1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:18,040 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:22,600 Speaker 1: part two of our Unearthed episode for UH, where we're 5 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:29,360 Speaker 1: covering January through March stuff that was literally and figuratively unearthed. Uh. 6 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:33,599 Speaker 1: Last time we talked about some shipwrecks and some foods 7 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,000 Speaker 1: and beverages and some cute animals and stuff, and we've 8 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:40,560 Speaker 1: got other things this time. Yes, So it has become 9 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: kind of a tradition to start part two of our 10 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,360 Speaker 1: two part unearthed episodes with pot pourri. That's the stuff 11 00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: that's interesting, but it doesn't quite fall into a category 12 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:53,280 Speaker 1: with other fine. So. First, researchers from multiple universities have 13 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: confirmed that indigenous people in what is now northern New 14 00:00:56,400 --> 00:01:00,800 Speaker 1: Mexico took proactive steps to prevent wildfire at least as 15 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:04,319 Speaker 1: far back as the eleven hundreds. Members of the team 16 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: interviewed tribal elders at Hamas Pueblo, as well as elders 17 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: from the Hopie Tribe, the White Mountain Apache Tribe, and 18 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: Zoomi Pueblo about these people's cultural and land management practices. 19 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:20,479 Speaker 1: They combined this ethnographic work with archaeological study of the area, 20 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:24,480 Speaker 1: tree ring research, and modeling. They concluded that the people 21 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:27,560 Speaker 1: of the Hamas Mountains have used a variety of methods 22 00:01:27,640 --> 00:01:32,400 Speaker 1: to prevent destructive wildfires for nearly a thousand years. These 23 00:01:32,440 --> 00:01:36,000 Speaker 1: have included using small, low intensity fires to get rid 24 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: of unnecessary flammable material, burning flammable material for cooking and heating, 25 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: so you're basically gathering a lot of what might cause 26 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:47,960 Speaker 1: wildfire and then using it for a practical purpose, burning 27 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: off crop land after the harvests were over, and then 28 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,880 Speaker 1: also just keeping a buffer around settlements that was completely 29 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 1: clear of trees and brush. Plus, hundreds of people lived 30 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,320 Speaker 1: in these settlements, so just the day to day foot 31 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:05,320 Speaker 1: traffic would keep small burnable plants around the settlements to 32 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: a minimum. The team drew a direct connection between this 33 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: research and wildfire conditions in populated areas today. In the 34 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:16,920 Speaker 1: words of lead author Christopher Roush, quote, we shouldn't be 35 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:20,200 Speaker 1: asking how to avoid fire and smoke. We should ask 36 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 1: ourselves what kind of fire and smoke do we want 37 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:27,680 Speaker 1: to coexist with? Another news Archaeologists in China have found 38 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: what they believe to be a man's cosmetic cream. It's 39 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:35,520 Speaker 1: a small bronze jar found in a twenty year old 40 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 1: tomb belonging to a nobleman, and it contained a substance 41 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: made of animal fat and a carbonate mud known as 42 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: moon milk. It's probably used to like whiten the skin. 43 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: This is not remotely the oldest cosmetic product ever found 44 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:53,760 Speaker 1: in China. There are cosmetic sticks dating back to at 45 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 1: least fourteen fifty BC, but this is the oldest fine 46 00:02:57,840 --> 00:03:01,360 Speaker 1: that seems to be specifically a pro act for a man. 47 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: An electrical crew trying to move some power lines stumbled 48 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:09,399 Speaker 1: onto a previously unknown tunnel under a homeowner's garden in Wales, 49 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:13,120 Speaker 1: and at this point who made this tunnel and why 50 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 1: still a mystery. The work crew filled what they dug 51 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:19,480 Speaker 1: back into protect it, since it will probably be sometime 52 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:22,120 Speaker 1: before it can really be studied. What's happened in the 53 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,200 Speaker 1: village of tin Turn, which is home of Tintern Abbey, 54 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: subject of a famous poem. The abbey was built between 55 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 1: the twelfth and sixteenth centuries and it is not known 56 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,400 Speaker 1: if the tunnels have any connection to the abbey, but 57 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,119 Speaker 1: the tunnels aren't shown not any survey maps dating back 58 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: to the seventeen hundreds. Either they were dug before that 59 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:46,080 Speaker 1: point or someone dug them secretly and didn't make note 60 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:52,320 Speaker 1: of its mystery tunnels. Okay, so moving on. The Pazzerick 61 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: Carpet is a wool carpet that was made about four 62 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: hundred BC and it was found in a burial mound 63 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 1: in is in the collection of the Hermitage Museum. It 64 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: is an astounding condition considering how old it is and 65 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: the conditions it was in before being unearthed. Although one 66 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:12,680 Speaker 1: corner of this carpet is mostly missing, it is otherwise 67 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,360 Speaker 1: largely intact and its colors and patterns are still very vivid. 