1 00:00:00,240 --> 00:00:27,280 Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of I Heart Radio. Welcome 2 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 1: back to the show, Ridiculous Historians. Thank you, as always 3 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:33,520 Speaker 1: so much for tuning in. Uh. Let's give a shout 4 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:35,560 Speaker 1: out to our one and only the man the myth 5 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:40,879 Speaker 1: Legend super producer, Mr Max Williams, and they called me 6 00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: ben joined as always with Mr Noel Brown. Uh Noel. 7 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:49,199 Speaker 1: We like like most people, we like to think of 8 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:54,160 Speaker 1: ourselves as fairly distinct here in the in the mass 9 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:58,279 Speaker 1: of humanity. Right. Oh yeah, we're special boys. Here we go, 10 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:02,960 Speaker 1: there we go. We uh. We, like many other people 11 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: throughout ancient history to the modern day, have spent a 12 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: lot of time wondering where we came from, wondering about 13 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:15,280 Speaker 1: our origins as individuals. And like many people, you know, 14 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 1: we we know a little bit about our ancestry. We 15 00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 1: don't know everything, however, and that's why we were interested 16 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,880 Speaker 1: to team up with twenty three and me. Nowadays, you know, 17 00:01:28,959 --> 00:01:32,520 Speaker 1: it's easier than ever to learn about your past through 18 00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: the power of genetic testing, and Nola have to ask 19 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,520 Speaker 1: and Max you as well. Growing up, did you, guys 20 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: ever have a member of your family who was like 21 00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:46,320 Speaker 1: obsessed with their genealogy? I didn't really personally, and in fact, 22 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: it wasn't until uh no spoilers yet, but um that 23 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: I took the twenty three and me a test that 24 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: I really had much sense of my heritage at all. 25 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: So this was super eye opening and fascinating process for me. Um. 26 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: But no, I definitely am aware of folks that take 27 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: that very seriously and kind of consider themselves like armchair 28 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,880 Speaker 1: you know, genealogists or anthropologists or what have you. But 29 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: there was really nobody in my family that that much 30 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: mentioned that when I was growing up. How about you, guys. Yeah, 31 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:15,359 Speaker 1: I actually have a pretty extensive story about this one. 32 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:19,360 Speaker 1: It's uh so my paternal grandfather, so my great grandfather 33 00:02:19,400 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: and my dad's side of the family, he was adopted 34 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:24,160 Speaker 1: in the early nineteen hundreds and they lost all his 35 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:27,120 Speaker 1: adoption papers. So there was really like no idea where 36 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: that's tide of my family came from. It's just been 37 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:31,720 Speaker 1: kind of things. So my aunt has been spending with 38 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:35,040 Speaker 1: the last no joke, like thirty plus years just trying 39 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: to dig up stuff, and like she recently did a 40 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:39,880 Speaker 1: test like this and it's got like some more answers, 41 00:02:39,919 --> 00:02:41,200 Speaker 1: but it's been up it's been like a kind of 42 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: like a lifelong pursuit of hers right there. Wow, yeah, 43 00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 1: I had I had something similar because of the controversy 44 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: surrounding my paternal line, the Malungeon side of my family. 45 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: Uh So there were times where people were actively hiding there. Um, 46 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: I guess they're perceived membership of that group and as 47 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: a result, they're hiding some of their genealogy. But of course, 48 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:09,080 Speaker 1: as time went on, people became less hesitant, you know 49 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:13,079 Speaker 1: about acknowledging the past and the truth, and now here 50 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:18,760 Speaker 1: in it is easier than ever for people to, as 51 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:22,520 Speaker 1: we said, learn more about what led to you being 52 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,240 Speaker 1: here a fellow ridiculous historian listening to this show today. 53 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:31,080 Speaker 1: But today's question, how did the world changing science of 54 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:34,680 Speaker 1: genetic testing and our concepts of DNA? How did they 55 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:39,400 Speaker 1: evolve from the work of ancient philosophers and Augustinian friars 56 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:44,080 Speaker 1: all the way to these cutting edge innovations. In today's show, 57 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: we're going to unravel some of the history of genetic research, 58 00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: and along the way we might share some of our 59 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:57,040 Speaker 1: own personal experiences. Because spoiler, folks, Noel and I each 60 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: took some tests with twenty three and me. Uh and 61 00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: Noel I believe that this was your second test with 62 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: the group. Yeah, it was, uh, and let me tell 63 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 1: you a lot of things have changed for the better. 64 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: It was probably a couple of years ago that I 65 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:12,800 Speaker 1: took the test previously and the one that we took 66 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:17,279 Speaker 1: for this episode. This partnership just had way more granular information, 67 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:22,120 Speaker 1: including stuff about potential health risks, markers that are contained 68 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: you know, within my genetic code or genetic code, your 69 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: genetic code um, that can give you indications as to 70 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 1: whether you're predisposed to certain medical conditions. So it was 71 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:33,080 Speaker 1: very very illuminating me. The last one was great too, 72 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: but it really feels like they've added a lot more 73 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:38,159 Speaker 1: bang for the buck and a lot more features, a 74 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: lot more results that are very meaningful, not to mention, um, 75 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:44,040 Speaker 1: I believe Ben, you and I have some interesting kind 76 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 1: of shared results that we will also say for the end. Yes, yes, 77 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: you might be surprised by how this sort of technology 78 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 1: can connect you with people you never imagined yourself connected with. 79 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 1: But let's let's start there, right What makes you? Okay, 80 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,599 Speaker 1: So here's the lay of the last People were asking 81 00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:08,919 Speaker 1: what makes me me? What makes you you? Well? Before 82 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:13,560 Speaker 1: the concept of microscopes well before DNA was even a thing. 83 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:19,799 Speaker 1: The history of this, like the the ancestry of ancestry 84 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:23,599 Speaker 1: research and d NA starts all the way back in 85 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:27,040 Speaker 1: like five thousand b c e which I think might 86 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:29,560 Speaker 1: surprise a lot of people, Oh for sure. And I mean, 87 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:32,479 Speaker 1: you know, it was really more of a philosophical question 88 00:05:33,120 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: for a long long time. I mean, there was certainly 89 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:41,320 Speaker 1: observations made towards various traits and things that family members possessed, 90 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:43,479 Speaker 1: but the whole idea of like who who am I, 91 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,200 Speaker 1: where do I connect in the universe, and you know, 92 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:48,920 Speaker 1: life and all of that was much more of a 93 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:52,279 Speaker 1: of a philosophical question. But you're right then as early 94 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:56,160 Speaker 1: as five thousand b c. E UM, humans were practicing 95 00:05:56,200 --> 00:06:00,360 Speaker 1: something called selective breeding. So there was an acknowledgment of, Okay, 96 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,440 Speaker 1: how do we isolate these traits and figure out how 97 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:08,240 Speaker 1: to express them, whether it be livestock or or crops 98 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,680 Speaker 1: or what have you, or even you know, humans. There 99 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:14,440 Speaker 1: was a certain amount of selective breeding that came with, 100 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: