WEBVTT - Mitochondrial Eve 0:00:03.800 --> 0:00:06.680 Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff 0:00:06.720 --> 0:00:13.960 Works dot com. Hey, welcome to stuff to Blow your Mind. 0:00:13.960 --> 0:00:17.520 My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Tuglas. I'm 0:00:17.560 --> 0:00:22.440 actually Eve. Oh really are you? You're channeling the primordial 0:00:22.520 --> 0:00:25.639 mother inside You're getting in your DNA. Yes, it is 0:00:25.640 --> 0:00:27.520 a true statement to say that I could be an 0:00:27.560 --> 0:00:32.960 iteration of Eve. Not the Eve of the story, but 0:00:33.080 --> 0:00:35.920 an Eve. Now who is he? We should probably refresh everyone, 0:00:36.000 --> 0:00:38.120 especially those of you out there who can grow up 0:00:38.159 --> 0:00:42.519 attending Christian Sunday School or Jewish or just immersed in 0:00:42.560 --> 0:00:47.120 world myths. Eve, according to Christian and Hebraic and Islamic tradition, 0:00:47.240 --> 0:00:50.360 was the first woman, right, Adam was created by man 0:00:50.360 --> 0:00:53.920 out of dust, and then he's lonely. He evidently needs 0:00:53.920 --> 0:00:57.040 a friend, someone to do things for him, and so 0:00:57.360 --> 0:00:59.600 he ends up taking Adam's were about and turning it 0:00:59.640 --> 0:01:02.480 into this woman Eve, which seems totally possible. Yeah, and 0:01:02.520 --> 0:01:05.360 then YadA, YadA, YadA, she borrows an apple from a 0:01:05.400 --> 0:01:08.320 snake and it's the downfall of man and then she 0:01:08.360 --> 0:01:11.760 has to suffer through painful childbirth and he has to 0:01:11.760 --> 0:01:14.400 get a job growing crops and it's just a big 0:01:14.400 --> 0:01:16.760 said sob story of the rest of the book, but 0:01:16.840 --> 0:01:19.959 the idea of this primordial mother figure. You see this 0:01:20.000 --> 0:01:23.120 throughout different systems of belief, in different myths and different religions. 0:01:23.440 --> 0:01:27.080 Eve herself her name comes from the Hebrew hallaw which 0:01:27.120 --> 0:01:30.600 means life and life giving feminine power. And in the 0:01:30.600 --> 0:01:33.639 Salmutic tradition of Jewish literature, you have another figure, Lilith 0:01:34.040 --> 0:01:36.560 that shows up as the first wife of Adam, but 0:01:36.640 --> 0:01:38.600 she refused to listen to him and didn't want to 0:01:38.600 --> 0:01:41.039 obey him, and so she was transformed into a demon 0:01:41.120 --> 0:01:44.880 who then becomes this enemy of feminine reproduction and a 0:01:44.920 --> 0:01:48.520 destroyer of infants, so sort of an anti primordial mother figure. 0:01:48.880 --> 0:01:51.560 Then there are other characters such as Kiamet, the chaotic 0:01:51.600 --> 0:01:56.360 primordial ocean goddess of ancient Babylon. There's Astra, the semantic 0:01:56.440 --> 0:02:00.000 mother goddess, and Greek mythology you have Pandora, the first woman, 0:02:00.120 --> 0:02:05.880 who also got into some similar curiosity related. Yeah, in 0:02:06.000 --> 0:02:11.040 Japanese mythology there's is an Armi no Mikoto, and then 0:02:11.080 --> 0:02:14.880 in Hinduism there's Sarupa, the first woman, the daughter of Brahma, 0:02:14.919 --> 0:02:17.800 and she's actually the female portion of Lord Brahma. She 0:02:17.960 --> 0:02:20.720 is the counterpart to manage. Again, you see this idea 0:02:20.800 --> 0:02:23.600 throughout because on one level it's an embodiment of this 0:02:23.720 --> 0:02:26.320 idea of what female power is and the role females 0:02:26.400 --> 0:02:29.160 have in human