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Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey guys, I hope you enjoy these classic

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Speaker 1: episodes from the t D I h C Vault. I'm

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Speaker 1: currently researching a new crop of stories for next year,

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Speaker 1: so be sure to join me again on January second

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Speaker 1: when we return with all new episodes. See you in

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Speaker 1: the new year. Welcome to This Day in History Class

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Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk

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Speaker 1: of Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the show

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Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time

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Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I am sitting in this week

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Speaker 1: for Tracy V. Wilson. It's December, and today we are

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Speaker 1: talking about an event that happened in which is the

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Speaker 1: first paid public screening of Lumier Brothers films. Auguste and

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Speaker 1: Louis Lumier were brothers born two years apart in eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty two in eighteen sixty four, and they were prolific inventors.

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Speaker 1: Their legacy is most closely tied to early film history,

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Speaker 1: although they worked in a number of mediums. The Lumiers,

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Speaker 1: who lived in Lyons, France, worked in the family photography business,

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Speaker 1: and in the early eighteen eighties, at the age of

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Speaker 1: just seventeen, Louis invented a photographic plate. It's called a

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Speaker 1: blue label plate or a dry plate, and that plate

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Speaker 1: reduced the need for dark room development of images. That

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Speaker 1: plate also drove a massive expansion of the family business.

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Speaker 1: It made the Lumier's quite wealthy, and it made the

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Speaker 1: name Lumier synonymous with photography. Their father, Antoine, who was

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Speaker 1: still running the family business, wisely set aside a portion

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Speaker 1: of the company's profit to fund ongoing research and experimentation.

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Speaker 1: So later, when Antoine saw one of Thomas Edison's kinetoscope

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Speaker 1: machines in Paris in the mid nineties, he immediately talked

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Speaker 1: to his son's about developing a process to make the

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Speaker 1: film that was used in the kinetoscope, because Antoine thought

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Speaker 1: that they could once again make a huge fit for

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Speaker 1: the family business if they became the suppliers of film

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Speaker 1: in France. But to figure out how to make that

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Speaker 1: film with the holes punched in the sign that was

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Speaker 1: run through a kinetoscope, the Lumire brothers also had to

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Speaker 1: figure out how to make a camera, and that proved

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Speaker 1: something of a difficult task, but eventually it was thinking

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Speaker 1: about a sewing machine that gave Louis the inspiration he

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Speaker 1: needed to solve their main problem, and that was getting

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Speaker 1: the film to advance. So by mimicking the mechanations of

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Speaker 1: a sewing machine, he was able to alter a camera

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Speaker 1: and with that problem solved, the brother's next turned to

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Speaker 1: figuring out how to print film from negatives and then

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Speaker 1: how to show those prints to people, and they opted

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Speaker 1: to go counter to the kinetoscope, which was viewable only

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Speaker 1: by one person at a time. Louis wanted an audience,

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Speaker 1: and so he developed the idea of film projection. Now

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Speaker 1: all of those functions that Louis Lumier invented and his

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Speaker 1: brother also worked on the film advancement, processing a film,

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Speaker 1: and project shin we're all integrated into one machine that

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Speaker 1: they called a cinematograph, for which the brothers first filed

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Speaker 1: a patent on February. A little over a month later,

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Speaker 1: on March nineteenth of eighteen ninety five, the Loumiers began

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Speaker 1: making short films with their invention, and by short, I

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Speaker 1: mean really short. They tended to run about fifty seconds each,

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Speaker 1: so not even a minute. The first film they made,

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Speaker 1: Las Sortie des Euxine's Lumier but Some Workers Leaving the

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Speaker 1: Loumier factory was simply a capture of their employees leaving

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Speaker 1: their work at the end of the work day, and

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Speaker 1: the Loumier films generally were not narrative in nature, just

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Speaker 1: as that first film, they almost always were just moments

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Speaker 1: out of real life captured on film documentary style. At

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Speaker 1: the end of the year, on December five, at the

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Speaker 1: Salon Indienne Dublin Cafe in Paris, Auguste and Louis screened

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Speaker 1: their films for a paying audience for the first time.

