1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,880 Speaker 1: You'll also hear two hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. 4 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class 5 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk 6 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,799 Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show 7 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time 8 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:27,320 Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: it's September six. The candy At massacre took place on 11 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: this day in the city of candy Is, now more 12 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,600 Speaker 1: commonly known as Heraclian. That's on the island of Crete. 13 00:00:41,640 --> 00:00:45,319 Speaker 1: After the Fourth Crusade, Crete was sold to Venice, but 14 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:49,600 Speaker 1: the Venetians weren't all that kind to the island's predominantly 15 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:55,120 Speaker 1: Greek population, so in sixty five, the Ottoman Empire invaded Crete. 16 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: They thought they would have the support of the Greek 17 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 1: population and fighting against the Venetians would was true, but 18 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:04,480 Speaker 1: Venice was determined to stay in control of the island. 19 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: In particular, the city of Candia was very, very heavily 20 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:11,520 Speaker 1: fortified and the Ottoman force lay siege to it for 21 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:16,399 Speaker 1: twenty two years. This was one of the longest sieges 22 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: in the entire history of the world. Maintaining all of 23 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: this defense against the siege was expensive. It was very 24 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,400 Speaker 1: difficult for Venice, and they finally ceded Crete to the 25 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: Ottoman Empire on September six of sixteen sixty nine. Fast 26 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 1: forward to eighteen ninety six, the Ottoman Empire is really 27 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 1: in decline and numerous nations become very deeply interested in 28 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:43,559 Speaker 1: trying to prevent a war as the Ottoman Empire recedes. 29 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:48,040 Speaker 1: They finally convinced the Ottoman Empire to reform the government 30 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:50,920 Speaker 1: of Crete and to establish a Christian governor and a 31 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: European commission for overseeing things like the police and the courts. 32 00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:57,040 Speaker 1: That is where we pick up for the candy and 33 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: massacre creates. Population at this point included both Christians and Muslims, 34 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:04,600 Speaker 1: and while the Christians were delighted about this change and 35 00:02:04,680 --> 00:02:07,880 Speaker 1: having a Christian governor in charge, the Muslims were furious. 36 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 1: This led to ongoing religiously motivated violence as the international 37 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: powers involved tried to put create under local control and failed. Ultimately, 38 00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: Russia France, Italy and Great Britain divided up the island 39 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: and they placed their respective forces in four different quadrants. 40 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,959 Speaker 1: The British forces were in and around Candia in August 41 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 1: of plan was put in place to establish a tithe 42 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: on exports and to put the Tithe Collector's office under 43 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:43,240 Speaker 1: British control. This meant that the Muslims who were currently 44 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:46,000 Speaker 1: working in the Tithe Collector's office in Candia, we're going 45 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:50,440 Speaker 1: to be replaced with Christians. The Muslim population, which far 46 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:54,080 Speaker 1: outnumbered the Christian population in the city, objected to this. 47 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: They were outraged and a group of armed people stormed 48 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:02,920 Speaker 1: the collector's office. It is not clear exactly what happened, 49 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,800 Speaker 1: the accounts from the day completely contradict each other, but 50 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: it became extremely violent. Muslims started attacking the British detachment 51 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: of troops there as well as attacking Christian holmes. Fourteen 52 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: British soldiers and the British Vice Console were killed in 53 00:03:19,639 --> 00:03:23,080 Speaker 1: the initial violence, and then it just exploded into a massacre, 54 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:28,080 Speaker 1: with hundreds of Christians being killed. The massacre only started 55 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: to slow down when the HMS Hazard, which was anchored 56 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: off shore, started shelling the town. An international force of 57 00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: about three hundred additional troops were sent to the town 58 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: to try to restore order. The officer who was in 59 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:43,560 Speaker 1: command of the Turkish forces who were still in Crete 60 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: also learned of what was going on and committed troops 61 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:49,600 Speaker 1: to restoring order as well. In the end, fewer than 62 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: five hundred of the approximately one thousand Christians who had 63 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: been living in the city survived. Some of them survived 64 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: or being sheltered by their Muslim neighbors. Within a couple 65 00:03:59,920 --> 00:04:03,320 Speaker 1: of weeks, though nearly all of the surviving Christian population 66 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:07,680 Speaker 1: had left. Multiple courts of inquiry were held after all 67 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:10,839 Speaker 1: of this, with more than two hundred suspects being arrested 68 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 1: in nearly eighty trials. There were nineteen executions within three months, 69 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:18,120 Speaker 1: and during all this it was revealed that one of 70 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:20,919 Speaker 1: the major perpetrators had been a high ranking member of 71 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:25,040 Speaker 1: the Ottoman force who was acting against orders. That became 72 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: a major factor in removing the remainder of the Ottoman 73 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: force from Crete completely. And this incident was part of 74 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 1: an international movement towards establishing international laws in relation to 75 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,760 Speaker 1: war crimes, because in a lot of cases, when it 76 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: came to actually trying the perpetrators. It just was not clear, 77 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: and whose jurisdiction a particular person should be tried in 78 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:49,280 Speaker 1: was not clear where they were going to get a 79 00:04:49,279 --> 00:04:53,080 Speaker 1: fair trial and create The anniversary of this massacre is 80 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 1: marked on August twenty five, which was the day that 81 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:58,599 Speaker 1: it fell on under the old Julian calendar which was 82 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: