1 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:10,119 Speaker 1: So you know how sometimes in physics there's a word, 2 00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:13,039 Speaker 1: and this word for people it's like magic. It means 3 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:16,960 Speaker 1: like a big leap forward. It's like a huge transformation, 4 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:21,639 Speaker 1: you mean, like dimensions, dimension is the worst, absolutely, and 5 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:23,439 Speaker 1: stuff like that. And the one I'm thinking of in 6 00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:27,200 Speaker 1: particular is the word quantum. Quantum mechanics obviously a huge 7 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:29,520 Speaker 1: transformation the way we think about the world that it 8 00:00:29,560 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: also seems to be a transformation and everything like you 9 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:35,440 Speaker 1: can find like quantum massage, and you know, there's that 10 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,360 Speaker 1: whole television show Quantum Leap, and like all this stuff 11 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:40,879 Speaker 1: has nothing to do with quantum mechanics at all. It's 12 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,919 Speaker 1: just the word quantum seems to represent some sort of 13 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:49,479 Speaker 1: high tech, next generation high tech fanciness. You know, sometimes 14 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:53,280 Speaker 1: it really does represent a transformative leap. Sometimes there really 15 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: is an opportunity to convert a normal version of something 16 00:00:56,360 --> 00:00:59,560 Speaker 1: into the quantum version and then take a huge step forward. 17 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:02,600 Speaker 1: And so that's what we wanted to talk about today. 18 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:24,440 Speaker 1: After my quantum massage hold on him and I'm Daniel 19 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: and this is our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explained the 20 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: universe in which we take the whole universe and chop 21 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:32,520 Speaker 1: it up in the little pieces, turn each of them 22 00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:35,959 Speaker 1: into a quantum of understanding and download it into your 23 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: brain and in which you feel like you understand and 24 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,679 Speaker 1: not understand at the same time. No, we're going for 25 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,040 Speaker 1: a hundred understanding. We don't want to be one of 26 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 1: those podcasts where you feel like, oh, I heard a 27 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: lot of smart people talking about it, but I didn't 28 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:53,720 Speaker 1: really get it right. Yeah. Yeah, because in this podcast 29 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: you only listen to one intelligent person, Joe and I 30 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:01,880 Speaker 1: together making one intelligent person. We won't say which fraction 31 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:04,360 Speaker 1: of each, but together we are one smart guy. We 32 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: are quantum entangled in our intelligence. That's right. That's right, 33 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:11,239 Speaker 1: And this is just the latest in our projects together. 34 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: We also wrote a book called We Have No Idea, 35 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:16,720 Speaker 1: A Guide the Unknown Universe, where we explore all the 36 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,799 Speaker 1: big questions in the universe, what doesn't physics know yet 37 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: and what could it mean for humanity? And if you 38 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: search online on YouTube, you can also find a couple 39 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:27,240 Speaker 1: of the videos that we've made together about the Higgs boson, 40 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:31,720 Speaker 1: about dark matter, about gravitational waves. So check this out. Yeah, 41 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: so today we wanted to talk about quantum computers because 42 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 1: we feel like it's a word that's bandied around, and 43 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:44,160 Speaker 1: we wanted to make sure everybody understood what it actually means. 44 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: Think about whether you know what a quantum computer is. So, 45 00:02:47,639 --> 00:02:50,400 Speaker 1: as usual, I went out and I asked ten random 46 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:52,720 Speaker 1: people on the u c I campus if they knew 47 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,080 Speaker 1: what a quantum computer was and how it works. And remember, 48 00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: some of these people are computer science undergraduates, so they 49 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: really should know. Here's what they had to say. Nope, nope, 50 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:05,400 Speaker 1: you never heard of a quantum computer? All right, cool, 51 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: I have no idea. Have you heard of the quantum computer? 52 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:11,119 Speaker 1: This is the first time that I'm hearing it right now. 53 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: I'm not sure about how does it work, but I 54 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 1: know that it has four men bits or alphabet and 55 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:25,760 Speaker 1: it is said to revolutionalize the computer science. I don't 56 00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:28,520 Speaker 1: know about a quantum computer, but you've heard of them. Um. 57 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:31,160 Speaker 1: I've heard the term, but I don't know much else 58 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:33,440 Speaker 1: about it other than that. Alright, So not a not 59 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: an impressive performance here by uc I Underground. That's right. Well, hey, 60 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 1: some of them understood it, right, at least most of 61 00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: them have heard of it. The one guy like heard 62 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: about quantum computers. The moment I said the phrase, it 63 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: exploded in his brain. Like, what, I've never heard of 64 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:51,320 Speaker 1: that until you mentioned it. I've never heard those two 65 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: words together. You've probably spend the next six hours googling 66 00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: and reading about it. And maybe he's the next future 67 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: quantum computing genius. We have changed the course of human 68 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:03,960 Speaker 1: history through this podcast or oh my god, it's possible. 69 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 1: But most people seem to have very little understanding of 70 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:10,000 Speaker 1: what a quantum computer is. Um though, you know, somebody 71 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 1: out there had had some idea at least, so we 72 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: feel like this is a good topic for a podcast. 73 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: Let's clear out the weeds of everybody's understanding and make 74 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: sure everybody knows what we're talking about when we say 75 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:23,239 Speaker 1: quantum computer. I mean everyone has heard of a computer, 76 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: but a quantum computer. That just sounds interesting, Right, What 77 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:28,599 Speaker 1: do you what do you what did you think of 78 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: the first time you heard quantum computer? Do you think 79 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:32,919 Speaker 1: like a tiny computer the size of an atom? What 80 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:35,320 Speaker 1: did I think? I thought that it was? I think 81 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: I just had that good reaction. Also, it's like a 82 00:04:37,839 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: like a super new magic computer, right, Like I want 83 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: a quantum Ferrari. We just said for my quantum mortgage 84 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,719 Speaker 1: to be paid first. I love how the word quantum 85 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:54,040 Speaker 1: is just like taken on this magical mystical power, you know, 86 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:57,280 Speaker 1: and it's not bad. There's like no nuance to quantum 87 00:04:57,279 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: that's bad. It's not like dark or dangerous. It's just 88 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:03,279 Speaker 1: like the new, fancy, glittery, shiny version of something. The 89 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: weird thing is is that it's not a new word, right, Like, 90 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,160 Speaker 1: it's a word that's been around for a hundred years nearly, right, Well, 91 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: it's been around for a long time and it's been 92 