1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcomed, unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minki. 2 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,240 Speaker 1: Dr Phillips looked down at Alice's corpse. The cries that 3 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 1: Jack the Ripper was back to blood letting were ringing 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:17,919 Speaker 1: in his ears. It was the summer of eighteen eighty 5 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:20,599 Speaker 1: nine and Dr Phillips had a john to do. He 6 00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:23,079 Speaker 1: had to clear his head, He had to examine the 7 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:27,159 Speaker 1: evidence the evil marks left on Alice Mackenzie's body, and 8 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: he had to determine, like before, who might have guided 9 00:00:30,320 --> 00:00:34,159 Speaker 1: the vicious blade that killed her. The first thing he 10 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,880 Speaker 1: noticed was how shallow the cuts were. In fact, Dr 11 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: Phillips said in his report that, after careful and long deliberation, 12 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: I cannot satisfy myself that the perpetrator of all the 13 00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:47,680 Speaker 1: White Chapel murders is our man. The mode and procedure 14 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:50,440 Speaker 1: of the cutting seemed to be different. He had witnessed 15 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: the terrible brutality visited on East End women in the 16 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: fall before. No one who had seen Mary Kelly's body 17 00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:00,960 Speaker 1: would miss the difference, or so thought Dr Phillips. But 18 00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: just to keep things interesting, Scotland Yard once again requested 19 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,120 Speaker 1: that Dr Thomas Bond come in to confirm the judgment. 20 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:10,479 Speaker 1: But what he said started in an argument that has 21 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:14,559 Speaker 1: never quite finished. By the time Dr Bond arrived, Alice 22 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:17,560 Speaker 1: mackenzie's body had started to decompose, and it had been 23 00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:21,400 Speaker 1: washed and handled since the first examination. Even so, Dr 24 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:24,080 Speaker 1: Bond said with confidence that the cuts across her body 25 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: he saw the design of the Whitechapel murders, and he 26 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: stated plainly for the police the murder was performed by 27 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: the same person as usual. Dr Bond convinced his friends 28 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,319 Speaker 1: at Scotland Yard, or at least some of them. James 29 00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:40,840 Speaker 1: Monroe wrote to the Home Secretary that he had received 30 00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: word the very moment Alice's body was found at three 31 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:46,120 Speaker 1: a m. He had rushed to the scene of Alice's 32 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:50,760 Speaker 1: murder and immediately taken personal control of the investigation. As 33 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,559 Speaker 1: the evidence was gathered, including Dr Bond's statement, James Monroe 34 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: was convinced that the murder was identical with the notorious 35 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: Jack the Ripper of last year. Along with his report 36 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:04,360 Speaker 1: to the Home Secretary, Matthews, the new Police Commissioner, sent 37 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: on a map. On it, he marked the places where 38 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: White Chapel murders had taken place. But here's where the 39 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: next argument lies because yes, that map showed the murders 40 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:17,639 Speaker 1: that Dr Bond had considered back in October, Polly Nichols, 41 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: Annie Chapman, Liz Stride, Katherine Eddoes and Mary Kelly. That's five, 42 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: but the map had eight murders marked. It included two 43 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:29,280 Speaker 1: women killed earlier in eighteen eighty eight, Emma Smith and 44 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:32,080 Speaker 1: Martha Tabram, along with the new case of the murder 45 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:36,000 Speaker 1: of Alice Mackenzie. It seems the police, under James Monroe's direction, 46 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: were still considering whether all of these women were killed 47 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: by the same man. His map, though completely left out 48 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:47,120 Speaker 1: the Torso murders, and in the following days, it seems 49 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:49,920 Speaker 1: that Monroe's mind changed when it came to imagining the 50 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: White Chapel killer, the legendary Jack the ripper behind the 51 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: death of Alice Mackenzie. Monroe's conclusions swung from a green 52 00:02:56,600 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: with Dr Bond to agreeing with Dr Phillips. At least 53 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: that's what Monroe told the head of Scotland Yard. It 54 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,680 Speaker 1: was a flip flopping attitude that would follow every East 55 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,920 Speaker 1: and murder investigation for a long long time. Whenever a 56 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:12,720 Speaker 1: new body turned up, the question had to be asked 57 00:03:13,320 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: was this the work of Jack the Ripper? In a 58 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: year that followed Autumn of Terror, everyone responsible for governing 59 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: life and death in Whitechapel was caught in a fog 60 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:28,720 Speaker 1: of uncertainty. At Alice Mackenzie's inquest, Win Baxter intoned for 61 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:32,440 Speaker 1: The Times of London that there is great similarity between 62 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: this and the other class of cases which have happened 63 00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: in this neighborhood. And if this crime has not been 64 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: committed by the same person, it is clearly an imitation 65 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: of the other cases. There is nothing to show why, 66 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: he said the woman is murdered or by whom this 67 00:03:50,560 --> 00:04:19,240 Speaker 1: is unobscured. I'm Aaron manky h who was responsible? It 68 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:22,000 Speaker 1: was the question now set before every mind that wanted 69 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:25,920 Speaker 1: to solve the Whitechapel murders and unmasked the killer. How 70 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: many of the women killed in the East End were 71 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:31,120 Speaker 1: the victims of a single brutal murderer And did either 72 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: approach truly lead to the identity of the murderer. It 73 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 1: was the question that faced the police too, and men 74 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:40,839 Speaker 1: like Melville McNaughton. It's true that McNaughton was not yet 75 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: on the forest during the Fall of eight but the 76 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:48,039 Speaker 1: new Metropolitan Police Commissioner. His friend James Monroe wrote, I 77 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:51,400 Speaker 1: always had a high opinion of his qualifications and abilities, 78 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: but he has shown an aptitude for dealing with criminal 79 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: administration and a power of managing and dealing with men. 80 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: It was a recommendation that sound close to the kinds 81 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:04,480 Speaker 1: of compliments given to Donald Swanson for his synthetical turn 82 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,000 Speaker 1: of mind. So maybe we can't be surprised that McNaughton 83 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,440 Speaker 1: would turn his powers of analysis to the Whitechapel murders. 84 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:13,760 Speaker 1: After all, how many thousands of us have done the same. 85 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:17,520 Speaker 1: But McNaughton's hindsight was more informed than most, and what 86 00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,800 Speaker 1: he wrote had the benefit of coming from inside Scotland. Yard. 87 00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:23,680 Speaker 1: Here's Dr Drew Gray to tell us about the mark 88 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:30,159 Speaker 1: that McNaughton left on the investigation. In February he wrote 89 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: a report on the case, and that was prompted by 90 00:05:33,120 --> 00:05:36,159 Speaker 1: a speculation in the Sun newspaper of the day that 91 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:40,800 Speaker 1: the murderer was a man named Thomas cut Plush, and 92 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: he was kind of refuting that. I think in McNaughton's 93 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:47,320 Speaker 1: writing we see the way that a serious police investigator 94 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:50,320 Speaker 1: was still devoting time to the hunt for the Whitechapel murder, 95 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:53,440 Speaker 1: even long after the cases went cold. Let's have Adam 96 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:57,080 Speaker 1: would tell us how he sorted through that evidence. What 97 00:05:57,200 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: I find interesting about the McNaughton report is that he 98 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 1: names the same five victims as the genuine Ripper victims 99 00:06:03,839 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: as Thomas bonded his report. And this is where we 100 00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:09,920 Speaker 1: get the so called canonical five victims, from Maryann Nichols 101 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: through to Mary Kelly, and the victims before these five 102 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: and afterward a genuine regarded as probably not by the ripper. 