like in reading, uh, and you know the idea of 101 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: maintaining a bloodline. And as we know that, there were 102 00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:25,520 Speaker 1: some pretty catastrophic consequences to those um activities, but you know, 103 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: their head was kind of in the right place. They 104 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:30,920 Speaker 1: just really didn't quite know what they were doing, but 105 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:33,160 Speaker 1: they definitely did when it came to the livestock and 106 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: the crops to make more robust crops and more hearty livestock. Yeah, yeah, 107 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: a k A. The reason you have things like corn, 108 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, the reason you have domesticated 109 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:48,880 Speaker 1: crops as they're called. And there's something really interesting about that. 110 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:52,280 Speaker 1: I can't remember who I was speaking to, but we 111 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 1: were talking about the old question what is the most 112 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,279 Speaker 1: successful form of life on the planet. And you know 113 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:01,960 Speaker 1: a lot of people would just say humans. But if 114 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:07,080 Speaker 1: you think about it, the idea of wheat being domesticated 115 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:11,119 Speaker 1: or corn being domesticated, it sounds like humans won that game. 116 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,280 Speaker 1: But if you look at it from the perspective of 117 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: the plant, they kind of won because now they're spread 118 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:21,000 Speaker 1: across the planet. I thought that was kind of trippy. Yeah, totally. 119 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: I actually heard an interview with an entomologist who specifically 120 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: um focuses on flies. UM and flies. He believes we're 121 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 1: one of the most successful species in the history of 122 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:36,600 Speaker 1: the world because of their you know, ability to kind 123 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: of bob and weave and and and dodge things and 124 00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:41,880 Speaker 1: just you know, they're one of the most successful aerialists 125 00:07:42,400 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: on the planet. And also they essentially feed on dead stuff, 126 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:50,400 Speaker 1: which there's always gonna be plenty of. Also, I believe 127 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: they've been around, uh much longer than humans. So while 128 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: we may be successful and good at, like, you know, 129 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 1: making stuff and figuring things out, it's all kind of 130 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: self serving and at the end of the day, we're 131 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: only really a blip in the historical record. Oh yeah, 132 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,880 Speaker 1: we're like a fad to crocodiles, you know what I mean, 133 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 1: We're like POGs to crocodiles and alligators. But but you 134 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:15,320 Speaker 1: were you a pug guy? Were you a pargman? No? 135 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: I had some POGs, but I wouldn't say I was 136 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: a parkman. I just I had enough to play the game. 137 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: And then I didn't get super into the game. I 138 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: actually like the art more. That's right. I barely understood 139 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: how the game was playing. I just know there were 140 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 1: slammers and they were the POGs, and I mean it 141 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: was kind of like Tiddley winks you want other people's 142 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: POGs by slamming them in a stack. I don't know 143 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: it doesn't matter. We're not here to talk about pole. 144 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: We are here to talk about is pan genesis. Yes, 145 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 1: let's talk about a little bit about the great philosophers 146 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:51,400 Speaker 1: you mentioned earlier, So let's go to Aristotle. Aristotle is 147 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: one of the first people on record who said, you 148 00:08:54,280 --> 00:09:00,000 Speaker 1: know what, I wonder if traits acquired throughout an organism 149 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 1: lifetime can be transmitted to their offspring. Essentially, and not 150 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:09,200 Speaker 1: to be too to gruesome here, folks, but essentially, the 151 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: question is if I took five people and I cut 152 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: off a different finger on each one of their right hands, 153 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,160 Speaker 1: would their children also be missing the same finger when 154 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: they were born because that trait was acquired during that 155 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: person's unfortunate lifetime. He's kind of added to this guessing 156 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:34,760 Speaker 1: game with this theory, the one you just mentioned pan genesis, 157 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: which sort of describes how these traits could be passed 158 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: on through particles called gimus, which sort of encapsulated the 159 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:49,080 Speaker 1: traits and then allowed them to be transmitted to reproductive cells. 160 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: And then he also thought about what he called the 161 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: form giving principle, and a lot of the stuff you're 162 00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 1: gonna hear from these ancient thinkers, by the way, is 163 00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 1: in principle, powle not super duper far off. Yeah, he 164 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 1: believed in something called the form giving principle that was 165 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: a property of an organism that was able to be 166 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:15,679 Speaker 1: transmitted through bodily fluid, specifically semen, which he believed was 167 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:19,520 Speaker 1: kind of like blood, but a more pure form of 168 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:23,120 Speaker 1: the stuff. And also we believed that the mother's minstrel 169 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: blood was another one of these uh, form giving fluids. 170 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:30,720 Speaker 1: He believed that this interacted in the womb to direct 171 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:35,480 Speaker 1: uh the early development of an organism. M hmmm. So 172 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:39,720 Speaker 1: again you can you can see where uh, someone working 173 00:10:39,760 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: with the technology at the time could have reasonably started 174 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: making these suppositions. But Pythagoras, Aristotle, they weren't the only 175 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: folks who were thinking through this. Hippocrates and Epicurus also 176 00:10:53,679 --> 00:10:57,359 Speaker 1: had their own takes on the idea of heredity. Heredity 177 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:00,840 Speaker 1: is just the passing on of traits from parents to offspring, 178 00:11:01,320 --> 00:11:05,319 Speaker 1: whether that's through sexual reproduction or through a sexual reproduction. 179 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: And it's weird because hippocrates theory is sort of is 180 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: kind of similar to Darwin's later ideas that involved hereditary 181 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: material collecting from throughout the body. But again, one thing 182 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:24,080 Speaker 1: we wanna be careful of here is we want to 183 00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: avoid just focusing on the ancient Western philosophers, because people 184 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:34,360 Speaker 1: in India and China we're thinking about this too. That's right. 185 00:11:34,400 --> 00:11:38,840 Speaker 1: And the Sharaka Samita that was written or at least 186 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:44,239 Speaker 1: a distributed around the three ancient Indian medical writers observe 187 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:48,040 Speaker 1: the characteristics of the child were determined by what they 188 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: saw is four distinct factors, the first being those from 189 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: the mother's reproductive material, second from the father's sperm, and 190 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:58,320 Speaker 1: the third from the diet of the pregnant mother. Uh, 191 00:11:58,320 --> 00:12:02,840 Speaker 1: and the fourth being the accompanying the soul. So while 192 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: there were some of these do feel pretty connected to 193 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:10,360 Speaker 1: modern scientific understanding of reproduction, that fourth one kind of 194 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:13,920 Speaker 1: imparts a more religious characteristic as well. Yeah. Yeah, one 195 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: through three you cannot along home going, okay, uh huh sure. 196 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:22,079 Speaker 1: And then number four is where we see just how 197 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:27,600 Speaker 1: how inextricably intertwined, Uh, the ideas of religion were with 198 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: the ideas of medicine. You know, it's funny, but the 199 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,960 Speaker 1: idea of things becoming attached to the soul as it 200 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:38,520 Speaker 1: enters the fetus, what does that reminds you of? Uh? 201 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:44,959 Speaker 1: Anybody scientology? I was thinking cloud Atlas forincarnation and but yeah, 202 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 1: well those are all kind of in the same wheelhouse. 