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,839 Speaker 1: applied to this kind of thing for about a hundred years. Yeah, 93 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics is almost a hundred years old. To the idea, 94 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:20,719 Speaker 1: the very basic ideas of quantum mechanics, you know, that 95 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:24,559 Speaker 1: the universe is chopped into pieces and not continuous. That's 96 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:30,600 Speaker 1: not a very new idea, right, Well, let's break it down. 97 00:05:30,640 --> 00:05:33,360 Speaker 1: What does it mean when you say the word quantum, 98 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: like quantum physics or quantum particles? You know, what does 99 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,039 Speaker 1: it mean? Well, the word basically just means portion or 100 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: packet or unit, you know, it's like a quantity, like, yeah, 101 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:47,600 Speaker 1: quant quantity, quantum is that where it comes from? Yeah, 102 00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: it's connected. Why I think Jorge just had a realization 103 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: and live right there on the podcast. Um, Yes, it's 104 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: related to quantities, right. It says things that are are 105 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:01,560 Speaker 1: quantized are things that are made out of little atomic pieces, 106 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:05,000 Speaker 1: things that can't be broken into smaller pieces. Right, So 107 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:07,719 Speaker 1: like our money is quantized. We don't have money less 108 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 1: than a penny, right, you can't spend less than a penny. 109 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: That's the basic unit. Everything is built out of that. 110 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:15,760 Speaker 1: And it's relevant to physics because it turns out the 111 00:06:15,880 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: universe is quantized, like particles are made out of smaller particles. 112 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 1: You can't have like half a particle or three quarter 113 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,240 Speaker 1: of a particle. And energy levels are quantized, you know, 114 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,000 Speaker 1: the way electrons move around in nucleus. They can't just 115 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:30,240 Speaker 1: have like any arbitrary amount of energy, just like a 116 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:33,240 Speaker 1: ladder of energy levels. They can be on and they 117 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: can't be in between those steps. But it kind of 118 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: means more than just the idea of chopping things up 119 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,039 Speaker 1: into a little bit. It's really more about what the 120 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,119 Speaker 1: world is like when you get down to those little 121 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,800 Speaker 1: little little bits. Quantum physics means the physics of those 122 00:06:48,839 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 1: little little little particles, which is very different than the 123 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: physics of like, you know, a basketball or a baseball 124 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: that's right. Quantum. That's what quantum means. It's a little 125 00:06:57,880 --> 00:07:01,000 Speaker 1: bit bits and quantum mechanics or quantum physics that deals 126 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: with how those things interact with each other. And it 127 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,279 Speaker 1: turns out that those little tiny bits of the universe 128 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 1: interact in ways that are very unfamiliar to us. There's 129 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:13,280 Speaker 1: very little intuitive understanding we can grasp the way those 130 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: things work because they follow very different rules than the 131 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 1: things than baseballs and basketballs follow. They follow more probabilistic rules, 132 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 1: and and your intuition that you developed through observing the 133 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 1: way baseballs and basketballs moved through the air doesn't work 134 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:30,720 Speaker 1: when you're talking about electrons or other little quantum particles 135 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: because they follow different rules. Yeah, and those different rules 136 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:36,560 Speaker 1: lead to a very different kind of logic. You see, 137 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: in normal logic, you can say something like a switch 138 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:42,680 Speaker 1: is either on or off, but not both, right, But 139 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 1: in quantum logic it's different, which is why quantum computing 140 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,640 Speaker 1: turns out to also be different. Yeah, they don't behave 141 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:52,520 Speaker 1: like they do the big things behave, right, Like if 142 00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: you had a baseball the size of a quantum particle, 143 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:58,200 Speaker 1: you can just bounce it off of a wall, That's right. 144 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:00,720 Speaker 1: And the most important feature of these little quantum bits, 145 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:02,920 Speaker 1: and the one that's gonna be relevant for quantum mechanics, 146 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: is that we don't know everything about them. Like a baseball, 147 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: you know everything you need to know. You know it's 148 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:11,480 Speaker 1: direction and you know it's velocity. From that, you can 149 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:13,800 Speaker 1: predict its future. If you know where it is and 150 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: where it's going, you know where it's going to be. Right. 151 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,920 Speaker 1: For a quantum particle, like an electron, you can't observe 152 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:23,080 Speaker 1: it directly, and so there's some uncertainty about where it is, 153 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 1: which means that it can be like here or it 154 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:28,360 Speaker 1: can be there. But the crucial thing about a quantum 155 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:31,840 Speaker 1: particle is it's not actually in one place or the other, 156 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: and you just don't know it. It has a probability 157 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: to be in both places. Our lack of knowledge about 158 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,840 Speaker 1: it reflects the fact that it's location is not actually determined. 159 00:08:42,280 --> 00:08:44,719 Speaker 1: It's like it could be over here and it could 160 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: be over there, which means it's a little bit of both. 161 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: And that's what I mean when I say the act 162 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:51,400 Speaker 1: in ways that are different from the ways that are 163 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: normal things interact. You know, a baseball is either here 164 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:56,280 Speaker 1: or it's there, right, But when you get down to 165 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:59,319 Speaker 1: that size, it doesn't look like like an electron doesn't 166 00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: look like a little tiny baseball. Nobody knows what an 167 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: electron looks like. Yeah, like when you try to zoom 168 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:08,400 Speaker 1: in and you zoom in, it just becomes fuzzy, right, 169 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: like you see this little fuzziness right. Well, that's a 170 00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:13,679 Speaker 1: whole other funny question, like what would an electron look like? 171 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: Because an electron is has zero size, right, zero volume, 172 00:09:17,559 --> 00:09:20,960 Speaker 1: and so it doesn't really look like anything. But about 173 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:24,960 Speaker 1: the electrons fuzziness, we say the electron has a probability 174 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:27,920 Speaker 1: to be in a few different places. That's the fuzziness. 