WEBVTT - S3 – 10: Never Done 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:04.320 Welcomed, unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minki. 0:00:08.440 --> 0:00:12.240 Dr Phillips looked down at Alice's corpse. The cries that 0:00:12.360 --> 0:00:15.000 Jack the Ripper was back to blood letting were ringing 0:00:15.040 --> 0:00:17.919 in his ears. It was the summer of eighteen eighty 0:00:18.040 --> 0:00:20.599 nine and Dr Phillips had a john to do. He 0:00:20.680 --> 0:00:23.079 had to clear his head, He had to examine the 0:00:23.120 --> 0:00:27.159 evidence the evil marks left on Alice Mackenzie's body, and 0:00:27.240 --> 0:00:30.280 he had to determine, like before, who might have guided 0:00:30.320 --> 0:00:34.159 the vicious blade that killed her. The first thing he 0:00:34.200 --> 0:00:36.880 noticed was how shallow the cuts were. In fact, Dr 0:00:36.880 --> 0:00:40.760 Phillips said in his report that, after careful and long deliberation, 0:00:40.880 --> 0:00:43.839 I cannot satisfy myself that the perpetrator of all the 0:00:43.840 --> 0:00:47.680 White Chapel murders is our man. The mode and procedure 0:00:47.760 --> 0:00:50.440 of the cutting seemed to be different. He had witnessed 0:00:50.440 --> 0:00:53.320 the terrible brutality visited on East End women in the 0:00:53.360 --> 0:00:56.560 fall before. No one who had seen Mary Kelly's body 0:00:56.600 --> 0:01:00.960 would miss the difference, or so thought Dr Phillips. But 0:01:01.080 --> 0:01:04.280 just to keep things interesting, Scotland Yard once again requested 0:01:04.280 --> 0:01:07.120 that Dr Thomas Bond come in to confirm the judgment. 0:01:07.600 --> 0:01:10.479 But what he said started in an argument that has 0:01:10.520 --> 0:01:14.559 never quite finished. By the time Dr Bond arrived, Alice 0:01:14.600 --> 0:01:17.560 mackenzie's body had started to decompose, and it had been 0:01:17.560 --> 0:01:21.400 washed and handled since the first examination. Even so, Dr 0:01:21.480 --> 0:01:24.080 Bond said with confidence that the cuts across her body 0:01:24.160 --> 0:01:27.160 he saw the design of the Whitechapel murders, and he 0:01:27.240 --> 0:01:30.640 stated plainly for the police the murder was performed by 0:01:30.680 --> 0:01:35.240 the same person as usual. Dr Bond convinced his friends 0:01:35.240 --> 0:01:38.319 at Scotland Yard, or at least some of them. James 0:01:38.319 --> 0:01:40.840 Monroe wrote to the Home Secretary that he had received 0:01:40.880 --> 0:01:44.000 word the very moment Alice's body was found at three 0:01:44.040 --> 0:01:46.120 a m. He had rushed to the scene of Alice's 0:01:46.200 --> 0:01:50.760 murder and immediately taken personal control of the investigation. As 0:01:50.800 --> 0:01:54.559 the evidence was gathered, including Dr Bond's statement, James Monroe 0:01:54.720 --> 0:01:58.120 was convinced that the murder was identical with the notorious 0:01:58.240 --> 0:02:01.200 Jack the Ripper of last year. Along with his report 0:02:01.240 --> 0:02:04.360 to the Home Secretary, Matthews, the new Police Commissioner, sent 0:02:04.400 --> 0:02:06.920 on a map. On it, he marked the places where 0:02:06.920 --> 0:02:10.320 White Chapel murders had taken place. But here's where the 0:02:10.440 --> 0:02:14.160 next argument lies because yes, that map showed the murders 0:02:14.160 --> 0:02:17.639 that Dr Bond had considered back in October, Polly Nichols, 0:02:17.760 --> 0:02:22.600 Annie Chapman, Liz Stride, Katherine Eddoes and Mary Kelly. That's five, 0:02:23.080 --> 0:02:26.000 but the map had eight murders marked. It included two 0:02:26.040 --> 0:02:29.280 women killed earlier in eighteen eighty eight, Emma Smith and 0:02:29.360 --> 0:02:32.080 Martha Tabram, along with the new case of the murder 0:02:32.080 --> 0:02:36.000 of Alice Mackenzie. It seems the police, under James Monroe's direction, 0:02:36.080 --> 0:02:38.840 were still considering whether all of these women were killed 0:02:38.880 --> 0:02:43.880 by the same man. His map, though completely left out 0:02:43.960 --> 0:02:47.120 the Torso murders, and in the following days, it seems 0:02:47.120 --> 0:02:49.920 that Monroe's mind changed when it came to imagining the 0:02:49.919 --> 