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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,200 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads 20 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who 21 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:06,319 Speaker 2: need them to. 22 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:07,040 Speaker 1: Get home safely. 23 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. 24 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 25 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: Sometimes science comes up with the worst name for things 26 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: they discover. 27 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:27,040 Speaker 3: I know, like killer whales, which aren't killer and are 28 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:29,640 Speaker 3: not actually whales, they're actually dolphins. 29 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,920 Speaker 1: Excellent point. But I was actually thinking about black holes. 30 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:36,240 Speaker 3: Okay, that's one of my favorite space names. What's wrong 31 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 3: with black holes? 32 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:40,119 Speaker 1: It's an awesome name. But black holes aren't totally black, 33 00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: and they're not actually holes. 34 00:01:42,080 --> 00:01:47,440 Speaker 3: They're dolphins, all right. Who runs the science pr department here? 35 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:49,960 Speaker 1: I think it's run by a bunch of dolphins. 36 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 3: A bunch of killer dolphins. 37 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:55,680 Speaker 1: So long and thanks for all the fish. We're heading 38 00:01:55,680 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: into the black hole. Hi am Jorge, and I'm Daniel, 39 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:13,320 Speaker 1: and this is Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. 40 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 3: Today we're gonna ask the question what is inside a 41 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 3: black hole? 42 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:26,680 Speaker 1: Maybe the deepest, darkest mystery in the universe. But first, 43 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: as usual, we went around and asked people on the 44 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:31,440 Speaker 1: street what do they know about black holes and what's 45 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,119 Speaker 1: hiding inside them. Here's what they had to say. 46 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:38,040 Speaker 3: A bunch of destroy destroyed matter and energy. 47 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:41,680 Speaker 4: I don't know exactly what's inside, but like it like 48 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:47,640 Speaker 4: captures light, and it has a gravity so like strong 49 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:51,080 Speaker 4: that like after a certain point you can't escape it. 50 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 1: Isn't it like a vacuum? 51 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 3: The anti universe, I don't know. 52 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: Holy moly, I love some of those answers the anti universe. 53 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 3: It seems like most people kind of had a good 54 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:04,359 Speaker 3: idea of what a black hole was, right, Like a 55 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:06,840 Speaker 3: lot of people knew it was like a dense mass, right. 56 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:10,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a gravitational trap things can't escape from. 57 00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:13,200 Speaker 1: People seem to have the basics out there, right that 58 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:16,680 Speaker 1: they're dense, they're dark, and things can't escape from them. 59 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:19,359 Speaker 3: Right, But nobody knew what's inside of one. 60 00:03:19,480 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 1: That's right. Nobody could tell us what was inside a 61 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: black hole. Apparently just walking around in the street isn't 62 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:26,360 Speaker 1: the best way to get a solid scientific answer. 63 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 3: But anyway, it's a black hole. So I guess you know, 64 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:31,919 Speaker 3: before we talk about what's inside a black hole, we 65 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 3: should still recap what is a black hole? 66 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: Yeah? What is a black hole? Black Holes are sort 67 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:40,120 Speaker 1: of fascinating ideas because for a long time people thought 68 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 1: black holes were just sort of like a mathematical curiosity, 69 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: like the kind of thing that you see in an equation. 70 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,640 Speaker 1: Then if you believe that equation describes reality, then it 71 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:52,040 Speaker 1: suggests black holes might exist. But it's the kind of 72 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:54,000 Speaker 1: thing that makes you wonder, is this really true or 73 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,840 Speaker 1: it's just so sort of like a weird feature of 74 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 1: the equation, something people are not going to actually discover. 75 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 3: What do you mean like this that the origin of 76 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 3: the idea of black holes, think it was actually a 77 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:06,040 Speaker 3: theory first wasn't observed or anything exactly. 78 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: The idea of black holes came from general relativity, and 79 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: it wasn't observed for decades later. In fact, Albert Einstein 80 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: thought black holes would never be seen. He thought they 81 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: didn't really exist, even though his theory predicted them. 82 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:18,360 Speaker 3: What did the theory predict. 83 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:22,600 Speaker 1: Einstein's basic idea is that gravity is not a force 84 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: like other forces things that pull and push on each other, 85 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: like electromagnetism and the weak force. He thought gravity instead 86 00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:33,240 Speaker 1: was just a bending of space time. So his idea 87 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:36,000 Speaker 1: was any mass would just sort of bend space. So 88 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:39,039 Speaker 1: imagine like a rubber sheet. Space is that rubber sheet 89 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:42,440 Speaker 1: you put something big and heavy on it. It bends things down. Now, 90 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: if you want a marble, you roll a marble across 91 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: that sheet instead of just going flat across the sheet. 