross entirely in your mind. Like when you 329 00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:34,920 Speaker 1: raise that glass of water that used to be waste water, 330 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 1: it's just water after it's undergone reverse osmosis. Like that's it. 331 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,480 Speaker 1: There's nothing else in it. There's not even a memory 332 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: of that kind of stuff, you know, because despite what 333 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: homeopaths say, there's nothing in that water except for the water. 334 00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: There are some things that make it through UM, what 335 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,720 Speaker 1: are called containments of emerging concern UM. Some kinds of 336 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:58,840 Speaker 1: pharmaceuticals can actually make it through. They're small enough that 337 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 1: they make it through with the water molecules. But for 338 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: the most part, most everything else is filtered out by 339 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:09,280 Speaker 1: reverse osmosis UM. And one of the reasons that are 340 00:20:09,359 --> 00:20:11,520 Speaker 1: One of the other industries that use it chuck is 341 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:15,879 Speaker 1: like the beverage industry, because you can take tap water 342 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:19,960 Speaker 1: from anywhere, run it through reverse osmosis filter and move 343 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:23,040 Speaker 1: even more of it through faster because you're not having 344 00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: you're not dealing with a briny salt solution. Like this 345 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,160 Speaker 1: is just tap water and you're convert you're basically turning 346 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:31,720 Speaker 1: it into a blank slate. So you could make like 347 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 1: a soft drink taste the same anywhere in the world 348 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,480 Speaker 1: just by using the local tap water to produce it, 349 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:40,480 Speaker 1: you know, and now you have production facilities all over 350 00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,440 Speaker 1: the world, so you don't have to transport it because 351 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:46,840 Speaker 1: you're able to start with reverse osmosis water. Oh yeah, 352 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:51,119 Speaker 1: they use it, uh, separating away from milk. They use 353 00:20:51,160 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: it in the wine industry some now they use it 354 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,560 Speaker 1: to make maple syrup. They remove that that sugary goodness 355 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,359 Speaker 1: from the water and the sap. What else, um, let's see, 356 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,719 Speaker 1: they use it for recycling. One of the other this 357 00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:10,160 Speaker 1: is a big big deal is we'll see um. When 358 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 1: you when you produce all sorts of stuff um through 359 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,919 Speaker 1: industrial processes or if you recycle things, you have to 360 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,119 Speaker 1: use all sorts of other chemicals you produce, like sorts 361 00:21:20,160 --> 00:21:23,680 Speaker 1: of wastewater is a byproduct, and wastewater is really hard 362 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:26,480 Speaker 1: to get rid of without contaminating other water because it 363 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:28,679 Speaker 1: mixes really well. So one of the good things you 364 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: can do is take wastewater, run it through reverse osmosis, 365 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:36,040 Speaker 1: and you're basically catching all of the stuff that was 366 00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:39,679 Speaker 1: once mixed in with the water um and making it 367 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:43,159 Speaker 1: into a much more disposable, much closer to solid form, 368 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:46,359 Speaker 1: and then also producing reverse osmosis water that you can 369 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:49,440 Speaker 1: use for all sorts of other applications as well. And 370 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 1: speaking of recycling, a little bit different kind of recycling. 371 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: But some of these, and you know, not all of them, 372 00:21:56,760 --> 00:21:59,200 Speaker 1: they're you know, there's nothing that gets me going more 373 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 1: than it contained system. And some of these are contained systems, 374 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:05,439 Speaker 1: which is when you have a system that kind of 375 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: feeds itself. We talked about these high pressure pumps that 376 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: force out what did you call it again, what was 377 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:17,480 Speaker 1: the band? Rejects stream, the reject stream. That's not the 378 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: God help you if you call him the reject strange, 379 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: that's reject stream. That's like a letterman miss step or something. 