68 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: That has led to a lot of questions about how 69 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: exactly it has retained so much color for so long 70 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:26,200 Speaker 1: and in the conditions that it was in for so long. 71 00:04:26,320 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: And according to research published in the journal Scientific Reports, 72 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: one reason maybe that the wool was previously fermented, with 73 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:39,039 Speaker 1: the fermentation process allowing the pigments to penetrate deeper into 74 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:41,360 Speaker 1: the fiber, and then that would make the color more 75 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:45,719 Speaker 1: vivid and more permanent. This conclusion means that the use 76 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 1: of fermented wool in dying is about two thousand years 77 00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:53,320 Speaker 1: older than was previously known. A man in New Haven, 78 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:57,279 Speaker 1: Connecticut bought a blue and white fifteen century Ming dynasty 79 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: bowl at a yard sale for thirty five bucks. It 80 00:05:01,760 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 1: was sold through auction house saw the Bees, which kept 81 00:05:04,600 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: the seller's name confidential. But that turnover was that was 82 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:13,599 Speaker 1: a good flip. It's selling price was seven hundred dollars, 83 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:16,560 Speaker 1: so that was a yard sale fine that turned out 84 00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: to be something extremely valuable, something that it seems like 85 00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 1: the buyer suspected at that time. One of the accounts 86 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:24,880 Speaker 1: that I read was like, he did not negotiate this 87 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:27,400 Speaker 1: thirty five dollars for a bull of yard sale at all. 88 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: He just went ahead and got it and then started 89 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 1: asking questions with the praisers pretty much right away. Uh So, 90 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: now we have a couple of objects that have a 91 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,080 Speaker 1: little bit of similarity to that, but they surprised people 92 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:45,880 Speaker 1: by turning out to be ancient artifacts, something that came 93 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,360 Speaker 1: as a bit of a shock. First. About twenty years ago, 94 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,279 Speaker 1: somebody noticed a large and conveniently shaped rock in a 95 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: garden rockery, and they had it taken to their stable 96 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,200 Speaker 1: to use as a step when mounting their horse. It's 97 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 1: a nice squared off right step for getting up on 98 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:05,320 Speaker 1: a horse if you need a little help with that. 99 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:09,680 Speaker 1: At least ten years later they noticed that there was 100 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:12,960 Speaker 1: a laurel wreath carved into the side of it. How 101 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:17,320 Speaker 1: many horses were mounted off of this rock before anyone 102 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:21,760 Speaker 1: realized This turned out to be nearly two thousand year 103 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:25,800 Speaker 1: old slab that probably came from Greece or Western Asia. 104 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: In addition to the laurel wreath, it bears a Greek 105 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:32,360 Speaker 1: inscription that translates to the people and the young men 106 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 1: honored Demetrios, son of Metrodorus, the son of Lucios. Auction house, 107 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: Willie and Wallace asked for public help and figuring out 108 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: exactly how this piece got to the UK. It's likely 109 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:49,600 Speaker 1: that a wealthy person on a grand tour of the 110 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: continent brought it back into the area sometime in the 111 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:56,559 Speaker 1: eighteenth or nineteenth century. That was very common. We talked 112 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,360 Speaker 1: about that sum in our episode on the Parthenon Marbles. 113 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,279 Speaker 1: Uh But most of the original houses in the area 114 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: have since been demolished or destroyed by fire, and it 115 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 1: is really not clear which of these households specifically might 116 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 1: have been home to the person who originally brought it 117 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: in This piece was expected to be auctioned off in February, 118 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:19,800 Speaker 1: which is why it caught my eye for this episode 119 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, but that auction has been postponed until June. 120 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:28,960 Speaker 1: I love this next one. Uh. Similarly, in a couple 121 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:31,480 Speaker 1: of people at a signing for the book Porphyry were 122 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:34,080 Speaker 1: leafing through the book and they were shocked to discover 123 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:38,520 Speaker 1: a picture of their friend Helen's coffee table. It turned 124 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: out the table was topped with a mosaic that had 125 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: originally decorated a ship of the Roman emperor Caligula, and 126 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: their friend Helen was antiquities dealer Helen Fioratti, who had 127 00:07:49,280 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: bought the mosaic in Italy more than forty years prior. Kad, 128 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,440 Speaker 1: the author of the book and interviews, talked about like 129 00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: hearing these women excitedly being like, that's Helen's table, and 130 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: he's I'm sorry, who's Helen? Does it just look similar 131 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: to Helen's table? Yeah? So, Fearati maintained that she had 132 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: bought this mosaic in good faith, had been told simply 133 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: that it had belonged to an aristocratic family, no knowledge 134 00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:21,239 Speaker 1: that it was archaeologically significant in any way. But after 135 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 1: this discovery that it was really something that had belonged 136 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,920 Speaker 1: to Caligula, it was seized and turned over to the 137 00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 1: Italian consulate. It was repatriated to Italy and put on 138 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: temporary display out a museum, and then in March it 139 00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: was moved to the Museo del Navy Romani, which