103 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:22,159 Speaker 1: But that's certainly changed in certainly the case of Martha Tabram. 104 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 1: But McNaughton had a reason for describing which victims he 105 00:06:25,240 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: thought were truly killed by the ripper, and that was 106 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:31,600 Speaker 1: to identify a suspect. But just one suspect wasn't good 107 00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:34,760 Speaker 1: enough for mcnaton. In fact, he named three. Here is 108 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:38,200 Speaker 1: more from Dr Drew Gray. The report itself is quite 109 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: short and in it but no names three possible Ripper 110 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 1: suspects and three people that were supposedly known to the 111 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: police part of the investigation at the time. And these 112 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: were Monsty, John Drewitt, Michael ostrog and a guy just 113 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:55,719 Speaker 1: known as Kosminsky not given a first name, but generally 114 00:06:55,839 --> 00:06:59,080 Speaker 1: has been given the name Aaron Kazmitski, but Kauseminski a 115 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:03,360 Speaker 1: police Jews. McNaughton rights. And when we look at mcnorton's 116 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,960 Speaker 1: trier of suspects, my problem is that they broadly fit 117 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: the typology of who the Victorians thought ought to have 118 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: been the killer. I someone who was considered to be 119 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:16,880 Speaker 1: a social other. So we have an upper class gentleman, 120 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:19,960 Speaker 1: we have a psychotic doctor, and we have a deranged 121 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 1: Jewish immigrant. They're all the people who are drew it 122 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: or struggle and Kosminski. And I think it's rather convenient 123 00:07:26,680 --> 00:07:30,240 Speaker 1: that McNaughton identifies those three as the people that the 124 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: piece we're looking for, because those are the sort of 125 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: people the press were telling the police they ought to 126 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: be looking for. Not only was Melville McNaughton's report a 127 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:41,200 Speaker 1: simple product of the way victorians saw the world, it 128 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:43,680 Speaker 1: was also a strange document for the very fact that 129 00:07:43,720 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: it named multiple suspects. It tells us that even as 130 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: the years passed, the police around White Chapel had not 131 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:51,720 Speaker 1: been able to narrow down their list of men who 132 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 1: might have committed the crimes. Some officers believed one of 133 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,880 Speaker 1: the men might be responsible, others in their ranks could 134 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: only come to a different conclusion. The fact is, even 135 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: in examining McNaughton's report, we don't know much about who 136 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: else in the Metropolitan Police agreed with his opinions. McNaughton 137 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,360 Speaker 1: submitted his report up the line. It was marked confidential 138 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:14,920 Speaker 1: and put into the police files, but during his lifetime 139 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 1: it was never published. Victorian London was often a killer, 140 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:23,880 Speaker 1: and its disasters and diseases led to many more deaths 141 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: than any one person. But the thrill and terror of 142 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,720 Speaker 1: murder has a hold on our mind that far outweighs 143 00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: the mere numbers. The stories of neglect and the awful 144 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:36,560 Speaker 1: ordinariness of fatal outbreaks are easy to overlook when there 145 00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: are newspapers like The Star whipping up a fearful frenzy 146 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: about the danger that our neighbors pose. They're not unrelated, though, 147 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: and to understand the ways that a government and a 148 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: police force failed to hunt down a serial killer, we 149 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: need to understand the world in which those failures take place. 150 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: Here's more from Paul Beg. Chat Ripper is a mystery, 151 00:08:56,960 --> 00:09:00,960 Speaker 1: an understanding, perhaps even sold being it. You have to 152 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:05,200 Speaker 1: study the evidence. You have to know how people lived 153 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: and so on, because all of how they lived could 154 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:13,439 Speaker 1: have a bearing on what they did and therefore ultimately 155 00:09:13,559 --> 00:09:16,600 Speaker 1: lead to perhaps a discovery of who the murderer was, 156 00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: or getting close to that. You have to read books, 157 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,319 Speaker 1: which is no bad thing. You've got to learn about sources, 158 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:28,560 Speaker 1: which ones are and which ones aren't reliable, all sorts 159 00:09:28,559 --> 00:09:32,360 Speaker 1: of things that historians do. That's part of their job, 160 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:38,080 Speaker 1: and many of those things have applications in our world, 161 00:09:38,440 --> 00:09:41,760 Speaker 1: such as now there is an increasing need to distinguish 162 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 1: between trustworthy and untrustworthy news stories and blogs and web pages, 163 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:51,480 Speaker 1: and goodness knows what else. The White Chapel murder has 164 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:54,320 Speaker 1: demanded the attention of London during their own day, and 165 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:57,400 Speaker 1: it's never stopped bringing more eyes and more minds to 166 00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:00,160 Speaker 1: the mystery of a case. So after the folk us 167 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 1: has been on the gaps in our knowledge, the things 168 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:05,199 Speaker 1: we don't know or never can. But when it comes 169 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:07,160 Speaker 1: down to it, there's so much that we do know, 170 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:10,280 Speaker 1: and the obsessive drive to uncover the identity of the 171 00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:14,240 Speaker 1: killer has often allowed the speculations and fabrications of times 172 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:17,720 Speaker 1: past to cover over the real lives and real pass 173 00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,600 Speaker 1: to the place where the killings happened. Even in though 174 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:25,839 Speaker 1: Whitechapel was much bigger than just the story of its 175 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: infamous killer, Darkest England. That was the smear used against 176 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: London's East End to accuse it of being just like 177 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: so called uncivilized parts of the world, the parts of 178 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:42,880 Speaker 1: the world that had just a few too many diamonds 179 00:10:42,880 --> 00:10:45,920 Speaker 1: in their fields according to people like Charles Warren, the 180 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:49,160 Speaker 1: parts of the world that needed civilizing missions, according to 181 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: people like James Monroe, the parts of the world that 182 00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:54,720 Speaker 1: could be put to work if you had some matches 183 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:58,360 Speaker 1: to make. But what if you were all three and 184 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,000 Speaker 1: you had a missionary army ready to make some matches. 