380 00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:25,360 Speaker 1: And you got a cool logo with just an RN 381 00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:27,800 Speaker 1: and S that sort of are snaking around each other 382 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,399 Speaker 1: or something like that. This is what I see. Do 383 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:33,440 Speaker 1: you know remember the grateful dead kid with the ice 384 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,000 Speaker 1: cream cone on his head? Sure, I remembering along those lines, 385 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:40,240 Speaker 1: But then rather than an ice cream cone, he's got 386 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:44,880 Speaker 1: a reverse mohawk like the bad guy in Death Wish three. See, 387 00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:48,399 Speaker 1: I was thinking more like the White Snake logo. Oh no, 388 00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,399 Speaker 1: it's I don't think so. No, you just blew my 389 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:54,640 Speaker 1: mind a little bit. I'm trying to recover here by 390 00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: tap dancing. But I don't know, man, maybe not to 391 00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,520 Speaker 1: get further down this road. But the other day I 392 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,280 Speaker 1: saw that there was some big festival in Europe with 393 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: all these metal bands, and I was like, oh, looks 394 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:08,080 Speaker 1: kind of cool, and White Snake was playing. I was like, 395 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:10,600 Speaker 1: that was guys still playing. It's like, let's let me 396 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 1: go check them out and see what they sound like. 397 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: Just do yourself a favor and go to YouTube and 398 00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: watch like a White Snake festival from like just like 399 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:21,920 Speaker 1: put In twenty nineteen. Let's say, do they just play 400 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,640 Speaker 1: all their old hits? Are they making new music? Oh? Well, 401 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 1: I don't know. I can't speak to that. The old 402 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:30,720 Speaker 1: hits are what's on YouTube. Um, it's not it's not great. 403 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:34,719 Speaker 1: So is it's still okay? You said his name too, 404 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,960 Speaker 1: because I almost said David Copperfield. It's great. He makes 405 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: the stage disappear beneath his feet. That's right. You forget. 406 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,879 Speaker 1: That's the most important part. Yeah, it's it's not great. 407 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: It's uh, just just gotta check it out. Boy, This 408 00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: COVID got you trash and everything. The radium girl, White Snake, 409 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,960 Speaker 1: I know, I love White Snake. You know Tanny Containe 410 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,080 Speaker 1: passed away. Maybe that's what to do with it? What? Yeah, 411 00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:06,000 Speaker 1: she died a couple of years ago. I think I 412 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: didn't know that. Yeah, or maybe even last year. No, 413 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm yeah. Are you on meds right now? No? 414 00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:22,439 Speaker 1: High on stuffyheadedness? I got you, you know, the natural high. 415 00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: So where was I? Oh? Yeah, contained systems. So they're 416 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 1: pumping out this stuff with high pressure, and as we'll see, uh, 417 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,000 Speaker 1: that can go just go out into the ocean again 418 00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:34,240 Speaker 1: and we'll talk about that more later. But they can 419 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:37,480 Speaker 1: also use that that force of pumping this stuff out 420 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:40,479 Speaker 1: to use it to spin a turbine. Our old friends 421 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: spinning a turbine and basically reusing that stuff to to 422 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:47,680 Speaker 1: make it a closed system where it's operating itself. Yeah, 423 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:50,600 Speaker 1: pretty many, amazing. I get jazzed by that as well. 424 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: And I just realized, Chuck, basically, these desalination plants that 425 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,879 Speaker 1: are close to the ocean are basically a giant YouTube 426 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,399 Speaker 1: and in the middle there's that membrane. But really also 427 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,840 Speaker 1: in the middle is the the entire desalination plant. But 428 00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:09,000 Speaker 1: it's just coming up one side and passing through the other. Actually, 429 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,080 Speaker 1: it's not a very good analogy, and I think about it, 430 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,600 Speaker 1: but it's a U shape at least, how about that. Yeah, 431 00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:17,879 Speaker 1: you can also get him under your sink or on 432 00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:20,439 Speaker 1: your countertop in your kitchen. Like it sounds like the 433 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:23,760 Speaker 1: most you know, large scale scientific thing you can imagine. 