houses 140 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:43,280 Speaker 1: other artifacts from Caligula's ships. In other news on that front, 141 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:48,400 Speaker 1: Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Activities and Tourism plans 142 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:52,240 Speaker 1: to open an underground gallery dedicated to items from Caligula's 143 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:55,840 Speaker 1: pleasure gardens that is expected to open this spring. Yeah. 144 00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: I don't know the exact date or whether um that 145 00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: timeline issue ding. Yeah. Sadly, again, researching COVID cases has 146 00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: put a damper on it. We will stop though, for 147 00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:10,440 Speaker 1: a quick sponsor break before we get up to some 148 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 1: other things. Next up, we have a category that is 149 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,119 Speaker 1: always a favorite of mine when I work on these episodes, 150 00:09:25,160 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: and that is the books and letters. Israeli archaeologists have 151 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 1: announced the discovery of dead Sea scroll fragments that are 152 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: at least nineteen hundred years old. These parchment fragments contain 153 00:09:38,600 --> 00:09:42,400 Speaker 1: text from the books of Zechariah and Nahome written in Greek, 154 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:45,079 Speaker 1: and they were found in a cave where they are 155 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: believed to have been hidden during the Bar Kochba revolt. 156 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:53,360 Speaker 1: These fragments were discovered during a project in Israel and 157 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:56,720 Speaker 1: the occupied West Bank, basically a sweep of hundreds of 158 00:09:56,800 --> 00:10:00,040 Speaker 1: caves with the hope of protecting items of archaeological and 159 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:04,560 Speaker 1: historical significance from plundering and other damage. I'm sure there 160 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:08,959 Speaker 1: will be more analysis into these fragments later on. In 161 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: other names and another thing that's just a favorite of 162 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: mine that somehow we've not talked about much on the show. 163 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:20,679 Speaker 1: Research published in the English Historical Review has explored the 164 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:24,520 Speaker 1: question of why and how the Doomsday Book was made. 165 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:28,440 Speaker 1: The Doomsday Book was Britain's earliest public record and it 166 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: was compiled at the request of King William the First 167 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: a k a. William the Conqueror in the eleventh century, 168 00:10:35,440 --> 00:10:39,000 Speaker 1: so basically, after the Norman conquest of England, William wanted 169 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: a survey of the land that he was now ruling 170 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:43,160 Speaker 1: in parts so he could figure out how much to 171 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:46,640 Speaker 1: charge in taxes. So in ten eight six he sent 172 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: government inspectors all over England to gather information about things 173 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:53,439 Speaker 1: like who lived there and on what property and how 174 00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: much livestock they had, and surveyors asked each question three 175 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:01,679 Speaker 1: times once to find out the answer for when Edward 176 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: the Confessor was still King of England, wants to find 177 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 1: out how that had changed when William became king, and 178 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: wants to find out how things actually stood in ten 179 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: eight six when the survey was being conducted. The resulting 180 00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:19,480 Speaker 1: books that came from all this uh interrogation include The 181 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:23,680 Speaker 1: Little Doomsday, which details Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk, and The 182 00:11:23,800 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: Great Doomsday, which details the rest of England with the 183 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:31,640 Speaker 1: exception of London, Winchester County, Durham and Northumberland. There are 184 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,760 Speaker 1: other books compiled from this same data as well, including 185 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:38,800 Speaker 1: The x On Doomsday, which is one of the earlier 186 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:44,080 Speaker 1: drafts and covers Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. This 187 00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:46,600 Speaker 1: research that we were talking about right now focused on 188 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,720 Speaker 1: the x On Doomsday. In the words of lead author 189 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:53,239 Speaker 1: Dr Stephen Baxter, Professor of Medieval History at the University 190 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 1: of Oxford, quote, this new research, based on the earliest 191 00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:01,559 Speaker 1: surviving Doomsday manuscript, shows the survey was piled remarkably quickly 192 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:04,800 Speaker 1: and then used like a modern database where data is 193 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: entered in one format and can be extracted in other 194 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:12,920 Speaker 1: formats for specific purposes. It's really an amazing achievement considering 195 00:12:12,920 --> 00:12:15,760 Speaker 1: that they were keeping all of this data without the 196 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,920 Speaker 1: help of things like computers. Right, someone, there is a 197 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:27,560 Speaker 1: master d B, a of of pre automated calculation. Yeah, yeah, 198 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: it's it's a lot of someone's. There are a lot 199 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,000 Speaker 1: of people that were involved in actually making books out 200 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: of this data. This particular paper followed another project called 201 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: The Conquerors Commissioners Unlocking the Doomsday Survey of Southwestern England. 