175 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 1: But it's not determined before you ask. But when you 176 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: want to interact with the electron, like if you want 177 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:37,240 Speaker 1: to measure where it is, then those probabilities collapse into 178 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: a specific outcome. We call that collapsing the wave function 179 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 1: because remember electrons are particles, but they're controlled by wave equations, 180 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:50,439 Speaker 1: which determine the probability of being in various places, kind 181 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:52,400 Speaker 1: of like if you're not looking at it, it's sort 182 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 1: of like a cloud almost, and then when you look 183 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,720 Speaker 1: at it, then boom, it's a little point. That's right, 184 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: And this is the deep question of quantum mechanics that 185 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,559 Speaker 1: that a lot of people do and understand. Most people 186 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:04,959 Speaker 1: don't understand. I think maybe everybody doesn't understand. How does 187 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: that make any sense? Right? How does it make sense 188 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: that something can be in both places at once until 189 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,280 Speaker 1: you ask look at it? How does it make sense 190 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,040 Speaker 1: that you asking changes where it's going to be? Right? 191 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: It's it's it's a situation, and that's all. There's a 192 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: huge philosophical debate about that. You know, is it the 193 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,120 Speaker 1: asking that makes a decide where it's it going to be? 194 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: Or does the universe split into two options where you know, 195 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:28,719 Speaker 1: on one hand it's on the left and then the 196 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:32,120 Speaker 1: other universe it's on the right. And different people argue 197 00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:35,200 Speaker 1: about this stuff for for decades and decades. So it's 198 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: certainly not something we can address in twenty minutes on 199 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:39,280 Speaker 1: a podcast. But the thing you need to know to 200 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 1: understand quantum mechanics is that there's a probability for it 201 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,680 Speaker 1: to be in one place or the other, and that 202 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: both probabilities exist simultaneously. So if I'm not if I'm 203 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: not looking at the electron, it looks like a little 204 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 1: fuzzy cloud and you're saying that cloud is it's it's 205 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: kind of like it's in all those places at the 206 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: same time with a certain probability. Yeah, I think the 207 00:10:58,080 --> 00:11:01,280 Speaker 1: most correct statement would say it has a probability to 208 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: be in all of those places. To say it actually 209 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: is in all those places, I mean you don't. It's 210 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:09,080 Speaker 1: not actually anywhere. It just has a probability to be 211 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:11,720 Speaker 1: those things. It's like the answer is not determined or known. 212 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:14,040 Speaker 1: It's not like God has it written down on a 213 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,679 Speaker 1: golden tablet somewhere. We just don't know. It's not actually anywhere. 214 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:19,680 Speaker 1: It just has a probability to be this or that. 215 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 1: It's like it's like a die you haven't ruled yet. 216 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:23,880 Speaker 1: It's not like it already is a four and you 217 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: just haven't looked yet. You haven't rolled the die, so 218 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:28,520 Speaker 1: you don't There isn't an answer. The same way the 219 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: electron has a probability distribution to be in various situations, 220 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: but until you measure it, it's not in all of 221 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:37,160 Speaker 1: those at the same time. It just has a probability 222 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: to be in those things. Man, So you're saying all 223 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:43,880 Speaker 1: of us, all of our particles are if you get 224 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:49,199 Speaker 1: down to that level, they're all unthrown die, yes, exactly, 225 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,520 Speaker 1: until you interact with them and forces the universe to 226 00:11:52,559 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 1: throw the die. And that's one of the deep questions 227 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:57,199 Speaker 1: about about econom mechanics, is like where's that die? Who's 228 00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,800 Speaker 1: doing those random number process you know? So when Einstein 229 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:04,319 Speaker 1: famously said God doesn't play dice, it's kind of true. 230 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: It's like, really, things are all just unthrown dice. Yeah, 231 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: he didn't like that description of it at all. He 232 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:13,560 Speaker 1: really believed that the dice was already thrown. We just 233 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: didn't know the answer, right, That's a big difference. That's 234 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:20,319 Speaker 1: a big difference. And then eventually they proved that actually 235 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: the dice is not yet thrown until you ask the question. 236 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:26,040 Speaker 1: And that's a whole other podcast. We can talk about 237 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: how they proved that. It's called the bell inequality, and 238 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:31,680 Speaker 1: it's a whole other topic we can get into. But 239 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: I think for today's episode, people just need to understand 240 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: that a quantum particle can be different from a classical particle, 241 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,679 Speaker 1: from like a thing you're you're understand because it can 242 00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 1: be kind of a probability to be in two different 243 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: situations at the same time. Okay, So that's that's what 244 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 1: quantum means. And now let's get into quantum computers. But 245 00:12:50,000 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 1: first let's take a break, all right. So that's what 246 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:07,600 Speaker 1: quantum means. It's like the how the world behaves when 247 00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:09,800 Speaker 1: you get down to those little tiny pits of the universe, 248 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:14,200 Speaker 1: which is totally different and kind of fuzzy and probabilistic. Um. 249 00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:16,360 Speaker 1: So now let's combined it with the word everyone knows, 250 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: which is a computer. So what does it mean to 251 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:22,760 Speaker 1: like have a quantum computer. Yeah, so the idea there is, 252 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:25,800 Speaker 1: let's build a computer. Let's build out of pieces that 253 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,920 Speaker 1: can do these weird things, because then maybe you can 254 00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:32,000 Speaker 1: solve problems that are otherwise hard. I mean, I think 255 00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: it's also important to think about how a normal computer works, 256 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:36,840 Speaker 1: and like what does it mean to say a computer 257 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,920 Speaker 1: before we think about what is a quantum computer um? 258 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:42,040 Speaker 1: And for those of you out there listening, you probably 259 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:43,680 Speaker 1: know what a computer is. You have one in your 260 00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:45,720 Speaker 1: in your office or whatever. You're banging on it right 261 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:49,200 Speaker 1: you download stuff and play Mario card or whatever. But 262 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:51,840 Speaker 1: what it's doing on the inside is really is that 263 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:55,400 Speaker 1: it's doing calculations. Right, a program on your computer or 264 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 1: something that does a calculation, Maybe that calculation is how 265 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:00,600 Speaker 1: do I draw Mario card on the screen? Or you know, 266 00:14:00,679 --> 00:14:03,880 Speaker 1: how do I predict this the trajectory of this cannonball 267 00:14:03,920 --> 00:14:05,920 Speaker 1: that I want to fire at my opponent's castle or whatever. 