434 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,920 Speaker 1: But if you just go to a big box hardware 435 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:30,120 Speaker 1: store and you look up water filtration systems, a lot 436 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:34,160 Speaker 1: of them are reverse osmosis. Yeah, yeah, you're um, you're 437 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,440 Speaker 1: gonna be hard pressed actually to find one that doesn't 438 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:39,080 Speaker 1: have that, Like one of those undersink like multi filter 439 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:42,760 Speaker 1: multi stage water filters that comes with its own faucet 440 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,600 Speaker 1: that you have to install, But they don't. I was 441 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:48,679 Speaker 1: looking there actually, you know, um, I think they've actually 442 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,399 Speaker 1: come down since this article was written a couple of yeah, 443 00:25:52,480 --> 00:25:54,040 Speaker 1: something like that. It seems like you can get a 444 00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:57,520 Speaker 1: pretty good one for about two fifty dollars, like basically 445 00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,240 Speaker 1: everything you need. Yeah, and then there's also own our 446 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 1: top versions two if you want to just have one 447 00:26:03,640 --> 00:26:06,400 Speaker 1: on your countertop. But I say, I say we take 448 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:11,120 Speaker 1: a break. Okay, yeah, because we we've talked all upside right, 449 00:26:11,359 --> 00:26:14,480 Speaker 1: there's a dark side to this. Well not really, but 450 00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:17,640 Speaker 1: you know there's some down downsides of drawbacks. Nothing dark, 451 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,119 Speaker 1: I would say that might be overstating it. All right, 452 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:47,359 Speaker 1: Well we'll be back right after this, everybody, Okay, okay, Chuck, 453 00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 1: welcome to the dark side of reverse osmosis. Very nice. 454 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:59,159 Speaker 1: You've got compliments on your bellow Legosi. Yeah, it was 455 00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:02,000 Speaker 1: very good. I don't remember what episode that was. I'll 456 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: take it good. I'll take any compliment. Sure, same here, 457 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:11,119 Speaker 1: unless you're really good at not doing podcasts. Well, yeah, 458 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,760 Speaker 1: it took you a second, didn't it it really did. 459 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: I think I have sympathetic COVID. I'm a little fogging myself. 460 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:20,879 Speaker 1: You know. You gotta get out of that bunk bed 461 00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:24,159 Speaker 1: underneath me. You might catch it. So first, before we 462 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:26,360 Speaker 1: get started, I want to shout out Perth, Australia, Chuck, 463 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:31,640 Speaker 1: get this. Forty three of perth drinking water is made 464 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:35,520 Speaker 1: from desalinated seawater from reverse osmosis. They have two plants 465 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,000 Speaker 1: that we probably drank some while we were there. I'll 466 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,320 Speaker 1: bet we did. I'll bet we did. I don't know, 467 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:47,359 Speaker 1: it couldn't even tell, so it was right. So do 468 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,440 Speaker 1: you know what's funny is everyone outside of Australia got 469 00:27:50,480 --> 00:27:53,080 Speaker 1: that joke because I guarantee you they didn't show that 470 00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:56,240 Speaker 1: ad in Australia and they also think that Tom Broke 471 00:27:56,240 --> 00:28:01,960 Speaker 1: All runs Motel six. That's right. So we're talking about 472 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:05,919 Speaker 1: the dark side of of of reverse osmosis. Plants are 473 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,680 Speaker 1: desalinating using reverse osmosis, and reverse osmosis in general, there's 474 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: some problems with it. For one, it's really I don't 475 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,440 Speaker 1: want to say it's really energy intensive. It's actually not 476 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:18,440 Speaker 1: as bad as you would think. But the more you 477 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:22,280 Speaker 1: scale up and you know where you're supplying say almost 478 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:27,960 Speaker 1: half of your your town's drinking water through reverse osmosis desalination, like, 479 00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:32,119 Speaker 1: the energy usage scales up, so the cost can scale up, 480 00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,080 Speaker 1: and then also so does the carbon footprint of these things, 481 00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 1: because you know they're burning fossil fuels to run those 482 00:28:39,160 --> 00:28:42,120 Speaker 1: pumps to pressurize that column of water when they send 483 00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: it across the reverse osmosis membrane to overcome the osmotic pressure. 