185 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:04,599 Speaker 1: That's what the East End looked like to the Salvation Army. 186 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:07,080 Speaker 1: The leaders of that movement saw the ways that Bryant 187 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 1: and May were making hay from the East End poor, 188 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 1: and they saw an opportunity to compete. So they opened 189 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:16,520 Speaker 1: a rival match factory in hopes of lifting people out 190 00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:20,360 Speaker 1: of poverty, and the Darkest England Match Company started right 191 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:24,320 Speaker 1: down the road from Bryanton May. To their credit, the 192 00:11:24,559 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: entrepreneurial mission left the toxic white phosphorus behind, and they 193 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:31,640 Speaker 1: paid their workers twice what Bryanton May offered. For a 194 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:34,360 Speaker 1: while it seemed like they were succeeding too, and they 195 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: were putting out six million boxes of matches each year. 196 00:11:37,880 --> 00:11:41,280 Speaker 1: Members of Parliament and journalists with ready pens came through 197 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 1: on tours led by the Salvation Army generals. But as 198 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: the match women knew all too well, matchmaking was a 199 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:52,079 Speaker 1: ruthless business. The Darkest England Match Company only lasted a 200 00:11:52,120 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: few years and when it closed it was gobbled up 201 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:57,960 Speaker 1: by a competitor. That's right, it was taken over by 202 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,360 Speaker 1: none other than Bryanton May. But that's not the end 203 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:04,760 Speaker 1: of the story for working people in London's East End, because, 204 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:07,720 Speaker 1: as you probably remember, when we last left Mary Driscoll 205 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:10,319 Speaker 1: and the match women, they weren't done with their own work. 206 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,920 Speaker 1: They were still agitating. But in eight nine it wentn't 207 00:12:13,920 --> 00:12:17,320 Speaker 1: beyond that too. Here's Dr Louise Raw to tell us more. 208 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 1: I found that strikes shut up, shut up right after 209 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:25,120 Speaker 1: the match from a strike. And there's no other way 210 00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: to explain it. Because I looked, I went right back 211 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:30,720 Speaker 1: and looked at averages on years. Everyone in the East 212 00:12:30,840 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: End is going on strike, the tailors, the seamstress, as 213 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:36,800 Speaker 1: you know, the jam Factress, the fur place. Everyone's going 214 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:40,040 Speaker 1: on strike, you know, because working people aren't stupid. They 215 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:43,200 Speaker 1: seeing an example here. Oh look, they are workers like us. 216 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:46,440 Speaker 1: They're supposed to be powerless, blind me. They're now trade 217 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 1: union leaders and they've got better conditions. You know, how 218 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,240 Speaker 1: dumb do we think working people are that this would 219 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: be lost on them. Of course it wasn't lost on them. 220 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:57,680 Speaker 1: And one of those groups who looked at what Mary 221 00:12:57,720 --> 00:12:59,959 Speaker 1: Driscoll and the other women had achieved was none other 222 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 1: than the muscle that made the empire flourish. The dock 223 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:06,080 Speaker 1: workers they wanted with the match women had won, and 224 00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: they decided to make demands of their own. After all, 225 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: they could only be envious of what the women in 226 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:14,920 Speaker 1: their family had won. Here's Louise raw once again. Match 227 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: for married docers, Match for me and the mothers of doers, 228 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:21,280 Speaker 1: their sisters, their friends of doctors. You know, working people 229 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:25,000 Speaker 1: do inspire each other. They do tool of course, well. 230 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:28,199 Speaker 1: Armed with the match women's example, the poorest dockers, the 231 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:30,839 Speaker 1: Irish laborers who were hired for casual work on a 232 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:33,520 Speaker 1: daily basis, got together and wrote a letter to the 233 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:36,319 Speaker 1: directors of the dock companies Where they wanted was clear, 234 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:39,560 Speaker 1: a penny raise in their daily wage and something more 235 00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: for overtime. But the DOC directors were deaf to their demands, 236 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,280 Speaker 1: and so the strike began. First it was men who 237 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:51,559 Speaker 1: marched off the West India Dock on August and they 238 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:53,679 Speaker 1: put out a call for all the workers on all 239 00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:56,360 Speaker 1: the docks along the river to support the poorest men. 240 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:00,840 Speaker 1: By August one, twenty men were marching, but they took 241 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: their cues from the match women. Their protests and marches 242 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,280 Speaker 1: weren't dull. They were accompanied by a royal clamor. The 243 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:09,960 Speaker 1: sounds of brass bands and the rolling rattle of pipes 244 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,600 Speaker 1: and drums filled the East End streets. Every dock was 245 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:17,160 Speaker 1: shut down. Even the police wanted to get in on 246 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,720 Speaker 1: the union action. After all, other public servants like postmen 247 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:23,880 Speaker 1: were also taking steps to unionize. It was a strange 248 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:26,120 Speaker 1: turn of events when you think about it. The men 249 00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 1: who had been beating the socialists with batons in London's 250 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,720 Speaker 1: Trafalgar Square were coming around to their ideas. At one point, 251 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:35,360 Speaker 1: when the strike leaders heard that five hundred more police 252 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:37,800 Speaker 1: were going to meet their lines, they welcomed them in 253 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: and rather than beating the strikers back. The constables joined them. 254 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:45,160 Speaker 1: After all, the Home Secretary was refusing the pay raise 255 00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:48,160 Speaker 1: that Charles Warren and then James Monroe had asked for. 256 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:53,240 Speaker 1: The massive strike only gained strength. And this strike is 257 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,080 Speaker 1: on questionably a huge event, but it is unsuccessful at first. 258 00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:00,240 Speaker 1: The doc company really fight back and John Burke, it's 259 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:03,520 Speaker 1: one of the key leaders who goes on to bing MP, says, 260 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 1: drew the strike to a mass meeting and hundreds of 261 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: thousands of men don't give up, stand shoulder to shoulder. 262 00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 1: Remember the match girls who won their fight and formed 263 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: their union. Well, I mean wow. And he says that 264 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:21,040 Speaker 1: kind of thing constantly. By the way, he doesn't say, oh, 265 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: some match women. You probably haven't heard of them. They 266 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:25,800 Speaker 1: were from Bryan to May, down the road. They apparently 267 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: had a strike. He says, they're match girls, and he 268 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: knows everyone knows. Hundreds of thousands of men listening, they 269 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:34,040 Speaker 1: all know, damn well who the match were. Enough, that's 270 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: how inspiring they are. When the leaders read their memoirs, 271 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 1: they said things like it was the match women that 272 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: started it. They were the first signs. They were the 273 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:46,120 Speaker 1: first encouragement, the first inspiration. They were the start of 274 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:49,440 Speaker 1: new unions of Soon enough, Monroe was in a furious 275 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:52,720 Speaker 1: battle with Home Secretary Matthews. The Dark owners and the 276 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: Home Office had wanted the police to beat back the strike. 277 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,640 Speaker 1: Monroe replied that he believed in impartial policing. His view 278 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:01,840 Speaker 1: was that the police were not simply the servants of 279 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,720 Speaker 1: London's employers or the tools of the city's wealthiest aristocrats. 280 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:09,280 Speaker 1: His dispute with Matthews would never resolve, but the strike 281 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: would come to an end. By November. The doc directors 282 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: had given in and the longshoremen were drawing their new 283 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: higher wages. And that wasn't the only effect. Echoes of 284 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,560 Speaker 1: the dark workers shouts were heard elsewhere in Britain and 285 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:25,640 Speaker 1: around the world, from the Liverpool doctors strike the next 286 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:28,840 Speaker 1: year to the men unloading freight in the ports of Australia. 