203 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:50,160 Speaker 1: But I mean, that's the idea of like negative things 204 00:12:50,240 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: becoming attached to the soul from birth to carry the 205 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:55,720 Speaker 1: follow you along for the rest of your life and 206 00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: cause you to you to develop all kinds of problems. 207 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: That that just reminds me of that that concept within psychology, 208 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:07,920 Speaker 1: not that l Ron Hubbard was anything but original, you know. Anyhow, 209 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,600 Speaker 1: I walked around the corner for that for that slight 210 00:13:10,679 --> 00:13:13,960 Speaker 1: this But let's jump around in time. No, like when 211 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:16,959 Speaker 1: you hear this, when you thought about this episode right 212 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: as you tuned in, you were probably thinking of Charles 213 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:24,480 Speaker 1: Darwin and his famous eighteen fifty nine banger on the 214 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,160 Speaker 1: Origin of Species full title on the Origin of Species 215 00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: by means of natural selection or the preservation of favorite 216 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:33,680 Speaker 1: races and the Struggle for life. We'll get to that 217 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:37,079 Speaker 1: in a second. Darwin is a recurring guest on our show. 218 00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 1: But if we're talking about genetic research and we're talking 219 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:45,080 Speaker 1: about the full scope of this, you can kind of 220 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:49,240 Speaker 1: divide it into two broad eras. All the stuff before 221 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: a guy named Gregor, Johann Mendel and all this stuff 222 00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:59,079 Speaker 1: after this Friar. Yeah, that's right. Modern genetics really started 223 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:02,680 Speaker 1: with the work of this man who was an Augustinian Friar. 224 00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:08,439 Speaker 1: He was really into the idea of propagating pea plants, 225 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: like you know, like English little green peas. When he 226 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:16,439 Speaker 1: published his work specifically on the reproductive qualities of these 227 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:20,280 Speaker 1: little fellas in eighteen sixty six, he established the theory 228 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:24,400 Speaker 1: of Mandelian inheritance um. He became the first person to 229 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:30,680 Speaker 1: lay out a scientific and mathematically founded uh science of genetics, 230 00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,760 Speaker 1: even before it was even called that. And this is legit. 231 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:40,320 Speaker 1: You can find it in his Encyclopedia Britannica Entrigue, which 232 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,640 Speaker 1: personally I thought did a good job of breaking it 233 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,520 Speaker 1: down in an understandable way. So let's get in the 234 00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 1: nuts and bolts. Strap in for some math. Don't worry, 235 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:52,560 Speaker 1: we're gonna, We're gonna. We'll be right there with you. 236 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:54,840 Speaker 1: Try to make it easy, okay, Matt, mass me up. Ben, 237 00:14:56,480 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: let's math up. So the reason Mindel wants to study 238 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:05,120 Speaker 1: the p plant, the edible p or Pissum sativum, is 239 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:09,040 Speaker 1: because it had a lot of distinct varieties. It was 240 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:13,560 Speaker 1: easy to control, you know, like easy to grow, but 241 00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: then also easy to control how the plants pollinate. And 242 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,160 Speaker 1: there was a high proportion of successful seed germin nations, 243 00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:24,680 Speaker 1: which means, you know, it was UH. If you were 244 00:15:24,720 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: making something new or trying to attract something, you had 245 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: a higher than average likelihood of that plant actually growing 246 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: to pass the seed stage. So he tested UH for 247 00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: for about two years, from eighteen fifty four to fifty six. 248 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:42,560 Speaker 1: He tested thirty four different varieties for what he called 249 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: the constancy of their traits. And when he wanted to 250 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:51,160 Speaker 1: see how these things transmitted, he chose seven traits that 251 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:54,960 Speaker 1: he thought were expressed in a distinctive manner. And it's 252 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 1: stuff that's like a lot of it's stuff that's visually 253 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: apparent to him. So like tall plants and short plants. 254 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:06,600 Speaker 1: What colors are their seeds? Green or yellow? So he 255 00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: referred to these kind of alternate versions UM as contrasted characters. UH. 256 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: He also referred to them as character pairs UM. And 257 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: you know, this is very similar to what we talked 258 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,920 Speaker 1: about in ancient times, the idea of kind of crossbreeding 259 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:30,280 Speaker 1: different things to create a strengthened single trait. He would 260 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:33,400 Speaker 1: cross varieties that were the same except for one trait. 261 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:37,800 Speaker 1: So for example, tall might be crossed with short um 262 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,400 Speaker 1: and then there would become a generation of hybrids, which 263 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: he referred to as F one. That generation would display 264 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:48,360 Speaker 1: the character of one variety but not that of the other. Uh. 265 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: And he believed, or at least using terms that he developed, 266 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:54,040 Speaker 1: one of the characters was dominant and the other one 267 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:57,560 Speaker 1: was recessive. Just this, this checks out what we know 268 00:16:57,760 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: today right in terms of like eye color and all stuff. 269 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:02,320 Speaker 1: We get more into that in a bit, but he 270 00:17:02,360 --> 00:17:05,879 Speaker 1: was definitely barking up the right genetic tree. So in 271 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:12,200 Speaker 1: the offspring that he raised from all of these crossed hybrids, 272 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: which he referred to as second generation or F two, 273 00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: he would see the recessive trade appearing. And then he 274 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:24,679 Speaker 1: noted that entirely third of them had the original heritable traits, 275 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,639 Speaker 1: while two thirds were of that hybrid arrangements you know, 276 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: or rather you know, presented the more of the hybrid 277 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: kind of qualities. So he yeah, maybe, man, why don't 278 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:36,919 Speaker 1: you you you kind of did the research on the 279 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: math here, So why don't you take us home here 280 00:17:38,840 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: with like kind of the the solution. Oh for sure. 281 00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:48,879 Speaker 1: So this goes to uh, Gregor's major discovery. He says, Look, 282 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 1: after I've read these successive generations of plants, just as 283 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: you described, Noel, I'm seeing by the time I get 284 00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:01,080 Speaker 1: to the descendants of the dominant group, I can rewrite 285 00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:03,679 Speaker 1: that three to one ratio, you know, that kind of 286 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:07,560 Speaker 1: dominant to recessive appearance ratio. I can rewrite it to 287 00:18:07,680 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 1: one to two to one. And by this we mean 288 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:15,440 Speaker 1: fifty of that second generation we're true breeding. Fifty percent 289 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: we're still hybrid in a in a way, he was. 290 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: He finally he was arriving at an understanding what we 291 00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:27,399 Speaker 1: call dominant and recessive genes today. This major discovery probably 292 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 1: wouldn't have been made by his predecessors because they didn't 293 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:36,720 Speaker 1: grow statistically significant populations of testing material, which is a 294 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:39,600 Speaker 1: very cold way to say living things. And they didn't 295 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:45,679 Speaker 1: follow the individual characters or characteristics separately to establish their 296 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: relationships to each other overall. So this is big, big stuff, right, 297 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: This is world changing stuff. He publishes it, and everyone 298 00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: ignores him. Everyone sort of ignores him. It comes out 299 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,679 Speaker 1: in like not very well known scientific journal. Most of 300 00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:05,840 Speaker 1: the scientific community at large isn't aware of it. And 301 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:09,040 Speaker 1: if you were talking about heredity at this time, you 302 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:11,399 Speaker 1: are much more likely to be in a slaughter or 303 00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:16,600 Speaker 1: a cafe talking about Darwin's hot button theory of evolution 304 00:19:16,680 --> 00:19:20,560 Speaker 1: by natural selection. And uh. He also Darwin, we should say, 305 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:24,920 Speaker 1: wasn't super perfect aside from his culinary taste, which we're ambitious. 