484 00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: That's a that's a real big, that's a that's a 485 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:52,280 Speaker 1: problem with it. I guess you could say, yeah, I 486 00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:55,560 Speaker 1: would say that. Another problem that we we teased earlier 487 00:28:55,680 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: was the um I guess what do you call it? 488 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: Harmful byproduct or just a waste waste byproduct reject stream? Yeah, sure, okay, 489 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:10,720 Speaker 1: but it is it is a byproduct that basically it's salt, 490 00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:13,640 Speaker 1: it's brian it is there's a lot of it left over, 491 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:16,320 Speaker 1: and you've got to do something with it if you're 492 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:18,800 Speaker 1: not going to run it back into a closed system. 493 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:21,360 Speaker 1: And some places they just say, all right, well, it's 494 00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:24,800 Speaker 1: it's saltwater and very concentrated form, so let's just pump 495 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,000 Speaker 1: that back into the ocean. And I'm glad I kept 496 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: reading because my first thought was like, I'll sure it's saltwater, 497 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:33,960 Speaker 1: but that can't like the ocean has a certain amount 498 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: of salinity on purpose probably and that that can't be 499 00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:40,280 Speaker 1: great to just add a lot more. And my instinct 500 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:44,560 Speaker 1: was right, it's not. I think Australian Center for Water 501 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:50,040 Speaker 1: Research says things get back to normal at about sixteen 502 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: hundred feet fives from the source. It's pretty pretty far 503 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:58,720 Speaker 1: um so anything within that that sixt feet it's it's 504 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:00,840 Speaker 1: really bad news. When they're up and that stuff back 505 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:04,040 Speaker 1: in and you know it's a fish can get out 506 00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:06,280 Speaker 1: of there pretty quickly. But if you're not a fish, 507 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:08,760 Speaker 1: if you're something that crawls along on the sea floor 508 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: or plant life on the sea floor, then that's really 509 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: bad and it's gonna kill off a lot of stuff 510 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:18,160 Speaker 1: in that area. Yeah, which is problematic. I mean, high 511 00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:23,320 Speaker 1: salinity decreases the dissolved oxygen, and fish and sea life 512 00:30:23,320 --> 00:30:25,920 Speaker 1: need oxygen in the water, so it's it is a 513 00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:29,000 Speaker 1: real problem for that that life that can't move away 514 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:32,280 Speaker 1: very easily. And then in addition to that too, they 515 00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: actually introduce certain kinds of chemicals and metals into the 516 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: um the stream the feeds the feed water stream um 517 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:46,000 Speaker 1: to keep the membranes from fouling up as which happens 518 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:50,120 Speaker 1: really easily. You can imagine if you have a membrane 519 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:53,640 Speaker 1: that has pores that are just big enough to allow 520 00:30:54,080 --> 00:30:58,680 Speaker 1: something that's twenty seven hundred thousands of a micrometer a 521 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:02,680 Speaker 1: micron across through, like all that stuff that's left behind 522 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 1: is gonna gunk up the membrane is really quick. It's 523 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:07,520 Speaker 1: going to get insane in the membrane so they take 524 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,160 Speaker 1: exactly so they take steps to keep this from fouling, 525 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:14,200 Speaker 1: from getting clogged up by adding additional stuff. Well, that 526 00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:17,120 Speaker 1: additional stuff also gets pumped out into the ocean too, 527 00:31:17,160 --> 00:31:20,480 Speaker 1: which is a problem as well. There are calls for 528 00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:26,240 Speaker 1: um uh additional steps to be added onto that reject 529 00:31:26,240 --> 00:31:28,680 