0:02:53.040 White Chapel killer, the legendary Jack the ripper behind the 0:02:53.080 --> 0:02:56.560 death of Alice Mackenzie. Monroe's conclusions swung from a green 0:02:56.600 --> 0:03:00.000 with Dr Bond to agreeing with Dr Phillips. At least 0:03:00.120 --> 0:03:02.600 that's what Monroe told the head of Scotland Yard. It 0:03:02.760 --> 0:03:05.680 was a flip flopping attitude that would follow every East 0:03:05.720 --> 0:03:09.920 and murder investigation for a long long time. Whenever a 0:03:09.960 --> 0:03:12.720 new body turned up, the question had to be asked 0:03:13.320 --> 0:03:16.480 was this the work of Jack the Ripper? In a 0:03:16.560 --> 0:03:21.320 year that followed Autumn of Terror, everyone responsible for governing 0:03:21.360 --> 0:03:24.280 life and death in Whitechapel was caught in a fog 0:03:24.320 --> 0:03:28.720 of uncertainty. At Alice Mackenzie's inquest, Win Baxter intoned for 0:03:28.880 --> 0:03:32.440 The Times of London that there is great similarity between 0:03:32.480 --> 0:03:35.120 this and the other class of cases which have happened 0:03:35.120 --> 0:03:37.960 in this neighborhood. And if this crime has not been 0:03:37.960 --> 0:03:41.080 committed by the same person, it is clearly an imitation 0:03:41.200 --> 0:03:44.520 of the other cases. There is nothing to show why, 0:03:44.680 --> 0:03:50.280 he said the woman is murdered or by whom this 0:03:50.560 --> 0:04:19.240 is unobscured. I'm Aaron manky h who was responsible? It 0:04:19.360 --> 0:04:22.000 was the question now set before every mind that wanted 0:04:22.040 --> 0:04:25.920 to solve the Whitechapel murders and unmasked the killer. How 0:04:25.960 --> 0:04:28.000 many of the women killed in the East End were 0:04:28.040 --> 0:04:31.120 the victims of a single brutal murderer And did either 0:04:31.200 --> 0:04:35.080 approach truly lead to the identity of the murderer. It 0:04:35.160 --> 0:04:37.640 was the question that faced the police too, and men 0:04:37.680 --> 0:04:40.839 like Melville McNaughton. It's true that McNaughton was not yet 0:04:40.880 --> 0:04:43.560 on the forest during the Fall of eight but the 0:04:43.600 --> 0:04:48.039 new Metropolitan Police Commissioner. His friend James Monroe wrote, I 0:04:48.120 --> 0:04:51.400 always had a high opinion of his qualifications and abilities, 0:04:51.720 --> 0:04:54.240 but he has shown an aptitude for dealing with criminal 0:04:54.320 --> 0:04:57.640 administration and a power of managing and dealing with men. 0:04:58.320 --> 0:05:00.800 It was a recommendation that sound close to the kinds 0:05:00.800 --> 0:05:04.480 of compliments given to Donald Swanson for his synthetical turn 0:05:04.560 --> 0:05:08.000 of mind. So maybe we can't be surprised that McNaughton 0:05:08.000 --> 0:05:11.440 would turn his powers of analysis to the Whitechapel murders. 0:05:11.480 --> 0:05:13.760 After all, how many thousands of us have done the same. 0:05:14.120 --> 0:05:17.520 But McNaughton's hindsight was more informed than most, and what 0:05:17.600 --> 0:05:20.800 he wrote had the benefit of coming from inside Scotland. Yard. 0:05:21.279 --> 0:05:23.680 Here's Dr Drew Gray to tell us about the mark 0:05:23.760 --> 0:05:30.159 that McNaughton left on the investigation. In February he wrote 0:05:30.160 --> 0:05:33.120 a report on the case, and that was prompted by 0:05:33.120 --> 0:05:36.159 a speculation in the Sun newspaper of the day that 0:05:36.320 --> 0:05:40.800 the murderer was a man named Thomas cut Plush, and 0:05:40.960 --> 0:05:44.560 he was kind of refuting that. I think in McNaughton's 0:05:44.600 --> 0:05:47.320 writing we see the way that a serious police investigator 0:05:47.400 --> 0:05:50.320 was still devoting time to the hunt for the Whitechapel murder, 0:05:50.320 --> 0:05:53.440 even long after the cases went cold. Let's have Adam 0:05:53.520 --> 0:05:57.080 would tell us how he sorted through that evidence. What 0:05:57.200 --> 0:05:59.640 I find interesting about the McNaughton report is that he 0:05:59.720 --> 0:06:03.480 names the same five victims as the genuine Ripper victims 0:06:03.839 --> 0:06:06.520 as Thomas bonded his report. And this is where we 0:06:06.600 --> 0:06:09.920 get the so called canonical five victims, from Maryann Nichols 0:06:09.960 --> 0:06:14.200 through to Mary Kelly, and the victims before these five 0:06:14.279 --> 0:06:18.520 and afterward a genuine regarded as probably not by the ripper. 