287 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:31,920 Speaker 1: And it wasn't just rising workers in other lands who 288 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,360 Speaker 1: heard John Burns rallying cry to remember the match. Girls 289 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:39,200 Speaker 1: the East End remembered it too. A descendants that I 290 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:44,960 Speaker 1: talked to, we're really good at explaining how these notions, 291 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 1: these received, notions that were forced on them from above, 292 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:52,240 Speaker 1: were rejected and were turned around. And he said I'm 293 00:16:52,240 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 1: really glad you're writing about my grant and her friends 294 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:58,560 Speaker 1: because they were wonderful and nobody thinks they were. And 295 00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: I had to grow up with that, had to grow 296 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:07,080 Speaker 1: up with these incredible powerhouse women, strong characters, brave, amazing, 297 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: you know, did the impossible on a daty basis, fed 298 00:17:09,880 --> 00:17:14,440 Speaker 1: huge families, and people treated them like dirt. And people 299 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: would say they weren't ladist, but to us they were. 300 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:21,639 Speaker 1: They were East End Ladist. A bigger lesson, I think 301 00:17:22,359 --> 00:17:30,960 Speaker 1: would be hard to find. The tables had turned. Now 302 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:34,160 Speaker 1: it was not James Monroe celebrating McNaughton, but the other 303 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:37,720 Speaker 1: way around. Instead, McNaughton was celebrating the man who got 304 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: him into the police. You see, James Monroe had lost 305 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,760 Speaker 1: his job. That might seem to be a strange time 306 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,280 Speaker 1: to celebrate someone, but think about it, when else would 307 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:50,560 Speaker 1: someone need more of a pick me up? So the 308 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:52,879 Speaker 1: date was set for a dinner party that brought together 309 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:57,320 Speaker 1: the usual suspects. Donald Swanson was there, so was Frederick Eberline. 310 00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: James Monroe was the guest of honor, surrounded by eight 311 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,560 Speaker 1: other officers from the top of Scotland Yard and Melville 312 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 1: McNaughton hosted them all. Monroe was done with policing for now. 313 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: Like Charles Warren, James Monroe had resigned the struggle to 314 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:14,360 Speaker 1: administer the police under a controlling Home Office was more 315 00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,119 Speaker 1: than he could take, especially when all the forces that 316 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:19,760 Speaker 1: wanted to use the police to literally beat the London 317 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:24,240 Speaker 1: pour into their place. We're winning the argument. When he 318 00:18:24,359 --> 00:18:27,480 Speaker 1: left his post, James Monroe had served as Metropolitan Police 319 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,880 Speaker 1: Commissioner for the shortest time on record. But what does 320 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:33,480 Speaker 1: a police commissioner do when he leaves his position of 321 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: enormous power in the world's largest city. He sets his 322 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:38,879 Speaker 1: sights on the place where he has learned his craft, 323 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,800 Speaker 1: and he decided to go back to India. He would 324 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:46,320 Speaker 1: be welcome, he said, as a medical missionary. And Monroe 325 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:48,600 Speaker 1: wasn't the only officer to turn his mind back to 326 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: the horizon of the empire. Charles Warren too returned to 327 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:55,800 Speaker 1: something familiar, the British Army. But for Warren it didn't 328 00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:59,119 Speaker 1: mean a return to his former glory, far from it. Instead, 329 00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:01,080 Speaker 1: it took him to an even worse mess than his 330 00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:04,919 Speaker 1: failure to capture the Whitechappel Killer. Here's Paul beg to 331 00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:10,080 Speaker 1: tell us more Warren. Unfortunately, after he resigned, he was 332 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: sent out to fight abroad. There was a battle that's 333 00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:17,119 Speaker 1: at a place called spied on Cop, and it was 334 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:23,600 Speaker 1: an absolute disaster. And that's basically stuck with Warren and 335 00:19:23,680 --> 00:19:25,919 Speaker 1: has damaged to his reputation for the rest of his 336 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: life and right down to today. Andrew Gray agrees. Eleven 337 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:34,080 Speaker 1: years after the Ripper Case, serving in the South African 338 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:36,720 Speaker 1: War what sometimes owned as the Boar War, and he 339 00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:39,119 Speaker 1: has to lead the assault on spine Cop, which is 340 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: an unmitigated military disaster. I think it's interesting that Paul 341 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,640 Speaker 1: Beig describes him as a man to whom fate certainly 342 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:50,119 Speaker 1: dealt to cruel hands. Leadership of the police during the 343 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: Ripper Case, which is probably impossible for them to solve. 344 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:56,160 Speaker 1: And leadership of soldiers at the Battle of spine Cop 345 00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:59,920 Speaker 1: where they were rudely defeated by the Boors. In fact, 346 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,359 Speaker 1: at spion Cop, the troops under Warren's command were absolutely massacred. 347 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: His lines were ripped apart by Boar artillery that his 348 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 1: own officers couldn't locate on the battlefield. In fact, that's 349 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,399 Speaker 1: his own small contribution to history, an early use of 350 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: what came to be known as indirect artillery fire. Warren 351 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:20,120 Speaker 1: saw his men torn apart, but he couldn't see where 352 00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:22,479 Speaker 1: the attack was coming from, so he didn't know how 353 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 1: to respond. It was a cruel irony that wasn't the 354 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:29,040 Speaker 1: first time an unidentified attack or worked devastation before his eyes. 355 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:32,920 Speaker 1: The battle was such a disaster that Warren was even 356 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:37,160 Speaker 1: called arguably the most incompetent commander of the whole Second 357 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:40,679 Speaker 1: Boer War, and those criticisms bit deep. For a man 358 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:44,159 Speaker 1: who had dedicated himself to advancing Britain's imperial power, he 359 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:48,719 Speaker 1: couldn't stand to have failed so spectacularly again. In eight 360 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,800 Speaker 1: Warren had attempted to refute the criticism of the Metropolitan 361 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:56,720 Speaker 1: Police by publishing his ill fated article in Murray's magazine. 362 00:20:57,280 --> 00:21:00,520 Speaker 1: After costing thousands of British lives at Spion Up, he 363 00:21:00,560 --> 00:21:03,439 Speaker 1: answered his critics in a book he entitled Sir Charles 364 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:07,560 Speaker 1: Warren and Spion cop of Vindication. He changed his approach 365 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:11,400 Speaker 1: this time. Though he published this self congratulatory rant under 366 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:14,000 Speaker 1: a false name. He made sure to quote the best 367 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,080 Speaker 1: things the Home Secretary ever said about him, that Charles 368 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,200 Speaker 1: Warren was a man not only of the highest character 369 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:23,800 Speaker 1: but of great ability. Looking back, it might have been 370 00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:26,359 Speaker 1: more convincing if it was someone else reminding the reading 371 00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:29,280 Speaker 1: public that this had ever been said about Charles Warren. 372 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: Donald Swanson also found his later reputation tied up with 373 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:35,840 Speaker 1: the violence and the excesses of the British Empire in 374 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:39,040 Speaker 1: South Africa. Although his role was something like the opposite 375 00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: of Warren, in fact, Swanson had done everything he could 376 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,000 Speaker 1: to avoid the conflict that later led to Warren's disgrace. 