268 00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:08,520 Speaker 1: In the end, it's doing a calculation. And the way 269 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,240 Speaker 1: it does that calculation is that it represents the problem 270 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:13,560 Speaker 1: that needs to be solved in terms of a bunch 271 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,000 Speaker 1: of numbers, because all the computer really, in the end 272 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: is doing is manipulating numbers. I mean the memory and 273 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 1: your computer is a bunch of ones and zeros. That's 274 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,200 Speaker 1: what we call bits, and those represent a number. And 275 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:27,600 Speaker 1: a computer is useful when you can take a problem 276 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:30,440 Speaker 1: you want to solve and represent it in a way 277 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,320 Speaker 1: that the computer knows how to solve it right. Right, So, 278 00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 1: for example, how do I hit my baseball in a 279 00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: way that goes over the fence? What angle is the 280 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:39,440 Speaker 1: best angle to do that? Right? Do? You want to 281 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: solve that problem? But you first have to break it 282 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:45,720 Speaker 1: down into math and then have your computer basically act 283 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,080 Speaker 1: as a calculator and crunch those math equations. And the 284 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,040 Speaker 1: kind of math you use to break it down depends 285 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: on the kind of computer you have and the kind 286 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: of calculations that computer can do. So the kind of 287 00:14:57,160 --> 00:15:00,560 Speaker 1: computers we use, classical computers have ones in zeros, and 288 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,680 Speaker 1: all they can do are a few basic logical operations 289 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: on those ones and zeros they can do and they 290 00:15:06,440 --> 00:15:08,960 Speaker 1: can do or they can do x or or nand 291 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:11,160 Speaker 1: and you can build those up to do all sorts 292 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: of more complicated things like addition or subtraction or Mario 293 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: Kard and other video games. Right, And the way it 294 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:20,280 Speaker 1: does that you're saying, is that it takes the problem, 295 00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: you know, whereas Mario and Mario card or how much 296 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,960 Speaker 1: is tu plus two and then breaks it down into bits, 297 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 1: which is are which are ones and zeros. So everything that, 298 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:33,560 Speaker 1: like most of our language, all the math that we 299 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,800 Speaker 1: know about, all that can be essentially eventually breaking down 300 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,680 Speaker 1: into ones and zeros. That's right, and we'll see later. 301 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:45,000 Speaker 1: The quantum computers don't use ones and zeros, and they 302 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:47,480 Speaker 1: have a different kind of logic, so they can solve 303 00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: different kinds of problems. And in the end, it's all 304 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,960 Speaker 1: about efficiency. Which kind of computer is faster at which 305 00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: kind of problem running Mario cards or breaking into the 306 00:15:57,320 --> 00:15:59,400 Speaker 1: n s A does it take one second or does 307 00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: it take a build in years? Well, let's talk a 308 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: bit about why you want to break it down into 309 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:05,400 Speaker 1: ones and zeros, right, Like, why is why is that important? 310 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:07,520 Speaker 1: Because once you break it down to ones and zeros, 311 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: then even like a simple computer can then add and 312 00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:14,480 Speaker 1: subtract those, Right Like, if you can break the whole 313 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:18,200 Speaker 1: world into ones and zeros and everything into simple operations 314 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:21,040 Speaker 1: like plus or minus, then you can have a machine 315 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:24,400 Speaker 1: basically do it. Yeah, you can do simple logic operations 316 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,080 Speaker 1: on ones and zeros, and there's a theorem that shows 317 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 1: that you can combine those to do any logical operation. 318 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: So if you combine enough of those together, you can 319 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: have any operation on your inputs. That doesn't mean necessarily 320 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:40,960 Speaker 1: the best way to do any problem. Like you might say, hey, 321 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,040 Speaker 1: I want to know where this baseball is going to go. 322 00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: So one way to do that is build a computer, 323 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,400 Speaker 1: have inside the computer a perfect model of how the 324 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: baseball works, and do the calculation. Another way to do 325 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:54,960 Speaker 1: that is just hit the baseball. Right from that perspective, 326 00:16:55,040 --> 00:16:58,680 Speaker 1: like a baseball is a computer that calculates one thing, 327 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,680 Speaker 1: how far does this base ball go? Right. It's very powerful, 328 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,160 Speaker 1: it's very fast, but it only does that one thing. 329 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:08,160 Speaker 1: The advantage of a classical computer with ones and zeros 330 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:11,080 Speaker 1: is that it can solve lots of different kinds of problems. 331 00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:12,879 Speaker 1: They can do your baseball problem, and they can do 332 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:17,159 Speaker 1: Mario Kart right, Okay, So that's the basis of regular computers, 333 00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:20,159 Speaker 1: Like even the computer and the phone that people are 334 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:23,879 Speaker 1: listening to this podcast on. It's taking our voices, breaking 335 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: them down to one and zeros, chopping those up, mixing 336 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: them up, and then basically recreating our voices and flappy bird. Right, 337 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: that's right exactly. And so what is a quantum computer. Well, 338 00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: a quantum computer is a computer built out of different 339 00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:41,600 Speaker 1: little pieces. Right. Whereas the normal computer uses ones and zeros, 340 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: a quantum computer uses quantum mechanical objects that have different properties. 341 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,960 Speaker 1: They can be zero, they can be one, or they 342 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: can be some combination of zero and one. The way 343 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: a quantum particle is like, maybe it's here, maybe it's there. 344 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: A quantum bit, what we call a cube bit, is 345 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: maybe zero, maybe one, has a probability be zero and 346 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:05,280 Speaker 1: a probability to be one. And again it's not secretly 347 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:08,520 Speaker 1: zero and secretly one. Like a dice you've already rolled 348 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,120 Speaker 1: and you just haven't looked at. It's not determined. It's 349 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: some combination of zero and some combination of Wow. I see, 350 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,160 Speaker 1: what if he had a computer that was fundamental little 351 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,320 Speaker 1: processing unit is not just black and white, but maybe 352 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,760 Speaker 1: like some something in between the shades of gray, shades 353 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:26,639 Speaker 1: of great, Like what would happen if you add and 354 00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:29,760 Speaker 1: mix those up and try to make calculations with things 355 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 1: that can be not just ones and zeros. Yeah, And 356 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:34,480 Speaker 1: so what happens is you get a very different kind 357 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:38,840 Speaker 1: of computer, one that's much better at things that classical 358 00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: computers find difficult, but also is worse at some things 359 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: that classical computers find very easy. Like what, Yeah, just 360 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,199 Speaker 1: the way, like a baseball is a good computer for 361 00:18:49,240 --> 00:18:51,760 Speaker 1: calculating what a baseball does, it's not very good at 362 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:55,600 Speaker 1: organizing your recipes or doing Mario Kart, right. A quantum 363 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:58,480 Speaker 1: computer is built differently, it's but it still runs in 364 00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:00,880 Speaker 1: the physical universe, you know all the things. These computers 365 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:05,119 Speaker 1: are just ways to manipulate physical objects to represent calculations 366 00:19:05,119 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: that we want done. That's what a computer is, right, 367 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:10,359 Speaker 1: And sometimes the classical computer is really good at that. 368 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:13,600 Speaker 1: A quantum computer, because it's made out of different things, 369 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:16,159 Speaker 1: is good at at different kind of calculations. It's like 370 00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:18,200 Speaker 1: do you want to build your house out of wood 371 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:20,480 Speaker 1: or out of brick? Well, you know wood is good 372 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,399 Speaker 1: for some things and brick is good for other things. 