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Speaker 1: They ran ten films, so it sounds a little like

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Speaker 1: a festival, but it was still very short because each

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Speaker 1: of those films ran about fifty seconds. This is the

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Speaker 1: first known instance of films being shown to a paying audience.

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Speaker 1: There were thirty four people in the crown and each

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Speaker 1: of them had paid one franc The Lmier's most famous film, though,

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Speaker 1: was not made until after this presentation. One of their

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Speaker 1: films which gained a lot of attention early on, was

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Speaker 1: The Arrival of a Train at Ciota Station. This particular

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Speaker 1: film features, as the title suggests, a train pulling into

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Speaker 1: a station, and from the perspective of the viewer, that

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Speaker 1: train is coming down the tracks right toward them. The

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Speaker 1: initial audience reaction to this film is one of those

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Speaker 1: items in history that's a matter of some debate. Some

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Speaker 1: accounts claim that the audience was terrified by the experience,

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Speaker 1: and they screamed and even fled, but other accounts indicate

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Speaker 1: that there was really a more subdued reaction. The panicked

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Speaker 1: reaction version, of course, has gained some traction over the

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Speaker 1: years just by virtue of being a juicier st or.

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Speaker 1: The Lumier's briefly started a business making and distributing films,

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Speaker 1: but they eventually moved on from moving pictures to other endeavors,

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Speaker 1: including developing an early system for color photography, while men

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Speaker 1: like George Millies took film and ran with it. If

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Speaker 1: you'd like to learn more about the Lumier brothers, Good

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Speaker 1: News Stuff You Missed in History Class has a two

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Speaker 1: partner on them, which originally aired in November of I

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Speaker 1: want to thank Casey Pegram and Chandler Mains for their

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Speaker 1: work on the audio for this podcast. And if you

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Speaker 1: would like to, and you should, you can subscribe to

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Speaker 1: This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, the I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, and anywhere you get podcasts. Tomorrow's topic

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Speaker 1: turns from entertainment, unfortunately, to a more serious and tragic

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Speaker 1: event that actually took place five years before the Lumier's

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Speaker 1: first paid film presentation. Hi everyone, I'm Eve's welcome to

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Speaker 1: This Day and his j Class, A show that will

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Speaker 1: convince you that history can be fascinating even when you

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Speaker 1: expect it not to be. The day was December nineteen

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Speaker 1: o three. American jazz musician Earl Hines was born. Hines

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Speaker 1: was born in Duquesne, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. His

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Speaker 1: family was steeped in music. His mother played the organ

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Speaker 1: and piano. His father played the coordinet with the Eureka

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Speaker 1: Brass Band. His sister, Nancy played the organ, his brother

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Speaker 1: played piano, His aunt sang light opera, and his uncle

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Speaker 1: played brass instruments. Haines began taking piano lessons early on,

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Speaker 1: and he worked towards the goal of becoming a concert pianist.

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Speaker 1: When he was in high school, he moved to Pittsburgh,

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Speaker 1: where he lived with his aunt. There he fell in

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Speaker 1: love with jazz. In his own music he turned away

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Speaker 1: from classical music and towards jazz. As a teenager, he

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Speaker 1: formed the trio with a violinist and a drummer. The

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Speaker 1: group played at high school events, church socials, and nightclubs.