0:06:18.560 --> 0:06:22.159 But that's certainly changed in certainly the case of Martha Tabram. 0:06:22.200 --> 0:06:25.200 But McNaughton had a reason for describing which victims he 0:06:25.240 --> 0:06:28.080 thought were truly killed by the ripper, and that was 0:06:28.120 --> 0:06:31.600 to identify a suspect. But just one suspect wasn't good 0:06:31.680 --> 0:06:34.760 enough for mcnaton. In fact, he named three. Here is 0:06:34.839 --> 0:06:38.200 more from Dr Drew Gray. The report itself is quite 0:06:38.240 --> 0:06:41.720 short and in it but no names three possible Ripper 0:06:41.800 --> 0:06:44.240 suspects and three people that were supposedly known to the 0:06:44.279 --> 0:06:47.840 police part of the investigation at the time. And these 0:06:47.880 --> 0:06:52.120 were Monsty, John Drewitt, Michael ostrog and a guy just 0:06:52.240 --> 0:06:55.719 known as Kosminsky not given a first name, but generally 0:06:55.839 --> 0:06:59.080 has been given the name Aaron Kazmitski, but Kauseminski a 0:06:59.160 --> 0:07:03.360 police Jews. McNaughton rights. And when we look at mcnorton's 0:07:03.400 --> 0:07:06.960 trier of suspects, my problem is that they broadly fit 0:07:07.040 --> 0:07:10.120 the typology of who the Victorians thought ought to have 0:07:10.200 --> 0:07:13.640 been the killer. I someone who was considered to be 0:07:13.680 --> 0:07:16.880 a social other. So we have an upper class gentleman, 0:07:17.480 --> 0:07:19.960 we have a psychotic doctor, and we have a deranged 0:07:20.000 --> 0:07:22.720 Jewish immigrant. They're all the people who are drew it 0:07:22.920 --> 0:07:26.600 or struggle and Kosminski. And I think it's rather convenient 0:07:26.680 --> 0:07:30.240 that McNaughton identifies those three as the people that the 0:07:30.240 --> 0:07:31.920 piece we're looking for, because those are the sort of 0:07:31.920 --> 0:07:34.320 people the press were telling the police they ought to 0:07:34.360 --> 0:07:38.200 be looking for. Not only was Melville McNaughton's report a 0:07:38.280 --> 0:07:41.200 simple product of the way victorians saw the world, it 0:07:41.320 --> 0:07:43.680 was also a strange document for the very fact that 0:07:43.720 --> 0:07:46.720 it named multiple suspects. It tells us that even as 0:07:46.760 --> 0:07:49.560 the years passed, the police around White Chapel had not 0:07:49.640 --> 0:07:51.720 been able to narrow down their list of men who 0:07:51.800 --> 0:07:55.000 might have committed the crimes. Some officers believed one of 0:07:55.000 --> 0:07:57.880 the men might be responsible, others in their ranks could 0:07:57.880 --> 0:08:01.480 only come to a different conclusion. The fact is, even 0:08:01.520 --> 0:08:04.360 in examining McNaughton's report, we don't know much about who 0:08:04.440 --> 0:08:07.920 else in the Metropolitan Police agreed with his opinions. McNaughton 0:08:08.000 --> 0:08:11.360 submitted his report up the line. It was marked confidential 0:08:11.600 --> 0:08:14.920 and put into the police files, but during his lifetime 0:08:15.480 --> 0:08:20.480 it was never published. Victorian London was often a killer, 0:08:20.800 --> 0:08:23.880 and its disasters and diseases led to many more deaths 0:08:23.880 --> 0:08:26.880 than any one person. But the thrill and terror of 0:08:27.000 --> 0:08:29.720 murder has a hold on our mind that far outweighs 0:08:29.720 --> 0:08:32.800 the mere numbers. The stories of neglect and the awful 0:08:32.960 --> 0:08:36.560 ordinariness of fatal outbreaks are easy to overlook when there 0:08:36.600 --> 0:08:39.760 are newspapers like The Star whipping up a fearful frenzy 0:08:39.840 --> 0:08:43.800 about the danger that our neighbors pose. They're not unrelated, though, 0:08:44.040 --> 0:08:46.280 and to understand the ways that a government and a 0:08:46.320 --> 0:08:49.040 police force failed to hunt down a serial killer, we 0:08:49.080 --> 0:08:51.880 need to understand the world in which those failures take place. 