92 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:50,200 Speaker 1: If it encounters someplace where the sheet is bent, it's 93 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:51,200 Speaker 1: going to change its path. 94 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:54,400 Speaker 3: So the marble thinks it's going straight, but actually, like 95 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:57,600 Speaker 3: the rubber it's on is curved. 96 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 1: That's right. It's that the most direct path is now 97 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: curved with respect to your previous path. And that's a 98 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: tricky concept for people to understand that. It's the bending 99 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:09,800 Speaker 1: of space, and it's the sort of intrinsic bending. It 100 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:13,600 Speaker 1: changes the natural straight lines. But I love how you 101 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:16,280 Speaker 1: say the marble thinks it's going straight. Like you have 102 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: this tendency to anthropomorphize everything, like we were talking about 103 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:21,160 Speaker 1: that last time. In this case, like the marble has 104 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:23,839 Speaker 1: an opinion, like, hey man, I'm going straight. I don't 105 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:24,960 Speaker 1: care what space says. 106 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:27,040 Speaker 3: We think it's a cartoons. A cartoon is. 107 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:29,279 Speaker 1: I imagine that you look at the world and see 108 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:30,400 Speaker 1: little cartoon thought. 109 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:33,040 Speaker 3: Bubbles on everything. That's my worldview. 110 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: So we were talking about very heavy objects. So the 111 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:42,000 Speaker 1: idea is very heavy masses bend space, right, they bend space, 112 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:43,680 Speaker 1: so that when you move through space, you end up 113 00:05:43,720 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: moving through a curved path, right, And Einstein and then 114 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: some later folks realized that there are some solutions to 115 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: the general relativity equations where space is bent so much 116 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:57,680 Speaker 1: that you can imagine it's like a bottomless hole in 117 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:00,920 Speaker 1: that rubber sheet, so the things can never escape them. 118 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: And Einstein and these other folks they discover these features 119 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: the equations, but they were like, is this real? You know? 120 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: And this goes to the heart of some of the 121 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,160 Speaker 1: stuff I love, like the connection between physics and math, right, Like, 122 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:15,920 Speaker 1: we use math as a language of physics to describe 123 00:06:15,960 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: the universe, and sometimes the math takes this in directions 124 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,440 Speaker 1: where we're like, no, that doesn't really work here. The 125 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: math is not physical. Right, we'll like throw away mathematical 126 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: ideas that we say are not physical because they don't 127 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: describe what actually happens. Sometimes the math describes something which 128 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:33,559 Speaker 1: we think is unphysical, it turns out to be real 129 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:35,600 Speaker 1: and that's that's what happened here, which is pretty cool. 130 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:39,479 Speaker 3: Well, so the math predicted that if you might have 131 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:41,599 Speaker 3: a situation where we have so much mass in such 132 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,680 Speaker 3: a small space that will distort space so much that 133 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:48,960 Speaker 3: it will sort of create almost like a hole in space. 134 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, like a bottomless hole in this rubber sheet, so 135 00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:54,880 Speaker 1: that even light which travels, you know, the fastest thing 136 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:58,599 Speaker 1: in the universe, can't escape because the all the straight 137 00:06:58,640 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: line paths are closed. 138 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:03,919 Speaker 3: Now wow, so like you're still dabbed down into the 139 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:06,040 Speaker 3: hole of the burber sheet. You'd have to be pointing 140 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:07,440 Speaker 3: up basically to get out. 141 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 1: There's no path out. Yeah, exactly. You know those big 142 00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:13,080 Speaker 1: funnels they have in lots of science museums. You can 143 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: put a penny in and it rolls around, it goes 144 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: faster and faster and faster, and it jumps down into 145 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,200 Speaker 1: the hole. You can think of it sort of like that. 146 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:21,640 Speaker 1: But imagine then you're down in the hole, right, There's 147 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: no way for the penny to roll up and out 148 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:24,160 Speaker 1: of that hole. 149 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 3: Right. Okay, So it started off as a mathematical weird case, 150 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:32,680 Speaker 3: right for Einstein, and he was a smart guy, but 151 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,280 Speaker 3: he didn't think that that could actually exist. 