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Speaker 1: Since Haines still had to go to school, his schedule

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Speaker 1: was taxing, so he left school at age sixteen to

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Speaker 1: pursue his career in jazz. In two Haines began working

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Speaker 1: at the Leader House, a nightclub, with singer and band

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Speaker 1: leader Lois B. Deppie. The band went to Ohio, West Virginia,

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Speaker 1: and New York City, and while he played with Debbie's band,

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Speaker 1: Haines developed his own style. He created a technique of

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Speaker 1: playing a melody in octaves that was known as the

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Speaker 1: trumpet style. In ninete he went to Richmond, Indiana, where

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Speaker 1: he had his first recording sessions with Deppie. But the

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Speaker 1: next year Haines left Debbie and led his own band,

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Speaker 1: which included saxophonist Benny Carter. But soon he moved to Chicago,

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Speaker 1: which had a big jazz scene. In the city, he

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Speaker 1: met people like Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Benny Goodman.

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Speaker 1: Hines Armstrong and drummer Zudi Singleton began playing regularly at

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Speaker 1: the Sunset Cafe. When the club temporarily closed in nine,

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Speaker 1: the band broke up and Hines began playing at the

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Speaker 1: Apex Club with clarinetis Jimmy Noon. The next year, Hines

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Speaker 1: was on several recordings that included some with Louis Armstrong's

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Speaker 1: Hot five and Hot seven. Hines's piano style was notable

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Speaker 1: on these recordings, and he began to be viewed as

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Speaker 1: not just a talented musician, but as a jazz innovator.

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Speaker 1: Hines also recorded a series of piano solos in that December,

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Speaker 1: Hines began leading a big band at the Grand Terrorist Ballroom.

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Speaker 1: They worked every day of the week, and they spent

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Speaker 1: months touring every year. The band also got a lot

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Speaker 1: of airtime on the radio, helping popularize them outside of Chicago.

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Speaker 1: When Hines lectured one radio announcer on drinking, the announcer

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Speaker 1: gave him the nickname Father, and it stuck, though Hines

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Speaker 1: didn't like the moniker. Haines stayed at the Grand Terrace

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Speaker 1: for eleven years and recorded a lot with the band.

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Speaker 1: He left with the band in nineteen forty, feeling exploited

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Speaker 1: and underpaid. Over the next few decades, he was involved

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Speaker 1: in various ventures. He played with the Louis Armstrong All Stars,

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Speaker 1: he played at the Club Hangover in San Francisco for

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Speaker 1: five years, and he opened a club in Oakland in

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three, but that didn't last long. He played

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Speaker 1: three solo concerts at the Little Theater in New York

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Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty four, and he toured the world, including

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Speaker 1: dates in the Soviet Union on a tour for the U. S.

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Speaker 1: State Department. Haines played the piano until just before his death,

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Speaker 1: even though he had been dealing with arthritis and heart problems.

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Speaker 1: He played his last gig in San Francisco just before

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Speaker 1: he died in Oakland in April of nineteen eighty three.

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Speaker 1: Many people consider Haines the father of modern jazz piano playing.

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Speaker 1: I'm Eve Deepcote and hopefully you know a little more

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Speaker 1: about history today than you did it yesterday. You can

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Speaker 1: find us on social media at t d I h

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Speaker 1: C Podcast, on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Email still works.

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Speaker 1: Send us a note at this day at I heeart

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Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks again for listening and we'll see

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Speaker 1: you tomorrow. Hello, and welcome to this Day in History

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Speaker 1: Class a show that flips through the pages of history

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Speaker 1: to deliver old news in a new way. I'm Gabe

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Speaker 1: Lousier and today we're exploring the life and times of

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Speaker 1: Rob Roy, a real life Scottish bandit who became one

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Speaker 1: of the world's most enduring literary legends. The day was

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Speaker 1: December seventeen thirty four. Rob Roy MacGregor, a Scottish bandit

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Speaker 1: turned folk hero, died at his home in the village

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Speaker 1: of Balwinder. He was many things throughout his life, including

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Speaker 1: a soldier, a businessman, a cattle rustler, and an extortionist. Today,

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Speaker 1: he's best remembered as a daring, romantic hero, kind of

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Speaker 1: like the Robin Hood of Scotland. That perception is largely

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Speaker 1: due to the many fictionalized novels, plays, comic books, and

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Speaker 1: movies that have been made about him since his death. However,

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Speaker 1: Rob Roy actually became a legend within his own lifetime.