373 00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: You get a pretty different kind of house. Um, so 374 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 1: they're pretty different, but you know they're related, but they 375 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,640 Speaker 1: have different strengths, and those strengths and weaknesses come from 376 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,399 Speaker 1: the essential differences in how those bits work. Okay, so 377 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,119 Speaker 1: let's get into some of these differences from where they 378 00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 1: come from. So, like, what's happening now instead of when 379 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,199 Speaker 1: I'm mixing these cube bits that's what they're called, right, 380 00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: the quantum bits, they're called cube bids. Yeah, Um, so 381 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:47,440 Speaker 1: what's happened? What's happening when I mix them? Like if 382 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 1: I do a calculation with these fuzzy bits. Right, So 383 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:52,639 Speaker 1: there's really two things you have to understand about how 384 00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: quantum calculations work. First of all, is that you when 385 00:19:56,840 --> 00:20:00,560 Speaker 1: you have two cube bits, they're not independent. It't Okay, 386 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:02,800 Speaker 1: you have two bits and a computer, then they can 387 00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:06,920 Speaker 1: have four different states zero zero, zero, one, one zero 388 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:10,040 Speaker 1: or one one. Right, So two bits means two to 389 00:20:10,080 --> 00:20:12,080 Speaker 1: the end different states. But you really just need two 390 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:15,399 Speaker 1: numbers to specify that, right, you need the first number 391 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,400 Speaker 1: in the second number totally specifies the configuration. So it's 392 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:21,359 Speaker 1: really just two bits means two pieces of information for 393 00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:24,920 Speaker 1: a classical computer. That's because those two bits are totally independent. 394 00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:29,639 Speaker 1: For a quantum computer, the cubits are not independent. They're entangled, okay, 395 00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:32,880 Speaker 1: so they're connected to each other. And so you can 396 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:35,960 Speaker 1: have different states. You can have zero zero, you can 397 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: have one one. You can have some mixture of one 398 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:41,360 Speaker 1: zero and zero one. You can have other mixtures of zero, zero, 399 00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:46,320 Speaker 1: zero one. There's four combinations there, and what you get 400 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: are you need four piece of information to specify which 401 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,480 Speaker 1: state you're in. You have simultaneously some probability to being 402 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,879 Speaker 1: zero zero, some probability to being zero one, some probability 403 00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: being one zero, and some probability being one one. So 404 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:04,760 Speaker 1: two cubits means four pieces of information needed to store 405 00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: the configuration. So two to the end pieces of information 406 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:12,240 Speaker 1: from two cubits, right, Whereas in a classical computer, if 407 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,959 Speaker 1: there are end bits, there are two to the end 408 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,359 Speaker 1: different states, but you only need end pieces of information 409 00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:21,800 Speaker 1: to specify the state. So if there are two bits, right, 410 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:24,560 Speaker 1: then there are four different states that can be in, 411 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:27,120 Speaker 1: but you only need two pieces of information to tell 412 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:31,240 Speaker 1: you exactly which state it's in, and a quantum computer 413 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:34,600 Speaker 1: with two cubits you need to specify the probability of 414 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: each of the two to the end different states it 415 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:39,399 Speaker 1: can be in at the same time, which means you 416 00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: need four pieces of information to totally kneel down the 417 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:46,240 Speaker 1: state of a two cubit quantum computer, right, because you're 418 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,000 Speaker 1: mixing two things that are that could be a wide 419 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:51,080 Speaker 1: range of things, right, that's right, because you not just 420 00:21:51,119 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: have the things, you have the relationships between them. Right, 421 00:21:54,359 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: So as the number of things grows you have like 422 00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: thirty cubits, then you not just have is the state 423 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:02,159 Speaker 1: of this bit? You have the state what is the 424 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: relative state of these two things? How closely connected are they? 425 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: So if you have, for example, thirty cubits, you need 426 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,600 Speaker 1: to to the thirty numbers to specify the state of 427 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:16,919 Speaker 1: that quantum system. And that that's very powerful because you 428 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,400 Speaker 1: know how many particles are there in the universe. There's 429 00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: like two to the three hundred particles in the universe. 430 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,160 Speaker 1: So a quantum computer that had three hundred cubits in it, right, 431 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:30,560 Speaker 1: it has as much information as like all the numbers 432 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:38,439 Speaker 1: of the particles in the entire universe. Boomation. Wait, that 433 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,360 Speaker 1: just means that a simple operation in the quantum computer 434 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:47,679 Speaker 1: can represent a much bigger, sort of richer result. Is 435 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:50,560 Speaker 1: that kind of what it means? Like, there's two different 436 00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:53,280 Speaker 1: there's two pieces to a computer. There's the information in it, 437 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:55,680 Speaker 1: on the operations you can do right right now, we're 438 00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 1: just talking about the information in it. But yes, a 439 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:01,840 Speaker 1: smaller quantum computer can represent much more information with a 440 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:04,720 Speaker 1: smaller number of bits. I see. So like three hundred 441 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:07,800 Speaker 1: regular bids from a regular computer can maybe store the 442 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:13,160 Speaker 1: yes or no voting information from three hundred people, right, yeah, 443 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:18,000 Speaker 1: whereas three hundred quantum bids can store the information from 444 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:21,560 Speaker 1: basically the entire universe. Now, let's be careful not to 445 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:25,440 Speaker 1: oversell it. It takes two to the three hundred numbers 446 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,360 Speaker 1: to specify the state of three d cubits, that's right, 447 00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:32,280 Speaker 1: But that doesn't mean that a three hundred cubic computer 448 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:36,879 Speaker 1: can usefully store two to the three hundred pieces of information, because, 449 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:39,600 Speaker 1: as we will talk about later, cubits have a very 450 00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:43,880 Speaker 1: rich internal state, but the information is not as accessible 451 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:47,359 Speaker 1: as it is with classical bits. Okay, like with the 452 00:23:47,359 