152 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: In real life. Yeah, he thought it wouldn't actually happen 153 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: because he thought that everything spins, and because things spin, 154 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: it's harder for them to collapse. Really, you can think 155 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: of most of the stuff in the universe as sort 156 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:51,560 Speaker 1: of a battle between gravity and some sort of pressure 157 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,600 Speaker 1: keeping it from collapsing. Like gravity wants to. 158 00:07:54,560 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 3: Suck stuff together, right, crush them together. 159 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's weak, but you give it enough time, it's 160 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: going to pull things together and make them tighter and 161 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:04,080 Speaker 1: denser and denser. So you might ask, well, why isn't 162 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: everything in the universe a black hole? Like it's fourteen 163 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:10,280 Speaker 1: billion years in Gravity's had a lot of time. You know, 164 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:12,720 Speaker 1: why is the Sun not a black hole? Or why 165 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: is the Earth not a black hole? Because gravity has 166 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:18,480 Speaker 1: compressed them And the answer in many cases is that 167 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:21,720 Speaker 1: they're spinning, and the spinning provides us sort of a 168 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: rotational pressure. Think about what happens when you're standing on 169 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: a merry go round, right, somebody spins it, You can 170 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: get thrown off the merry go round, And so that 171 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: sort of rotational pressure that keeps you from getting sucked in. 172 00:08:34,559 --> 00:08:37,000 Speaker 1: And our galaxy and the Sun and the Earth, all 173 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,679 Speaker 1: these things are spinning, and it does make it harder 174 00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: to become a black hole. And so Einstein thought that 175 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:44,480 Speaker 1: there's no way you could ever see this because things 176 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: were spinning, and that we wouldn't ever actually see a 177 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:49,480 Speaker 1: black hole, it'd be impossible for them to create. 178 00:08:49,679 --> 00:08:53,480 Speaker 3: He thought gravity could never actually crunch anything down that small, 179 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:57,160 Speaker 3: because at that size things would sort of spin outwards 180 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,199 Speaker 3: more than gravity could crunch them in. Yeah, and he 181 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 3: has proven wrong, Like we actually saw black holes. 182 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:05,719 Speaker 1: That's right, and I want to talk a little bit 183 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:13,680 Speaker 1: more about that. But first a quick break. 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Right, 237 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:08,360 Speaker 1: you shine a flashlight on it, no light comes back, Right, 238 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:10,520 Speaker 1: you shine a spotlight on it, shine a laser on it, 239 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:12,559 Speaker 1: you shine anything on it. No light comes back. 240 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 3: Even if it has the sun next to it, it 241 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 3: won't bounce off. 242 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,200 Speaker 1: That's right. No light reflects, okay, and it also doesn't 243 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 1: emit any light. Now, there's a tiny asterisk we should 244 00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 1: talk about later, which is called hawking radiation. Turns out, 245 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:27,520 Speaker 1: black holes do give off a little bit of energy, 246 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:29,640 Speaker 1: but you can't really see it. So from the point 247 00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:33,199 Speaker 1: of view seeing a black hole, it's basically invisible. It's 248 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:35,760 Speaker 1: just like a black circle R. So how could you 249 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:37,640 Speaker 1: possibly see that a black hole is there? 250 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,600 Speaker 3: Well, you know, I watched that movie Interstellar, which I 251 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:43,240 Speaker 3: know could be a whole topic of conversation, but. 252 00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 1: That was your research for this podcast. 253 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:47,760 Speaker 3: That and I read the Wikipedia page for the black 254 00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:50,599 Speaker 3: Hole movie, which is a classic seventies movie. Did you 255 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 3: ever watch that movie? 256 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:53,520 Speaker 1: Yes, it did. In fact, I saw that movie a 257 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 1: few weeks ago with my kids. 258 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:56,040 Speaker 3: No way, really. 259 00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:57,920 Speaker 1: I think it was supposed to be like a response 260 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 1: to Star Wars or something, and it's much weirder than 261 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:03,800 Speaker 1: Star Wars. 262 00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:07,800 Speaker 3: According to Wikipedia, it's like the first Disney movie ever 263 00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:09,000 Speaker 3: to get a PG rating. 264 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:12,520 Speaker 1: My kids were like, why did you show us this movie? 265 00:13:13,880 --> 00:13:16,599 Speaker 1: Was this supposed to be good? Or is this educational? 266 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:19,200 Speaker 3: But this that movie was a huge part of my childhood. 267 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:21,400 Speaker 3: You know, it was like made a huge impression on me. 268 00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:23,320 Speaker 1: You saw the black Hole movie as a kid? 269 00:13:23,559 --> 00:13:24,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, you didn't see this again, you. 270 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: Might have been the only one. I don't think it 271 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 1: was very popular. 272 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:29,560 Speaker 3: No, it's huge in Panama. What are you talking about? 