0:08:52.400 --> 0:08:56.120 Here's more from Paul Beg. Chat Ripper is a mystery, 0:08:56.960 --> 0:09:00.960 an understanding, perhaps even sold being it. You have to 0:09:01.040 --> 0:09:05.200 study the evidence. You have to know how people lived 0:09:05.720 --> 0:09:09.280 and so on, because all of how they lived could 0:09:09.280 --> 0:09:13.439 have a bearing on what they did and therefore ultimately 0:09:13.559 --> 0:09:16.600 lead to perhaps a discovery of who the murderer was, 0:09:16.720 --> 0:09:20.120 or getting close to that. You have to read books, 0:09:20.120 --> 0:09:23.319 which is no bad thing. You've got to learn about sources, 0:09:24.240 --> 0:09:28.560 which ones are and which ones aren't reliable, all sorts 0:09:28.559 --> 0:09:32.360 of things that historians do. That's part of their job, 0:09:32.720 --> 0:09:38.080 and many of those things have applications in our world, 0:09:38.440 --> 0:09:41.760 such as now there is an increasing need to distinguish 0:09:41.840 --> 0:09:47.360 between trustworthy and untrustworthy news stories and blogs and web pages, 0:09:47.440 --> 0:09:51.480 and goodness knows what else. The White Chapel murder has 0:09:51.520 --> 0:09:54.320 demanded the attention of London during their own day, and 0:09:54.400 --> 0:09:57.400 it's never stopped bringing more eyes and more minds to 0:09:57.480 --> 0:10:00.160 the mystery of a case. So after the folk us 0:10:00.200 --> 0:10:02.400 has been on the gaps in our knowledge, the things 0:10:02.400 --> 0:10:05.199 we don't know or never can. But when it comes 0:10:05.240 --> 0:10:07.160 down to it, there's so much that we do know, 0:10:07.600 --> 0:10:10.280 and the obsessive drive to uncover the identity of the 0:10:10.400 --> 0:10:14.240 killer has often allowed the speculations and fabrications of times 0:10:14.280 --> 0:10:17.720 past to cover over the real lives and real pass 0:10:17.760 --> 0:10:21.600 to the place where the killings happened. Even in though 0:10:22.080 --> 0:10:25.839 Whitechapel was much bigger than just the story of its 0:10:25.840 --> 0:10:34.280 infamous killer, Darkest England. That was the smear used against 0:10:34.360 --> 0:10:37.200 London's East End to accuse it of being just like 0:10:37.320 --> 0:10:40.520 so called uncivilized parts of the world, the parts of 0:10:40.520 --> 0:10:42.880 the world that had just a few too many diamonds 0:10:42.880 --> 0:10:45.920 in their fields according to people like Charles Warren, the 0:10:45.960 --> 0:10:49.160 parts of the world that needed civilizing missions, according to 0:10:49.200 --> 0:10:52.040 people like James Monroe, the parts of the world that 0:10:52.040 --> 0:10:54.720 could be put to work if you had some matches 0:10:54.800 --> 0:10:58.360 to make. But what if you were all three and 0:10:58.440 --> 0:11:01.000 you had a missionary army ready to make some matches. 0:11:01.600 --> 0:11:04.599 That's what the East End looked like to the Salvation Army. 0:11:04.800 --> 0:11:07.080 The leaders of that movement saw the ways that Bryant 0:11:07.160 --> 0:11:09.480 and May were making hay from the East End poor, 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:13.560 and they saw an opportunity to compete. So they opened 0:11:13.600 --> 0:11:16.520 a rival match factory in hopes of lifting people out 0:11:16.520 --> 0:11:20.360 of poverty, and the Darkest England Match Company started right 0:11:20.440 --> 0:11:24.320 down the road from Bryanton May. To their credit, the 0:11:24.559 --> 0:11:28.640 entrepreneurial mission left the toxic white phosphorus behind, and they 0:11:28.640 --> 0:11:31.640 paid their workers twice what Bryanton May offered. For a 0:11:31.640 --> 0:11:34.360 while it seemed like they were succeeding too, and they 0:11:34.360 --> 0:11:37.360 were putting out six million boxes of matches each year. 0:11:37.880 --> 0:11:41.280 Members of Parliament and journalists with ready pens came through 0:11:41.320 --> 0:11:45.040 on tours led by the Salvation Army generals. But as 0:11:45.040 --> 0:11:48.000 the match women knew all too well, matchmaking was a 0:11:48.080 --> 0:11:52.079 ruthless business. The Darkest England Match Company only lasted a 0:11:52.120 --> 0:11:54.600 few years and when it closed it was gobbled up 0:11:54.600 --> 