Speaker 1: Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grim
Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Mankie listener discretion advised. In the
Speaker 1: fourteen forties, a scandal overtook the French court of Charles
Speaker 1: the seventh. It was the women and the salacious way
Speaker 1: they were dressing. One contemporary was outraged by quote openings
Speaker 1: in dresses in the front through which one can see
Speaker 1: the breasts and nipples of women, and long furred trains, chains,
Speaker 1: and other things which are quote displeasing to God and
Speaker 1: to the world with good reason. While this first trend
Speaker 1: reporter kept things general, another chronicler wasn't afraid to name names.
Speaker 1: He accused one person of leading the charge towards tainting
Speaker 1: the court's moral decency. Agnes Currell, King Charles the sevenths
Speaker 1: official mistress.
Speaker 2: According to that source, Agnes quote wore trains a third
Speaker 2: longer than any princess of the realm, headdresses, higher by half,
Speaker 2: costlier dresses, all of this encouraging the debauchery and dissolution
Speaker 2: that she produced and initiated. She left her shoulders bare
Speaker 2: and in front her breasts. She promoted lasciviousness among men
Speaker 2: and women frittered away time, day and night to lead
Speaker 2: people astray. It was a pity that in most of
Speaker 2: France and the adjacent marches, the entire sovereign sex dirtied
Speaker 2: itself following her morals, and the nobility of the realm
Speaker 2: did the same, given almost entirely over to vanity at
Speaker 2: her urging and example, I personally first came across Agnasarel
Speaker 2: when I saw a portrait of a strikingly beautiful, pale
Speaker 2: woman with a fashionably high forehead and her her left
Speaker 2: breast exposed. A tidbit frequently repeated on the Internet is
Speaker 2: that she had her dresses specifically tailored to expose her
Speaker 2: favorite breast. That idea is fun, but unfortunately it's not
Speaker 2: really something that appears in any academic sources. When you
Speaker 2: see a painting of her with a breast out, it's
Speaker 2: actually because she was used as a model for a
Speaker 2: specific rendition of Mary and the Infant Jesus, which are
Speaker 2: known as Madonna lactans or nursing Madonna's. Of course, using
Speaker 2: such a scandalous figure as a model for the Holy
Speaker 2: Mother was controversial enough, but more on that later. Agnes
Speaker 2: Sorel was a polarizing figure, and not just for her
Speaker 2: exposed skin. Born in relative poverty, Agnes managed to rise
Speaker 2: through the ranks of the French court to become Charles
Speaker 2: the Seventh's personals mistress. Having an affair with the most
Speaker 2: powerful man in France was controversial enough, but what shocked
Speaker 2: the court even more was that, for the first time
Speaker 2: in French history, Charles the seventh formalized the role. Unlike
Speaker 2: previous royal mistresses, who may have gotten a pension or
Speaker 2: a few gifts behind the scenes, but kept their status
Speaker 2: under wraps, Charles the Seventh made Agnes an officially designated
Speaker 2: mistress with a salary, benefits, political power, and a public role.
Speaker 2: In doing so, as one writer put it, quote, the
Speaker 2: King had raised up a poor girl and put her
Speaker 2: in a position of such triumph and power that her
Speaker 2: station might be compared to that of the great princesses
Speaker 2: of the kingdom. The king had created a new role
Speaker 2: for women in court and set a precedent for French
Speaker 2: kings to follow. It's unclear exactly why the king had
Speaker 2: become so devoted to Agnes that he was willing to
Speaker 2: establish an official position just for her, but one factor
Speaker 2: behind the decision was undeniable. Agnes's extraordinary beauty, as historian
Speaker 2: Tracy Adams wrote, quote blonde, blue eyed, pale, and thin,
Speaker 2: with a narrow waist and high round breasts, Agnes embodied
Speaker 2: the contemporary ideal of beauty. She was nicknamed Belle by
Speaker 2: many members of the court, while others referred to her
Speaker 2: role as the quote mistress of beauty because of her
Speaker 2: strikingly good looks. But not everyone was taken with Agnes.