273 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: Huge in Panama? Yeah, I rest my case. Yeah, let's 274 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:35,840 Speaker 1: hope this podcast is huge in Panama. 275 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:40,000 Speaker 3: Let's hope we achieved that level my fellow Panamanians. I 276 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 3: hope they're listening. 277 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:43,360 Speaker 1: So how could you actually see a black hole? Let's 278 00:13:43,360 --> 00:13:45,840 Speaker 1: shift out of the fictional world and back into what 279 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: we imagined to be the real world. How could you 280 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 1: see a black hole? Well, its biggest defining feature is 281 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:53,840 Speaker 1: its gravity, and so it has very powerful gravity, and 282 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,000 Speaker 1: you can see the effect of gravity on nearby stuff. So, 283 00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:00,520 Speaker 1: for example, one of the biggest black holes near us 284 00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 1: is at the very center of the Milky Way. There's 285 00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: an enormous black hole there. It's huge. It's called super 286 00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:10,080 Speaker 1: massive and that's the category of black hole. And we 287 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:12,880 Speaker 1: can see that it's there because we see stars orbiting it. 288 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: So we see the path of stars that are going 289 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 1: around the black hole. So we can tell, oh, these 290 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,280 Speaker 1: stars are orbiting something, but we see nothing there. So 291 00:14:22,320 --> 00:14:24,720 Speaker 1: you can do the calculations. You could say, oh, all 292 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:29,080 Speaker 1: these stars' orbits are consistent with something really heavy here. 293 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: Like imagine you were looking at the Solar System and 294 00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,200 Speaker 1: you couldn't see the Sun. You could guess that there 295 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: was something really massive there. You could see, look all 296 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: these planets that are going around, and they're all consistent 297 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 1: with orbiting one thing that's really heavy, and you can 298 00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 1: even calculate its mass from the orbits and all that stuff. 299 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,040 Speaker 1: You could deduce that the Sun was here without actually 300 00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:49,000 Speaker 1: seeing it. Now, that would be a pretty silly way 301 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: to see the Sun, but you could definitely tell. And 302 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:53,640 Speaker 1: we can use that same approach, and we have to 303 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: see the huge black hole in the center of the 304 00:14:55,480 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 1: Milky Way for example. 305 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:58,280 Speaker 3: Oh, I see. Maybe that's the problem is that the 306 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:01,800 Speaker 3: closest black holes to us is at the center of 307 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:02,920 Speaker 3: the bilk Away Galaxy. 308 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:05,880 Speaker 1: No, that's the closest, really big one. It's like twenty 309 00:15:05,960 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: seven thousand light years. I think that's pretty far away. 310 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: There are closer black holes to us than the one 311 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:12,880 Speaker 1: at the center of the Milky Way. But they're not 312 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 1: as large I see. 313 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 3: But there's a theory about what they sort of look like, 314 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:19,240 Speaker 3: which is like a black. 315 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 1: Ball, right, yeah, and there's other stuff near the black hole, 316 00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,560 Speaker 1: right Like, say, for example, you have a black hole 317 00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 1: and it's near a star. What's it going to do. 318 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:28,560 Speaker 1: It's going to shred the star. It's going to suck 319 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 1: all the stuff out of the star into the black hole. 320 00:15:31,840 --> 00:15:34,480 Speaker 1: And you can see that. Also before stuff falls into 321 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:36,840 Speaker 1: the black hole, you can see it like on the way, 322 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,680 Speaker 1: you know. So for example, imagine there's like a you know, 323 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,920 Speaker 1: a hole in the sidewalk and everybody's falling into it. 324 00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,760 Speaker 1: If you notice a trail of people walking along the 325 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,440 Speaker 1: sidewalk and then nothing on the other side, you're pretty 326 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:53,280 Speaker 1: much deduce, Oh my gosh, exactly. So there's lots of 327 00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 1: black holes where you can see the stuff falling into 328 00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:58,600 Speaker 1: it because it sometimes it's like orbit once or twice 329 00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:01,640 Speaker 1: before it falls in. This thing called the accretion disk, 330 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,120 Speaker 1: which is like the stuff orbiting the black hole before 331 00:16:04,160 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: it comes in. And so a lot of times you 332 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:09,800 Speaker 1: can see that around the black hole. It's sort of 333 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: like a warning like, you know, abandoned hope, all ye 334 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,840 Speaker 1: who fly near here because you are entering the black hole. Yeah, 335 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: but that also brings up another really interesting point, which 336 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:21,720 Speaker 1: is like a black hole is not a hole. You know, 337 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,040 Speaker 1: it's a clever name and it sounds awesome, and it 338 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,840 Speaker 1: connects to the sort of geometric idea of like having 339 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:29,200 Speaker 1: a hole in the bottom of the rubber sheet. But 340 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:31,280 Speaker 1: I think most people think of a black hole as 341 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:35,280 Speaker 1: like a hole in space, like something you could fall into, right, 342 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:38,560 Speaker 1: But as you said earlier, black hole is something that's 343 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:41,640 Speaker 1: really dense, it's really heavy, it's really thick. You can't 344 00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:44,400 Speaker 1: fall into it. It's more like a black mass or 345 00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:46,880 Speaker 1: like a black rock. You know. It's like saying, can 346 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:49,640 Speaker 1: you fall into the earth, right, Like, you can't fall 347 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:52,320 Speaker 1: into the earth. You can fall onto the earth? Right. 