society. And then on the other hand, 0:02:30.200 --> 0:02:33.480 we're fascinated by our origins. So we've always wondered where 0:02:33.480 --> 0:02:36.680 we came from, what we're our beginnings and was there, 0:02:36.680 --> 0:02:39.520 indeed a most distant ancestor we were to trace back 0:02:39.560 --> 0:02:42.880 our lineage far enough, would we come to a definite beginning, 0:02:42.880 --> 0:02:45.560 would we say, oh, well here here she is, here 0:02:45.600 --> 0:02:48.480 he is. Well, you could never come back to the 0:02:48.600 --> 0:02:51.840 absolute beginning, right, But we can do something here today 0:02:51.840 --> 0:02:55.560 where we can blow ancestry dot Com away and is 0:02:55.919 --> 0:03:00.120 thirty something minutes right by talking about this idea of 0:03:00.320 --> 0:03:04.560 mitochondrial eve. Yes, this first woman. But we'll talk about 0:03:04.560 --> 0:03:07.520 more about what first woman means and in a little bit. 0:03:08.040 --> 0:03:11.760 But first, before we start talking about this mitochondrial eve 0:03:12.000 --> 0:03:15.200 from whom we all sprang this idea of this, let's 0:03:15.200 --> 0:03:21.480 talk about evolution and something called the multi regional hypothesis. Yes, 0:03:21.680 --> 0:03:25.720 so multi regional hypothesis. This is the idea that human 0:03:25.760 --> 0:03:30.560 beings didn't necessarily originate with one particular explosion of evolution, 0:03:30.880 --> 0:03:34.079 but that this evolutionary explosion happened in several different places 0:03:34.520 --> 0:03:36.280 in the same way. You know, you hear about major 0:03:36.320 --> 0:03:39.040 inventions where oh, well, these guys invented the airplane at 0:03:39.080 --> 0:03:41.200 the same time as the right brothers. People were just 0:03:41.280 --> 0:03:44.120 headed this way. The idea that, well, evolution was headed 0:03:44.120 --> 0:03:47.120 this way towards humans, and it just happened at several 0:03:47.120 --> 0:03:49.800 different points across the globe. It's far from the popular 0:03:49.880 --> 0:03:52.560 theory at this point. It's more the exception rather than 0:03:52.600 --> 0:03:55.560 the rule. But prior to seven, this was the prevailing 0:03:55.640 --> 0:03:59.400 idea that our predecessor, Homo erectus had left Africa two 0:03:59.440 --> 0:04:02.320 million years ago and spread out around the entire world, 0:04:02.760 --> 0:04:05.440 and then these different populations adapted to their new environments 0:04:05.440 --> 0:04:09.040 by evolving into Homo sapiens, and although there was constant 0:04:09.080 --> 0:04:12.960 gene flow and interbreeding between these different populations, that everybody 0:04:13.000 --> 0:04:16.600 remained part of the same species. So they thought this 0:04:16.680 --> 0:04:19.240 model was the best way to explain all of those 0:04:19.279 --> 0:04:25.080 Homeorectus fossils that they kept finding throughout Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. 0:04:25.160 --> 0:04:28.240 The most widely accepted model today though, is the recent 0:04:28.279 --> 0:04:32.480 African origin of modern humans model, or also known as 0:04:32.520 --> 0:04:35.600 the out of Africa model. It's also sometimes known as 0:04:35.640 --> 0:04:37.760 the out of Africa to model. And this is why 0:04:38.000 --> 0:04:41.279 this holds that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and between 0:04:41.320 --> 0:04:44.640 fifty six thousand and two hundred thousand years ago migrated 0:04:44.680 --> 0:04:47.240 into these other lands. The reason some people