377 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: Take for instance, his role in prosecuting what became known 378 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:52,159 Speaker 1: as the Jamison Raid. Here's Adam Wood to fill us 379 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: in basically n domand Magnets and British naturally, Sir Cecil Rhodes, 380 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: who had been basically annexing large areas of South Africa, 381 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 1: had his eye on the South African Republic, which is 382 00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,960 Speaker 1: a large independent country formerly known as a transfile. Large 383 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,520 Speaker 1: quantities of gold have been discovered, which caused thousands of 384 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:13,800 Speaker 1: many British immigrants called outlanders, who were tolerated thanks to 385 00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:16,040 Speaker 1: the tax as they had to pay on any gold 386 00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:20,040 Speaker 1: that they uncovered. But Rhodes was envious and wanted this land, 387 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:23,840 Speaker 1: and he devised a plan whereby arms and money would 388 00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 1: be provided to the outlanders in order to provoke an 389 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: armed uprising by these settlers with the result of the 390 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:33,640 Speaker 1: overthrown of the South African Republic government and an armed 391 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:36,960 Speaker 1: force of around seven hundred men under control of Dr 392 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,479 Speaker 1: Leander Jameson was to be placed on the Transfile border, 393 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:44,160 Speaker 1: ready to assist and support this insurrection. But things went 394 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:48,639 Speaker 1: badly wrong because Jameson badly ignored orders to retreat, and 395 00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: the result was that more than four hundred of his 396 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: men were captured. That's where Donald Swinson stepped in, because 397 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:56,879 Speaker 1: once his crowd of men returned to Britain, the question 398 00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: was how they should be handled. What crimes had been 399 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:02,359 Speaker 1: committed it on the outer reaches of the Empire. Could 400 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:05,680 Speaker 1: Jamison be charged with smuggling guns through a chartered company 401 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: and attempting to overthrow the government of a neighboring country. 402 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:12,119 Speaker 1: Swanson knew there had to be consequences for such an 403 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:16,240 Speaker 1: outrageous provocation. He made sure that those consequences were felt too. 404 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: Together with the officers under his command, Donald sorted through 405 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: the testimonies of all the men involved, and he untangled 406 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: the conspiracy. When he was done, Swanson had the thirteen 407 00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 1: ring leaders charged with unlawful military expedition against the South 408 00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:35,080 Speaker 1: African Republic. Seeing the evidence that Swanson collected, the magistrate 409 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,920 Speaker 1: judging the case said that there cannot be a graver 410 00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: offense than that these men are accused of committing that 411 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:44,760 Speaker 1: might lead to war between two friendly countries. They were 412 00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:47,439 Speaker 1: convicted and jailed, and for a time it cooled the 413 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,240 Speaker 1: tensions on the border of the Dutch and British empires. 414 00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:53,200 Speaker 1: It was the sort of thing that Donald Swanson was 415 00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: capable of stepping into a snarl of confusing details and 416 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:01,040 Speaker 1: wrestling control of the story. He was up against entrenched forces. 417 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:05,080 Speaker 1: Though other storytellers loved what Jamison had done, men like 418 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:09,440 Speaker 1: Rudyard Kipling, the infamous cheerleader of British imperial power, wrote 419 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: poems in Jamieson's honor. Even an investigator as capable as 420 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: Donald Swanson could only hold back imperial violence for so long. 421 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:22,480 Speaker 1: But investigating outrages at the frontier of the Empire wasn't 422 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: Donald Swanson's last contribution to history, because his synthetical mind 423 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: still had one more insight to give. Swanson's last contribution 424 00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:39,680 Speaker 1: was marginal, and I mean that literally. It wasn't published, 425 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:43,080 Speaker 1: It wasn't even reported to his superior officers. In fact, 426 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:46,000 Speaker 1: it was his personal notes scribbled in the margins of 427 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,840 Speaker 1: a book by Sir Robert Anderson, Swanson's boss at Scotland Yard. 428 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: Swanson had a habit of writing comments on the margins 429 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,640 Speaker 1: of whatever he was reading. That included the books by 430 00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:00,159 Speaker 1: other policemen. Swanson himself decided not to cash in on 431 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,919 Speaker 1: the hunger for police memoirs, but he made sure to 432 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:06,200 Speaker 1: buy the books by his colleagues, and that included Anderson's 433 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:10,320 Speaker 1: memoir called The Lighter Side of My Official Life. But 434 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,439 Speaker 1: just because Donald didn't publish his own perspective, it didn't 435 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:16,120 Speaker 1: mean he had nothing to say. Of course, we can't 436 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:19,120 Speaker 1: be surprised that even in his retirement, Donald Swanson had 437 00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:22,080 Speaker 1: strong opinions about police work, so when he picked up 438 00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 1: Anderson's memoir it inspired quite a few comments. Today, we 439 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:28,680 Speaker 1: might remember Anderson as the man who went on leave 440 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:31,920 Speaker 1: in September of eighty eight when Polly Nichols and Annie 441 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,919 Speaker 1: Chapman were killed in Whitechapel. Officers like Swanson and Aberline 442 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: were left behind at Scotland Yard to coordinate the investigation 443 00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:42,399 Speaker 1: until Anderson returned, it would have been Donald Swanson who 444 00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: filled in for him and brought him up to speed 445 00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,320 Speaker 1: when he came back. In later years, Anderson would write 446 00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:50,480 Speaker 1: that when it came to summing up the investigation of 447 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,679 Speaker 1: the White Chapel murders, he was tempted to disclose the 448 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:57,439 Speaker 1: identity of the murderer, but no public benefits would result. 449 00:25:58,040 --> 00:26:01,359 Speaker 1: In fact, he believed his officers had actually arrested the killer, 450 00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: but they couldn't prosecute him. Why Because, he wrote, the 451 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,840 Speaker 1: one person who had ever had a good view of 452 00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: the murderer unhesitatingly identified the suspect the instant he was 453 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:17,639 Speaker 1: confronted with him, but he refused to give evidence against him. 454 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,040 Speaker 1: That passage in Anderson's book inspired a rush of commentary 455 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:23,320 Speaker 1: when Swanson read it, but the thoughts he wrote down 456 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:26,280 Speaker 1: would not be discovered for decades, not until well after 457 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:30,879 Speaker 1: Donald Swanson's death. In Donald's books filled with his notes 458 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,240 Speaker 1: were passed down through the family until night when a 459 00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:37,600 Speaker 1: relative was sorting through papers and discovered them once he 460 00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:39,720 Speaker 1: had read them. Though he knew that the discovery was 461 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,439 Speaker 1: significant because Swanson hadn't just commented on the margin of 462 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:45,600 Speaker 1: that page. He had flipped to the end of the 463 00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: book and written out his thoughts. Here's Adam Wood to 464 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:53,400 Speaker 1: say more. Elaborating on the end paper, Swanson wrote, after 465 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:55,560 Speaker 1: the suspect had been identified at the seas at home 466 00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:58,520 Speaker 1: where have been sent by us with difficulty in order 467 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:02,000 