348 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,480 Speaker 3: Well, you're sort of assuming you know what's inside a 349 00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 3: black hole, right. 350 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 1: Well, we know it's really dense, right, we know that 351 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:58,600 Speaker 1: there's a lot of stuff in there. 352 00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 3: But in terms of like space, like space is so distorted, 353 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:04,080 Speaker 3: it's sort of like a hole, isn't it. It's like 354 00:17:04,080 --> 00:17:07,199 Speaker 3: the rubber sheet analogy. It is sort of a like 355 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:09,920 Speaker 3: a three D hole. It's through a hole in three 356 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 3: D space. 357 00:17:10,840 --> 00:17:13,919 Speaker 1: Right, it's a gravitational well that you can't climb out of. 358 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:16,679 Speaker 1: But that doesn't mean that it's like empty inside. You 359 00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: can like once you go in, you can like dance 360 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:21,840 Speaker 1: all around. It's playing the room. Yeah, let's think about that. 361 00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:23,720 Speaker 1: This sort of where is the edge of the black hole? 362 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:25,200 Speaker 1: And a lot of people think of the edge of 363 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:27,920 Speaker 1: the black hole as something we call the event horizon. 364 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 3: Okay, what's the event horizon? Besides being a bad science 365 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:33,240 Speaker 3: fiction movie with Sam Neil? 366 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:35,120 Speaker 1: Sorry, the event horizon is another movie? 367 00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 3: Yes, I see you're not up on your bad science 368 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:39,840 Speaker 3: fiction cinema. 369 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:41,840 Speaker 1: Did this only come out in Panama? 370 00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:44,520 Speaker 3: No, this was a real movie. It had like Laurence Fishburn, 371 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 3: I think Sam Neil. It was like a big deal. 372 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,199 Speaker 3: But anyways, so what is the event horizon of a 373 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 3: black hole? 374 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: Yeah? So that's the point after which you can't escape, right, 375 00:17:55,720 --> 00:17:58,040 Speaker 1: if you are closer to the center of the black 376 00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:02,120 Speaker 1: hole than this, As I told, you can't escape outside 377 00:18:02,119 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: of that, there's still a possibility inside there are no paths. 378 00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:07,360 Speaker 3: It's like you could escape, so if you could move 379 00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 3: faster than light. But even if you were like moving 380 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:11,960 Speaker 3: at the speed of light, you could not escape. 381 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: But be careful because people like to say, oh, maybe 382 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: if you went faster than the speed of light, blah 383 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: blah blah. But going faster than the speed of light, 384 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:22,080 Speaker 1: that's a whole other podcast. We should do. It's impossible, 385 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 1: And so saying something like going faster than the speed 386 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,639 Speaker 1: of light is like saying like, well, then if you 387 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:29,680 Speaker 1: had magic, then sure all the rules would be off. 388 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,159 Speaker 3: So like an Interstellar when they shared the black holes, 389 00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:36,040 Speaker 3: this black sphere, that's the event horizon, right, that's like 390 00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:40,240 Speaker 3: the edge of that sphere, black circle is the event horizon, 391 00:18:40,280 --> 00:18:42,200 Speaker 3: because anything inside would just look black. 392 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,680 Speaker 1: So is this a physics podcast or a film podcast? 393 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:49,159 Speaker 3: A film sixth podcast? 394 00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:49,679 Speaker 1: No? 395 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 3: But I mean, I guess you know what. The reason 396 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:53,640 Speaker 3: I bring it up is that, you know, I think 397 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:56,400 Speaker 3: a lot of people have heard of the event horizon, right, 398 00:18:56,560 --> 00:18:59,439 Speaker 3: and the conceptually what it is you can't escape after that. 399 00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:02,159 Speaker 3: But like a representation of a black hole, that that 400 00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:05,119 Speaker 3: circle is kind of the event horizon, right. 401 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:07,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, you're exactly right. And so you would see like 402 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:09,680 Speaker 1: the accretion disk around the black hole, the stuff that's 403 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:11,760 Speaker 1: about to fall in, like what's on deck to get 404 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: sucked up by the black hole. But do you right, 405 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:15,560 Speaker 1: the black hole itself would be black, and that's the 406 00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:19,240 Speaker 1: event horizon. You're seeing the edge because you can't see 407 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:21,520 Speaker 1: anything in it. Nothing can escape it, right, and so 408 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:23,960 Speaker 1: it's surrounded by matter, which you can normally see. But 409 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: the actual black hole itself is the edge of the 410 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 1: event horizon. And that's what makes the questions so interesting. 