call it 0:04:47.240 --> 0:04:49.960 out of Africa two is that it involves a previous 0:04:50.000 --> 0:04:53.760 African exodus by tribes of Homo erectus. So following the 0:04:53.760 --> 0:04:57.719 scattering of the Homo sapiens, they eventually outlived the previous 0:04:57.720 --> 0:05:03.040 Homo erectus excursion and become the dominent. And the explanations 0:05:03.160 --> 0:05:08.360 for the older fossils discovered elsewhere are basically representing hominid 0:05:08.360 --> 0:05:12.040 lineages that had since gone extinct a long time ago. 0:05:12.160 --> 0:05:14.760 So the idea with the recent African origin of modern 0:05:14.839 --> 0:05:16.920 humans model the out of Africa model, is that human 0:05:16.960 --> 0:05:21.600 evolution explodes once and that explosion consumes the globe, as 0:05:21.600 --> 0:05:24.880 opposed to numerous explosions. Right. So, and the reason why 0:05:24.960 --> 0:05:29.880 we mentioned seven is because in January of seven, Rebecca can, 0:05:30.400 --> 0:05:33.320 Mark stone King, and Alan Wilson published a paper in 0:05:33.400 --> 0:05:37.200 nature that dropped a bombshell, this bombshell of the recent 0:05:37.240 --> 0:05:40.479 African origin model on our evolutionary doorsteps, so to speak. 0:05:40.720 --> 0:05:44.919 The researchers examined the mitochondrial DNA taken from one forty 0:05:44.960 --> 0:05:49.040 seven people across all of today's major racial groups, and 0:05:49.160 --> 0:05:51.719 the researchers found that the lineage of all people alive 0:05:51.760 --> 0:05:55.480 today falls on one of two branches in humanities family tree. 0:05:56.000 --> 0:05:58.880 One of these branches consists of nothing but African lineage. 0:05:59.240 --> 0:06:02.800 The other continued into all other groups, including some African lineage. 0:06:03.080 --> 0:06:05.359 So that was one revelation that they had, and I 0:06:05.360 --> 0:06:08.520 should also say to that the two distinct branches they 0:06:08.560 --> 0:06:15.760 discovered contained the mitochondrial DNA found in five populations Africa, Asia, 0:06:16.120 --> 0:06:21.040 European populations, Australian and New Guinea. And they found that 0:06:21.120 --> 0:06:24.760 in the branch that was not exclusively African, racial populations 0:06:24.800 --> 0:06:27.400 often had more than one lineage. For example, one New 0:06:27.440 --> 0:06:31.600 Guinea lineage finds its closest relative and a lineage present 0:06:31.720 --> 0:06:35.719 in Asia, not New Guinea. So this is all new 0:06:35.760 --> 0:06:38.479 information to them. But here's the kicker. All of the 0:06:38.560 --> 0:06:42.080 lineages and both of the two branches can be traced 0:06:42.120 --> 0:06:47.800 back to mitochondrial eve, everyone can trace back his or 0:06:47.800 --> 0:06:51.919 her lineage back to a single common ancestor who lived 0:06:51.960 --> 0:06:55.520 around two hundred thousand years ago in East Africa. Yeah, 0:06:55.520 --> 0:06:57.440 it's pretty mind blowing. I mean, it's important to stress 0:06:57.480 --> 0:07:00.960 that we are not talking about even the actual like, oh, 0:07:01.000 --> 0:07:02.680 there was this single woman and she was made from 0:07:02.680 --> 0:07:05.080 a rib kind of a thing or anything of the sort. 0:07:05.320 --> 0:07:09.000 There were women before mitochondria eve. There were other women 0:07:09.040 --> 0:07:11.880 at the same time. But just do the luck and 0:07:11.920 --> 0:07:15.600 the way things fell together, statistically, she ends up being 0:07:15.800 --> 0:07:18.880 the primordial mother figure for everyone that is alive today. Right, 0:07:18.960 --> 0:07:21.520 she was an ordinary woman for that time who became 0:07:21.560 --> 0:07:27.200 extraordinary because basically her genetic material is what actually survived. Right. 