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Speaker 1: Eleven years before his death, the first written account of

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Speaker 1: his life was published, a fictionalized biography by Daniel Defoe

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Speaker 1: titled Highland Rogue. The book changed Rob Roy's life and

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Speaker 1: ensured that history would remember him as far more than

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Speaker 1: a violent bandit. Robert MacGregor was born in early sixteen

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Speaker 1: seventy one at Glen Gile, at the head of Loch

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Speaker 1: Katrine in the southern Highlands of Scotland. He was the

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Speaker 1: third son of Donald McGregor, a landholder and chieftain of

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Speaker 1: Clan MacGregor. Rob inherited red hair from his mother, Margaret Campbell.

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Speaker 1: This trait later inspired his nickname raybt Rued, which means

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Speaker 1: Robert the Red in Gaelic. The reference to his red

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Speaker 1: hair was later lost in translation when Rob Ruda was

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Speaker 1: anglicized into rob Roy. The McGregor's were Jacobites, a predominantly

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Speaker 1: Catholic group that supported the exiled King of Scotland, James

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Speaker 1: the seventh, and opposed his Protestant usurper King William the Third.

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Speaker 1: In six nine, a Scottish Convention of Parliament recognized William

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Speaker 1: the Third and his wife Mary as the joint Monarchs

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Speaker 1: of Scotland. The result was an immediate uprising among the Jacobites,

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Speaker 1: culminating in the Battle of Killie Cranky in late July

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Speaker 1: of that year. The Jacobites won the day, but their leader,

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Speaker 1: Viscount Dundee, was among the casualties without his leadership. The

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Speaker 1: Jacobite uprising fell apart fast. Rob Roy and his father

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Speaker 1: both fought in the rebellion, alongside the rest of Clan MacGregor.

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Speaker 1: As a result, when the Jacobites were defeated, the MacGregor

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Speaker 1: name was banned by law. Discouraged by the loss, Rob

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Speaker 1: gave up on politics and warfare. He adopted his mother's

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Speaker 1: maiden name of Campbell and married his cousin Mary in

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Speaker 1: January of sixteen ninety three. The former soldier settled into

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Speaker 1: domestic life. He started a business driving cattle to the

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Speaker 1: market town of Crief, on the border between the Scottish

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Speaker 1: Highlands and Lowlands. The business succeeded thanks in large part

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Speaker 1: to the financial backing of the Duke of Montrose, a

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Speaker 1: wealthy landowner who invested heavily in Roy's business. Sadly, all

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Speaker 1: that good fortune went to ruin in seventeen eleven. Late

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Speaker 1: that year, Rob borrowed money from the Duke to pay

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Speaker 1: for cattle for the next year's market. Rob made the

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Speaker 1: purchase and then sent his head drover or cattle driver

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Speaker 1: to pick up the order. However, the employee never returned.

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Speaker 1: After picking up the cattle, he sold them to someone

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Speaker 1: else and then disappeared with the money. Despite his best efforts,

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Speaker 1: Rob failed to track down the thief. He pledged to

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Speaker 1: repay the loan himself in time, but the Duke of

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Speaker 1: Montrose wasn't having it. The powerful Duke declared Robin outlaw.

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Speaker 1: He then seized all of his lands and even evicted

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Speaker 1: his wife and four sons in the dead of winter.