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: electron that has lots of different probabilities. You only measure 453 00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: it in one of them. So if all the particles 454 00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 1: in the universe got together to vote on something, you'd 455 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,680 Speaker 1: still need a pretty big computer. Who wants to exist 456 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:04,720 Speaker 1: crazy he thinks Jorge should have another banana. Yes or no, 457 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,240 Speaker 1: that's just the state of the system. Right. Then there's 458 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:12,200 Speaker 1: the operation, and there's a there's another sort of magical 459 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:14,879 Speaker 1: thing that happens. Oh, I shouldn't say magic, because none 460 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:17,840 Speaker 1: of it's magical. It seems like magic because it's so weird, 461 00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:21,359 Speaker 1: but it's it's actually physics, right, um, And that's what 462 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 1: happens when you do in operation. You know, in a 463 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,960 Speaker 1: normal computer, your operations like math. I'm gonna add one 464 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: and one and see what it happens when I get 465 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,640 Speaker 1: to what happens when you do a quantum calculation. Remember 466 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,080 Speaker 1: that the states can be in the superposition of different states, right, 467 00:24:36,119 --> 00:24:39,280 Speaker 1: It's like in state zero and sixty percent in state one. 468 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:44,160 Speaker 1: Like it can be white in seventy percent black. That's 469 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,320 Speaker 1: like one cuban right, right. And it's not that it 470 00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: has the shade of gray which is white and black. 471 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:53,000 Speaker 1: It's has a probability to be white. And a probability 472 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:54,680 Speaker 1: to be black. If you look at it, you can 473 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: only see white or black. You'll never see gray. Oh 474 00:24:57,480 --> 00:24:59,919 Speaker 1: I see. But seventy of the time you'll see it 475 00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:03,720 Speaker 1: black and you'll see it as white exactly. Oh I see. 476 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,040 Speaker 1: So it's not gray, it's just as a probability of 477 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:09,439 Speaker 1: being black or white. That's right. When you do an operation, 478 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:12,040 Speaker 1: you don't it doesn't collapse to black or white and 479 00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:15,120 Speaker 1: then do the operation. It does the operations on the 480 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 1: probabilities themselves. Okay, so it have you have the thirty 481 00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: percent of zero and thirty percent of one, or thirty 482 00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: percent of white and black or whatever, and you do 483 00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:28,639 Speaker 1: the operation. It does the operation on the zero and 484 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:31,320 Speaker 1: it does the operation on the one at the same time. 485 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:35,439 Speaker 1: So it keeps both probabilities and it evolves them forward 486 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: in time using quantum mechanics. So it's like doing two 487 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:41,040 Speaker 1: operations at once. Is it kind of like as we 488 00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,480 Speaker 1: were saying earlier, a quantum bid is kind of like 489 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:47,480 Speaker 1: an unthrown dice, right, So if you it's like, what 490 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,080 Speaker 1: happens if I multiply this die that I haven't thrown 491 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,040 Speaker 1: times this died that I also haven't thrown what's the 492 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: result exactly, And it needs to consider, well, you know 493 00:25:56,960 --> 00:25:58,959 Speaker 1: it might be too and so what would happen if 494 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:00,560 Speaker 1: it were too okay? And what would happen if it 495 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:02,200 Speaker 1: was four? And what would happen if it were six? 496 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,760 Speaker 1: And it propagates all those forward simultaneously because the quantum 497 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 1: state reflects all those probabilities, and the quantum operation moves 498 00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:13,080 Speaker 1: all those operations, all those probabilities forward in time and 499 00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:16,439 Speaker 1: effect doing all of those in parallel. So you have 500 00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:20,440 Speaker 1: a massive amount of information density, plus you have massive 501 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:24,000 Speaker 1: parallelism to do these conversations. It keeps all of those 502 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: possibilities inside of this new combination of information, like it's 503 00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: like it has all the possibilities thwart into this little 504 00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:35,679 Speaker 1: imaginary multiplication. That's right. And then the new state is 505 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,880 Speaker 1: some different arrangement of those possibilities, right, but it reflects 506 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,639 Speaker 1: all the probabilities in the previous state. Now here's an 507 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:45,560 Speaker 1: important place that a lot of people misunderstanding quantum computers. 508 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:47,920 Speaker 1: A lot of people say, oh, quantum computers are super 509 00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:51,000 Speaker 1: powerful because they're basically infinitely parallel. You can do like 510 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:54,280 Speaker 1: a million calculations in parallel because of quantum mechanics. Meaning 511 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:58,520 Speaker 1: it keeps all these probabilities sort of in its head. Yeah, 512 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:01,320 Speaker 1: and it sort of seems like magic, like you know, 513 00:27:01,560 --> 00:27:04,320 Speaker 1: I can try um, I can break passwords, because I 514 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,200 Speaker 1: can try millions of things all at the same time. Well, 515 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,960 Speaker 1: that's not exactly true. I mean there's some truth to it, 516 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:13,200 Speaker 1: because there is parallelism in the quantum world because you're 517 00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 1: keeping all these probabilities intact and you're operating on them, 518 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:20,360 Speaker 1: and you're moving them all fullward simultaneously. The problem is 519 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,600 Speaker 1: when you get the answer. Okay, you want to say, okay, 520 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,440 Speaker 1: I have my quantum state, I did my calculation. Now 521 00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: I want the answer, right, how do you measure that? 522 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: When when you measure it, you're gonna get your black 523 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:32,480 Speaker 1: or your white. You're gonna get your zero or one. 524 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:34,680 Speaker 1: You don't get all the information. You don't get all 525 00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,720 Speaker 1: the probabilities. You just get one answer. You roll the dice, 526 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:39,919 Speaker 1: you get your four or you get your six, and 527 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 1: you look at it. You just get a number. You 528 00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,240 Speaker 1: just get a number. Yeah, And so a lot of 529 00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:47,080 Speaker 1: that information is lost, right, huge amounts of that information 530 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:49,360 Speaker 1: is lost when you want to get the output from 531 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 1: the quantum computer. And so that's why it's not really 532 00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:55,399 Speaker 1: fair to say that it's like this huge massive parallelism. 