Speaker 1: to subject him to identification him, he knews identified. On 468 00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:04,399 Speaker 1: the suspect's returned to his brother's house he whitechap Or. 469 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,640 Speaker 1: He was watched by police CTC I D by day 470 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:10,760 Speaker 1: and night. In a very short time. The suspect, who 471 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:13,080 Speaker 1: was hands tied beyond his back. He was sent to 472 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,920 Speaker 1: Stephanie workhouse and then to Colney Hatch and he died 473 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:21,760 Speaker 1: shortly afterwards. Kause Minski was a suspect. Kazminski one of 474 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: the three names from Melvin McNaughton's unpublished report written in 475 00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:28,440 Speaker 1: the eighteen nineties. If there's one man then that attracted 476 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,359 Speaker 1: the most suspicion from the detectives at Scotland Yard, it 477 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,119 Speaker 1: seems that he was the one. It just leads me 478 00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:37,440 Speaker 1: to believe that Swanson probably also believed because Minsky to 479 00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 1: beach at the Ripper rather than just another suspect. After all, 480 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:42,600 Speaker 1: he was the one officer who saw every scrap of 481 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:45,320 Speaker 1: evidence and report, and you have to assume that he 482 00:27:45,359 --> 00:27:49,080 Speaker 1: knew more than anybody. When Swanson's marginal notes came to light, 483 00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,840 Speaker 1: they were put under enormous scrutiny. Was the handwriting genuine? 484 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:56,200 Speaker 1: Did Swanson's opinion reveal the true identity of the murderer? 485 00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,880 Speaker 1: If so, who was this Kosminski? Let alone the other 486 00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:04,159 Speaker 1: things mentioned in Swanson's notes, like the seaside home. The 487 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,200 Speaker 1: comments offered one resolution to the case, but of course 488 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:11,880 Speaker 1: questions remained. Research into the Polish Kasminski family commenced, though 489 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,560 Speaker 1: traces were scarce. Even for those who believed that the 490 00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:19,159 Speaker 1: truth had finally been revealed, like Swanson's family, there was 491 00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:22,560 Speaker 1: still so little to go on. Did believing that Swanson 492 00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: and Anderson had identified the suspect really bring the quest 493 00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:30,200 Speaker 1: for the Whitechapel murderer to a satisfying conclusion? Here's Paul Beg. 494 00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: What Anderson wrote and how seriously he can be taken 495 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: depends to a very great extent on what we know 496 00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:44,280 Speaker 1: about Sir Robert Anderson and what kind of man he was, 497 00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: and how things that we know about may have influenced 498 00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:55,560 Speaker 1: the way he believed and the things that he said. 499 00:28:55,640 --> 00:29:00,560 Speaker 1: So We really need to study people like Anderson and 500 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: mcnaughtman sponson in great depth. The trouble is there's not 501 00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 1: an awful lot of information out there that enables us 502 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:13,880 Speaker 1: to do Their history now is becoming really important. We 503 00:29:13,920 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: can't just theorize Willie Nilly. We we really do have 504 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:22,040 Speaker 1: to get down to the serious level of history. Serious study, 505 00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: serious scholarship can keep bringing the details and the texture 506 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: of the past to light. But the painful truth is 507 00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:30,720 Speaker 1: that it won't ever be possible to fully live in 508 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: the past. What do we conclude in the absence of evidence. 509 00:29:35,160 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: It's the question that plagued Win Baxter. It's the question 510 00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,200 Speaker 1: that haunted the police. It's the challenge that has bedeviled 511 00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:43,640 Speaker 1: historians and writers who have gone back to look at 512 00:29:43,680 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: Whitechapel in And it's even harder when there's so much 513 00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,480 Speaker 1: speculation thrown into the gaps in what we know. Even 514 00:29:51,480 --> 00:29:54,000 Speaker 1: when some of those gaps were filled in by new information, 515 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,120 Speaker 1: like when the Metropolitan Police files were finally open in 516 00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:00,080 Speaker 1: the nineteen seventies, the false leads and the ex the 517 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:02,480 Speaker 1: nations that had been spun up around the case made 518 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 1: it more difficult for new information to break through especially 519 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:08,880 Speaker 1: when that new information didn't offer the kinds of revelations 520 00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:12,320 Speaker 1: that we might hope for. After all, they confirmed at 521 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:15,600 Speaker 1: least one thing that we already knew. The police simply 522 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:19,880 Speaker 1: didn't know who the killer was. There were fears and suspicions, 523 00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: and there were records of all the arrests and internal 524 00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:26,640 Speaker 1: reports on police action, but little more. Here's Paul Beg 525 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:34,800 Speaker 1: once again. Knowing who Jack the Ripple was largely depends 526 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:37,920 Speaker 1: on who the police at the time thought Jack the 527 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,600 Speaker 1: Ripple was, and the only clues to that that we 528 00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 1: have are the names provided in the Norton memoranda, and 529 00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:54,840 Speaker 1: to a slightly lesser extent, to Francis Tumblete and maybe 530 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,760 Speaker 1: one or two others. But that's basically it. What do 531 00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:02,000 Speaker 1: we do when there's such gaping hall in our history? 532 00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:05,920 Speaker 1: What we're left with is legend. The story here is 533 00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:09,479 Speaker 1: Dr Drew Gray once more. There's no such person as 534 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:13,600 Speaker 1: Jack the Ripper. He never existed. Of course, there was 535 00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:19,360 Speaker 1: a serial killer or possibly serial killers at loose, and 536 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:23,120 Speaker 1: that person was responsible for the murder of several very 537 00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:27,640 Speaker 1: poor and vulnerable women. But the monster that's come down 538 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:29,880 Speaker 1: to us as Jack the Ripper is in many ways, 539 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:34,280 Speaker 1: an invention of popular print culture, and then subsequently a 540 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,080 Speaker 1: century or more of amateur sleuthing and speculation about the killer. 541 00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,440 Speaker 1: So Jack is a sort of dark fantasy figure that 542 00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:47,720 Speaker 1: was created in and has developed ever since. So since 543 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:52,360 Speaker 1: we don't know who Jack was, we can continue to 544 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:56,120 Speaker 1: offer up suspects that reflects our own fears and our 545 00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:58,880 Speaker 1: own prejudices, the things that bother us in our own ages. 546 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:03,200 Speaker 1: And this prosy starts right at the beginning of the case, 547 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: in the autumn of when the murderers first sort of 548 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,720 Speaker 1: to be possibly a sort of top hatted top a 549 00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:15,760 Speaker 1: slumming Burlington bertie, or a psychotic doctor carrying a gladstone 550 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:20,120 Speaker 1: bag full of sharp knives, or perhaps even a crazed 551 00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:26,520 Speaker 1: immigrant do an anarchist revolutionary bent on destroying English society. 