0:07:27.680 --> 0:07:31.560 And there's this idea that the reason why her genes 0:07:31.920 --> 0:07:35.600 subsisted while others died away is because of a theory 0:07:35.640 --> 0:07:40.200 called evolutionary bottleneck. And this is a situation when a 0:07:40.280 --> 0:07:43.840 large majority of a member of species suddenly die out, 0:07:43.880 --> 0:07:46.840 bringing the species to the verge of extinction. So there 0:07:46.840 --> 0:07:50.120 could be a major catastrophic event, there could be an earthquake, 0:07:50.320 --> 0:07:53.360 some sort of special set of conditions that would whittle 0:07:53.400 --> 0:07:56.880 the population down. So it's possible that after a few 0:07:56.920 --> 0:08:01.280 generations that have experienced this catastrophic event, that the mitochondrial 0:08:01.400 --> 0:08:05.360 DNA of other women died out. And we'll talk about 0:08:05.360 --> 0:08:07.400 this in a moment in a little bit more detail, 0:08:07.480 --> 0:08:11.040 But if a woman produces only male offspring, her minochondrial 0:08:11.240 --> 0:08:15.080 DNA will not be passed down. Since children don't receive 0:08:15.680 --> 0:08:18.520 mitochondrial DNA from their father. This means that while the 0:08:18.560 --> 0:08:22.679 women's sons will have her minochondrial DNA, her grandchildren won't 0:08:22.680 --> 0:08:25.240 in her line will be lost. But we know that 0:08:25.320 --> 0:08:28.520 with mitochondrial eve this did not happen. Now, you mentioned 0:08:28.560 --> 0:08:32.080 bottlenecking there earlier, and this is something I found particularly interesting, 0:08:32.120 --> 0:08:36.000 just about the way populations change as humans expand out 0:08:36.120 --> 0:08:40.360 in ancient times. Two thousand seven, Cambridge researchers were looking 0:08:40.400 --> 0:08:43.280 at fifty three different human populations from around around the world, 0:08:43.520 --> 0:08:46.560 and specifically they're looking at skull shapes and genetic diversity, 0:08:46.920 --> 0:08:50.079 and they found that the farther the population was from Africa, 0:08:50.360 --> 0:08:53.360 the less varied its genetic makeup. The reason being that 0:08:53.440 --> 0:08:56.479 its humans spread out from the cradle civilization, their population 0:08:56.559 --> 0:08:59.560 size is dropped, and as their population size is dropped, 0:08:59.600 --> 0:09:02.760 that means less genetic diversity to go around. In other words, 0:09:02.800 --> 0:09:06.200 if you were to migrate to this one area outside 0:09:06.240 --> 0:09:09.720 of Africa and there's not it's a long trip, we're 0:09:09.720 --> 0:09:12.520 going to die and there's a small group, you're going 0:09:12.600 --> 0:09:16.040 to marry your cousin probably. And also nature is going 0:09:16.080 --> 0:09:18.320 to select the strong, the individuals that are suited for 0:09:18.360 --> 0:09:20.560 the new environments that are being encountered. Those are gonna 0:09:20.559 --> 0:09:22.160 be the ones that are going to survive. But if 0:09:22.200 --> 0:09:24.120 you were to have state in Africa, then you would 0:09:24.120 --> 0:09:28.040 have many more people to choose from to create more 0:09:28.080 --> 0:09:30.800 offspring with. So let's take a break and when we 0:09:30.880 --> 0:09:33.599 come back we will talk a little more about it. 0:09:38.040 --> 