202 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: Baxter was a co investigator on this earlier project under 203 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:51,760 Speaker 1: lead investigator Julia Crick. This project created a complete digital 204 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:56,959 Speaker 1: facsimile of the ex on Doomsday, including identifying which scribe 205 00:12:57,080 --> 00:12:59,959 Speaker 1: wrote which part of the manuscript, which I find incredibly cool. 206 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:04,280 Speaker 1: It also reiterates earlier research by other people, including Carol 207 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:08,080 Speaker 1: Simes at the University of Chicago. She suggested that while 208 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:12,520 Speaker 1: this data gathering step with the Doomsday Book was famously 209 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:16,840 Speaker 1: completed pretty quickly, the process of actually compiling that data 210 00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: into the final Doomsday books which survived today, that took 211 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,280 Speaker 1: a lot more time and in some cases was really chaotic. 212 00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:26,920 Speaker 1: I feel like that could be said about writing an 213 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: episode of stuff you missed in history class. Sure, times 214 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:31,880 Speaker 1: you can get all your information pretty quickly, but then 215 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: making sense of all of it well and with the 216 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:39,280 Speaker 1: with the excellent dooms Doomsday made more complicated by the 217 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,440 Speaker 1: fact that there were almost two dozen scribes working on it. 218 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:45,000 Speaker 1: What if we had two dozen scribes who worked on 219 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:51,040 Speaker 1: our episode, No, we'd lose our minds. Uh. Research published 220 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,840 Speaker 1: in the journal Heritage Science has examined English deeds from 221 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:58,200 Speaker 1: the early modern period. Specifically, they looked at what type 222 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:01,920 Speaker 1: of animal skin the deeds were written non Using peptide 223 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: mass fingerprinting, they determined that the preferred skin for this 224 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,679 Speaker 1: purpose was sheep. That was true for more than nine 225 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,360 Speaker 1: of the deeds that they looked at. Sheepskin would have 226 00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 1: been incredibly commonplace and pretty cheap thanks to the prevalence 227 00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:20,040 Speaker 1: of British sheep farming, but the authors concluded that there 228 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: was probably another reason for this apparent preference for sheepskin 229 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: as well. Because of sheepskins physical structure and fat content, 230 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: it separates into layers pretty easily, especially when you scrape it. 231 00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: That makes it really difficult to alter the text on 232 00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: something without leaving a really obvious mark. So like, if 233 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:43,240 Speaker 1: you wanted to fudge some information on your deed, trying 234 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:45,560 Speaker 1: to scrape off that old text would just leave a 235 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: really obvious mark on it. So this use of sheepskin 236 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,280 Speaker 1: may have been as much about fraud prevention as it 237 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: was about there just being a lot of sheepskin around. 238 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: That's something the author's backed up with some historical references 239 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: to sheepskin dating back as early as the twelfth century, 240 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:05,320 Speaker 1: people basically advising others on how to write official documents 241 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: and saying, yeah, use sheepskin because you can tell if 242 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: somebody's messed with it. But the preference for sheep skin 243 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 1: for these documents lasted for centuries after the last of 244 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: these written references of like mentioning that particular point. So, okay, 245 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: this last entry in Books and Letters isn't exactly a book, 246 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,680 Speaker 1: but it is a text. In medieval and early modern Europe, 247 00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:32,280 Speaker 1: pregnancy and giving birth were inherently incredibly risky, and people 248 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: used a variety of objects to try to offer themselves 249 00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: and their loved ones some kind of protection, things like amulets, relics, staves, 250 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: and birthing girdles. In England, the church even kept these 251 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: items on hand to loan out to people during pregnancy 252 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:52,000 Speaker 1: and delivery. Recently published research and Royal Society Open Science 253 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: looks specifically at birthing girdles. Some of these were made 254 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,600 Speaker 1: from animal skin or silk or some other fabric, and 255 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: they were very clearly meant to be worn, But others 256 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: were made from parchment that was covered in symbols and 257 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:08,200 Speaker 1: prayers that were meant to be touched or kissed or 258 00:16:08,280 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: rubbed as part of like a religious veneration, and it 259 00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 1: hasn't always been clear whether these whi were just kind 260 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: of stored as a parchment roll whether they were also 261 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: meant to be worn on a person's body. The team 262 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:25,360 Speaker 1: examined one particular scroll from the Welcome Collection, which was 263 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: covered in images and writing, much of which was very 264 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:32,280 Speaker 1: heavily worn, and they found evidence of human proteins that 265 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,240 Speaker 1: suggests that it was indeed worn during pregnancy. They also 266 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:39,520 Speaker 1: found evidence of proteins that are found in honey milk 267 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 1: and specific plants that are referenced in medieval medical books 268 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,480 Speaker 1: about treatments during pregnancy and childbirth, Although all of this 269 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,440 Speaker 1: suggests that this was worn as some kind of belt 270 00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: or girdle. It's not clear exactly how it was worn, Like, 271 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:56,440 Speaker 1: they don't know exactly how it might have been