0:11:57.960 by a competitor. That's right, it was taken over by 0:11:58.000 --> 0:12:01.360 none other than Bryanton May. But that's not the end 0:12:01.400 --> 0:12:04.760 of the story for working people in London's East End, because, 0:12:04.800 --> 0:12:07.720 as you probably remember, when we last left Mary Driscoll 0:12:07.760 --> 0:12:10.319 and the match women, they weren't done with their own work. 0:12:10.760 --> 0:12:13.920 They were still agitating. But in eight nine it wentn't 0:12:13.920 --> 0:12:17.320 beyond that too. Here's Dr Louise Raw to tell us more. 0:12:18.840 --> 0:12:23.200 I found that strikes shut up, shut up right after 0:12:23.240 --> 0:12:25.120 the match from a strike. And there's no other way 0:12:25.120 --> 0:12:27.280 to explain it. Because I looked, I went right back 0:12:27.360 --> 0:12:30.720 and looked at averages on years. Everyone in the East 0:12:30.840 --> 0:12:34.000 End is going on strike, the tailors, the seamstress, as 0:12:34.040 --> 0:12:36.800 you know, the jam Factress, the fur place. Everyone's going 0:12:36.840 --> 0:12:40.040 on strike, you know, because working people aren't stupid. They 0:12:40.160 --> 0:12:43.200 seeing an example here. Oh look, they are workers like us. 0:12:43.520 --> 0:12:46.440 They're supposed to be powerless, blind me. They're now trade 0:12:46.520 --> 0:12:49.240 union leaders and they've got better conditions. You know, how 0:12:49.360 --> 0:12:52.240 dumb do we think working people are that this would 0:12:52.240 --> 0:12:55.600 be lost on them. Of course it wasn't lost on them. 0:12:55.640 --> 0:12:57.680 And one of those groups who looked at what Mary 0:12:57.720 --> 0:12:59.959 Driscoll and the other women had achieved was none other 0:13:00.120 --> 0:13:03.040 than the muscle that made the empire flourish. The dock 0:13:03.120 --> 0:13:06.080 workers they wanted with the match women had won, and 0:13:06.120 --> 0:13:08.760 they decided to make demands of their own. After all, 0:13:08.880 --> 0:13:10.920 they could only be envious of what the women in 0:13:10.920 --> 0:13:14.920 their family had won. Here's Louise raw once again. Match 0:13:15.000 --> 0:13:18.240 for married docers, Match for me and the mothers of doers, 0:13:18.280 --> 0:13:21.280 their sisters, their friends of doctors. You know, working people 0:13:21.360 --> 0:13:25.000 do inspire each other. They do tool of course, well. 0:13:25.120 --> 0:13:28.199 Armed with the match women's example, the poorest dockers, the 0:13:28.240 --> 0:13:30.839 Irish laborers who were hired for casual work on a 0:13:30.920 --> 0:13:33.520 daily basis, got together and wrote a letter to the 0:13:33.559 --> 0:13:36.319 directors of the dock companies Where they wanted was clear, 0:13:36.640 --> 0:13:39.560 a penny raise in their daily wage and something more 0:13:39.679 --> 0:13:43.240 for overtime. But the DOC directors were deaf to their demands, 0:13:44.040 --> 0:13:48.280 and so the strike began. First it was men who 0:13:48.280 --> 0:13:51.559 marched off the West India Dock on August and they 0:13:51.600 --> 0:13:53.679 put out a call for all the workers on all 0:13:53.720 --> 0:13:56.360 the docks along the river to support the poorest men. 0:13:56.840 --> 0:14:00.840 By August one, twenty men were marching, but they took 0:14:00.880 --> 0:14:04.120 their cues from the match women. Their protests and marches 0:14:04.200 --> 0:14:07.280 weren't dull. They were accompanied by a royal clamor. The 0:14:07.320 --> 0:14:09.960 sounds of brass bands and the rolling rattle of pipes 0:14:10.000 --> 0:14:13.600 and drums filled the East End streets. Every dock was 0:14:13.640 --> 0:14:17.160 shut down. Even the police wanted to get in on 0:14:17.200 --> 0:14:20.720 the union action. After all, other public servants like postmen 0:14:20.760 --> 0:14:23.880 were also taking steps to unionize. It was a strange 0:14:23.880 --> 0:14:26.120 turn of events when you think about it. The men 0:14:26.160 --> 0:14:29.000 who had been beating the socialists with batons in London's 0:14:29.000 --> 0:14:32.720 Trafalgar Square were coming around to their ideas. At one point, 0:14:32.760 --> 0:14:35.360 when the strike leaders heard that five hundred more police 0:14:35.400 --> 0:14:37.800 were going to meet their lines, they welcomed them in 0:14:38.240 --> 0:14:42.320 and rather than beating the strikers back. The constables joined them. 0:14:42.360 --> 0:14:45.160 After all, the Home Secretary was refusing the pay raise 0:14:45.240 --> 0:14:48.160 that Charles Warren and then James Monroe had asked for. 0:14:48.560 --> 0:14:53.240 The massive strike only gained strength. And this strike is 0:14:53.880 --> 0:14:57.080 on questionably a huge event, but it is unsuccessful at first. 