411 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:32,960 Speaker 1: Because you can't see in there. People wonder what's in there. 412 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:36,119 Speaker 1: Einstein's original idea was that there was something called a 413 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: singularity that's a point of essentially of infinite. 414 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:41,919 Speaker 3: Density at the very center of it, right. 415 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, an infinitely small space, right, super super dense. 416 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:49,160 Speaker 1: As soon as you cross some threshold of mass density, 417 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,560 Speaker 1: then you've created this hole in the bottom of the 418 00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: rubber sheet, a gravitational well. Then nothing can escape. But 419 00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:59,520 Speaker 1: it's not necessary that the whole event horizon is filled 420 00:19:59,560 --> 00:20:01,480 Speaker 1: in with mass. I think this is the point you 421 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:03,199 Speaker 1: were trying to make earlier. There's got to be a 422 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:07,280 Speaker 1: dense core in there somehow, but it creates a gravitation 423 00:20:07,359 --> 00:20:10,879 Speaker 1: a well that's larger than that core. And so this 424 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,240 Speaker 1: is the original idea. Einstein's original idea was that there's 425 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:15,560 Speaker 1: this singularity, this really really dense point. 426 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 3: Okay, so maybe a black hole is like some kind 427 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:21,919 Speaker 3: of point surrounded by who knows, but it sort of 428 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:25,000 Speaker 3: goes out to the sphere of blackness. 429 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:26,600 Speaker 1: That's going to be the name of our band, right, 430 00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:29,280 Speaker 1: sphere of Blackness. 431 00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 3: Or my next Panemanium, bad sci fi movie. I think that's. 432 00:20:37,119 --> 00:20:39,600 Speaker 1: There's so many concepts tied together into a black hole. 433 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:42,160 Speaker 1: But I think people still wonder what's inside a black 434 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: hole because we're pretty sure that this idea of a 435 00:20:45,359 --> 00:20:50,080 Speaker 1: singularity can't be right, pretty sure that there aren't singularities 436 00:20:50,080 --> 00:20:50,960 Speaker 1: inside black holes. 437 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:54,320 Speaker 3: So not even our theory about what's inside is right. 438 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:58,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, And you know, Einstein's theory is wonderful and it's beautiful, 439 00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:01,040 Speaker 1: and it's predicted lots of stuff which seemed weird but 440 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,360 Speaker 1: actually happens, like gravitational waves. 441 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:04,720 Speaker 2: Right. 442 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:08,720 Speaker 1: Einstein predicted gravitational waves, these ripples in space time when 443 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,119 Speaker 1: massive objects slam into each other or spin around each other. 444 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 3: One hundred years before we saw them, right, or hurt 445 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 3: them as it may. 446 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, decades and decades. I don't remember the exact date, 447 00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:21,560 Speaker 1: but a long time before we saw them and the 448 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,280 Speaker 1: problem with Einstein's theory is that it doesn't include any 449 00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:27,520 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics. And that's because we figured out quantum mechanics 450 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:29,640 Speaker 1: sort of at the same time or in the decades 451 00:21:29,680 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: after general relativity. And something really important about quantum mechanics 452 00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:36,479 Speaker 1: is that it doesn't allow things to be located in 453 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:40,600 Speaker 1: infinitely small spaces. There's a basic fuzziness to the universe, 454 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:43,280 Speaker 1: and you just can't violate that, right, And so having 455 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,200 Speaker 1: a singularity like a point of matter in its zero 456 00:21:46,359 --> 00:21:50,480 Speaker 1: volume is you know, it would blow a quantum mechanics mind. 457 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:54,920 Speaker 3: Right, But I guess technically quantum mechanics is about momentum, right, 458 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:58,520 Speaker 3: Momentum has a minimum size, right. 459 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: Well, it is about momentum, but it's about actually most 460 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:06,040 Speaker 1: measurable things like time, energy, space, and momentum. All these 461 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:10,160 Speaker 1: things come in finite grains like little quanta, little basic 462 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:12,600 Speaker 1: units that you can't get smaller than. 463 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 3: But even if what if like it's infinite mass like 464 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:18,360 Speaker 3: a black hole, or like infinite density. 465 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:21,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, the quantum mechanics tells us that doesn't exist. 