wrapped 272 00:16:56,440 --> 00:16:59,280 Speaker 1: and tied. Yeah, there was an illustration in this paper 273 00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:03,960 Speaker 1: that had like re potential configurations to have this on 274 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:09,800 Speaker 1: a person's body, you folded into a hat. Next up, 275 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:11,879 Speaker 1: we have a couple of fines that are related to 276 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:17,840 Speaker 1: music and art. First, I love this one. A large 277 00:17:17,840 --> 00:17:22,560 Speaker 1: snail shell found in Marsula's Cave and the Pyrenees eighty 278 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:26,000 Speaker 1: years ago is now believed to be the oldest known 279 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:30,200 Speaker 1: wind instrument of its type based on radio carbon dating, 280 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,600 Speaker 1: it's eighteen thousand years old. The tip of the shell 281 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:36,200 Speaker 1: is broken off, and that's something that researchers don't believe 282 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 1: to have been accidental, because it's like the break is 283 00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:41,399 Speaker 1: at the strongest part of the shell, and then the 284 00:17:41,480 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: opposite end has evidence of it being intentionally cut and perforated. 285 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,399 Speaker 1: There's also evidence that hematite was used as a red 286 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:53,719 Speaker 1: pigment on the shell for decorative purposes. It seems that 287 00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,199 Speaker 1: the shell used to have a mouthpiece. There is a 288 00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:59,679 Speaker 1: brownish residue around the inside of the tip which appears 289 00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:01,639 Speaker 1: to have and some kind of resin that would have 290 00:18:01,680 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: held the mouthpiece in place. There are also other shell 291 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:07,840 Speaker 1: horns that have been discovered that have some kind of 292 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:11,639 Speaker 1: mouthpiece still intact. And here's what I think is the 293 00:18:11,680 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 1: best sentence from the press release on this quote. To 294 00:18:16,160 --> 00:18:20,240 Speaker 1: confirm the hypothesis that this conk was used to produce sounds, 295 00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:24,000 Speaker 1: scientists enlisted the help of a horn player who managed 296 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 1: to produce three sounds close to the notes C, C 297 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:32,240 Speaker 1: sharp and D. We will we'll share a link where 298 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:37,639 Speaker 1: people can hear that on our social media. Next up. 299 00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:40,880 Speaker 1: When Edvard Monk's famous work The Scream was on display 300 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:45,600 Speaker 1: in Copenhagen in people noticed that there was faint writing 301 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:49,720 Speaker 1: in the top left corner of the canvas. Translated from Norwegian, 302 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:52,720 Speaker 1: it read could only have been painted by a madman. 303 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,639 Speaker 1: Since then, it was generally believed that a member of 304 00:18:56,680 --> 00:19:00,080 Speaker 1: the public had defaced the painting with this griffhi be 305 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 1: but curators at the National Museum in Oslo have now 306 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: studied the writing using infrared photography, which made the handwriting 307 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,800 Speaker 1: a lot easier to see, and they determined that Monk 308 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: wrote it himself, probably after it was exhibited publicly. In 309 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:19,560 Speaker 1: some of the commentary about that exhibition, was really negative, 310 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:23,560 Speaker 1: including people speculating that Monk was mentally ill, and he 311 00:19:23,640 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 1: was just particularly bothered by this because he had a 312 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: history of mental illness in his family. I kind of 313 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 1: love that it's him having his working through his chagrin 314 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: over the reviews. Moving on, restoration on Pompei's mosaic of 315 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,399 Speaker 1: Alexander the Great defeating Persian King Darius at the Battle 316 00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: of Issus started at the end of January. This is 317 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: a multi month project that's estimated to be completed in July. 318 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,920 Speaker 1: It's being managed by Italy's Central Restoration Institute, the University 319 00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:57,640 Speaker 1: of Moli's UNIMAL and the Center for Research on Archaeometry 320 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:02,400 Speaker 1: and Conservation Science. Mosaic is known as the Alexander Mosaic 321 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 1: and it was originally a floor mosaic at the House 322 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:08,400 Speaker 1: of the Fawn in Pompeii. It was unearthed during an 323 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: excavation there in eighteen thirty one. We're going to get 324 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,480 Speaker 1: to some repatriations in just a sec but first we're 325 00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 1: gonna pause for a sponsor break. We have several repatriations 326 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,040 Speaker 1: to talk about this time around. In various previous episodes 327 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: and installments of Unearthed, we have talked about the Benin Bronzes. 328 00:20:34,119 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 1: These are thousands of items that were looted from the 329 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:41,720 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Benin and what's now Nigeria during a punitive 330 00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:46,919 Speaker 1: expedition by the British and eight seven and although some institutions, 331 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,639 Speaker 1: including the British Museum, have insisted that they will be 332 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,480 Speaker 1: retaining these bronzes that are in their collections, others have 333 00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:58,359 Speaker 1: started working on repatriating them. In March, the University of 334 00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:01,120 Speaker 1: Aberdeen announced that it will return in a bronze depicting 335 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:03,600 Speaker 1: the King of Benin which has been in its collection 336 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:07,480 Speaker 1: since nineteen fifty seven, and authorities in Berlin have also 337 00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:11,480 