Speaker 2: Not only were her revealing outfits and her vanity the
Speaker 2: subject of disdain. Many thought that her official position in
Speaker 2: court was an insult to the queen. One chronicler took
Speaker 2: pity on Charles the Seventh's wife, Maria Vanjous, for having
Speaker 2: to witness a quote tramp, a little servant of low birth,
Speaker 2: being and living in intimacy every day with the Queen,
Speaker 2: having Agnes's quarter in the King's hotel better maintained and
Speaker 2: outfitted than the Queen's own, having all royal honors and
Speaker 2: services for Agnes as if she were the queen. Although
Speaker 2: Agnes's newly created role brought her fame, riches, and power
Speaker 2: beyond her wildest dreams, it also put a target on
Speaker 2: her back at a time when the French court was
Speaker 2: divided by bitterly feuding factions. Agnes's privileged position represented a
Speaker 2: political threat. She could persuade the king who to promote
Speaker 2: and who to depose. In this power struggle, Agnes's enemies
Speaker 2: would consider drastic measures to bring her down, even murder.
Speaker 2: I'm Dana Schwartz, and this is noble blood. The beginning
Speaker 2: of Agnes Sorel's life is a mystery, starting with when
Speaker 2: she was born. Some historians think she was born fourteen
Speaker 2: twenty five, while others believe she was born in fourteen
Speaker 2: oh nine or fourteen ten. While we don't know much
Speaker 2: about her early life, some contemporaries believe she came from
Speaker 2: modest origins. She was born in the region of Pickhardy,
Speaker 2: and her father was a counselor to a minor nobleman.
Speaker 2: Her father could have facilitated her entry into the court.
Speaker 2: Perhaps that nobleman might have mentioned Agnes to the royal family.
Speaker 2: Even with those family connections, Agnes's quick rise to power
Speaker 2: was uncommonly meteoric. Agnes ended up in a position in
Speaker 2: the household of Renee, the first of Naples, as a
Speaker 2: maid of honor to his consort Isabel Duchess of Lorraine.
Speaker 2: Agnes started in fourteen forty four, making only ten livres
Speaker 2: per year. Despite the paltry salary, she seemed to be
Speaker 2: one of Isabel's favorites. According to one source, Isabelle had
Speaker 2: given Agnes so many gifts that she maintained the estate
Speaker 2: of a princess. A few months later, she was promoted
Speaker 2: to lady in waiting for Marie d'anjous, Charles the Seventh's
Speaker 2: wife and Isabella's sister in law. It's unclear when exactly
Speaker 2: Agnes first met Charles the Seventh. One option is that
Speaker 2: the king met Agnes at a convocation celebrating a truce
Speaker 2: with the English in the spring of fourteen forty four.
Speaker 2: The French and the English had been fighting the One
Speaker 2: Hundred Years War since thirteen thirty seven in fits and starts,
Speaker 2: before finally agreeing to a truce almost one hundred years later.
Speaker 2: The king invited the Duke of Suffolk, as well as
Speaker 2: the rest of the English delegation to France as a
Speaker 2: gesture of goodwill. Agnes, as a member of the court,
Speaker 2: attended the festivities. The king might have noticed Agnes's striking
Speaker 2: beauty One contemporary called her one of the most beautiful
Speaker 2: women he had ever seen. It's also possible that Agnes
Speaker 2: had already met the king in fourteen forty three. Many
Speaker 2: historians believed that Charles the seventh started his affair with
Speaker 2: Agnes while on vacation at Isabelle's chateau at Somour in
Speaker 2: Anjou back in September of fourteen forty three, since their
Speaker 2: travel itineraries were shown to overlap. In any case, by
Speaker 2: the time the affair got under way, Agnes and Charles
Speaker 2: were inseparable. As one scholar recalled, he fell so much
Speaker 2: in love that he could not even spend an hour
Speaker 2: without her, whether at table, in bed, at council, she
Speaker 2: was always by his side. Later, in fourteen forty four,
Speaker 2: the king had given her a property, but so Marne,
Speaker 2: inspiring her nickname the Mistress of Beauty, that Christmas, Agnes
Speaker 2: joined the royal family in Nance for the holidays. Agnes's
Speaker 2: assent was striking, according to historians tracing Christine Adams quote.
Speaker 2: Chroniclers seem not to know what to make of the
Speaker 2: fact that a woman with no dynastic claim to power
Speaker 2: had gotten herself set up in great estate within the
Speaker 2: space of a few months. In the following years, the
Speaker 2: luxuries Agnes received only multiplied. In fourteen forty six, the
Speaker 2: king gifted her a large swath of land to oversee.