306 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: Check out weird historical flexes uh to learn more. He 307 00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:31,960 Speaker 1: uh he had a theory that not all his theories 308 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: widely accepted his own theory of heredity, which she had 309 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: called pangenesis as well, and just didn't really didn't really fly. Uh. 310 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:43,040 Speaker 1: So to find the next part of the story, we 311 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:47,000 Speaker 1: have to fast forward to eighteen three. Let's just remember that, 312 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: I mean, reading through this now and talking about this 313 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,439 Speaker 1: now with so many echoes of what we know to 314 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,920 Speaker 1: have been determined to be true and accurate. So it's 315 00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:57,960 Speaker 1: just like, well, why wouldn't people play attention to this? 316 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,560 Speaker 1: But at the time it was like very out there right, 317 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,280 Speaker 1: like it would not have been connecting with like the 318 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: sort of traditional scientific thought of the time. And it's 319 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,240 Speaker 1: just one guy kind of like breeding pea plants and 320 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:15,600 Speaker 1: and espousing these kind of like whackado notions of traits 321 00:20:15,640 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: and qualities in offspring, So would not have been like 322 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,280 Speaker 1: an easy cell necessarily which you write them if we 323 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:25,520 Speaker 1: pressed the fast forward butt into eight three, who got 324 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:30,520 Speaker 1: a man named August Weissman who was an evolutionary biologist 325 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:35,720 Speaker 1: from Germany who was making waves by breeding mice after 326 00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:39,399 Speaker 1: chopping off their tails like three blind mice style. But 327 00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 1: presumably you know, for science, for science a little yeah, yeah, 328 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:49,040 Speaker 1: he uh. He did this for reasons, as he assured 329 00:20:49,119 --> 00:20:54,000 Speaker 1: them mice police. Mainly, even though this sounds ghoulish, there 330 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: there was something important to it. He wanted to disprove 331 00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:04,200 Speaker 1: this popular idea of lamark ism, the concept, like we said, 332 00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:09,359 Speaker 1: similar to the ancient philosophy concept that physical characteristics of 333 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 1: apparent organism can be carried through to the offspring. So 334 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,840 Speaker 1: when mice with amputated tales gave birth to mice with 335 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: absolutely normal tales, they proved a crucial point. So we 336 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:26,040 Speaker 1: don't the names of those mice are lost to history, 337 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: but thank you now we we do know a very 338 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: interesting field that's more in the realm of psychology today. Epigenetics, 339 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: the idea that trauma can be um you know, carried 340 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:40,720 Speaker 1: or passed down through generations. So in theory, the trauma 341 00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:43,879 Speaker 1: of having their tails chopped off could have been you know, 342 00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: carried to their offspring. Yeah. That's a great point, man, 343 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:51,640 Speaker 1: because epigenetics is the study of the way gene expression 344 00:21:51,680 --> 00:21:56,560 Speaker 1: has changed, Like what is more active in your genetic 345 00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,400 Speaker 1: code instead of like your actual genes getting altered. There's 346 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,359 Speaker 1: a great study about starvation and World War Two that 347 00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:06,480 Speaker 1: goes to this epic. Genetics is like still very much 348 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:10,199 Speaker 1: the forefront of genetic science today. Yeah, that is a 349 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: good point. Maybe the mice were traumatized, certainly possible. Um, 350 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,480 Speaker 1: but let's get into some more breakthroughs. Here's some names 351 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:20,000 Speaker 1: that might ring a bell. Watson and Crick. I think 352 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,680 Speaker 1: there's like a biopic about these guys. Think Jeff Goldblum 353 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,480 Speaker 1: played Watson or Creg. I can't remember which, Gil played 354 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:30,600 Speaker 1: both of them. Maybe certainly possible. Yeah, we're like, yeah, 355 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: Daniel de Lewis played every character in the whole movie. Um, 356 00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:36,720 Speaker 1: but yeah, they are you know those names like, leave 357 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:38,959 Speaker 1: it if you don't know exactly what they did, because 358 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 1: they are, uh, the American biologists that are largely created well, 359 00:22:43,359 --> 00:22:47,399 Speaker 1: they are credited with discovering DNA in the nineteen fifties, 360 00:22:47,840 --> 00:22:49,840 Speaker 1: but you know, as is off of the case, with science, 361 00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:54,280 Speaker 1: though timing is everything. Who's first to market with something 362 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:57,280 Speaker 1: is not necessarily the same as like who actually discovered 363 00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:59,920 Speaker 1: the things. So DNA was in fact first identified in 364 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,120 Speaker 1: late eighteen sixties eighteen sixty nine to be precise, by 365 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:08,919 Speaker 1: a Swiss chemist named Friedrich Mascher. But again, Watson and 366 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:11,120 Speaker 1: Crick are the names that you probably think of when 367 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: you think of of d N A and and DNA 368 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:16,400 Speaker 1: sequencing and all of that. Also, to jump in here 369 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: real quick, the name of it is the Race for 370 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:24,760 Speaker 1: the Double Helix, who aired on September four seven aired 371 00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:27,800 Speaker 1: So it was a TV movie. Yeah, and it had 372 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:32,440 Speaker 1: Jeff Goldbloom as Jim Wasson, Tim Pickett Smith as France Crick, 373 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:38,200 Speaker 1: Alan Howard as Maurice Wilkins, and Juliet Stevenson as Rosalind Franklin. 374 00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: Some names pop up here in a little yes hit 375 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:57,159 Speaker 1: the sound of cue right now? Awesome, Thanks Max, and 376 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,520 Speaker 1: thanks Matt Frederick. So here's the thing. Those guys are 377 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:06,760 Speaker 1: super famous, and rightly so, but there's more to their story. 