533 00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:57,840 Speaker 1: There is some parallelism there, and you can't exploit it 534 00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:00,479 Speaker 1: to do certain kinds of calculations, but in the end, 535 00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:02,680 Speaker 1: most of the information is thrown away when you get 536 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:05,120 Speaker 1: the answer. I see, it's a much harder problem than 537 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,720 Speaker 1: you think. Kind of yeah, exactly, And so we've built 538 00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:11,119 Speaker 1: this new thing. It's a bunch of um, you know, 539 00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:13,159 Speaker 1: states that can be black or white, and they're all 540 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,240 Speaker 1: entangled or whatever. And then you can ask, can I 541 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: use this to do anything? Can I represents some calculation 542 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,920 Speaker 1: I have in a way that this physical thing I built, 543 00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:27,879 Speaker 1: this entangled combination of quantum states, can effectively solve my problem, 544 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:31,120 Speaker 1: right the way classical computer can by representing in terms 545 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: of math and zeros and ones or baseball, can solve 546 00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:38,120 Speaker 1: that one single problem. Right, Can a quantum computer solve 547 00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: useful problems? Um? That's the next question. I see. Well, 548 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,000 Speaker 1: let's um, let's get into that. But let's take a 549 00:28:45,080 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: quick break. Okay, So let's say that I build a 550 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:03,120 Speaker 1: quantum computer, and you're saying it's not gonna be great 551 00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,720 Speaker 1: for playing Mario Kart unless you're playing quantum Mario card 552 00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:09,960 Speaker 1: quantum Marit card is awesome, Yeah, because you're both like 553 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,640 Speaker 1: a dead and alive at the same time. Right, But 554 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:15,120 Speaker 1: it wouldn't be useful for like, you know, playing flabby 555 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:18,760 Speaker 1: Bird on your phone or surfing Facebook. So what what 556 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:20,840 Speaker 1: would it be good of? What are people excited about 557 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: making quantum computers? Yeah, well, it took a while for 558 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,440 Speaker 1: people to figure this out. You know, people thought about 559 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:29,080 Speaker 1: the idea of quantum computers a few decades ago, like, okay, um, 560 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:31,600 Speaker 1: the you know, the world is built in a quantum way, 561 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:34,000 Speaker 1: maybe our computer should be quantum. And then it took 562 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:35,880 Speaker 1: a few decades for people to come up with ideas 563 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:37,920 Speaker 1: for how to actually use them. Like, let me take 564 00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:41,400 Speaker 1: a problem I have mapping into something that can be 565 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,480 Speaker 1: represented with a quantum state, so that when I do 566 00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 1: this experiment on it, do these operations on it, the 567 00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: output of that experiment is basically answered to my question. 568 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: Remember that's sort of what we're thinking of as it 569 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,040 Speaker 1: as a computer, right, because you can't just pretend to 570 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:58,480 Speaker 1: be making a quantum computer. You actually have to build 571 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:01,960 Speaker 1: it out of quantum things, things that are quantum, like 572 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,280 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like I can I can't 573 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:05,840 Speaker 1: just like add all these probabilities in my on my 574 00:30:05,920 --> 00:30:09,400 Speaker 1: regular computer, Like the computer itself has to be made 575 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:11,840 Speaker 1: out of quantum things, right, Well, you know everything in 576 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:13,920 Speaker 1: the universe is made out of quantum things, right, so 577 00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: in that sense, you are a quantum computer. Or hey, 578 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:21,280 Speaker 1: that's right, Yeah, I am stacular um. And so one 579 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:24,000 Speaker 1: of the first things that people figured out was that 580 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:28,840 Speaker 1: there's an algorithm you can write down for factorizing big 581 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:32,360 Speaker 1: integers that says, take an integer and break it into 582 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,400 Speaker 1: its factors. You know, like fifteen is five times three. 583 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:37,880 Speaker 1: That's obvious, but what if you had a really big number. 584 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:40,520 Speaker 1: It's hard to necessarily know how to break down you know, 585 00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:44,200 Speaker 1: one to four, seven, eight, ten into all of its factors. 586 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:47,160 Speaker 1: It's a hard, hard thing. It takes a while to do. 587 00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:50,400 Speaker 1: You mean, like thirty can be five times six, where 588 00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:52,600 Speaker 1: it can be three times ten, right, yeah, Well you 589 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:54,920 Speaker 1: want to break it down to all of its fundamental factors, 590 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,920 Speaker 1: and so thirty is two times three times five. Right, 591 00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: there's one unique set of factors for every integer um 592 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 1: and that's not easy to do, right for big numbers, 593 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:06,560 Speaker 1: it could take a while because you basically just have 594 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:09,040 Speaker 1: to check them. And this some slightly more clever algorithms 595 00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:11,840 Speaker 1: using normal computers. But normal computers it takes a long 596 00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:13,920 Speaker 1: time for them to do this because they have to 597 00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:16,360 Speaker 1: cycle through all the different possible You mean, like if 598 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,880 Speaker 1: I told you, like million, three hundred four thousand, seven 599 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,200 Speaker 1: dred and ninety nine, tell me all the numbers that 600 00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: can multiply into that number exactly, that would be a 601 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: hard problem. May be a hard problem for me, and 602 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,479 Speaker 1: uh a slow problem for a classical computer. But there 603 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,040 Speaker 1: was a guy who figured out how to write an 604 00:31:33,080 --> 00:31:35,600 Speaker 1: algorithm to use these quantum states how to represent that 605 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:39,040 Speaker 1: problem on a quantum computer, right, so that you can 606 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:42,960 Speaker 1: manipulate that computer and out out get the answer. And 607 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,320 Speaker 1: the way he did it, the algorithm that he came 608 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,160 Speaker 1: up with is much much faster on a quantum computer 609 00:31:48,360 --> 00:31:50,960 Speaker 1: than on a normal computer, because in a sense, it's 610 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: using the parallelism. It's like, let me represent all this number, 611 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:56,640 Speaker 1: how to build this number in lots of different ways 612 00:31:56,960 --> 00:32:00,080 Speaker 1: and then push all those forwards simultaneously, right, And so 613 00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:02,360 Speaker 1: he came up with an algorithm to do this. And 614 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,360 Speaker 1: this is a big deal because the fact that this 615 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: is really hard for normal computers is the basis of 616 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:14,440 Speaker 1: a lot of modern cryptography, meaning like how passwords are encoded, 617 00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,360 Speaker 1: that they use this idea of factoring large numbers. That's right. 618 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:22,000 Speaker 1: If you can instantly factorize a large number, then you 619 00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,920 Speaker 1: can break a lot of modern cryptography. You can get 620 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,880 Speaker 1: into the Department of Defense and the I R. S 621 00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:31,400 Speaker 1: and all that stuff, because all of those things, their cryptography, 622 00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:35,560 Speaker 1: their their protection, their their cyber protection, assumes that it 623 00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:38,760 Speaker 1: would take a long time to factorize a large number. 