Speaker 2: In fourteen forty seven, she was awarded a pension of
Speaker 2: three thousand libres. Agnes didn't keep all of this money
Speaker 2: for herself. She donated much of it to foundations across France,
Speaker 2: and she also used her wealth and power to help
Speaker 2: her family. She set up a lifelong pension for her
Speaker 2: mother and secured positions for her four brothers in the
Speaker 2: King's household. This newly amassed wealth attracted some ire from
Speaker 2: those around her. A contemporary complained that Agnes not only
Speaker 2: had been given her own household at court, but that
Speaker 2: her accommodations were better ordered and appointed than the queen's.
Speaker 2: But Agnes's life of luxury would be put into jeopardy
Speaker 2: when the king's son, the Dauphin, began jocking for more power,
Speaker 2: much to his father's chagrin. As the Dauphine and his
Speaker 2: allies started plotting to take the king down, Agnes would
Speaker 2: soon become a target. Charles the seventh reign had been
Speaker 2: controversial since the beginning. He rose to the throne in
Speaker 2: turbulent times. The English were still occupying much of France,
Speaker 2: and his father disinherited him, prompting a succession crisis. A
Speaker 2: coup allowed Charles to become the king after the fourteen
Speaker 2: twenty two death of his father, whom we actually covered
Speaker 2: a few years ago in the episode Charles the Beloved,
Speaker 2: the Mad, the Fool. But the chaos would cast a
Speaker 2: permanent shadow over Charles the seventh rule. Chroniclers called him indecisive, ineffectual,
Speaker 2: and even ugly. They said he had protruding lips, beady eyes,
Speaker 2: a long nose, and an uneven posture that he had
Speaker 2: to cover up with long tunics. He had even more
Speaker 2: trouble coming from his immediate family. The king and his son,
Speaker 2: the Dauphin, had already been beefing since the early fourteen forties.
Speaker 2: Charles the seventh and his son always had a fraught relationship.
Speaker 2: The king would constantly ignore and belittle his tryhard son,
Speaker 2: stoking his resentment. Historian Tracy Adams writes that Charles the
Speaker 2: Seventh was a quote controlling father, hesitant to award much
Speaker 2: responsibility to an ambitious son who very much wanted to
Speaker 2: prove his medal. This simmering tension came to a boiling
Speaker 2: point in fourteen forty when the Dauphint teamed up with
Speaker 2: a group of lords hoping to overtake the throne from
Speaker 2: his father. Charles the Seventh put down the revolt, and
Speaker 2: father and son actually seemed to reconcile for a short period,
Speaker 2: but a few years later the Dauphin's relationship with the
Speaker 2: king took a turn for the worse yet again. This
Speaker 2: drama centered around a man named Pierre de Brezet, a
Speaker 2: high up member of the court. In fourteen thirty seven,
Speaker 2: Pierre was promoted to Seneschal of Anjou and captain of Agers,
Speaker 2: and he continued to amass political power over the following years,
Speaker 2: which made the prince incredibly jealous. But it wasn't until
Speaker 2: fourteen forty four that the rivalry between Pierre and the
Speaker 2: Dauphant was in full swing. Pierre hadn't given the Defont
Speaker 2: sufficient provisions for a battle against the Swiss Federation, and
Speaker 2: he had recalled many of his soldiers. Despite Pierre's mistake,
Speaker 2: the Daufant managed to still win the battle, insulting the
Speaker 2: Dauphant's military achievement, the king promoted Pierre to second in
Speaker 2: command instead of his own son. The prince took Pierre's
Speaker 2: promotion personally and vowed to exploit the political turmoil afflicting
Speaker 2: the French court to depose Pierre and the rest of
Speaker 2: the king's allies one by one. Charles the Seventh's temperament
Speaker 2: only made the atmosphere more tense, seeming to favor one
Speaker 2: faction over the other, according to his mercurial temperament, not
Speaker 2: a great approach for a leader, one contemporary wrote. The
Speaker 2: watchful king, with his subtle regard, would play the factions
Speaker 2: off against each other and profit from the situation, keeping
Speaker 2: everything within his gaze. He created a situation where all courtiers,
Speaker 2: no matter how great, felt threatened, had no idea where
Speaker 2: they stood, and lived in constant fear of losing favor.