Speaker 1: stream so that before it hits the ocean, it runs 530 00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:32,040 Speaker 1: through like a UV light that kills off pathogens maybe 531 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:36,200 Speaker 1: UM or maybe they need to filter out some of 532 00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,719 Speaker 1: the stuff and reuse like the chlorine and the copper 533 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,640 Speaker 1: that they're introducing. Um there are things that we could 534 00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: do to to make the whole thing a little more 535 00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: environmentally friendly for sure. Yeah for their uh. I think 536 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:52,160 Speaker 1: the plant operators in Australia say that they're like, you're 537 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,560 Speaker 1: pumping it out so fast, made it mixes in a 538 00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:57,440 Speaker 1: really quick And I don't know if I buy that. 539 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:01,320 Speaker 1: I mean, it makes sense that it mixes faster than 540 00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:04,240 Speaker 1: if you're just like leaking it out slowly. But I 541 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: would say, just spread it out a lot more if 542 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,080 Speaker 1: you could. I mean, maybe that's not practical and it's 543 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:11,239 Speaker 1: just like a a dumb guy who doesn't know how 544 00:32:11,240 --> 00:32:18,320 Speaker 1: it works talking, But you know, I would disperse it more. Yeah, 545 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:19,880 Speaker 1: I mean I guess you kind of could. You could 546 00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 1: you could put like, ah, like a sprinkler head on 547 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:25,360 Speaker 1: the end, so it's not just one big column. It's 548 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:27,320 Speaker 1: just kind of Ye, it's diffug Just when I thought 549 00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:29,640 Speaker 1: it was a dumb idea, No, that's a great idea. 550 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:31,760 Speaker 1: We now we need to go invent like a giant 551 00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:36,360 Speaker 1: sprinkler head and patent and use it. Uh. It's not 552 00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:39,320 Speaker 1: just a danger for oceans to um. Most of these 553 00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:43,200 Speaker 1: plants obviously are near the ocean. Um. But if there 554 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: are plants that are more inland and they're storing this 555 00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: stuff in tanks, you could just like you have an 556 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 1: oil spill, you could have a sailine like a brine spill, 557 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 1: and that would be really really harmful to the dry 558 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 1: land vegetation and plant life and the whole ecosystem. And 559 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 1: you know, I don't think we uh, we kind of 560 00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:03,160 Speaker 1: walk past the fact that when you're pumping this stuff 561 00:33:03,160 --> 00:33:05,200 Speaker 1: in the sea, it's not just like, oh, some lobsters 562 00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 1: and coral dyes, like that's part of the ecosystem that's 563 00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:11,320 Speaker 1: going to set off a chain reaction uh to everything 564 00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:15,400 Speaker 1: around it as well. Yeah. Um, so there there are 565 00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:17,280 Speaker 1: people who are trying to come up with, like we 566 00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:20,360 Speaker 1: were saying, like more efficiencies and ways around some of 567 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,960 Speaker 1: these problems. One of the things I saw um was 568 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: out of the National Laboratory in Idaho, UM that uses 569 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: something called switchable polarity solvents. Did you see that. So 570 00:33:33,080 --> 00:33:35,680 Speaker 1: there's a different kind of osmosis that they're using that 571 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:40,320 Speaker 1: doesn't require um the artificial pressure built up using pumps 572 00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:43,560 Speaker 1: and all that, so automatically it's less energy intensive. And 573 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:47,840 Speaker 1: they added kind of chemical called the switchable polarity solvent, 574 00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:52,040 Speaker 1: which when you add it to UM the solution, it 575 00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:56,120 Speaker 1: actually raises the osmotic pressure itself, so the water comes 576 00:33:56,200 --> 00:34:00,440 Speaker 1: out of solution um on its own without having to 577 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: be pressed. And then that switchable polarity solvent comes with it. 578 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:07,000 Speaker 1: You hit it with some heat and it basically shocks 579 00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:10,560 Speaker 1: the sps that chemical out of the water UM, and 580 00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:12,920 Speaker 1: then