Speaker 1: started negotiating the return of hundreds of bronzes currently being 338 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:15,360 Speaker 1: held at the Ethnological Museum. It'll be weeks or possibly 339 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:18,439 Speaker 1: even months before these pieces are actually returned. There's a 340 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,920 Speaker 1: whole process going along with this, but because it involved 341 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: so many pieces, this German effort in particular may put 342 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:30,440 Speaker 1: pressure on other institutions that have so far said they 343 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:34,680 Speaker 1: intended to keep the bronzes. In March, the FBI announced 344 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:37,600 Speaker 1: the repatriation of a steel that had been on loan 345 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:40,959 Speaker 1: to the Dallas Museum of Art that Stella had been 346 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:43,880 Speaker 1: looted from a temple in Nepal in the nineteen eighties 347 00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: and had been loaned to the museum by a private 348 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,560 Speaker 1: collector who bought it at auction in the nineteen nineties. 349 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 1: Law enforcement and the museum began looking at the statues 350 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:57,199 Speaker 1: providence after tweets by Aaron L. Thompson, who is on 351 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:01,280 Speaker 1: Twitter as at art Crime prof about statue being stolen. 352 00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:05,160 Speaker 1: The steel a was handed over at Nepal's embassy in Washington, 353 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:09,119 Speaker 1: d C. Next up, in our most recent year end Unearthed, 354 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,680 Speaker 1: we talked about a recommendation issued by the Dutch Council 355 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:16,840 Speaker 1: for Culture that called for Dutch museums to return items 356 00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:19,520 Speaker 1: that were taken from their countries of origin during the 357 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:23,560 Speaker 1: Dutch colonial era if there was reasonable certainty that these 358 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,719 Speaker 1: items had been taken by force. In January, the Netherlands 359 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:34,240 Speaker 1: approved a centralized mechanism for repatriating such looted objects. There 360 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 1: is also a four point five million euro project in 361 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:40,720 Speaker 1: the works, which is a joint effort among several museums 362 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:44,359 Speaker 1: and a university which will develop practical guidance for the 363 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:49,200 Speaker 1: museums that are holding these objects. Five PhD candidates, five 364 00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:53,720 Speaker 1: postdoctorate researchers and to Providence. Researchers are expected to work 365 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:57,879 Speaker 1: on this effort over the span of four years. In March, 366 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: officials in the US returned two hundred seventy seven pre 367 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:06,080 Speaker 1: Columbian art objects to the Mexican Consulate and no galas. 368 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: Arizona Customs and Border Patrol had confiscated most of these 369 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:14,640 Speaker 1: objects in October of there were two Mexican citizens who 370 00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:17,119 Speaker 1: had tried to bring them across the border. The rest 371 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,720 Speaker 1: had been housed at Arizona's Chandler Museum, and the museum 372 00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:25,719 Speaker 1: had reported them to homeland security investigations. And it is 373 00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:31,159 Speaker 1: really not clear why these repatriations just happened, in considering 374 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: that those confiscations and investigations started in there's there's just 375 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:40,920 Speaker 1: no information included about what it's dragged out, just sort 376 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:46,000 Speaker 1: of skips over that part. Possibly there's a reason, but 377 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:52,080 Speaker 1: I could not find it. Lastly, for our repatriations, in January, 378 00:23:52,359 --> 00:23:56,840 Speaker 1: Harvard University announced the Pebody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 379 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: had the remains of at least fifteen people of Africa 380 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: and descent who may have been alive while slavery was 381 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:06,120 Speaker 1: practiced in the US. And its collections. The Pabody Museum 382 00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:08,879 Speaker 1: has come up on several episodes of our show before, 383 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:13,040 Speaker 1: including in our recent episode on Julioteo and our twenty 384 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:17,159 Speaker 1: fifteen interview about the Harvard Indians School, which we replayed 385 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:21,840 Speaker 1: as a Saturday Classic in this announcement in January prompted 386 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 1: the Association on American Indian Affairs to send a letter 387 00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:29,040 Speaker 1: to the university president alleging that Harvard is in violation 388 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:33,160 Speaker 1: of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. You'll 389 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: see that as n A g p R a NAG 390 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:39,960 Speaker 1: pre criticisms included that the museum has failed to repatriate 391 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 1: requested items in a timely manner, and that the museum 392 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:45,800 Speaker 1: has cataloged its collection in a way that makes the 393 00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:50,680 Speaker 1: repatriation process harder. The letter also alleged that the museum 394 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:53,439 Speaker 1: had failed to consult with tribes during an inventory of 395 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:57,000 Speaker 1: its collection that took place in two thousand. In response, 396 00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,960 Speaker 1: the museum announced that it plans to adjust its repatriate 397 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:02,680 Speaker 1: a SHAM policies. And there's a lot more information about 398 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:04,960 Speaker 1: this that I think is really valuable for people to 399 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: read for themselves, including the full text of the Association 400 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:12,760 Speaker 1: on American Indian Affairs, open letter