0:14:57.080 --> 0:15:00.240 The doc company really fight back and John Burke, it's 0:15:00.280 --> 0:15:03.520 one of the key leaders who goes on to bing MP, says, 0:15:03.600 --> 0:15:05.920 drew the strike to a mass meeting and hundreds of 0:15:05.920 --> 0:15:10.400 thousands of men don't give up, stand shoulder to shoulder. 0:15:10.880 --> 0:15:15.040 Remember the match girls who won their fight and formed 0:15:15.080 --> 0:15:18.160 their union. Well, I mean wow. And he says that 0:15:18.240 --> 0:15:21.040 kind of thing constantly. By the way, he doesn't say, oh, 0:15:21.200 --> 0:15:23.280 some match women. You probably haven't heard of them. They 0:15:23.280 --> 0:15:25.800 were from Bryan to May, down the road. They apparently 0:15:25.800 --> 0:15:27.920 had a strike. He says, they're match girls, and he 0:15:27.960 --> 0:15:31.680 knows everyone knows. Hundreds of thousands of men listening, they 0:15:31.720 --> 0:15:34.040 all know, damn well who the match were. Enough, that's 0:15:34.080 --> 0:15:37.160 how inspiring they are. When the leaders read their memoirs, 0:15:37.200 --> 0:15:39.120 they said things like it was the match women that 0:15:39.240 --> 0:15:43.080 started it. They were the first signs. They were the 0:15:43.160 --> 0:15:46.120 first encouragement, the first inspiration. They were the start of 0:15:46.160 --> 0:15:49.440 new unions of Soon enough, Monroe was in a furious 0:15:49.520 --> 0:15:52.720 battle with Home Secretary Matthews. The Dark owners and the 0:15:52.760 --> 0:15:55.480 Home Office had wanted the police to beat back the strike. 0:15:55.800 --> 0:15:59.640 Monroe replied that he believed in impartial policing. His view 0:15:59.720 --> 0:16:01.840 was that the police were not simply the servants of 0:16:01.920 --> 0:16:05.720 London's employers or the tools of the city's wealthiest aristocrats. 0:16:06.200 --> 0:16:09.280 His dispute with Matthews would never resolve, but the strike 0:16:09.400 --> 0:16:12.320 would come to an end. By November. The doc directors 0:16:12.360 --> 0:16:15.240 had given in and the longshoremen were drawing their new 0:16:15.360 --> 0:16:19.640 higher wages. And that wasn't the only effect. Echoes of 0:16:19.640 --> 0:16:22.560 the dark workers shouts were heard elsewhere in Britain and 0:16:22.640 --> 0:16:25.640 around the world, from the Liverpool doctors strike the next 0:16:25.720 --> 0:16:28.840 year to the men unloading freight in the ports of Australia. 0:16:29.120 --> 0:16:31.920 And it wasn't just rising workers in other lands who 0:16:32.000 --> 0:16:35.360 heard John Burns rallying cry to remember the match. Girls 0:16:35.800 --> 0:16:39.200 the East End remembered it too. A descendants that I 0:16:39.320 --> 0:16:44.960 talked to, we're really good at explaining how these notions, 0:16:45.320 --> 0:16:48.240 these received, notions that were forced on them from above, 0:16:48.360 --> 0:16:52.240 were rejected and were turned around. And he said I'm 0:16:52.240 --> 0:16:54.880 really glad you're writing about my grant and her friends 0:16:54.920 --> 0:16:58.560 because they were wonderful and nobody thinks they were. And 0:16:58.600 --> 0:17:00.720 I had to grow up with that, had to grow 0:17:00.840 --> 0:17:07.080 up with these incredible powerhouse women, strong characters, brave, amazing, 0:17:07.160 --> 0:17:09.480 you know, did the impossible on a daty basis, fed 0:17:09.880 --> 0:17:14.440 huge families, and people treated them like dirt. And people 0:17:14.480 --> 0:17:17.520 would say they weren't ladist, but to us they were. 0:17:17.680 --> 0:17:21.639 They were East End Ladist. A bigger lesson, I think 0:17:22.359 --> 0:17:30.960 would be hard to find. The tables had turned. Now 