378 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: A lot of people, probably ourselves included, at some point, 379 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:15,639 Speaker 1: have made the mistake and thought those guys discovered DNA 380 00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:18,320 Speaker 1: by themselves in the nineteen fifties. This is not the 381 00:24:18,359 --> 00:24:22,600 Speaker 1: case in reality. Instead, DNA was first identified all the 382 00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: way back in the late eighteen sixties and eighteen sixty 383 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 1: nine by a Swiss chemist named Friedrich Meischer. He wanted 384 00:24:31,119 --> 00:24:36,399 Speaker 1: to figure out what made white blood cells. White blood cells, 385 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,000 Speaker 1: so you know, those that are part of the body 386 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: immune system, and his main source of those cells was 387 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:47,040 Speaker 1: kind of kind of growdy, kind of gnarly. He got 388 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: most of these white blood cells for his research from 389 00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:55,159 Speaker 1: pus coded bandages that he took from a clinic. So, um, 390 00:24:55,480 --> 00:25:00,639 Speaker 1: you can't do that today. That is wild plus coded 391 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:02,800 Speaker 1: bandages as a metal band if I ever heard one, 392 00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:07,320 Speaker 1: or at the very least a song, Yeah, that's pretty 393 00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:11,440 Speaker 1: pretty gross. Uh So, he noticed that when you added 394 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,880 Speaker 1: acid to a solution of those cells, that a substance 395 00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,120 Speaker 1: separated out from the solution, and that substance was able 396 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:22,119 Speaker 1: to be dissolved again in an alkali solution. So in 397 00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:25,680 Speaker 1: investigating that solution, he discovered that it had some pretty 398 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,639 Speaker 1: unusual properties. It was different from other proteins that he'd 399 00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:32,720 Speaker 1: looked into before that he was you know, much more 400 00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:37,160 Speaker 1: familiar with through his past research. And my share called 401 00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:42,359 Speaker 1: this substance nucleon because he believed that it had like 402 00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 1: you know, leached out from the nucleus of the cell um, 403 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:48,840 Speaker 1: which you know, at this point that was something that 404 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:52,879 Speaker 1: people understood, the nucleus of the seller, just the makeup 405 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:57,000 Speaker 1: of the atom and the cell, etcetera. So Masha had 406 00:25:57,040 --> 00:26:01,639 Speaker 1: discovered essentially the basis for or for all of life, 407 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:05,760 Speaker 1: the molecular basis DNA. And then he decided, how how 408 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:07,800 Speaker 1: am I going to figure out how to pull this 409 00:26:07,920 --> 00:26:12,280 Speaker 1: out in its purest form? Yeah, and he you know, 410 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,679 Speaker 1: he didn't know that exactly what he had discovered, but 411 00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:19,720 Speaker 1: he discovered it. And then in the decades after his discovery, 412 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:25,280 Speaker 1: we see this cavalcade of breakthroughs by many other researchers, 413 00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:30,480 Speaker 1: other scientists, people like Phoebus Levine and Irwin Chargeth carry 414 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:34,800 Speaker 1: out these research efforts to learn more about the DNA molecule, 415 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:39,119 Speaker 1: including its primary chemical components and the ways those components 416 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:43,880 Speaker 1: work together. We actually get Philouette amalogy nerds the name 417 00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:49,640 Speaker 1: DNA from a biochemist named Albrick Coastal In one good 418 00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:54,280 Speaker 1: old Albrick, who i'll call Al, identified nucleon as a 419 00:26:54,440 --> 00:27:00,359 Speaker 1: nuclear Yeah. Yeah, if he'll be my bodyguard. So he 420 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:05,720 Speaker 1: provided the present chemical name dexo ribo nucleic acid DNA, 421 00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 1: and then he also went on for extra credit to 422 00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:14,439 Speaker 1: isolate the five nucleotide bases that are the building blocks 423 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:19,680 Speaker 1: of DNA and are in a First we have at anine, 424 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:24,640 Speaker 1: then we have a sias scene, then we have guanine, finemine, 425 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:29,119 Speaker 1: and your a scill Yeah, not to do much too 426 00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:31,280 Speaker 1: much p humor, but your a sill feels like you 427 00:27:31,320 --> 00:27:36,480 Speaker 1: get ripped off, like, uh, you know, a diuretic of 428 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:40,040 Speaker 1: some kind. Yes, with a bunch of fine prints at 429 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:42,600 Speaker 1: the very end of the commercial. Right, So there's a 430 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,720 Speaker 1: little bit of a a bitter sweet note to greg 431 00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:50,760 Speaker 1: Or Mendel's story. It wasn't until nine sixteen years after 432 00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:54,280 Speaker 1: his death in four that he finally got his due. 433 00:27:54,720 --> 00:28:00,359 Speaker 1: Three separate botanist Hugo Devrace, Carl Corren's Eric vonche r Buck, 434 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:04,720 Speaker 1: all of them independently rediscovered the work of this obscure 435 00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:09,600 Speaker 1: Augustinian Friar, and with the new breakthroughs in the understanding 436 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:13,639 Speaker 1: of cells and chromosomes, they were able to kind of 437 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:19,080 Speaker 1: ground his weird p plant experiments, and so people were 438 00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:21,879 Speaker 1: able to say, again, the guy never lived to see it, 439 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 1: but people were able to say, Wow, he was really 440 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,800 Speaker 1: onto something. And then in nineteen o two, just a 441 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,840 Speaker 1: few years later, things kick up another notch. A scientist 442 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: in Walter Sutton says, Hey, the segregation of chromosomes during 443 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:39,880 Speaker 1: the process of neosis are pretty much exactly like the 444 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:45,120 Speaker 1: segregation pattern that this friar predicted. Oh and people weren't 445 00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:48,920 Speaker 1: calling them jeans yet. That still hasn't happened. No, no, 446 00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:52,480 Speaker 1: it definitely wasn't. That didn't happen until nineteen o nine, 447 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,920 Speaker 1: when a guy by the name of Wilhelm Johansen came 448 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 1: up with it. He coined it. He used it to 449 00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: describe the men Elian unit of of of reproduction. He 450 00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:09,400 Speaker 1: also used the terms genotype and phenotype to separate the 451 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:13,200 Speaker 1: genetic traits of an individual um and the way it 452 00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:16,560 Speaker 1: ultimately came to look. So, as a matter of fact, 453 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:18,600 Speaker 1: here is a list, a kind of a quick hit 454 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:22,960 Speaker 1: list of other notable breakthroughs of the time when only 455 00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:26,680 Speaker 1: just the round robin these ben yes. So in nineteen eleven, 456 00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:29,960 Speaker 1: a guy named Thomas Hunt Morgan, along with his students, 457 00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,520 Speaker 1: used fruit flies to show the chromosomes carry jeans. They 458 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:39,760 Speaker 1: also discover what we call genetic linkage. George Beatle and 459 00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:45,720 Speaker 1: Edward Tatum's experiments on the red bread mold um known 460 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:49,320 Speaker 1: as Neurospora crassa also be a good name for a 461 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:54,840 Speaker 1: metal band um show that genes act by regulating distinct 462 00:29:55,080 --> 00:30:00,640 Speaker 1: chemical events. They actually proposed the two fellows that each 463 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:05,360 Speaker 1: gene directs the formation of a single enzyme. And then 464 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:09,320 Speaker 1: in ninety three, again, just a few years later, William Askedbury, 465 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,440 Speaker 1: who is a scientist from Britain, gets the first X 466 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:16,000 Speaker 1: ray diffraction pattern of DNA and it shows that DNA 467 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:19,640 Speaker 1: must have a regular periodic structure. This leads him to 468 00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: say that, hey, maybe nucleotide bases are stacked on top 469 00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:27,120 Speaker 1: of each other, but what's DNA actually made of? H 470 00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:31,200 Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty to Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase attempt 471 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:33,880 Speaker 1: to answer this question, showing that only the DNA of 472 00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:38,040 Speaker 1: a virus needs to enter a bacterium to infect it, 473 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: which gave a strong bit of support for the idea 474 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:44,240 Speaker 1: that janes are in fact made of the stuff the 475 00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:48,480 Speaker 1: stuff DNA. Yeah, and so those are just a few 476 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:52,520 Speaker 1: of the scientists and just a few examples of the 477 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: research that all went into, leading to Watson and Crick. 478 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:03,400 Speaker 1: Watson Cricks discover read. Without the foundation provided by those folks, 479 00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:07,240 Speaker 1: James D. Watson Frances H. Crick may have never reached 480 00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:12,120 Speaker 1: their groundbreaking conclusion nineteen fifty three that the DNA molecule 481 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:16,520 Speaker 1: exists in the form of a three dimensional double helix. 