466 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: You know that there's a there's a finite width to everything, 467 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:29,040 Speaker 1: and so you can't have infinitely small objects. Quantum mechanics 468 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 1: says it just can't happen. Oh, something is happening in there, right, 469 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:34,680 Speaker 1: there's something going on inside a black hole, and whatever 470 00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:38,440 Speaker 1: it is, it's intense enough and dense enough to create 471 00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:40,960 Speaker 1: a black hole. You don't need infinitely small points to 472 00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:43,240 Speaker 1: create a black hole. You just need a density above 473 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:47,120 Speaker 1: a certain threshold. General relativity tells us it's an infinite singularity, 474 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:49,400 Speaker 1: but quantum mechanics says it can't be infinite. 475 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,160 Speaker 3: Right. Yeah, there's this idea that I thought was really 476 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:55,360 Speaker 3: cool that anything can become a black hole. Like if 477 00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 3: you squeeze it enough, it becomes a black hole. Right, 478 00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,159 Speaker 3: Like if somebody squeeze me in my mass into a 479 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:05,800 Speaker 3: small enough volume, I would just like become a black hole. Right. 480 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:08,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great idea. And I'm not sure like 481 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:11,840 Speaker 1: technically anything could become a black hole because you'd need 482 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:14,879 Speaker 1: to have a certain amount of mass per volume. But 483 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,480 Speaker 1: I guess in principle, if you can press something down 484 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:20,040 Speaker 1: far enough and it had some mass, then it would 485 00:23:20,080 --> 00:23:21,920 Speaker 1: be dense enough to become a black hole. 486 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:22,280 Speaker 3: Yeh. 487 00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,800 Speaker 1: And black holes don't have to be huge. Black holes 488 00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: can also be tiny. For example, we're trying to create 489 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:30,320 Speaker 1: black holes at the large Adron collider, and those would 490 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:31,960 Speaker 1: be black holes like the size of protons. 491 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:33,680 Speaker 3: That is a great thought that I don't think a 492 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:35,320 Speaker 3: lot of people know, is that black holes can be 493 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:36,400 Speaker 3: different sizes. 494 00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:36,879 Speaker 1: Yeah. 495 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:39,840 Speaker 3: Absolutely, you can have a tiny one, or a huge 496 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:42,399 Speaker 3: one or a super massive gigantic one. 497 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:44,960 Speaker 1: That's right. And basically the only thing you can know 498 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:48,240 Speaker 1: about a black hole from the outside is its mass, 499 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,960 Speaker 1: which means its size, and it's rotation, so it's whether 500 00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: it's spinning or not. And so that's why we desperately 501 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:57,320 Speaker 1: want to know what's inside a black hole, beyond our 502 00:23:57,560 --> 00:24:00,720 Speaker 1: just our curiosity. Like anytime there's something in the universe 503 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:03,119 Speaker 1: you can't it's something in your house, for example, that 504 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,439 Speaker 1: you aren't allowed to look inside, like I said, or 505 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:08,879 Speaker 1: I never look inside this box. You'd be deathly curious 506 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 1: to see inside it. 507 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,920 Speaker 3: Right, So you're saying, it's like the universe has created 508 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:16,399 Speaker 3: a box and it it refuses to tells what's inside. 509 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: That's right. 510 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:21,120 Speaker 3: Well, this is a perfect point to take a break. 511 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,000 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 512 00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, You're probably 513 00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:34,320 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, 514 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,000 Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy 515 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:41,320 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 516 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:43,920 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working 517 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 518 00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:50,600 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 519 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:53,720 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 520 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:57,240 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 521 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:00,119 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy 522 00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:03,880 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 523 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,800 Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 524 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:09,920 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 525 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:11,960 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know 526 00:25:12,040 --> 00:25:14,720 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 527 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:18,240 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense 528 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:21,080 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit 529 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:23,960 Speaker 1: US dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 530 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,520 Speaker 2: There are children, friends and families walking, riding on passing 531 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,920 Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved 532 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,159 Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our 533 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,720 Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California 534 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:39,040 Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 535 00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:43,160 Speaker 6: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio 536 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:45,600 Speaker 6: Music Festival, precedent by Capital On. 537 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,240 Speaker 3: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over 538 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 3: to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas. 539 00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:53,800 Speaker 4: Lost some special surprises at moments you are not going 540 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:54,920 Speaker 4: to want to miss. 541 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:56,840 Speaker 1: Stream only on Hulu. 542 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,040 Speaker 2: The ire Radio Music Festival. 