you have you've just got your water. And then 581 00:34:12,960 --> 00:34:16,000 Speaker 1: you just remove that switchable polarity solvent. So it requires 582 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,640 Speaker 1: far less energy, which is a big improvement for sure. 583 00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,239 Speaker 1: That's pretty amazing it is. And I saw another one 584 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:26,440 Speaker 1: that uses a double piston set up where when they 585 00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:30,000 Speaker 1: they do the water treatment basically in batches where they 586 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:32,600 Speaker 1: added to that barrel that has the hollow barrel going 587 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:36,080 Speaker 1: through it with the membrane involved the actual reverse osmosis 588 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:40,279 Speaker 1: filtering on an industrial scale, they added in batches and 589 00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: they use a piston to push the water through, and 590 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:46,680 Speaker 1: then as the pistons moving, there's another chamber opening up 591 00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:49,560 Speaker 1: behind it that's getting filled with sea water. So there's 592 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:52,320 Speaker 1: no downtime where like the piston moves to one side 593 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:54,719 Speaker 1: and then seawater fills up, and then the piston moves 594 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,120 Speaker 1: to the other side. It's just constantly going back and forth, 595 00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:59,400 Speaker 1: and on either side there seawater that's being treated or 596 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:02,600 Speaker 1: filling up to be treated next, so you don't have downtime. 597 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:05,360 Speaker 1: But then also the sea water that's coming in is 598 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:08,600 Speaker 1: pushing the piston the other way too, so it requires 599 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,479 Speaker 1: less energy as well. Um And I think that one's 600 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:14,239 Speaker 1: out of Purdue. So there's some people figuring out how 601 00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:16,640 Speaker 1: to make this a little better, less energy intensive, a 602 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:20,640 Speaker 1: little faster um and we'll probably see a lot of 603 00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:24,440 Speaker 1: a lot more solutions, especially as water becomes more and 604 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:29,040 Speaker 1: more precious, you know. Starting now. Basically, yeah, they're also 605 00:35:29,120 --> 00:35:31,239 Speaker 1: trying to find more uses for that Brian instead of 606 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:33,560 Speaker 1: trying to put it in the ocean. They're like, you know, 607 00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:37,479 Speaker 1: surely people can use Brian, right, And there are some 608 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:44,239 Speaker 1: aquaculture applications in commercial aquaculture, I think talapia farms if 609 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,080 Speaker 1: you if you like talapia, I'm not a big fan, 610 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:51,920 Speaker 1: but tapia love really I think high high selinic would 611 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:56,439 Speaker 1: that be it? Sure? High selinic water? Sure? I mean 612 00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 1: at this point it doesn't matter. Alright, great, they like 613 00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:05,920 Speaker 1: really salty water, that's how should salt water, and I 614 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,799 Speaker 1: think bream do as well. So they're they're starting to 615 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:12,120 Speaker 1: ship some of that stuff there, and I think, um, 616 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,080 Speaker 1: sometimes it can be used to grow stuff like sea 617 00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:19,560 Speaker 1: beats or an animal feed or in biofuel. But I 618 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:21,840 Speaker 1: don't think it's like there's still going to be that 619 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:25,160 Speaker 1: byproduct even if they even if every tilapia farm on 620 00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,960 Speaker 1: Earth wanted this water, you know, this bright stuff. And 621 00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:30,640 Speaker 1: especially the more we produce, the more Brian we're gonna have, 622 00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:32,279 Speaker 1: because I don't know if we said it or not. 623 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:35,879 Speaker 1: For every one leader of fresh water you produce, you've 624 00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: got one point five liters of briny water, higher salty 625 00:36:39,640 --> 00:36:42,400 Speaker 1: concentration water that you're sending back out to see it 626 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:49,120 Speaker 1: kind of mess with the silin selenic count. So that's 627 00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:54,360 Speaker 1: reject streams um first album. What is this selnic sound? 