482 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,480 Speaker 1: But before we go there, let's hold up max record scratch. Look, look, look. 483 00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,520 Speaker 1: The Crick Watson story is told pretty often in schools, 484 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:35,080 Speaker 1: but there is another very important side to it. Enter 485 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:42,600 Speaker 1: Rosalind Franklin. Rosalind Franklin has entered the chat or the 486 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:47,400 Speaker 1: ring or whatever. Franklin was born in July twenty in London, um. 487 00:31:47,480 --> 00:31:51,480 Speaker 1: She was the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family who 488 00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 1: valued education and public service. Yeah, she was a scientist 489 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,200 Speaker 1: when there was a lot of discrimination against women who 490 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:03,560 Speaker 1: wanted to enter stem science, technology, engineering math. When she 491 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: was just eighteen, she matriculated in the Newnham Women's College 492 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:12,680 Speaker 1: at Cambridge University, studying physics and chemistry. After Cambridge, she 493 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,440 Speaker 1: went to work for the British Coal Utilization Research Association, 494 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 1: and her work on the porosity of coal became her 495 00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:25,440 Speaker 1: PhD thesis. As anybody who's working on a PhD or 496 00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:30,000 Speaker 1: has obtained. One knows the thesis tends to be pretty 497 00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:34,160 Speaker 1: specific once you get to that rarefied air. And this 498 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:37,920 Speaker 1: work allows her to travel the world as a guest speaker. 499 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:41,880 Speaker 1: She's an orator, a lecturer in n she moves to 500 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:46,760 Speaker 1: Paris where she masters X ray crystallography. This becomes her 501 00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:51,160 Speaker 1: life work, and this is what leads her to make 502 00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:55,080 Speaker 1: a crucial contribution to the discovery of the double helix 503 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:58,840 Speaker 1: structure of d a day. So some people think she 504 00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,960 Speaker 1: got a raw deal out of it, a woman getting 505 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: a raw deal in favor of men history. I don't 506 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:09,480 Speaker 1: know about that man that that seems incredulous now it 507 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:11,800 Speaker 1: happened all the time, and I would agree, I would, 508 00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:14,800 Speaker 1: I would argue she definitely got a raw deal. Biographer 509 00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: Brenda Maddox called her the quote dark Lady of DNA, 510 00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:23,360 Speaker 1: based on a pretty negative, uh sexist nickname given to 511 00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:26,680 Speaker 1: her by one of her male co workers. But you know, 512 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:29,640 Speaker 1: her friends and and other colleagues believe considered her to 513 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:34,640 Speaker 1: be very kind, um and brilliant scientists. So this, this reputation, 514 00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,080 Speaker 1: this idea, I don't know, this sort of like strikes 515 00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:40,480 Speaker 1: me as sort of the character assassination. Character is that? Yes, 516 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 1: character assassination almost? Is this the idea that like women 517 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:47,080 Speaker 1: in business or somehow like mean or like you know, 518 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: not the docile creatures that men would have them be, 519 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: you know what I mean? Like it's absurd and it's 520 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:59,840 Speaker 1: based in the generations of of patriarchal uh bull ish 521 00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:04,640 Speaker 1: if you will. Yeah. So a lot of scientists thought 522 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:08,920 Speaker 1: it was challenging to work with her because she wouldn't 523 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,800 Speaker 1: just roll over. She was thought to be short tempered 524 00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 1: and stubborn by those dudes. So there was a lot 525 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: of friction between her and a co worker named Maurice Wilkins, 526 00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,200 Speaker 1: in particular, while she was working at King's College. They 527 00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:29,160 Speaker 1: were supposed to work together to find the structure of DNA, 528 00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:33,120 Speaker 1: but because they really really did not get along, they 529 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,920 Speaker 1: ended up working kind of in isolation. And this was 530 00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:38,719 Speaker 1: just fine with Franklin. She didn't need these dudes to 531 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: help her. H Wilkins instead went looking for company at 532 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:47,520 Speaker 1: the Cavendish Library in Cambridge, and that's where his friend 533 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:51,319 Speaker 1: Francis Crick was working with James Watson on building a 534 00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:56,160 Speaker 1: model of the DNA molecule, and that's where Wilkins showed 535 00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:01,719 Speaker 1: Watson and Crick some of Rosalind's were work. Yeah, so 536 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,800 Speaker 1: waited Mante, I've seen this before, Okay, Yeah, So, unknown 537 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:11,239 Speaker 1: to Franklin, Watson and Crick actually kind of potentially took 538 00:35:11,239 --> 00:35:13,840 Speaker 1: the stuff and ran with it. In particular, there was 539 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,960 Speaker 1: an artifact known as Photo of fifty one that was 540 00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:21,960 Speaker 1: shown to Watson by Wilkins, an X ray diffraction image 541 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:27,560 Speaker 1: of a DNA molecule, and it was in fact Watson's inspiration, um, 542 00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:32,360 Speaker 1: you know, to uh coined the idea of the double helix, 543 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:35,120 Speaker 1: you know, because the pattern was clearly a helix, and um, 544 00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:38,839 Speaker 1: using Franklin's photo along with you know, the Admittedly, they 545 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:41,360 Speaker 1: did do some of their own work. H Watson and 546 00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:44,439 Speaker 1: Crick created their now famous model. And when I say model, 547 00:35:44,520 --> 00:35:46,359 Speaker 1: we literally mean like the you know, the way it 548 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,520 Speaker 1: looked like a thing you could do you see hanging 549 00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:53,720 Speaker 1: in like classrooms to this day. However, until more recent times, 550 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,840 Speaker 1: Franklin's contribution was not acknowledged. UM. After her death, however, 551 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:03,080 Speaker 1: Krick did uh say that her contribution had indeed been critical. 552 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,360 Speaker 1: But it's sort of like after her death, too little, 553 00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:09,919 Speaker 1: too late, buddy, you know, now that she's gone let 554 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:14,400 Speaker 1: me say, good job, but that's a you know, this 555 00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 1: is all a true story. Luckily, Rosalind Franklin has finally 556 00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:21,560 Speaker 1: gotten her well deserved do and the modern world has 557 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:25,280 Speaker 1: acknowledged just how much society owes her for her research. 558 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:28,040 Speaker 1: And that's a bit maybe of a diversion for some 559 00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,960 Speaker 1: folks or a tangent, but we felt it was an 560 00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:34,319 Speaker 1: incredibly crucial one, uh And we wanted to thank the 561 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: good folks over at Nature dot com for providing a 562 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:44,160 Speaker 1: lot of this information in the Rosalind Franklin biography. So 563 00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:49,200 Speaker 1: in any case, that story aside, which is important. What 564 00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:51,200 Speaker 1: you need to know is that Watson Crick were not 565 00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:54,040 Speaker 1: the quote unquote discoverers of d N A. They were 566 00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,959 Speaker 1: the first scientists to make an accurate description of that 567 00:36:58,239 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 1: complex double helix structure, and their work was directly dependent 568 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:06,279 Speaker 1: on the research of numerous scientists we've named who came 569 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:10,560 Speaker 1: before them. Thanks to all this, humanity now is capable 570 00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,400 Speaker 1: of making even greater strides and understanding the human genome 571 00:37:14,680 --> 00:37:17,759 Speaker 1: and the many ways in which DNA affects you and 572 00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:20,880 Speaker 1: your loved ones. This leads us to the modern age. 573 00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:25,360 Speaker 1: How crazy is it? How astonishing is it? That we 574 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,760 Speaker 1: can just spit into tube and learn so much about 575 00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:32,280 Speaker 1: not just our past, but our present and our future. 