in use at the time. There's a twenty five August 83 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 1: street in Heraklion today. Thanks to Eve's Jeff Code for 84 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:07,760 Speaker 1: her research work on today's episode, and thanks to Tarry 85 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: Harrison for her audio work on this show, you can 86 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: subscribe to The Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, 87 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,320 Speaker 1: Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts, and 88 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:18,440 Speaker 1: tomorrow you can tune in for one of the most 89 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 1: profitable raids in pirate history. Hi Um, Eve's welcome to 90 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class, a show that reveals a 91 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 1: little bit more about history day by day. The day 92 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:52,919 Speaker 1: was September six seven. Charles Joseph Bolden was born in 93 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:57,760 Speaker 1: New Orleans to Alice and Westmore Bolden. Buddy Bolden, as 94 00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:01,120 Speaker 1: he was known, was a cornetist who instrumental in the 95 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: development of jazz. There is a considerable amount of mystery 96 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,760 Speaker 1: and discrepancy surrounding the details of his life, but the 97 00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 1: recollections of his friends and peers have helped preserve his story. 98 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: Buddy's older sister died in eighteen eighty one of encephalitis. 99 00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: Two years later, his father died of pneumonia. When Buddy 100 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:26,479 Speaker 1: was ten years old, He his mother, and his younger 101 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:30,279 Speaker 1: sister moved into a house on First Street in New Orleans. 102 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: Buddy was not formally trained in playing the cordnet, but 103 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 1: in the mid eighteen nineties, Buddy began taking lessons from 104 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,839 Speaker 1: a neighbor who was a cook and a family friend. 105 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: Around this same time, Buddy joined a small dance band 106 00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:49,000 Speaker 1: led by Charlie Galloway. As he performed around the city, 107 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:53,120 Speaker 1: he gained a lot of fans and attention. He met 108 00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:56,040 Speaker 1: a woman named Hattie Oliver, with whom he had a 109 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,480 Speaker 1: child in eighteen nine seven. He also had a daughter 110 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,560 Speaker 1: named for Nadine years later with a woman named Nora Bass, 111 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: but their relationships did not last long, and he lived 112 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: with his mother and sister throughout much of his twenties. 113 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:14,880 Speaker 1: By the turn of the century, Buddy was the band 114 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: leader of a steady group of people. There were two 115 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: clarinet players, one trombonist, one guitarist, one bass player, and 116 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:26,720 Speaker 1: a drummer. Buddy and his band were known for improvising 117 00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: and making traditional and popular songs their own. They often 118 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:34,480 Speaker 1: played at the Union Sun's Hall, a popular entertainment venue 119 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: in Black Storyville, a part of the Red Light district 120 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:42,440 Speaker 1: called Storyville that was for black people. Buddy would play 121 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,080 Speaker 1: late into the night, and some days he would make 122 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:49,040 Speaker 1: appearances at more than one venue. But he gained a 123 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: lot of fame relatively quickly, and that took a toll 124 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:57,280 Speaker 1: on him. He began drinking heavily and had headaches. Around 125 00:07:57,360 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: nineteen o six, he started showing signs of men till illness. 126 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: He missed shows, clashed with his bandmates, and became paranoid. 127 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: In March of nineteen o six, he was arrested and 128 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:14,920 Speaker 1: jailed after hitting Norah's mother with a water picture. The 129 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: press covered this incident, though they offered different accounts on 130 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: whether he had hit Nora's mother or his own. By 131 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: the end of that year, Buddies bandmates left his band, 132 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: and musicians began to rotate in and out of his group. 133 00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:34,480 Speaker 1: He continued to struggle with mental illness. He shorted band 134 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:37,959 Speaker 1: members on their pay, and left the Labor Day Parade 135 00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:42,360 Speaker 1: route that he was marching for unknown reasons. After he 136 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: was arrested for what the police called insanity on September 137 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: eight and then released, he never played his coordinet again. 138 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:53,480 Speaker 1: In April of nineteen oh seven, he was committed to 139 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: the Jackson and Sane Asylum. Two months later, he was 140 00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:02,280 Speaker 1: transferred to the Mental Institution in Jackson, Louisiana. He was 141 00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:06,319 Speaker 1: diagnosed with dementa pray Cox paranoid type, which later morphed 142 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: into a parallel diagnosis of schizophrenia. His mother and sister 143 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 1: visited him at the asylum and wrote letters to him. 144 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:19,240 Speaker 1: After they stopped visiting, Buddy stayed there until he died 145 00:09:19,280 --> 00:09:23,680 Speaker 1: in November of nine in Parker General Hospital, which was 146 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: part of the asylum. He died of cerebral arterial sclerosis. 147 00:09:29,679 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: Buddy had been considered one of the founding fathers of jazz, 148 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: but there are no records of Buddy's performances. Though Buddy 149 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:40,960 Speaker 1: did innovate in his style and sound, there is debate 150 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: over exactly what Buddy may have pioneered after he stopped 151 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:49,160 Speaker 1: playing his cornet, a style of jazz called Dixieland developed 152 00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: in New Orleans. I'm Eve Steffcote and hopefully you know 153 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:56,679 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 154 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 1: Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at 155 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: T d i h C podcast. Thanks for joining me 156 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:09,679 Speaker 1: on this trip through time. See you here in the 157 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:27,079 Speaker 1: exact same spot tomorrow. For more podcasts for my Heart Radio, 158 00:10:27,160 --> 00:10:29,720 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 159 00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.