552 00:32:26,680 --> 00:32:29,360 Speaker 1: And then we need to throw in dark alleyways covered 553 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: in fog from which a murderer can sort of emerge 554 00:32:32,720 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 1: raith like clutching a knife and then vanished just as easily, 555 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,240 Speaker 1: leaving the police behind looking baffled. You've got the kind 556 00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,960 Speaker 1: of perfect recipe for a Gothic horror story, and the 557 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,840 Speaker 1: fact that this bears very little resemblance to the truth 558 00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:49,480 Speaker 1: is kind of immaterial. But we don't have to settle 559 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,320 Speaker 1: for the story, if we can instead allow ourselves to 560 00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:55,040 Speaker 1: come to grips with truths that are much more uncomfortable, 561 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:59,080 Speaker 1: If we can give ourselves permission not to know. What 562 00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,280 Speaker 1: we can always do is try to clear away cobwebs 563 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:05,440 Speaker 1: and at least be honest with ourselves. There will always 564 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:09,360 Speaker 1: be some people and entire portions of the past that's 565 00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:16,640 Speaker 1: sadly get left in the dark. Why should we care 566 00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,240 Speaker 1: about Jack the Ripper? Why does this one story carries 567 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:23,200 Speaker 1: so much power? It's not like it died away with 568 00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:25,680 Speaker 1: the end of the press accounts. No, we know that 569 00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: the stories of that brutal murder stuck around, terrifying readers 570 00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: and even inspiring vicious mimics. And when it hasn't been 571 00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:37,560 Speaker 1: taken seriously, it's been left at Here's Paul beg Chack 572 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:42,480 Speaker 1: the Ripper now is part of our popular culture known 573 00:33:42,520 --> 00:33:46,040 Speaker 1: around the world. You still can, i believe, go to 574 00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:51,719 Speaker 1: a burger bar in Singapore where you can have an 575 00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: anti burger. You can see how the name has been 576 00:33:54,880 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: used in everything from advertising, which virtually began as the 577 00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:03,880 Speaker 1: murders were being committed right through. There's everything. There was 578 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: a World War Two bomber called Jack the Ripper. There's 579 00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: everything from a toilet spray to a computer game bmat 580 00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,280 Speaker 1: to a novel or a movie or even an opera 581 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:17,239 Speaker 1: all about check the rippon. Obviously, some of that goes 582 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:20,720 Speaker 1: beyond the bounds, and no, we're not talking about taking 583 00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:23,560 Speaker 1: the violence of these crimes lightly. But there's something that 584 00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:27,960 Speaker 1: made it an enduring sensation, and that's worth considering. Why 585 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,680 Speaker 1: does the story of the Ripper remain an open wound 586 00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:33,840 Speaker 1: in the imagination of the British Empire and the history 587 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:37,120 Speaker 1: of true crime. It's a reminder that the institutions that 588 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: were bringing Britain into the modern era didn't extend their 589 00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:44,360 Speaker 1: rewards to everyone. In the end. There's a whole list 590 00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: of ideas that the Whitechapel murders up end. The police 591 00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:51,239 Speaker 1: keep us safe, for instance, following the news helps us 592 00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:54,600 Speaker 1: understand our world. The charity of the middle class can 593 00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:57,440 Speaker 1: meet the needs of the working poor. The courts and 594 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:00,640 Speaker 1: governments we create will bring criminals to justice. Us that 595 00:35:00,719 --> 00:35:03,759 Speaker 1: the modern empires of trade replaced the rot of an 596 00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:07,520 Speaker 1: old aristocratic world with a new era of equal prosperity. 597 00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:11,000 Speaker 1: All of these ideas were challenged by the stories we 598 00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:13,200 Speaker 1: learn When we go back in time and study the 599 00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:17,120 Speaker 1: Whitechapel murders, we find a police force acting like an 600 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:21,319 Speaker 1: occupying army. We find middle class missionaries looking down their 601 00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:24,800 Speaker 1: noses at their poor neighbors. We find the press inventing 602 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:29,280 Speaker 1: sensationalist narratives out of whole cloth and demonizing vulnerable people 603 00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:33,560 Speaker 1: to sell halfpenny sheets. Jack the Ripper matters because it's 604 00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:36,480 Speaker 1: a story that resists blind faith in the modern world. 605 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:39,880 Speaker 1: But if that modern way of doing business actually neglects 606 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:43,000 Speaker 1: the people it impoverished, how can we defend it. If 607 00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:46,160 Speaker 1: the modern methods of policing are the product of colonialism, 608 00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,719 Speaker 1: how can we trust it. If Jack the Ripper can 609 00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:51,480 Speaker 1: commit a string of atrocities on the bodies of women 610 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:55,440 Speaker 1: and escape capture, how much has modern life really improved 611 00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:59,080 Speaker 1: over the past. The lesson here isn't that all of 612 00:35:59,120 --> 00:36:02,160 Speaker 1: these moves to the texture of modern life are false 613 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:05,400 Speaker 1: or frauds. No, it's that none of them can be 614 00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:09,760 Speaker 1: taken for granted. A rigorous and honest press, a functional government, 615 00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:13,120 Speaker 1: an equal society, all of these are things that need 616 00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:17,360 Speaker 1: to be fought for, not once, but always it's work 617 00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,719 Speaker 1: that's never truly done, but it's the work worth doing. 618 00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:25,040 Speaker 1: If we're tempted to follow the Ripper stories into the 619 00:36:25,080 --> 00:36:28,200 Speaker 1: embrace of human darkness, we can leave this history with 620 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,600 Speaker 1: a deeper despair about what humans are capable of. We 621 00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:35,080 Speaker 1: can make an all too common mistake. We let fear win. 622 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 1: We let the most vicious outliers like the Whitechapel murderer, 623 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:42,560 Speaker 1: control the story. And when we do that, it's easy 624 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,160 Speaker 1: to fall into what some scholars call veneer theory, the 625 00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:49,760 Speaker 1: idea that civilization is only the thin glossy of veneer 626 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:53,680 Speaker 1: over the deep, monstrous hunger that lies beneath. And sure, 627 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:56,320 Speaker 1: that's one way of telling the story of Jack the 628 00:36:56,400 --> 00:37:01,040 Speaker 1: Ripper monsters around every corner, under every top hat and mustache, 629 00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:03,919 Speaker 1: but it's a short trip toward the destination of deep 630 00:37:03,920 --> 00:37:07,200 Speaker 1: cynicism about what kind of life is possible and what 631 00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:11,040 Speaker 1: humans can achieve by working together. But the way I 632 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:14,160 Speaker 1: see it, the truth is the opposite, because when we 633 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,880 Speaker 1: look at the history of London in the eighties, the 634 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:21,320 Speaker 1: monstrous crimes of the so called civilized Empire aren't buried 635 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,720 Speaker 1: there right there on the surface. Diamond mines cutting into 636 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:29,879 Speaker 1: Africa military police trained in Ireland and then imported home 637 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:33,440 Speaker 1: to brutalize England. How about the deep disregard for the 638 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:36,400 Speaker 1: lives of poor and working women by the city developers 639 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:40,240 Speaker 1: and factory owners and bankers demolishing their homes to usher 640 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,000 Speaker 1: in a new era of industrial power. There's no real 641 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:47,319 Speaker 1: veneer over it is there. The gloss itself is an 642 00:37:47,360 --> 00:37:51,080 Speaker 1: imperial fist squeezing riches from the vulnerable people near and far. 643 00:37:51,640 --> 00:37:54,760 Speaker 1: The murderer, called Jack the Ripper, became just another layer 644 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:57,880 Speaker 1: to that all too ordinary violence. And the records of 645 00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:02,239 Speaker 1: disease and industrial disaster in the Victorian era far outstripped 646 00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:05,880 Speaker 1: the numbers of people murdered in Whitechapel. Cholera alone was 647 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:09,760 Speaker 1: a far deadlier killer. But in eighty eight the press 648 00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:12,480 Speaker 1: and the police allowed themselves to be sucked into the 649 00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:17,000 Speaker 1: monstrous imagination of a