Speaker 2: Not a great work environment. Agnes was a key figure
Speaker 2: in this dispute. Agnes bore three daughters by the king,
Speaker 2: cementing her place in court and her public role as
Speaker 2: the King's mistress. As the king's closest confidante, she could
Speaker 2: convince him to promote certain members of the court to
Speaker 2: positions of power. She and Pierre incidentally were close allies.
Speaker 2: A contemporary wrote that one cannot help but see a
Speaker 2: correlation between the favor of Pierre and that of the mistress,
Speaker 2: which developed, as mathematicians say, one as a function of
Speaker 2: the other. Knowing that the Dauphant was targeting him, Pierre
Speaker 2: began to try to turn the king against his son
Speaker 2: for good. Pierre hired Guillam Mariette, an officer at the
Speaker 2: Dauphine's court, to sow seeds of discord between the king
Speaker 2: and his son. Guillem was ordered to tell the king
Speaker 2: to watch his back because the Dauphant was planning to
Speaker 2: overthrow him and destroy Pierre. That plan backfired. The Dauphant
Speaker 2: discovered the scheme when Guillam was arrested for an unrelated charge,
Speaker 2: and the police found written instructions from Pierre hidden in
Speaker 2: Guillem's boot that detailed precisely what Guillam should say to
Speaker 2: sway the king against the prince. That document mentioned Agnes,
Speaker 2: implicating her in the plot. Guillem was supposed to use
Speaker 2: her as a tool to influence the king. In these instructions,
Speaker 2: she was referred to by a code name Helias, which
Speaker 2: evokes the brilliance and power of the sun, as well
Speaker 2: as Heloise, the legendary lover of Abelard, who represented an
Speaker 2: ideal of courtly love, so not a particularly difficult code
Speaker 2: to crack. With the conspiracy against the Prince out in
Speaker 2: the open, Pierre was put on trial in Paris. Agnes
Speaker 2: went to Paris for the only time in her life,
Speaker 2: actually during the trial, which was no coincidence given her
Speaker 2: close relationship with Pierre and the trial's infamy. Agnes's trip
Speaker 2: to Paris was one of her only public appearances, and
Speaker 2: Parisians were shocked by the openness with which she inhabited
Speaker 2: her role as mistress to the King, taking it as
Speaker 2: an insult to common decency and to the reputation of
Speaker 2: the Queen. The anonymous journal of a bourgeois of Paris
Speaker 2: described her arrival harshly, writing, there came to Paris a
Speaker 2: young lady of whom it was publicly said that she
Speaker 2: was the lover of the King of France, without faith,
Speaker 2: without law, without truth, to the good Queen he married,
Speaker 2: and it even appears that she had great status, like
Speaker 2: a countess or duchess. She came and went often with
Speaker 2: the Good Queen of France without shame of her sin,
Speaker 2: from which the Queen had much sorrow in her heart.
Speaker 2: While Pierre was not convicted of treason, the trial confirmed
Speaker 2: Agnes and Pierre as legitimate threat to the prince. As
Speaker 2: one contemporary wrote, the Dauphant believed that Pierre was quote
Speaker 2: destroying everything with the help of Agnes, through whom he
Speaker 2: held the king in subjection. Worse, the prince feared that
Speaker 2: his father would divorce the Queen and Mary Agnes instead,
Speaker 2: leaving him out of the line of succession. The queen
Speaker 2: and the king were second cousins, which should have prevented
Speaker 2: them from getting married in the first place, but the Pope,
Speaker 2: as was common at the time, chose to overlook it
Speaker 2: if it was politically expedient, though Charles could have the
Speaker 2: marriage annulled on those grounds. By the time of Pierre's trial,
Speaker 2: it seemed as if the king had already taken decisive
Speaker 2: steps to oust his wife from court. According to Tracy
Speaker 2: Adams in fourteen forty five, the king had cleared his
Speaker 2: wife's Anjou family out of the government, which, in addition
Speaker 2: to Agnes's presence, may have suggested to the Daufin that
Speaker 2: still more sweeping change was coming. In the beginning of
Speaker 2: her time as the king's mistress, Agnes had remained under
Speaker 2: the prince's radar, But now that her alliance with Pierre
Speaker 2: had been revealed so publicly, her political influence u represented
Speaker 2: a legitimate threat. This bad blood with the king's son
Speaker 2: would prove dangerous for Agnes, even deadly. In fourteen forty nine,
Speaker 2: the rivalry between Agnes and the Dauphont would come to
Speaker 2: a head. As one contemporary wrote, the hatred of Charles
Speaker 2: the seventh against his son came from the fact that
Speaker 2: the prince had many times blamed and murmured against his
Speaker 2: father because of beautiful Agnes, who was in the good
Speaker 2: graces of the king much more than was the Queen.