628 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,640 Speaker 1: Selnic count reject stream Alright, so Chuck, there's actually we 629 00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:02,360 Speaker 1: gotta finish on this one point. There's a debate. Especially 630 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: it seems like on Facebook, um is just how healthy 631 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:12,520 Speaker 1: reverse osmosis water is. And in a lot of ways 632 00:37:12,680 --> 00:37:14,640 Speaker 1: it makes sense on its face to tell you the truth. 633 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:18,440 Speaker 1: People are like that seems to be the kind of 634 00:37:20,040 --> 00:37:23,680 Speaker 1: like the kind of sites that are really touting this 635 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:26,920 Speaker 1: seemed to to have their links promoted on Facebook a 636 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:33,080 Speaker 1: lot um that's as diplomatic as I so. UM. So 637 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:35,880 Speaker 1: the idea is that reverse osmosis is all well and 638 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:41,439 Speaker 1: good for preventing pathogens, viruses, chemicals, minerals, metals from passing through. 639 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:44,919 Speaker 1: And when you run water through reverse osmosis filter, the 640 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,280 Speaker 1: ultrapure water you have on the other side is is great. 641 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,560 Speaker 1: But the point of these that these people are making 642 00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:55,440 Speaker 1: is that it's actually too great, it's too pure, and 643 00:37:55,480 --> 00:38:00,080 Speaker 1: that humans actually need more stuff than just hydrogen and 644 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:03,279 Speaker 1: oxygen mixed together, that we need other kinds of like 645 00:38:03,320 --> 00:38:07,160 Speaker 1: trace minerals in our water and UM that reverse osmosis 646 00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:12,319 Speaker 1: strips it out. So there's this, um, there's remineral remineralization 647 00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,240 Speaker 1: filters that you can actually get for your reverse osmosis 648 00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,160 Speaker 1: filter to where it goes through all the stages pre treatment, treatment, 649 00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:22,640 Speaker 1: reverse osmosis, and then on the other side, the last 650 00:38:22,640 --> 00:38:25,799 Speaker 1: filter is remineralization where it might add a little bit 651 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:28,840 Speaker 1: of boron, a little bit of you know, sea salt, 652 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,839 Speaker 1: something like that. Um, it's got a little calcium in it, 653 00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:35,960 Speaker 1: and now the water is ultra pure but also beneficial 654 00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:39,880 Speaker 1: for your metabolisms, optimal function. It makes a lot of sense. 655 00:38:39,920 --> 00:38:43,440 Speaker 1: I didn't see a lot of academic debate over it. 656 00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:46,399 Speaker 1: It was happening more peripherally, it seemed like. So that's 657 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,920 Speaker 1: why I'm a little a little incredulous of the whole thing. 658 00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:50,680 Speaker 1: But it makes a lot of sense. You know, I 659 00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:53,960 Speaker 1: like a good mineral water. Yeah. And apparently also if 660 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,560 Speaker 1: you um, if you want, if you have reverse osmosis 661 00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:59,240 Speaker 1: at your house and you are like, I can't afford 662 00:38:59,239 --> 00:39:01,879 Speaker 1: to REMI no realization picture s get yourself a little 663 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:06,040 Speaker 1: Himalayan salt or a little bit sea salt that's more 664 00:39:06,080 --> 00:39:09,280 Speaker 1: than just salt, that contains a lot of other um 665 00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:14,280 Speaker 1: beneficial elements and um metals, alkali, earth metals and stuff, 666 00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:16,839 Speaker 1: and just put a little little sprinkle in there. There 667 00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:20,600 Speaker 1: you go, a little taple, do you? That's right? That's 668 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:25,160 Speaker 1: the second album from Reject Stream. They're going pop. They're 669 00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:27,560 Speaker 1: like Kings of Leon. They started out kind of edgy, 670 00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:30,480 Speaker 1: and then the record company came to call in and 671 00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:33,399 Speaker 1: they said, sign us up. I love that first King 672 00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:36,520 Speaker 1: of Kings of Leon's album. And then they they said, 673 00:39:36,520 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: all right, hill billy's go get a haircut, yeah, and 674 00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:44,560 Speaker 1: get rich. They're like, get hot. Uh, you got anything 675 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:48,640 Speaker 1: else about Kings of Leone? Okay, Well, if you want 676 00:39:48,680 --> 00:39:52,879 Speaker 1: to know more about Kings of Leon, rejects, Streame, reverse Osmoses, desalination, 677 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:56,160 Speaker 1: any of that stuff, Um, go check it out on 678 00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,279 Speaker 1: the internet. See what happens when you search all of 679 