0:09:43.960 So mitochondria DNA, what's the difference here? Okay, So DNA, 0:09:44.480 --> 0:09:47.160 located within the nucleus of each of your cells, determines 0:09:47.320 --> 0:09:51.520 your eye color, your racial features, susceptibility to certain diseases, 0:09:51.600 --> 0:09:54.440 and other defining characteristics. I think of it that way. 0:09:54.880 --> 0:09:57.800 Mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, contains codes for making 0:09:57.800 --> 0:10:02.520 proteins and carrying out other proces. Tessays mitochondria undertake. And 0:10:02.679 --> 0:10:04.560 this I wanted to talk about two because I think 0:10:04.600 --> 0:10:09.280 it's very interesting to see how DNA is replicated in 0:10:09.320 --> 0:10:11.840 the context of something like this when we're talking about 0:10:11.840 --> 0:10:17.079 two hundred thousand years ago. DNA is very long linear molecule. 0:10:17.200 --> 0:10:19.480 It's a coded version of how to make another copy 0:10:19.520 --> 0:10:22.920 of you. Basically, it's your your blueprint. Right. It's composed 0:10:22.920 --> 0:10:25.640 of four subunits A, C, G, and T, and the 0:10:25.720 --> 0:10:28.559 sequence of those subunits that is basically the material that 0:10:28.679 --> 0:10:32.079 defines the blueprint. If you took all the DNA out 0:10:32.080 --> 0:10:34.400 of every cell in your body and you stretch it 0:10:34.520 --> 0:10:36.560 and to end, it would reach from here to the 0:10:36.559 --> 0:10:40.720 moon and back thousands of times. Okay. So now think 0:10:40.720 --> 0:10:45.280 of copying the sequence and repeating it, and this incredibly 0:10:45.320 --> 0:10:47.800 long sequence you would see every once in a while 0:10:47.800 --> 0:10:50.920 a typo of sorts would occur, and that would account 0:10:50.960 --> 0:10:53.320 for the variation that we find with d N A okay. 0:10:53.480 --> 0:10:56.679 So another interesting note about DNA when you're thinking about 0:10:56.720 --> 0:11:01.600 mitochondrial DNA. In mitochondrial eve, that DNA is then changed 0:11:01.679 --> 0:11:05.760 once again once it's combined with another set of DNA. Right, 0:11:05.840 --> 0:11:08.840 So when parents come together and they create offspring, they're 0:11:08.880 --> 0:11:12.640 merging their DNA. Mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, is 0:11:12.679 --> 0:11:16.760 derived almost exclusively from your mother, and this is because 0:11:16.800 --> 0:11:20.280 the egg of a female human contains lots of Mt 0:11:20.480 --> 0:11:24.920 DNA mitochondrial DNA, while male sperm contains just a little 0:11:24.920 --> 0:11:27.000 bit of mitochondria. And the reason for that is it 0:11:27.040 --> 0:11:29.520 because it helps it propel it basically, it gets it 0:11:29.600 --> 0:11:31.880 the energy, it propels it towards its race towards the 0:11:31.880 --> 0:11:36.000 egg for fertilization, and once it enters the egg, that 0:11:36.120 --> 0:11:40.319 mitochondria is destroyed after the sperm for Eliza's eggs, so 0:11:41.000 --> 0:11:45.160 any traces of that mitochondrial DNA from the sperm gone. 0:11:45.360 --> 0:11:49.760 The only thing left is the female mitochondria in that egg. Okay, 0:11:49.760 --> 0:11:53.000 So that that's why mt DNA could be passed on 0:11:53.000 --> 0:11:55.600 only from mother to my Well, it can be passed 0:11:55.640 --> 0:11:58.520 onto the sun, but the sign can never pass it on, right, 0:11:58.559 --> 0:12:00.960 So that's why it's so tenacious, is because only the 0:12:01.000 --> 0:12:04.319 mother side of this actually survives and passes on. Right. 