0:17:31.040 --> 0:17:34.160 it was not James Monroe celebrating McNaughton, but the other 0:17:34.200 --> 0:17:37.720 way around. Instead, McNaughton was celebrating the man who got 0:17:37.800 --> 0:17:41.320 him into the police. You see, James Monroe had lost 0:17:41.359 --> 0:17:44.760 his job. That might seem to be a strange time 0:17:44.840 --> 0:17:48.280 to celebrate someone, but think about it, when else would 0:17:48.280 --> 0:17:50.560 someone need more of a pick me up? So the 0:17:50.640 --> 0:17:52.879 date was set for a dinner party that brought together 0:17:52.960 --> 0:17:57.320 the usual suspects. Donald Swanson was there, so was Frederick Eberline. 0:17:57.640 --> 0:18:00.280 James Monroe was the guest of honor, surrounded by eight 0:18:00.280 --> 0:18:03.560 other officers from the top of Scotland Yard and Melville 0:18:03.600 --> 0:18:07.760 McNaughton hosted them all. Monroe was done with policing for now. 0:18:08.080 --> 0:18:11.280 Like Charles Warren, James Monroe had resigned the struggle to 0:18:11.320 --> 0:18:14.360 administer the police under a controlling Home Office was more 0:18:14.400 --> 0:18:17.119 than he could take, especially when all the forces that 0:18:17.160 --> 0:18:19.760 wanted to use the police to literally beat the London 0:18:19.800 --> 0:18:24.240 pour into their place. We're winning the argument. When he 0:18:24.359 --> 0:18:27.480 left his post, James Monroe had served as Metropolitan Police 0:18:27.480 --> 0:18:30.880 Commissioner for the shortest time on record. But what does 0:18:30.920 --> 0:18:33.480 a police commissioner do when he leaves his position of 0:18:33.600 --> 0:18:36.600 enormous power in the world's largest city. He sets his 0:18:36.640 --> 0:18:38.879 sights on the place where he has learned his craft, 0:18:39.240 --> 0:18:41.800 and he decided to go back to India. He would 0:18:41.800 --> 0:18:46.320 be welcome, he said, as a medical missionary. And Monroe 0:18:46.400 --> 0:18:48.600 wasn't the only officer to turn his mind back to 0:18:48.640 --> 0:18:51.960 the horizon of the empire. Charles Warren too returned to 0:18:52.000 --> 0:18:55.800 something familiar, the British Army. But for Warren it didn't 0:18:55.800 --> 0:18:59.119 mean a return to his former glory, far from it. Instead, 0:18:59.200 --> 0:19:01.080 it took him to an even worse mess than his 0:19:01.160 --> 0:19:04.919 failure to capture the Whitechappel Killer. Here's Paul beg to 0:19:04.960 --> 0:19:10.080 tell us more Warren. Unfortunately, after he resigned, he was 0:19:10.760 --> 0:19:14.480 sent out to fight abroad. There was a battle that's 0:19:14.600 --> 0:19:17.119 at a place called spied on Cop, and it was 0:19:17.160 --> 0:19:23.600 an absolute disaster. And that's basically stuck with Warren and 0:19:23.680 --> 0:19:25.919 has damaged to his reputation for the rest of his 0:19:26.040 --> 0:19:30.600 life and right down to today. Andrew Gray agrees. Eleven 0:19:30.680 --> 0:19:34.080 years after the Ripper Case, serving in the South African 0:19:34.080 --> 0:19:36.720 War what sometimes owned as the Boar War, and he 0:19:36.760 --> 0:19:39.119 has to lead the assault on spine Cop, which is 0:19:39.160 --> 0:19:42.680 an unmitigated military disaster. I think it's interesting that Paul 0:19:42.720 --> 0:19:45.640 Beig describes him as a man to whom fate certainly 0:19:45.720 --> 0:19:50.119 dealt to cruel hands. Leadership of the police during the 0:19:50.200 --> 0:19:52.840 Ripper Case, which is probably impossible for them to solve. 0:19:53.359 --> 0:19:56.160 And leadership of soldiers at the Battle of spine Cop 0:19:56.680 --> 0:19:59.920 where they were rudely defeated by the Boors. In fact, 0:20:00.080 --> 0:20:04.359 at spion Cop, the troops under Warren's command were absolutely massacred. 