00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,600 Speaker 1: that at once. Maybe the un verse will explode. Since 680 00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:03,360 Speaker 1: I said the universe will explode, it's time for a 681 00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:10,240 Speaker 1: listener mail. I'm gonna call this conveniently an email from Peth. 682 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,839 Speaker 1: Oh wow, isn't it crazy? It's a full circle, man, 683 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:20,080 Speaker 1: that's synchronicity. Uh. I'm not going to read it in 684 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,200 Speaker 1: my terrible pasty accent. Though I wish you would, I 685 00:40:23,239 --> 00:40:25,960 Speaker 1: can't do it. I'm fading. Hey guys, A big fan 686 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:29,440 Speaker 1: here from far far away Western Australia. My husband and 687 00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:32,120 Speaker 1: I spent two years traveling and exploring Australia in a 688 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:36,759 Speaker 1: ute towing a caravan I don't know what that is 689 00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:42,000 Speaker 1: sub van truck uh, and in the process discovered the 690 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,400 Speaker 1: delights of stuff you should know. It was great for 691 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,000 Speaker 1: days with long outback drives. I remember our very first 692 00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:51,680 Speaker 1: episode that I randomly selected when we lost our podcast, 693 00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:56,719 Speaker 1: Virginity Cave Diving totally nuts and we were hooked. We 694 00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,800 Speaker 1: have since returned home to our city of Peth because 695 00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,680 Speaker 1: of COVID put in an abrupt into their travels and 696 00:41:03,760 --> 00:41:06,680 Speaker 1: now they listen on their daily drive to and from work. Luckily, 697 00:41:06,719 --> 00:41:09,520 Speaker 1: there are so many years worth of shows for me 698 00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:12,120 Speaker 1: to catch up on. On our travels, we spent a 699 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:16,440 Speaker 1: week in the outback town of kuber Petty, that is 700 00:41:16,520 --> 00:41:20,160 Speaker 1: p E d y c O O b e R 701 00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:23,440 Speaker 1: couber Petty, where a lot of worlds of the world's 702 00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:26,680 Speaker 1: opals come from. You should do an episode on opals 703 00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,160 Speaker 1: any who I couldn't help, but notice that you failed 704 00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:34,759 Speaker 1: to mention that that town in the Selects Cave Dwelling episode. 705 00:41:35,640 --> 00:41:37,880 Speaker 1: I listened to that one recently despite most of the 706 00:41:37,920 --> 00:41:42,279 Speaker 1: town living underground and having some beautiful underground churches. Check 707 00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:46,879 Speaker 1: it out on Google. Uh, there's another any who. Keep 708 00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:50,120 Speaker 1: up the good work. I'll keep listening. Warm wishes that 709 00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:54,200 Speaker 1: is from Tamra. Well thanks a lot, Tamara. Any who 710 00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:58,200 Speaker 1: appreciate that? Did Tamras spell it h o o or 711 00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:02,839 Speaker 1: w h o A and y h o oh? Yeah? 712 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:04,879 Speaker 1: There's two kinds of people in the world, and it's 713 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:07,319 Speaker 1: divided by how you spell any who? There are three 714 00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:10,920 Speaker 1: kinds there. You know what the third is what the 715 00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,160 Speaker 1: people who don't use anything? I don't know, Chuck. I 716 00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:16,080 Speaker 1: think we all have a little bit of in any 717 00:42:16,160 --> 00:42:19,320 Speaker 1: who user in all of us. I think you're saying 718 00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:21,120 Speaker 1: you can take the person out of the any who, 719 00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:22,759 Speaker 1: but you can't take the ani who out of the 720 00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:27,040 Speaker 1: person you sure said it. Well, thanks again, Tamara, and 721 00:42:27,719 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: shout out to Perth for a third time. Why might 722 00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:32,400 Speaker 1: as well make it a hat trick And if you 723 00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:34,239 Speaker 1: want your time to get shouted out, why don't you 724 00:42:34,239 --> 00:42:37,760 Speaker 1: get in touch with us or build some massive desalination plants. 725 00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:42,760 Speaker 1: One of the two that would help a lot. Actually, 726 00:42:43,719 --> 00:42:45,680 Speaker 1: you can get in touch with us via email at 727 00:42:45,719 --> 00:42:52,080 Speaker 1: stuff Podcasts at iHeart radio dot com. Stuff you Should 728 00:42:52,080 --> 00:42:55,080 Speaker 1: Know is a production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts 729 00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:58,520 Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 730 00:42:58,640 --> 00:43:00,440 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.