0:12:04.360 --> 0:12:08.080 It's matrilineal, and it's easy to track, right, and it's 0:12:08.120 --> 0:12:10.679 not as variable as d n A because it doesn't 0:12:10.679 --> 0:12:13.880 have to go through these recombinations, right, It's just sort 0:12:13.920 --> 0:12:16.720 of like this pure packet that gets passed down at 0:12:16.760 --> 0:12:19.800 least on the female line. So that's why we have 0:12:19.920 --> 0:12:23.079 this mitochondrial Eve. That's why these researchers said, Okay, we've 0:12:23.120 --> 0:12:25.720 been looking at d NA, let's look at mitochondria and 0:12:25.760 --> 0:12:28.880 see what sort of story it can tell us about 0:12:29.120 --> 0:12:33.199 our own origins and why they can then track our 0:12:33.240 --> 0:12:37.280 own lineage to this woman, to to mitochondrial eve who 0:12:37.320 --> 0:12:40.840 provided the blueprint for us. And again, I just want 0:12:40.880 --> 0:12:42.720 to go back and say that she was not the 0:12:42.720 --> 0:12:45.240 only woman on earth living at this time there, As 0:12:45.240 --> 0:12:49.720 you said, there were women before her after. She probably 0:12:49.720 --> 0:12:53.640 didn't chat with snakes and eat strange fright, no more 0:12:53.679 --> 0:12:56.160 than the rest of us to right right, But she 0:12:56.320 --> 0:12:58.560 just gave us the little packet of life that all 0:12:58.600 --> 0:13:02.000 of us haven't common, which comes to this whole point 0:13:02.080 --> 0:13:04.600 that we've talked about before, that we are all related 0:13:05.040 --> 0:13:07.280 and much more so than we have ever thought. Yeah, 0:13:07.280 --> 0:13:09.160 and I think that's ultimately the beautiful thing about it. 0:13:09.200 --> 0:13:11.439 I mean, we love the idea of there being an Eve, 0:13:11.600 --> 0:13:15.240 or there being any of these primordial original women Pandora 0:13:15.400 --> 0:13:18.320 or Satarupa, because it's the idea that is something that 0:13:18.360 --> 0:13:20.440 we have in common with everyone. And that's what this 0:13:20.679 --> 0:13:23.880 ultimately drives home, the story of human migration that at 0:13:23.960 --> 0:13:28.120 least ancestrally speaking, we are all Africans, and ancestrally speaking, 0:13:28.360 --> 0:13:32.200 a large portion of us are ancestrally Indian. These are 0:13:32.280 --> 0:13:36.200 roots traced back through these migrations and really unitis as 0:13:36.320 --> 0:13:38.720 as a species well, and it really sort of makes 0:13:38.760 --> 0:13:41.800 the term race obsolete. And also, I want to read 0:13:41.800 --> 0:13:44.800 this bit to you from an Ionine article. It's called 0:13:44.800 --> 0:13:48.719 how mitochondrial Eve connected all humanity and rewrote human evolution. 0:13:48.960 --> 0:13:50.880 They say, okay, this is a game of numbers, but 0:13:51.040 --> 0:13:53.360 really interesting. So let's say that you were born in 0:13:54.600 --> 0:13:57.160 and both of your parents were born in nineteen fifty, 0:13:57.440 --> 0:14:00.680 and your four grandparents were born in nineteen twenty five, 0:14:01.080 --> 0:14:03.960 your eight great grandparents in nineteen hundred, and so on 0:14:04.040 --> 0:14:05.960 and so on and so on. In other words, your 0:14:06.320 --> 0:14:10.760 number of ancestors doubles every twenty five years. Further back 0:14:10.840 --> 0:14:13.760 in time you go. So if you take this back 0:14:13.840 --> 0:14:16.600 just one thousand years, simple math demands that you have 0:14:16.880 --> 0:14:20.800 well over because this is crazy. Five hundred billion