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Speaker 1: Now on the run is a wanted man, rob Roy

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Speaker 1: set his sights on revenge. He launched an ongoing campaign

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Speaker 1: against the Duke of Montrose, stealing his cattle and robbing

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Speaker 1: his employees every chance he got. Over time, rob began

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Speaker 1: targeting other wealthy landowners as well. He extorted money and

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Speaker 1: property from them in exchange for protection against other cattle rustlers,

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Speaker 1: and if a farmer refused to pay up, then he

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Speaker 1: just stole their animals himself. The feud went on for years,

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Speaker 1: partly because Rob's efforts were aided by the Duke's enemies,

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Speaker 1: and partly because the pubs admiration emboldened Rob Roy. He

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Speaker 1: frequently shared his ill gotten loot with the poor, especially

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Speaker 1: those who had been mistreated by the Duke as he

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Speaker 1: had been. This earned him a reputation as a champion

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Speaker 1: of the people. In seventeen fifteen, another Jacobite rebellion broke out,

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Speaker 1: but this time Rob didn't join the fight. In fact,

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Speaker 1: he plundered both sides, and when the rebellion was defeated again,

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Speaker 1: he just went right back to robbing Montrose. The revenge

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Speaker 1: campaign continued for another seven years. It finally came to

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Speaker 1: an end in seventeen twenty two when a different duke

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Speaker 1: helped arranger reconciliation between Rob and Montrose. However, even though

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Speaker 1: he and the Duke mended fences, Rob was later arrested

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Speaker 1: for his crimes and sent to Newgate Prison in London.

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Speaker 1: He spent the next four years behind bars. While in

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Speaker 1: the outside were his legendary status began to take shape.

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Speaker 1: With the release of Daniel Defoe's book Highland Rogue, Rob's

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Speaker 1: popularity with the public reached an all time high. Finally,

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Speaker 1: in seventeen twenty seven, King George the First of Great

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Speaker 1: Britain was persuaded by the public to part in Rob

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Speaker 1: for his many crimes. The reprieve came through just in time,

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Speaker 1: as the outlaw was just about to be transported to

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Speaker 1: a penal colony in Barbados. Instead, the fifty six year

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Speaker 1: old outlaw was released and allowed to spend the remaining

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Speaker 1: years of his life and the peaceful village of Balwinder.

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Speaker 1: He died there seven years later on December seventeen thirty four.

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Speaker 1: He was buried on New Year's Day and was survived

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Speaker 1: by his four sons. His grave still stands, and in

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Speaker 1: the twentieth century an inscription was added to the stone

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Speaker 1: in tribute to his blians. It reads quote mac gregor

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Speaker 1: Despite them, The legend of Rob Roy has only grown

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Speaker 1: since his death. His exploits, both real and imagined, have

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Speaker 1: been the subject of countless adaptations for the page and screen.

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Speaker 1: Outside of stories, fans can visit Scotland and toward the

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Speaker 1: real life locations that featured in Rob Roy's life. Many

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Speaker 1: of these sites are even linked by a long distance

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Speaker 1: trail called the Rob Roy Way. There's even a famous

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Speaker 1: cocktail named after him. It's said to have originated at

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Speaker 1: the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. In a

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Speaker 1: Broadway production of an operetta based on Rob Roy's life,

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Speaker 1: premiered at a theater down the street from the hotel.

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Speaker 1: At the time, it was common practice for the hotel

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Speaker 1: bar to name drinks after current Broadway shows. The rob

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Speaker 1: Roy was a simple spin on a much more popular drink,

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Speaker 1: the Manhattan. The only difference a Manhattan uses American whiskey,

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Speaker 1: while a rob Roy is made with you guessed at Scotch.

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Speaker 1: I'm Gabe Lousier and hopefully you now know a little

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Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. You can

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Speaker 1: learn even more about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook,

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Speaker 1: and Instagram at t d i HC Show, and if

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Speaker 1: you have any comments or suggestions, feel free to send

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Speaker 1: them my way at this Day at I heeart media

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Speaker 1: dot com. Thanks to Chandler May's for producing the show,

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Speaker 1: and thank you for listening. I'll see you back here

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Speaker 1: again tomorrow for another day in History class. For more

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Speaker 1: podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app

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