Speaker 2: A good and honorable woman, the Dauphont was full of spite,
Speaker 2: and through spite advanced her death. Indeed, one day, ostensibly
Speaker 2: defending his mother's honor, the Prince Louis berated Agnes before
Speaker 2: drawing his sword and chasing her to his father's bed.
Speaker 2: Shortly after that event, the prince was exiled from court,
Speaker 2: which many blamed on that violent outburst. One chronicler wrote
Speaker 2: that Agnes, who had escaped from the hands of the
Speaker 2: Dauphin was, according to common opinion, the reason that the
Speaker 2: Dauphin had to flee. Intensifying Agnes's lack of safety, political
Speaker 2: strife forced the king to head out to the battlefield.
Speaker 2: By fourteen forty nine, both England and France had broken
Speaker 2: that little truce. The English seized the town of Fougerae
Speaker 2: at the Norman border, and in May fourteen forty nine,
Speaker 2: Charles headed there to try to reclaim it, leaving Agnes behind.
Speaker 2: The king was gone for months as he and his
Speaker 2: army tried to keep the British forces at bay. By
Speaker 2: January fifth, the king had made his way to the
Speaker 2: north of France, fleeing to a Benedictine abbey near Roua
Speaker 2: after winning a battle a few weeks earlier. There he
Speaker 2: could relax, and shortly after he arrived, according to a chronicler,
Speaker 2: he found a demoiselle named the Belle Agnes. It turned
Speaker 2: out that Agnes had crossed two hundred miles of frozen
Speaker 2: landscape while heavily pregnant to meet up with the king.
Speaker 2: It's not clear exactly why she embarked on that perilous journey.
Speaker 2: When contemporary said that she wanted to warn the king
Speaker 2: and tell him that some people wanted to betray him
Speaker 2: and deliver him into the hands of his enemies, the English,
Speaker 2: and in response to her warnings, the king quote did
Speaker 2: nothing but laugh. Not long after arriving at the monastery,
Speaker 2: Agnes suffered a flux in her stomach. As the pain worsened,
Speaker 2: she began fearing death. One monk reported that she repented
Speaker 2: her transgressions, recalling Mary Magdalene, and that she called on
Speaker 2: God and the Virgin to help her as her health worse,
Speaker 2: and she gathered her friends around her and said, quote,
Speaker 2: it is a small thing rotting and feted our fragility,
Speaker 2: after crying out. She died on February eleventh, fourteen fifty
Speaker 2: Agnes's sudden death, in conjunction with her sudden appearance at
Speaker 2: the monastery, raised suspicions across the court. Was she poisoned?
Speaker 2: Could the rivalry between Agnes Pierre and the prince have
Speaker 2: turned deadly? Contemporaries certainly thought so. One reported that in
Speaker 2: fourteen fifty six, a team of armed men arrested the
Speaker 2: prince after Agnes's death or unknown reasons, Some thought that
Speaker 2: the king deposed the prince because he had destroyed the
Speaker 2: province of Dauphine through heavy taxation. But this one chronicler
Speaker 2: also alluded to another motive, quote, the Daufi had already
Speaker 2: caused the death of a demoiselle named the Belle Agnes,
Speaker 2: who was the most beautiful woman in the kingdom, and
Speaker 2: with whom the king his father was entirely in love.