ancestors 0:14:20.920 --> 0:14:25.520 in a single generation, considering that there's fewer than seven 0:14:25.600 --> 0:14:28.720 billion people on this planet, and even that is far 0:14:28.760 --> 0:14:31.400 far more than any other point in human history. There's 0:14:31.440 --> 0:14:33.880 something seriously wrong here. Okay, So this is where this 0:14:33.960 --> 0:14:36.800 really gets interesting. In this article, they say, the solution, 0:14:36.840 --> 0:14:39.280 of course, is that you don't have five hundred billion 0:14:39.480 --> 0:14:42.960 distinct ancestors, but rather a much much smaller number of 0:14:43.000 --> 0:14:47.480 ancestors reappear over and over again in your family tree. 0:14:47.600 --> 0:14:50.480 So these are not doublegangers or anything. So instead of 0:14:50.520 --> 0:14:53.800 lots of different proto humans evolving separately over millions of years, 0:14:53.800 --> 0:14:57.280 the story of humanity is much shorter and much more 0:14:57.280 --> 0:15:02.320 elegant and more interconnected than scientists had ever imagined. And 0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:06.880 this is a quote from Joseph T. Chang, Douglas lt Road, 0:15:07.040 --> 0:15:10.080 and Steve Olsen from their two thousand and four paper 0:15:10.280 --> 0:15:13.200 on something called m R c A. They say, no 0:15:13.240 --> 0:15:16.400 matter the languages we speak or the color of our skin, 0:15:16.520 --> 0:15:19.200 we share ancestors who planted rice on the banks of 0:15:19.240 --> 0:15:22.920 the Yanksoo, who first domesticated horses on the steps of 0:15:22.960 --> 0:15:25.840 the Ukraine, who hunted giant sloths in the forest of 0:15:25.880 --> 0:15:28.720 North and South America, and who labored to build the 0:15:28.720 --> 0:15:32.040 great Pyramids of Cufu. And within two thousand years it 0:15:32.120 --> 0:15:34.920 is likely that everyone on Earth will be descended from 0:15:34.920 --> 0:15:37.680 most of us. It really widens what you can be 0:15:37.760 --> 0:15:39.920 proud of you know, you can be like the Pyramids, 0:15:40.040 --> 0:15:45.000 that was me. Yeah, it was me, giant sauce arrow, Arrow, 0:15:45.040 --> 0:15:48.080 I had great ero skills. I have great Erroo skills, 0:15:48.080 --> 0:15:50.160 probably encoded in my d n A. Seriously, it is 0:15:50.200 --> 0:15:52.120 beautiful and I think it's something that we would all 0:15:52.160 --> 0:15:54.160 do well to keep in mind as we get through 0:15:54.200 --> 0:15:57.560 our daily lives and everything from observing how the next 0:15:57.600 --> 0:15:59.880 he is behaving on the train to what's going on 0:16:00.040 --> 0:16:01.840 the news around the world. You know. Yeah, we've talked 0:16:01.880 --> 0:16:03.880 about this for this idea that we're all breathing these 0:16:03.880 --> 0:16:07.160 same molecules that have existed for millions and millions of years, 0:16:07.200 --> 0:16:09.720 and we're breathing each other's foot odor and that should 0:16:09.720 --> 0:16:13.320 connected some level and make us feel closer to one another. 