to the museum, and 401 00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,639 Speaker 1: all that can be found at www dot Indian dash 402 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:21,600 Speaker 1: Affairs dot org, slash Harvard dot html and now for 403 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:27,560 Speaker 1: everyone's favorite exhumations. On March thirty, the Spanish government approved 404 00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: a fund of six hundred sixty five thousand euros that's 405 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:34,840 Speaker 1: roughly seven d eighty thousand dollars to exhume graves at 406 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 1: the Valley of the Fallen. We have talked about these 407 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:40,760 Speaker 1: graves in our previous episode on the exhumation of the 408 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:44,800 Speaker 1: remains of Francisco Franco. At least thirty thousand people are 409 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:47,040 Speaker 1: buried at the Valley of the Fallen, and in many 410 00:25:47,080 --> 00:25:50,399 Speaker 1: cases their bodies were moved from other burial sites without 411 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:54,160 Speaker 1: consulting with their families. This is part of ongoing work 412 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:56,640 Speaker 1: to identify the remains of people who were killed during 413 00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:59,800 Speaker 1: the Spanish Civil War and the years that followed, many 414 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: whom were buried in mass graves. In other news, a 415 00:26:03,640 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: plan to relocate part of the remains of the Venerable 416 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: Cornelia Connolly has been abandoned after a public outcry. Connolly 417 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: was a nun who was born in Philadelphia and later 418 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:17,919 Speaker 1: moved to the UK, where she established the Society of 419 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:21,760 Speaker 1: the Holy Child Jesus in eighteen forty six. She died 420 00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:25,760 Speaker 1: in Mayfield, East Sussex, England, in eighteen seventy nine. Her 421 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:29,520 Speaker 1: remains had actually already been moved once from her convents 422 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,880 Speaker 1: to the chapel at Mayfield School. That happened in nineteen 423 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,440 Speaker 1: thirty five. This proposal to move some of her remains 424 00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:39,239 Speaker 1: to Philadelphia was connected to an effort to have her 425 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: named as a saint, but hundreds of people submitted formal 426 00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:46,639 Speaker 1: objections to the plan and more than fifteen hundred signed 427 00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:50,359 Speaker 1: an online petition against it. The Society of the Holy 428 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:53,960 Speaker 1: Child Jesus ultimately decided to withdraw its proposal to have 429 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:59,000 Speaker 1: her remains moved. Next the Mayo County Council in Ireland 430 00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:01,720 Speaker 1: has called on the fromits to pass a legislative bill 431 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:05,240 Speaker 1: that would clear the way for the exhumation of remains 432 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,480 Speaker 1: at the two Mother and Baby Home. That home operated 433 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,760 Speaker 1: from nineteen sixty one. The Mother and Baby Home has 434 00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: been in the news repeatedly since, and we discussed it 435 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:20,880 Speaker 1: on our previous installment of Unearthed. In out of Wedlock 436 00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: pregnancies were incredibly stigmatized, so people were sent to this home, 437 00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:28,800 Speaker 1: often against their will, to give birth in secret. As 438 00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:31,639 Speaker 1: many as eight hundred children died while the home was 439 00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 1: in operation, and this exhumation could allow their remains to 440 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: be identified and returned to families. The Sisters of Bon 441 00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:43,359 Speaker 1: Secour issued an apology in January that read, in part quote, 442 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,639 Speaker 1: we failed to respect the inherent dignity of the women 443 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:50,040 Speaker 1: and children who came to the home. And another exhimation 444 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:53,600 Speaker 1: that also connects to other episodes of our show. Officials 445 00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:56,919 Speaker 1: in Oklahoma hoped to start an exhimation of a mass 446 00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 1: grave connected to the Tulsa mass occur on June one 447 00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:04,000 Speaker 1: of this year and that would align with the massacres 448 00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:08,120 Speaker 1: hundredth anniversary. The site to be exhumed was identified at 449 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:12,160 Speaker 1: Oaklawn Cemetery in October and at the time they found 450 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:17,439 Speaker 1: evidence of twelve burials there. Funeral home records document eighteen 451 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:20,360 Speaker 1: black men being buried there, but it's possible that this 452 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:24,280 Speaker 1: mass grave contains the bodies of as many as thirty people. 453 00:28:24,920 --> 00:28:27,520 Speaker 1: There are still a lot of details to work out 454 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:31,359 Speaker 1: with this. A licensed funeral director has to oversee the work, 455 00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:34,680 Speaker 1: which requires a formal plan submitted to the Oklahoma State 456 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:38,400 Speaker 1: Department of Health. And although it's possible that any remains 457 00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:42,040 Speaker 1: that are found may be reinterred at Oaklawn Cemetery, this 458 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:45,720 Speaker 1: would likely be temporary to give the Physical Investigation Committee 459 00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: time to decide on an appropriate permanent resting place for them. Yeah, 460 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:52,719 Speaker 1: there were obvious concerns about the idea that they may 461 00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: go through this exhumation, try to learn more about these 462 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:59,640 Speaker 1: people and then like rebury them in the same cemetery 463 00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:03,360 Speaker 1: where they had been buried in a mass grave earlier. Um. 464 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:08,000 Speaker 1: So that's the idea, is that this would just be while, uh, 465 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 1: while they're trying to find a better final resting place. 