misogynist murderer and made their careers 650 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,960 Speaker 1: and sold their writing on that story. But we can't 651 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,440 Speaker 1: forget that underneath that violent layer, a stronger, more decent, 652 00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:28,560 Speaker 1: more courageous human spirit was always burning. As Louise raw 653 00:38:28,640 --> 00:38:32,160 Speaker 1: has reminded us before, life was always dangerous for East 654 00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:35,720 Speaker 1: End women. Victorian London was a place where horrifying violence 655 00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:39,279 Speaker 1: against women became a global spectacle. But it's also a 656 00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:42,520 Speaker 1: place where the poorest and most exploited women got together 657 00:38:43,120 --> 00:38:47,640 Speaker 1: one a landmark victory and moved history forward. The fire 658 00:38:47,719 --> 00:38:51,040 Speaker 1: lit in the subterranean communities of London's poor caught on 659 00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,840 Speaker 1: and spread. So in looking at the legacy of the 660 00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:56,960 Speaker 1: Victorian East End and the year of eighteen eighty eight, 661 00:38:57,320 --> 00:39:00,480 Speaker 1: we ultimately must look to Marry Driscoll, Irons and me 662 00:39:00,920 --> 00:39:04,680 Speaker 1: in the match Women's Union. Here's Louise r one last time. 663 00:39:06,280 --> 00:39:09,640 Speaker 1: This is a chain of events. This is hundreds and 664 00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:15,160 Speaker 1: thousands of the most exploited workers who have been completely 665 00:39:15,239 --> 00:39:17,960 Speaker 1: left out of any kind of consideration of unions, and 666 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:21,040 Speaker 1: before on the whole saying we're going to do what 667 00:39:21,080 --> 00:39:24,520 Speaker 1: they did. They used strikes to force the right to 668 00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:28,200 Speaker 1: form their own unions and there were hundreds and hundreds 669 00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:31,239 Speaker 1: and hundreds of them formed across the country as far 670 00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:34,400 Speaker 1: away as Ireland too. It's incredible how news traveled in 671 00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:37,319 Speaker 1: those days, and Irish seems just as unions wrote and said, 672 00:39:37,360 --> 00:39:39,680 Speaker 1: we've heard about the match women, please come and tell 673 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:41,960 Speaker 1: us how to do it. We want to unionize as well, 674 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:45,400 Speaker 1: so it really was striking a light, you know, it 675 00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:48,760 Speaker 1: really went like a fire. It just spread and spread 676 00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,760 Speaker 1: and spread. And it's out of that modern labor movement, 677 00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:54,719 Speaker 1: that modern trade union movement that the Labor Party of 678 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:58,279 Speaker 1: course began. So yes, there was one hell of a 679 00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,040 Speaker 1: lot more going on in this period it than one, 680 00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:04,759 Speaker 1: you know, inadequate psychopath measuring women. As much as the 681 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,440 Speaker 1: stories of Jack the Ripper have endured to terrify and 682 00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:11,000 Speaker 1: entertain generations, what the match Women did has come down 683 00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: to us right beside it, if we're willing to look 684 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:17,560 Speaker 1: past the sensationalism to the truly significant. And like the 685 00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,600 Speaker 1: stories of murder and mutilation, the story of the match 686 00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:24,120 Speaker 1: women's courage and unity and self respect has built not 687 00:40:24,239 --> 00:40:28,000 Speaker 1: just enduring political parties, but many more victories for working 688 00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:31,840 Speaker 1: people over a century and more. That's something to hold onto. 689 00:40:32,440 --> 00:40:34,920 Speaker 1: It's a reminder that when the horrors of life step 690 00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:37,520 Speaker 1: out of the shadows and threaten the things we hold dear, 691 00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:41,920 Speaker 1: the important thing is not to give in to that fear. Instead, 692 00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:45,279 Speaker 1: remember the ways that vulnerable people have stood shoulder to 693 00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:48,880 Speaker 1: shoulder against it. The thing is, we have a choice 694 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:51,040 Speaker 1: about who we allow to tell the story of a 695 00:40:51,080 --> 00:40:54,760 Speaker 1: place like London's East End. We could listen to the killer, 696 00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:58,680 Speaker 1: or the racist press, or even the militant police memoirs. 697 00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:02,520 Speaker 1: Or we could instead look to the margins, listen to 698 00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:06,360 Speaker 1: the striking dock workers, take their advice, and rally to 699 00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:17,960 Speaker 1: their cry. Remember remember the match girls. Today's episode was 700 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,480 Speaker 1: the final leg of this season's exploration of the Whitechappel murders, 701 00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,320 Speaker 1: which brings our journey to an end. If you've enjoyed 702 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:26,760 Speaker 1: the results of our team's hard work, you're written reviews 703 00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,560 Speaker 1: and star ratings would be incredibly welcome over at Apple Podcasts. 704 00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:32,880 Speaker 1: Your kind words go a long way toward helping newcomers 705 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:35,640 Speaker 1: tap that subscribe button, and it all helps the show grow. 706 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:37,960 Speaker 1: It's been an honor to be your guide over the 707 00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:40,200 Speaker 1: past few weeks, and I look forward to our next 708 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,040 Speaker 1: tour through the darkest corners of history. But we're not 709 00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:46,719 Speaker 1: quite done with season three. Starting on January six, will 710 00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:50,479 Speaker 1: be releasing all four of our incredible historian interviews in full. 711 00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:54,120 Speaker 1: These are powerful conversations with the leading scholars in the 712 00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:57,040 Speaker 1: world of Jack the Ripper, and the insights and details 713 00:41:57,040 --> 00:41:59,239 Speaker 1: they bring to the topic are perfect for those that 714 00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:02,600 Speaker 1: want more. Just leave your podcast apt subscribed to the show, 715 00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:06,319 Speaker 1: and those interview episodes will arrive automatically every week, as 716 00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:09,960 Speaker 1: well as future news about season four. In fact, if 717 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,960 Speaker 1: you stick around after this brief sponsor break, I'll give 718 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:22,640 Speaker 1: you a test of what's to come. I think the 719 00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:25,439 Speaker 1: mid to late Victorian era is extremely important in terms 720 00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:28,839 Speaker 1: of studying police history, particularly because the Metropolitan Force had 721 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:31,319 Speaker 1: only been formed forty years before Swanson joined in eight 722 00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:35,560 Speaker 1: they were still senting officers for Cutler's training in response 723 00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:38,239 Speaker 1: of the Fenian bombing campaign, which is ongoing at the time, 724 00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:41,200 Speaker 1: and the Detective Department was only twenty five years old. 725 00:42:41,880 --> 00:42:45,520 Speaker 1: And by contrast, when Swanson retired, the met had just 726 00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:48,920 Speaker 1: started using fingerprint evidence. So the thirty five years of 727 00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:52,480 Speaker 1: Swanson's career covering the late Victorian period saw an enormous 728 00:42:52,520 --> 00:42:56,319 Speaker 1: development in forensics and methods of detection. We can carry 729 00:42:56,360 --> 00:42:59,239 Speaker 1: that evolution through to more recent times introduction of the 730 00:42:59,239 --> 00:43:02,560 Speaker 1: photo fit, chemical composition forensics of course. DA and I 731 00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:22,359 Speaker 1: Unobscured was created by me Aaron Manky and produced by 732 00:43:22,360 --> 00:43:26,040 Speaker 1: Matt Frederick, Alex Williams and Josh Thane in partnership with 733 00:43:26,080 --> 00:43:29,319 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio Research and writing for this season is 734 00:43:29,360 --> 00:43:31,800 Speaker 1: all the work of my right hand man Carl Nellis, 735 00:43:31,920 --> 00:43:35,040 Speaker 1: and the brilliant Chad Lawson composed the brand new soundtrack. 736 00:43:35,560 --> 00:43:39,480 Speaker 1: Learn more about our contributing historians, source material and links 737 00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:43,839 Speaker 1: to our other shows over at history unobscured dot com, 738 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:54,680 Speaker 1: and until next time, thanks for listening Unobscured as a 739 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:57,040 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Monkey. For more 740 00:43:57,080 --> 00:43:59,319 Speaker 1: podcast for My Heart Radio, visit i heeart radio app, 741 00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:01,880 Speaker 1: Apple podcast, USTs, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.