576 00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:34,640 Speaker 1: Like you said, no, it's come a long way since 577 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:37,479 Speaker 1: the last time you took a test. To answer your question, Ben, 578 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:41,400 Speaker 1: how crazy, how amazing, how insane, I would say, quite, 579 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:45,120 Speaker 1: it's it's it's remarkable and and we're going to get 580 00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:49,000 Speaker 1: into very shortly, just how remarkable it was for the 581 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,360 Speaker 1: two of us, you know, as as human beings finding 582 00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:53,799 Speaker 1: things out about ourselves that we never possibly could have 583 00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:58,080 Speaker 1: without decades of detective work, you know, literally digging through 584 00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 1: family heirlooms and traveling record is how far medical records 585 00:38:02,160 --> 00:38:04,759 Speaker 1: and all of that stuff. So in fact, this is 586 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:08,640 Speaker 1: pretty cool, man, I believe. As of today, we found 587 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:14,400 Speaker 1: out that the human genome has finally been fully sequenced. Yes, yeah, 588 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:19,680 Speaker 1: this news came out pretty recently. It was June seventeenth. 589 00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,320 Speaker 1: You can find the full story on the cybverse dot com. 590 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:28,839 Speaker 1: The human genome is finally fully sequenced. It's been announced. Uh, 591 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: we've figured it out, folks, We got them. As John 592 00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:35,600 Speaker 1: Oliver would say, the first human genome was mapped back 593 00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,480 Speaker 1: in two thousand one, is part of the Human Genome Project. 594 00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:44,359 Speaker 1: But researchers knew it wasn't fully accurate what we've done 595 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:47,000 Speaker 1: now we not just being your host, but you know, 596 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:51,120 Speaker 1: we as society. The boffins went back through and filled 597 00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: in all those gaps and fixed all the errors that 598 00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:58,319 Speaker 1: were in the first attempt at mapping the genome. Yeah, 599 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:00,839 Speaker 1: there are parts of it that had previously been kind 600 00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:04,560 Speaker 1: of disregarded and referred to as junk DNA because they 601 00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:09,600 Speaker 1: were seen as being comparable to copying errors, repeating sequences 602 00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:13,960 Speaker 1: in fact that ultimately have been discovered to play a 603 00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:17,520 Speaker 1: more important role in the development of some human disorders. 604 00:39:17,920 --> 00:39:20,440 Speaker 1: There's a really great quote from one of the researchers. 605 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:26,320 Speaker 1: Just because something is repetitive doesn't imply its garbage. Evan Eichler. Yeah, 606 00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:29,440 Speaker 1: he was a senior author of of one of the 607 00:39:29,480 --> 00:39:33,840 Speaker 1: publications there, and this sequence is the most comprehensive reference 608 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:39,280 Speaker 1: mammalian reference genome ever. There are six new genome related 609 00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:43,160 Speaker 1: publications that are coming out in the journal Science that 610 00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:46,040 Speaker 1: will lead to an even better understanding of human evolution 611 00:39:46,680 --> 00:39:51,080 Speaker 1: and the discovery of ways to treat disorders or targets 612 00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:55,400 Speaker 1: that should be uh isolated to treat a variety of disorders. 613 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:59,759 Speaker 1: We're we're on the bleeding edge now. And Michael shots, 614 00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:03,839 Speaker 1: a Johns Hopkins University professor of Computer science and biology, 615 00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,000 Speaker 1: another senior author of some of this research, says, quote, 616 00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:09,719 Speaker 1: we always knew pieces were missing, but I don't believe 617 00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:12,640 Speaker 1: any of us realized how extensive they were or how 618 00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:17,520 Speaker 1: interesting they were. And segue, uh No, I think that's 619 00:40:17,560 --> 00:40:21,759 Speaker 1: something we can say about our own results. So we 620 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:25,479 Speaker 1: completed a twenty three and me test. I found out 621 00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:31,080 Speaker 1: that some things were pretty normal. Other things were pretty surprising, 622 00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,480 Speaker 1: Like I am genetically likely to be of average weight. 623 00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,920 Speaker 1: That seems like a pretty normal thing. You can also 624 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,000 Speaker 1: see that I am not likely to be lactose intolerant. 625 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:43,560 Speaker 1: One of the big things for me was the Malungian 626 00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:47,360 Speaker 1: stuff is true. My paternal line is a pretty crazy 627 00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:52,719 Speaker 1: mix of genetic spaghetti Ashkenazi, Congolese, French, British, Irish, and 628 00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:56,560 Speaker 1: then like two percent other. So don't know if that's 629 00:40:56,640 --> 00:40:59,960 Speaker 1: Native American or it's just what they call on a side. 630 00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:02,840 Speaker 1: At this point, well, before I get into that breakdown 631 00:41:02,840 --> 00:41:04,840 Speaker 1: of mind, I just found out. I just found a 632 00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: really amazing new little section on the twenty three and 633 00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:09,799 Speaker 1: me interface, which you get you know, log in when 634 00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:11,839 Speaker 1: you send in your tests, and then using this whole 635 00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:13,960 Speaker 1: like dashboard, and it's like the stuff that I keep 636 00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:16,200 Speaker 1: finding that I didn't even notice that when I first looked. 637 00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,640 Speaker 1: One of them is a button that says Neanderthal. I 638 00:41:19,719 --> 00:41:24,000 Speaker 1: apparently have more Neanderthal DNA than thirty five percent of 639 00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:28,440 Speaker 1: other customers. Neanderthals, of course, being prehistoric humans who interbred 640 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:31,759 Speaker 1: with modern humans before vanishing around forty thousand years ago. 641 00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:34,680 Speaker 1: And this is, uh, you know, pretty amazing to me 642 00:41:34,719 --> 00:41:37,040 Speaker 1: because one of the traits that I may have inherited 643 00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:41,040 Speaker 1: from my Neanderthal ancestors is having a worse sense of direction. 644 00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:46,359 Speaker 1: H I have an awful, awful sense of direction. If 645 00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:48,439 Speaker 1: I did not have my Google Maps, I would never 646 00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:51,520 Speaker 1: find my way anywhere. Uh. And that is just the fact. 647 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:53,680 Speaker 1: So now I can at least blame you know, my 648 00:41:53,680 --> 00:41:58,279 Speaker 1: my my Neanderthal brethren on that I got more I 649 00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:02,919 Speaker 1: think more. Uh then then just again, this is all 650 00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:05,799 Speaker 1: rated to the average. Part of the reason these tests 651 00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:08,360 Speaker 1: are more specific now is because there are more people 652 00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:12,360 Speaker 1: have participated exactly. And that's the thing. Once you you know, 653 00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:14,560 Speaker 1: become a part of the twenty three and me kind 654 00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,000 Speaker 1: of community, you are, you know, and and you you 655 00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:19,080 Speaker 1: are able to there's boxes you can check to keep 656 00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:20,799 Speaker 1: all your data private and all of that, you know, 657 00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:23,080 Speaker 1: at least in terms of, like, you know, having your 658 00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:26,240 Speaker 1: identity associated with it. That's an important thing to consider, 659 00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:28,480 Speaker 1: and that is absolutely a thing that they can do, 660 00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:30,600 Speaker 1: and then they do do. But my breakdown is a 661 00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:34,040 Speaker 1: little bit dull, but still a lot more detailed than 662 00:42:34,239 --> 00:42:37,399 Speaker 1: it was when I took it previously. When I say dull, 663 00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:41,080 Speaker 1: I just mean um, ninety eight point six percent Northwestern 664 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:44,680 Speaker 1: European and that breaks down to sixty point three percent 665 00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:47,120 Speaker 1: British and Irish. Uh. And then they go into a 666 00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:51,040 Speaker 1: little more specifics with Glasgow City the UK and County 667 00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:54,440 Speaker 1: Dublin plus eighteen other regions and I've got thirty point 668 00:42:54,520 --> 00:42:57,400 Speaker 1: five percent French and German and two point eight percent 669 00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:02,160 Speaker 1: broadly Northwestern European, with the dash of Ashkenazi jew uh 670 00:43:02,520 --> 00:43:07,680 Speaker 1: ancestry thrown in their point. Welcome, welcome. Yeah, the this 671 00:43:07,719 --> 00:43:11,120 Speaker 1: stuff is fascinating. One one thing that we really enjoyed 672 00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:15,399 Speaker 1: that uh, we just learned before recording this. I found 673 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,520 Speaker 1: a really interesting thing in the paternal Haplow group that 674 00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:22,399 Speaker 1: uh lad us to one last short story. We want 675 00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:27,520 Speaker 1: to tell a man named Neal of the Nine Hostages. 