466 00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:14,920 Speaker 1: In our last exclamation, this time, the International Committee of 467 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,320 Speaker 1: the Red Cross has announced a plan to exhume and 468 00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,800 Speaker 1: identify the remains of Argentine soldiers who were killed during 469 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: the Falkland's War and are now buried in the Falkland Islands. 470 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:30,040 Speaker 1: In eighteen, the Red Cross undertook a similar mission that 471 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:32,560 Speaker 1: resulted in the exclimations of a hundred and twenty two 472 00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: Argentine soldiers, a hundred and fifteen of whom were identified 473 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:40,600 Speaker 1: through DNA testing. There are still two hundred thirty six 474 00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:44,960 Speaker 1: Argentine soldiers buried on East Falkland. And as a final 475 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,880 Speaker 1: note as we wrap up this installment of Unearthed, the 476 00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:51,760 Speaker 1: vial used to administer the first fiser BioNTech COVID nineteen 477 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 1: vaccine in the US has been entered into the collection 478 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:58,520 Speaker 1: of the Smithsonian, along with a vaccination card and scrubs 479 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: belonging to Sandra Lindsay, who was the first person in 480 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:04,920 Speaker 1: the US to receive the vaccine. Lindsay immigrated to the 481 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:08,000 Speaker 1: US from Jamaica about thirty years ago, and she received 482 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,600 Speaker 1: the vaccine while working as an intensive care nurse and 483 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:14,160 Speaker 1: director of Critical Care Nursing at Long Island Jewish Medical Center. 484 00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:19,000 Speaker 1: Dr Michelle Chester administered Lindsay's first dose of the vaccine 485 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:23,000 Speaker 1: on December four, and it was live streamed during a 486 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:27,080 Speaker 1: news conference. Dr Anthony Fauci, director of the Institute of 487 00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, 488 00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:33,360 Speaker 1: has donated his personal three D model of the COVID 489 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: nineteen virus to the Smithsonian as well. That model was 490 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:39,560 Speaker 1: made with a three D printer at the National Institutes 491 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: of Health, and Faucci used it as a visual aid 492 00:30:42,320 --> 00:30:46,040 Speaker 1: when explaining the virus and its spike proteins. It's not 493 00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:50,520 Speaker 1: as much of an unearthed as a thing that's you know, 494 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:56,800 Speaker 1: now his industry. Yeah, Um, have you captured some good 495 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:01,000 Speaker 1: uh listener mail for this round? I do. It is 496 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:04,040 Speaker 1: from Kristen, and Kristen says, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I 497 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: was very happy to hear your episode on the Rum Rebellion. 498 00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:09,640 Speaker 1: I've always thought it was a fascinating part of Australian history, 499 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: and I actually suggested as a topic to you a 500 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:14,200 Speaker 1: few years ago, So I'm glad you got to it, 501 00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:18,160 Speaker 1: even if Ian got the credit, ha ha, It's totally possible. 502 00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:20,160 Speaker 1: Kristen is one of the many people who sent an 503 00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:22,120 Speaker 1: email that made me go didn't we do that already, 504 00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: when we in fact had not. This email goes on 505 00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:28,000 Speaker 1: to say I thought you may be interested to know 506 00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:30,880 Speaker 1: that a descendant of William Bly by the name of 507 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:34,880 Speaker 1: Anna Bli became the first female Premier of Queensland and 508 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:38,959 Speaker 1: two thousand seven and held the position until. Unlike William, 509 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,360 Speaker 1: she did not face a coup and was not known 510 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: for a verbal abuse. I love your podcast and hope 511 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:47,880 Speaker 1: you continue to cover the odd bit of Australian history. Um. 512 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,520 Speaker 1: Kristen included some suggestions for topics and then said keep 513 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:56,000 Speaker 1: safe over there in the US. Yeah, I have some 514 00:31:56,120 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: envy about Australia's COVID response. Uh so thanks, thanks Kristen, 515 00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,680 Speaker 1: thanks for this. I had no idea um about this connection. 516 00:32:06,760 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 1: I didn't I had obviously not really heard of ANIMALI 517 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:12,560 Speaker 1: before because I don't live in Australia, but did not 518 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:14,600 Speaker 1: know that William Bla I had to sendence you and 519 00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,440 Speaker 1: then UM, in more modern times become part of the 520 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:22,080 Speaker 1: government in Australia. So thank you so much for this note. 521 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,440 Speaker 1: Thanks to everyone who sends us email. If you would 522 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,600 Speaker 1: like to send us email, We're at History Podcast at 523 00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:31,720 Speaker 1: I heart radio dot com. We're all over social media 524 00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:34,719 Speaker 1: at miss in History and that's where we'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 525 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,920 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on 526 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:41,240 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else 527 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:49,760 Speaker 1: you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class 528 00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:52,840 Speaker 1: is a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts 529 00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:55,280 Speaker 1: from I heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, 530 00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:58,520 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.