624 00:32:39,240 --> 00:32:41,760 Speaker 1: Cryptography is based on the idea that let's find problems 625 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,320 Speaker 1: that are hard to solve but easy to check, right, Like, 626 00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:46,400 Speaker 1: if you give me a big number and you asked 627 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:48,280 Speaker 1: me to find the factors, it might be take me 628 00:32:48,280 --> 00:32:50,560 Speaker 1: a long time to find them, but once I had them, 629 00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:52,960 Speaker 1: I could verify very quickly that they were correct. It 630 00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:55,280 Speaker 1: just had to together, do I get the right answer, 631 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:57,400 Speaker 1: Like it's hard to get two times three times five 632 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:00,000 Speaker 1: from thirty, but it's easy to verify that two times 633 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 1: street terms five is equal to yeah, exactly. And so 634 00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:07,040 Speaker 1: if you can find a faster way to do these things, 635 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 1: then you break this assumption that's in most modern cryptography. 636 00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:12,840 Speaker 1: Not all, but most modern cryptography is based on the 637 00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:15,360 Speaker 1: idea that these things are hard to find but easy 638 00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: to check. So quantum computers in theory can do this 639 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:22,280 Speaker 1: much much faster because of the way they're constructed. So again, 640 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:25,680 Speaker 1: they're better at some problems, like specialized problems, not necessarily 641 00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:27,680 Speaker 1: better at everything though, right, not that I would ever 642 00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:29,520 Speaker 1: have any need to break into the I R S 643 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:34,240 Speaker 1: or anything like that. Not it's clear in case there's 644 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:42,640 Speaker 1: any auditors listening here. But so how far away are 645 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:46,040 Speaker 1: we from getting there? Like, what's the current state of 646 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:49,520 Speaker 1: the art in terms of making quantum computers. We have 647 00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: quantum computers. People have built cubits, individual ones, and they 648 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,520 Speaker 1: built sets of cubits together. Um, you know, they're up 649 00:33:56,560 --> 00:34:00,040 Speaker 1: to probably by the time this podcast comes out, of 650 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 1: the numbers will be irrelevant, but you know, they're ten 651 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,800 Speaker 1: cubic computers out there, fifteen cubic computers. There are even 652 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 1: ones you can access online. IBM has one that's connected 653 00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:10,960 Speaker 1: to the web, meaning you can talk to that. This 654 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:14,439 Speaker 1: quantum com computerly have you can ask it questions. Yeah, 655 00:34:14,680 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 1: but it's hard because you have to get these cubits 656 00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:19,520 Speaker 1: built and then you have to get them to be stable, 657 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,880 Speaker 1: and sometimes these things fall apart. I mean, the basic 658 00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 1: principle of a quantum computer works if it's in isolation, 659 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,440 Speaker 1: but no computer is really in isolation. Interacts with the 660 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 1: environment and so it gets messed up. And so these 661 00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:34,520 Speaker 1: things are really finicky. There's not they're not easy to build, 662 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,400 Speaker 1: and so we're still getting good at building the bits. 663 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:39,279 Speaker 1: Like if you look at it will collapse into black 664 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:41,319 Speaker 1: or white, so you have to really protect it from 665 00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:44,439 Speaker 1: anyone looking at your quantum computer until you actually want 666 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,520 Speaker 1: the answer exactly. Yeah, So technically these things are really tricky, 667 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,040 Speaker 1: but you know, technical problems get solved, and when there's 668 00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:52,439 Speaker 1: a lot of money, it's stakes a lot of people 669 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: work on them. And so I think quantum computers are 670 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,840 Speaker 1: going to come pretty rapidly and get larger and larger 671 00:34:57,840 --> 00:34:59,960 Speaker 1: and more complicated. And so you know, we're at the 672 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,520 Speaker 1: point where we have ten fifteen cubic computers. They don't 673 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,520 Speaker 1: last for very long, so you can't do long complicated calculations, 674 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:08,520 Speaker 1: and they're huge, right, Like they take up the space 675 00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:11,080 Speaker 1: of our room the way classical computers used to. You know, 676 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:13,400 Speaker 1: you have a little picture a classical computer from nineteen 677 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:16,120 Speaker 1: sixty It could like do less than your iPhone and 678 00:35:16,120 --> 00:35:18,799 Speaker 1: it filled up a whole room. Right, Well, you might 679 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:22,360 Speaker 1: want to have a quantum computer in your phone, but 680 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:25,000 Speaker 1: like maybe right in fifty years, Yeah, perhaps if you 681 00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 1: needed to do that kind of stuff. Um, you know, 682 00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:29,760 Speaker 1: if I if I pooh pooh the applications of quantum computers, 683 00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:31,440 Speaker 1: then I risk going down in history. Is like one 684 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:34,520 Speaker 1: of those guys who said computers have a very specialized use. 685 00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:38,160 Speaker 1: You might sell five or six worldwide. Nobody can ever 686 00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 1: predict how these things are going to change the side 687 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:42,319 Speaker 1: and how people will think to use them. Nobody wants 688 00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:44,600 Speaker 1: to be that guy. No one wants to be that guy, right, 689 00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:47,840 Speaker 1: But yeah, I think the future holds a big promise 690 00:35:47,840 --> 00:35:50,480 Speaker 1: for quantum computers, and I think they'll crack open new 691 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:53,200 Speaker 1: kinds of problems that were hard before um. So far, 692 00:35:53,360 --> 00:35:55,800 Speaker 1: there's sort of limited set of problems and quantum computers 693 00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:57,520 Speaker 1: can solve. It's like it's as a new toy and 694 00:35:57,560 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 1: we're trying to figure out exactly how to use it 695 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:02,040 Speaker 1: to definitely, you fun kind of thing. This is are 696 00:36:02,080 --> 00:36:04,680 Speaker 1: having fun putting together. But it's not like it's can 697 00:36:04,719 --> 00:36:07,680 Speaker 1: speed up every problem. Some people think, oh, quantum computers 698 00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: make everything faster. That's not the case. So it's not 699 00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:13,120 Speaker 1: gonna be like a quantum lead. It will be more 700 00:36:13,160 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: like a quantum skill. Are you saying it would be 701 00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:21,640 Speaker 1: more like a quantum massage whatever that means? Oh my gosh. Well, 702 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:25,879 Speaker 1: I hope you guys enjoyed this deep dive into quantum computers. Yeah. 703 00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:27,440 Speaker 1: And if you have questions about what we said and 704 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,920 Speaker 1: you didn't understand it, please send us feedback to feedback 705 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,400 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. And if you have 706 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,040 Speaker 1: another question you think we we would take a part 707 00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:37,880 Speaker 1: nicely you'd like to hear us talk about, send that 708 00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:39,920 Speaker 1: to us as well. Or if you just want Daniel 709 00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:43,480 Speaker 1: to give you a massage, just write at quantum Massage 710 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:47,719 Speaker 1: at Daniel Jorge dot com. That's right, I'll give you 711 00:36:47,760 --> 00:36:51,839 Speaker 1: one bit of a massage, one quantum bit. All right. 712 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:54,480 Speaker 1: Thanks everyone for listening and tune in next time. See 713 00:36:54,480 --> 00:37:04,560 Speaker 1: you next time. If you still have a question after 714 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,759 Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 715 00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:09,920 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 716 00:37:09,960 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's 717 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:17,160 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at feedback at Daniel and 718 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:27,360 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com.