Speaker 2: These speculations of foul play had no concrete evidence to
Speaker 2: back them up, and for centuries the cause of Agnes's
Speaker 2: death was unknown. In two thousand and five, a forensic
Speaker 2: specialist and his team examined Agnes's remains and found that
Speaker 2: Agnes died of a massive overdose of mercury that could
Speaker 2: only have occurred as a result of poisoning. The specialist
Speaker 2: concluded quote, Thus, Agnes Sorel's poisoning has been confirmed by
Speaker 2: an investigation worthy of the best to detective or historical novels.
Speaker 2: No one can say whether the poisoning was voluntary or
Speaker 2: not vile crime. We are waiting for historians to solve
Speaker 2: the mystery and unmask the guilty party. When Agnes died,
Speaker 2: Charles the Seventh had two tombs erected, one where Agnes
Speaker 2: passed away that enclosed her heart, and another at Notre
Speaker 2: Dame de Loche which held her body. Before her death,
Speaker 2: Agnes had donated a statue of Mary Magdalene to the
Speaker 2: collegiate Church of Loche, along with one of her ribs
Speaker 2: and some hairs. Agnes's deathbed devotion to Mary Magdalen, along
Speaker 2: with these gifted relics, hint at the way she conceptualized
Speaker 2: her own life. Even though Agnes may have seen herself
Speaker 2: as Mary Magdalene, she would be immortalized in art as
Speaker 2: the Virgin Mary. French painter Jean Fouquet was commissioned to
Speaker 2: paint a portrait of Mary, and he used Agnes as
Speaker 2: a model the painting that I alluded to in the
Speaker 2: introduction of this episode. Historian Susie Nash writes that the
Speaker 2: first incomplete version of the painting may have been commissioned
Speaker 2: by Charles the Seventh to imagine an alternate future for Agnes.
Speaker 2: Quote Agnes as queen and Agnes as mother to a
Speaker 2: son a future king, all in the guise of the Virgin.
Speaker 2: This portrait of the Virgin Mary as a mediator between
Speaker 2: God and Earth was an apt image to encapsulate Agnes's
Speaker 2: power and beauty. As Adams writes, the image reflects in
Speaker 2: a sacred register the principal functions of the royal mistress,
Speaker 2: who was the mediator par excellence, the person whose good
Speaker 2: will was more valuable than any other courtier because of
Speaker 2: her special access to and influence with the King. That's
Speaker 2: the story of Agnes Sorel. But stick around after a
Speaker 2: brief sponsor break to hear about a mystery surrounding her tomb.
Speaker 2: In fifteen twenty five, almost a century after Agnes's death,
Speaker 2: something strange happened to the tomb that encased her heart.
Speaker 2: According to the Royal History of the abbey, written by
Speaker 2: a monk, a new epitaph suddenly appeared engraved in the stone.
Speaker 2: The epitaph Laud's Agnes, calling her an unaffected and mild dove,
Speaker 2: whiter than a swan, rosier than a flame, mild enough
Speaker 2: in speech to calm any courtly spat. This epitaph was
Speaker 2: identical to the one engraved at her other tomb. In
Speaker 2: loche someone must have gone to both tombs, noticed the
Speaker 2: difference in the engravings, and had them fixed. But who
Speaker 2: could have done it and why was the first tomb
Speaker 2: only amended seventy five years after Agnes's death. The monk
Speaker 2: doesn't speculate. Tracy Adams proposes that it could have been
Speaker 2: the King of France. Then Francois the First. Francois may
Speaker 2: have heard of Agnes from stories at court, and he
Speaker 2: had the opportunity to visit both tombs around the time
Speaker 2: that the first tomb was re engraved. There's no concrete
Speaker 2: evidence to suggest that Francois the First was the culprit. Still,
Speaker 2: he would have had good reason to honor Agnes's memory.
Speaker 2: He would claim that quote, a court without women is
Speaker 2: like a year without spring, and he had an official
Speaker 2: mistress of his own, extending Agnes's legacy. Noble Blood is
Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey.
Speaker 2: Noble Blood is hosted by me Dana Schwartz, with a
Speaker 2: ditiontional writing and research by Hannah Johnston, Hannahswick, Courtney Sender,
Speaker 2: Amy Hit and Julia Milani. The show is edited and
Speaker 2: produced by Jesse Funk, with supervising producer rima il Kaali
Speaker 2: and executive producers Aaron Manke, Trevor Young, and Matt Frederick.
Speaker 2: For more podcasts, from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.