676 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:31,560 Speaker 1: We don't speak this language, so maybe mispronouncing it. Uh. 677 00:43:31,840 --> 00:43:34,440 Speaker 1: Here's what we found in twenty three and me quote 678 00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:37,480 Speaker 1: perhaps more myth in man. Noil of the Nine Hostages 679 00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,000 Speaker 1: is said to have been a king of Tara, northwestern 680 00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:43,720 Speaker 1: Ireland in the late fourth century CE. His name comes 681 00:43:43,719 --> 00:43:46,319 Speaker 1: from the tale of nine hostages that he held from 682 00:43:46,320 --> 00:43:49,400 Speaker 1: the regions he ruled over, though the legendary stories of 683 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:51,759 Speaker 1: his life may have been invented hundreds of years after 684 00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:55,719 Speaker 1: he died. Genetic evidence suggests that the we Kneil dynasty 685 00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,680 Speaker 1: again apologies to Native speakers whose name means descendants of Neil, 686 00:44:00,239 --> 00:44:02,919 Speaker 1: did in fact trace back to just one man who 687 00:44:02,960 --> 00:44:06,200 Speaker 1: bore a branch of hap blue group r M two 688 00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:10,560 Speaker 1: six nine. These descendants ruled to various degrees as kings 689 00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:14,120 Speaker 1: of Ireland from the seventh to the eleventh century CE. 690 00:44:14,440 --> 00:44:17,040 Speaker 1: I am descended from them, and just before we started 691 00:44:17,080 --> 00:44:20,960 Speaker 1: to rule, we found out, Noel, you're descended from the 692 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:29,680 Speaker 1: same dude brother. That's Cheered, right, and that's Um again. 693 00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:35,400 Speaker 1: That's that common ancestor for us goes to ten thousand 694 00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:38,600 Speaker 1: years ago. I think that must be why we haven't 695 00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:43,240 Speaker 1: seen each other at the reunions. Must be. It's pretty interesting. Um. 696 00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:46,160 Speaker 1: There is also a lot of health data that you 697 00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,120 Speaker 1: can clean from this twenty three and me test various 698 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,040 Speaker 1: variants that show up in your your you know, your 699 00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:56,560 Speaker 1: genome that can point to certain risk factors, you know, 700 00:44:56,719 --> 00:45:01,440 Speaker 1: for diseases. Mine was pretty solid. Didn't have anything that 701 00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:04,440 Speaker 1: was outlying that should be like a watch out. I 702 00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:06,719 Speaker 1: think I I am a little bit more than averagely 703 00:45:07,040 --> 00:45:11,759 Speaker 1: predisposed to age related macular degeneration, which is the most 704 00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:15,399 Speaker 1: common cause of irreversible vision laws among older adults. Which 705 00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:19,280 Speaker 1: is funny considering that I have really, really good vision. Um, 706 00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:21,239 Speaker 1: maybe it's just as I get older, it's gonna it's 707 00:45:21,239 --> 00:45:24,080 Speaker 1: gonna wane on me. But everything else was pretty solid. 708 00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:27,799 Speaker 1: I uh, you know, that's that's funny because I have 709 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,080 Speaker 1: a couple of things that stood out to me as 710 00:45:32,160 --> 00:45:38,359 Speaker 1: only one seemed woefully incorrect. My caffeine consumptional I am 711 00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:42,160 Speaker 1: likely to consume less and no, Max, you guys know 712 00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:46,000 Speaker 1: that is fundamentally untrue. I beat the odds on that 713 00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:50,640 Speaker 1: one because I drink way too much coffee. But overall, 714 00:45:51,080 --> 00:45:54,879 Speaker 1: this stuff was really exciting for us and and nol 715 00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:56,960 Speaker 1: I'd love for you to talk a little bit about 716 00:45:57,520 --> 00:46:01,399 Speaker 1: just how were you surprised by how much more as 717 00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:05,240 Speaker 1: you said, granular, this became in just how many years 718 00:46:05,239 --> 00:46:07,920 Speaker 1: has it been? What's our time interval here? At least 719 00:46:08,239 --> 00:46:12,640 Speaker 1: four years? Um? Yes, I was, Oh my gosh, there's 720 00:46:12,680 --> 00:46:16,480 Speaker 1: even a thing with an asparagus p detection was as 721 00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:19,239 Speaker 1: we know that you did the thing for for I 722 00:46:19,239 --> 00:46:21,040 Speaker 1: believe the stuff of Jus. No, maybe that was Josh, 723 00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:22,560 Speaker 1: but it was one of the shows that you wrote 724 00:46:22,560 --> 00:46:25,680 Speaker 1: for and worked on. All people's pa smell like asparagus 725 00:46:25,880 --> 00:46:28,960 Speaker 1: when they eat it, only some people can't smell it. Uh, 726 00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:31,400 Speaker 1: and and under traits here there's a section for asparagus 727 00:46:31,480 --> 00:46:34,520 Speaker 1: odor detection and I am listed as likely can't smell 728 00:46:34,760 --> 00:46:37,640 Speaker 1: and boy can I ever? That is so interesting. So yeah, 729 00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:42,120 Speaker 1: it's incredibly granular. Um like things like cleft chin or 730 00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:45,839 Speaker 1: having dan driff. I've got a chance of getting dan 731 00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:49,799 Speaker 1: drift early hair loss likely no hair lost, baby, I 732 00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,000 Speaker 1: can tell you that I've got a good head of hair. 733 00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:56,320 Speaker 1: Very excited. I've got a slightly higher than average odds 734 00:46:56,320 --> 00:46:58,920 Speaker 1: of disliking cilantro. I know there are a lot of 735 00:46:58,920 --> 00:47:01,760 Speaker 1: people who are probably one rain about that I don't 736 00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:05,200 Speaker 1: flush when I drink alcohol. I have the red face 737 00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:08,359 Speaker 1: that happens. Uh. Yeah, there's a lot of stuff here, 738 00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:11,640 Speaker 1: and I think we're both surprised by it. Uh. And 739 00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:15,840 Speaker 1: I'm also interested in seeing where the technology goes in 740 00:47:15,880 --> 00:47:18,120 Speaker 1: the future. One of the big takeaways I learned from 741 00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:21,600 Speaker 1: this is that if you take a if you take 742 00:47:21,640 --> 00:47:26,400 Speaker 1: this test again, you might find even more information. Would 743 00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:29,799 Speaker 1: you say that's fair? I think so. Yeah. And so 744 00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:34,319 Speaker 1: that's where we end today's story. We went from the 745 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:39,040 Speaker 1: ancient past all the way to two where people are 746 00:47:39,080 --> 00:47:42,719 Speaker 1: still asking what makes me me? What makes you you? 747 00:47:42,880 --> 00:47:45,600 Speaker 1: What can I learn about myself and apply It's not 748 00:47:45,719 --> 00:47:47,880 Speaker 1: just the past but the president and the future, And 749 00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:51,200 Speaker 1: with companies like twenty three and me, it's easier than 750 00:47:51,239 --> 00:47:53,800 Speaker 1: ever before. So thanks thanks to the good folks, to 751 00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,600 Speaker 1: three and me, Thanks all I felt ridiculous historians for 752 00:47:56,640 --> 00:48:00,719 Speaker 1: tuning in, And thanks of course to Mr Max Williams. Max, 753 00:48:00,960 --> 00:48:03,640 Speaker 1: are you gonna? Have you ever taken a DNA test? 754 00:48:04,040 --> 00:48:06,120 Speaker 1: I have not taken a DNA test for mostly because 755 00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:08,120 Speaker 1: I'm just kind of paranoid about it. But Noelso that 756 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:11,239 Speaker 1: part about it. He's your identity, like like secret stuff. 757 00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:13,360 Speaker 1: So maybe I will you know, and find out that 758 00:48:13,520 --> 00:48:15,560 Speaker 1: maybe I'm related to that same guy that y'all are 759 00:48:15,560 --> 00:48:20,520 Speaker 1: all related to. And Hey, if you like this episode, 760 00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:23,880 Speaker 1: why not check out some of our other fellow podcasters 761 00:48:23,880 --> 00:48:28,120 Speaker 1: on the iHeart podcast network, like Many Questions with Many Driver, 762 00:48:28,760 --> 00:48:31,320 Speaker 1: or Prodigy with our buddy loll Berlanti, or a Hundred 763 00:48:31,320 --> 00:48:35,080 Speaker 1: Words with Andrew cannon Um, where they these hosts share 764 00:48:35,440 --> 00:48:39,359 Speaker 1: their journeys to health discovery or you know, finding out 765 00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:41,759 Speaker 1: what makes them them or we we are you you 766 00:48:41,920 --> 00:48:44,040 Speaker 1: all the same stuff that we talked about from a 767 00:48:44,040 --> 00:48:47,560 Speaker 1: completely different angle. You can find their episodes in the 768 00:48:47,680 --> 00:48:51,080 Speaker 1: spit feed Um, which is another show hosted by a 769 00:48:51,120 --> 00:48:54,600 Speaker 1: dear friend of ours, Barrattunda Thurston on the I Heart 770 00:48:54,680 --> 00:48:57,520 Speaker 1: Radio app or wherever you listen to your podcasts. Yes 771 00:48:57,560 --> 00:49:00,359 Speaker 1: Sam of course, our good pals Annie and Sam over 772 00:49:00,360 --> 00:49:04,800 Speaker 1: its Stuff, Mom Never Told You and Waiting on Reparations 773 00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:08,040 Speaker 1: with our pals, Dope Knife and Link with Franco. Thanks 774 00:49:08,080 --> 00:49:11,359 Speaker 1: also to Jonathan Strickland Dak the Quister, Thanks of course 775 00:49:11,360 --> 00:49:15,840 Speaker 1: to Alex Williams, Christopher Hasiotis and E's Jeff Got Absolutely 776 00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:25,480 Speaker 1: and you know what, We'll see you next time, folks. 777 00:49:25,480 --> 00:49:27,600 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for My Heart Radio, visit the I 778 00:49:27,640 --> 00:49:30,560 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 779 00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:31,520 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.