0:20:04.760 --> 0:20:07.520 His lines were ripped apart by Boar artillery that his 0:20:07.600 --> 0:20:11.080 own officers couldn't locate on the battlefield. In fact, that's 0:20:11.160 --> 0:20:14.399 his own small contribution to history, an early use of 0:20:14.400 --> 0:20:17.720 what came to be known as indirect artillery fire. Warren 0:20:17.760 --> 0:20:20.120 saw his men torn apart, but he couldn't see where 0:20:20.160 --> 0:20:22.479 the attack was coming from, so he didn't know how 0:20:22.520 --> 0:20:25.280 to respond. It was a cruel irony that wasn't the 0:20:25.280 --> 0:20:29.040 first time an unidentified attack or worked devastation before his eyes. 0:20:30.520 --> 0:20:32.920 The battle was such a disaster that Warren was even 0:20:32.960 --> 0:20:37.160 called arguably the most incompetent commander of the whole Second 0:20:37.200 --> 0:20:40.679 Boer War, and those criticisms bit deep. For a man 0:20:40.720 --> 0:20:44.159 who had dedicated himself to advancing Britain's imperial power, he 0:20:44.200 --> 0:20:48.719 couldn't stand to have failed so spectacularly again. In eight 0:20:49.600 --> 0:20:52.800 Warren had attempted to refute the criticism of the Metropolitan 0:20:52.840 --> 0:20:56.720 Police by publishing his ill fated article in Murray's magazine. 0:20:57.280 --> 0:21:00.520 After costing thousands of British lives at Spion Up, he 0:21:00.560 --> 0:21:03.439 answered his critics in a book he entitled Sir Charles 0:21:03.480 --> 0:21:07.560 Warren and Spion cop of Vindication. He changed his approach 0:21:07.640 --> 0:21:11.400 this time. Though he published this self congratulatory rant under 0:21:11.440 --> 0:21:14.000 a false name. He made sure to quote the best 0:21:14.000 --> 0:21:17.080 things the Home Secretary ever said about him, that Charles 0:21:17.080 --> 0:21:20.200 Warren was a man not only of the highest character 0:21:20.640 --> 0:21:23.800 but of great ability. Looking back, it might have been 0:21:23.840 --> 0:21:26.359 more convincing if it was someone else reminding the reading 0:21:26.440 --> 0:21:29.280 public that this had ever been said about Charles Warren. 0:21:30.080 --> 0:21:33.320 Donald Swanson also found his later reputation tied up with 0:21:33.359 --> 0:21:35.840 the violence and the excesses of the British Empire in 0:21:35.880 --> 0:21:39.040 South Africa. Although his role was something like the opposite 0:21:39.040 --> 0:21:41.760 of Warren, in fact, Swanson had done everything he could 0:21:41.840 --> 0:21:45.000 to avoid the conflict that later led to Warren's disgrace. 0:21:45.840 --> 0:21:48.840 Take for instance, his role in prosecuting what became known 0:21:48.880 --> 0:21:52.159 as the Jamison Raid. Here's Adam Wood to fill us 0:21:52.200 --> 0:21:57.520 in basically n domand Magnets and British naturally, Sir Cecil Rhodes, 0:21:57.600 --> 0:22:01.520 who had been basically annexing large areas of South Africa, 0:22:01.680 --> 0:22:03.960 had his eye on the South African Republic, which is 0:22:03.960 --> 0:22:06.960 a large independent country formerly known as a transfile. Large 0:22:07.040 --> 0:22:09.520 quantities of gold have been discovered, which caused thousands of 0:22:09.560 --> 0:22:13.800 many British immigrants called outlanders, who were tolerated thanks to 0:22:13.840 --> 0:22:16.040 the tax as they had to pay on any gold 0:22:16.080 --> 0:22:20.040 that they uncovered. But Rhodes was envious and wanted this land, 0:22:20.080 --> 0:22:23.840 and he devised a plan whereby arms and money would 0:22:23.880 --> 0:22:26.560 be provided to the outlanders in order to provoke an 0:22:26.680 --> 0:22:29.800 armed uprising by these settlers with the result of the 0:22:29.840 --> 0:22:33.640 overthrown of the South African Republic government and an armed 0:22:33.640 --> 0:22:36.960 force of around seven hundred men under control of Dr 0:22:37.040 --> 0:22:40.479 Leander Jameson was to be placed on the Transfile border, 0:22:40.560 --> 0:22:44.160 ready to assist and support this insurrection. But things went 0:22:44.240 --> 0:22:48.639 badly wrong because Jameson badly ignored orders to retreat, and 0:22:48.680 --> 0:22:50.480 the result was that more than four hundred of his 0:22:50.600 --> 0:22:54.520 men were captured. That's where Donald Swinson stepped in, because 0:22:54.600 --> 0:22:56.879 once his crowd of men returned to Britain, the question 0:22:57.040 --> 0:22:59.600 was how they should be handled. What crimes had been 0:22:59.640 --> 0:23:02.359 committed it on the outer reaches of the Empire. Could 0:23:02.480 --> 0:23:05.680 Jamison be charged with smuggling guns through a chartered company 0:23:05.720 --> 0:23:08.720