0:16:13.440 --> 0:16:16.920 But really, this is this is extraordinary to know that 0:16:16.960 --> 0:16:20.000 we are this much smaller pool that we all came 0:16:20.000 --> 0:16:22.880 from that we originally thought of in terms of these 0:16:22.920 --> 0:16:26.240 ancestors that appear over and over again, these patterns of 0:16:26.280 --> 0:16:28.560 our lineage. There we go, Well, let's call the robot 0:16:28.600 --> 0:16:30.720 over and let's do it. Just a quick listener mail here, 0:16:32.160 --> 0:16:33.520 all right. We heard from a listener by the name 0:16:33.560 --> 0:16:36.160 of Mike Mike right sentences, Hi, Robert and Jewling. Got 0:16:36.200 --> 0:16:39.200 into your podcast last year and haven't stopped since. Great 0:16:39.200 --> 0:16:41.640 stuff to accompany a run on the treadmill, a long 0:16:41.720 --> 0:16:43.640 drive to work, or a road trip. Thanks for keeping 0:16:43.640 --> 0:16:46.240 my brain occupied. I listened to your Contact Lenses of 0:16:46.240 --> 0:16:48.600 the God's episode today and it reminded me very much 0:16:48.640 --> 0:16:51.680 of a great anime called Dinno Coil, in which a 0:16:51.720 --> 0:16:54.800 fictional Japanese city in the not too distant future has 0:16:54.800 --> 0:16:58.440 been having fun introducing augmented reality into the world. The 0:16:58.480 --> 0:17:00.560 story revolves around the happening so have a bunch of 0:17:00.680 --> 0:17:04.240 kids with a R glasses augmented reality glasses and the 0:17:04.280 --> 0:17:06.480 adventures they get into, especially since a lot of the 0:17:06.520 --> 0:17:08.679 things they can do in the a R portion of 0:17:08.720 --> 0:17:11.880 the world is considered illegal. For example, they are frequently 0:17:11.960 --> 0:17:15.760 hunted by an oversized anti BUYERUS software that formats illegal 0:17:16.119 --> 0:17:20.000 cyber information. In several episodes, students are seen typing on 0:17:20.200 --> 0:17:24.479 entirely virtual keyboards, composing emails and messages, as well as 0:17:24.520 --> 0:17:27.200 sending each other pop ups to bother them in class. 0:17:27.240 --> 0:17:29.360 The strange thing, as you might imagine, is that only 0:17:29.400 --> 0:17:32.080 people with a AIR glasses can see any of these things. 0:17:32.520 --> 0:17:34.560 In the off chance that you're into Japanese animation, you 0:17:34.560 --> 0:17:36.560 should check the show out. So there you go. The 0:17:36.960 --> 0:17:40.680 Shain It is called Dinno Coil, and we also heard 0:17:40.720 --> 0:17:44.080 from a listener by the name of Austin about it 0:17:44.119 --> 0:17:46.760 as well, so it is apparently a fairly popular and 0:17:46.760 --> 0:17:48.280 I don't know if I mentioned it in the article 0:17:48.359 --> 0:17:51.400 or not. Some other science fiction properties that involve augmented 0:17:51.480 --> 0:17:55.359 reality or an augmented reality contact lenses. William Gibson has 0:17:55.520 --> 0:17:58.480 in a few different books that involved virtual light. Specifically, 0:17:58.560 --> 0:18:01.560 Spook Country has a lot of with the concept, and 0:18:01.680 --> 0:18:04.359 Fire upon the Beat by Vernon Vinge, which I've not read. 0:18:04.400 --> 0:18:07.240 It's on my two read lists. Supposedly, highly advanced contact 0:18:07.280 --> 0:18:10.200 lenses play a crucial role in that as well. Hey, 0:18:10.240 --> 0:18:12.359 what do you think about Let us know if you 0:18:12.400 --> 0:18:15.200 find this information as you know, Lightning and hopeful as 0:18:15.280 --> 0:18:16.919 the rest of us do. Let us know. You can 0:18:16.920 --> 0:18:20.320 find us on Facebook where our handle is stuff to 0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:22.000 Blow your Mind, and you can find us on Twitter 0:18:22.040 --> 0:18:23.880 where our handle is blow the Mind. And you can 0:18:23.880 --> 0:18:26.560 always drop us online at blow the Mind at Discovery 0:18:26.600 --> 0:18:33.680 dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics, 0:18:33.800 --> 0:18:39.119 does it, How stuff works, dot com