543 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: And listen on iHeart. 544 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:03,800 Speaker 4: The most anticipated live music events of the. 545 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 1: Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm 546 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:16,640 Speaker 1: Eastern seven thirty Pacific. If you could see inside it, 547 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: you would learn something really deep about the way gravity 548 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,639 Speaker 1: works and quantum mechanics and how they're connected. Is like, 549 00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: you know, ten Nobel Prizes worth of stuff hiding inside 550 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: a black hole, maybe even an actual Nobel Prize. 551 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,040 Speaker 3: So that's the answer to the question. What's inside a 552 00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:35,800 Speaker 3: black hole is fame and fortune. 553 00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: A trip to Stockholm's. So what would happen if you 554 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:42,560 Speaker 1: try to get near a black hole? Okay, Well, this 555 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: is something you have to understand, which is something called 556 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:49,119 Speaker 1: a tidal force, and the best way to understand it 557 00:26:49,119 --> 00:26:51,160 Speaker 1: maybe is to think about what happens when things get 558 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,679 Speaker 1: near the Sun. For example. So one of my favorite 559 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:57,440 Speaker 1: examples came in nineteen ninety seven when this comet came 560 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:00,360 Speaker 1: into our solar system and approach really close to the Sun. 561 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:02,040 Speaker 1: It's called comet Shoemaker Levee. 562 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:05,600 Speaker 3: Is that the one that almost missed Jupiter. 563 00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:09,680 Speaker 1: That's the one that slammed right into Wow? Yeah, okay, yeah, 564 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:13,240 Speaker 1: it was pretty awesome to watch cosmic collisions. But before 565 00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: it got there, it got torn apart by tidal forces. 566 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,200 Speaker 3: Oh shredded, Yeah, it got shredded. 567 00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:23,160 Speaker 1: And say you're near a black hole, or you're near 568 00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:25,359 Speaker 1: the Sun or something, then your head and your feet 569 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: are not the same distance from the sun. And because 570 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:30,840 Speaker 1: gravity depends on the distance, so. 571 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 3: Like your head will be pulled in with greater force 572 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 3: than your feet. 573 00:27:34,560 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: If your head are closer than your feet, then yeah, 574 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,160 Speaker 1: there'll be a stronger force on your head than there 575 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,680 Speaker 1: is on your feet, right, and effectively that means it's 576 00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:42,600 Speaker 1: tearing you apart. 577 00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:44,960 Speaker 3: But the difference would have to be greater than the 578 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:46,399 Speaker 3: forces holding me together. 579 00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: Exactly. Like right now, you are sitting on the Earth, 580 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:51,399 Speaker 1: and there is a greater force on the on your 581 00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,480 Speaker 1: feet than there's on your head. So whatever part of 582 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: your body is on the floor right now is feeling 583 00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,479 Speaker 1: a stronger gravitational force in whatever part is elevated, right, 584 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 1: because it's further from the center of the Earth, gravity 585 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,320 Speaker 1: falls like one of her distance squared. So that's a 586 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:05,199 Speaker 1: pretty big factor. 587 00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:08,320 Speaker 3: But the difference is not enough to overcome the forces 588 00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:10,719 Speaker 3: that are holding me together. That's right, you're saying near 589 00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 3: a black hole, those differences are so huge you would 590 00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:15,240 Speaker 3: actually shred your part. 591 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:17,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, like that comet that came into the Solar 592 00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:20,360 Speaker 1: System got shredded by Jupiter and by the Sun. If 593 00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:22,120 Speaker 1: you got too close to a black hole, you would 594 00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: get torn apart before you got anywhere near it. So 595 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:27,960 Speaker 1: it's in my view it's impossible to get very close 596 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,719 Speaker 1: to a black hole unless you're incredibly strongly. You need 597 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:34,640 Speaker 1: to build an object with really really tight bonds. Right 598 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:37,920 Speaker 1: The things that are holding me together are the electromagnetic 599 00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:40,760 Speaker 1: bonds between the atoms in my body, and gravity is 600 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,080 Speaker 1: constantly tugging on those. If I'm near the Earth or 601 00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:45,640 Speaker 1: near the sun, tugging on those but you know, not 602 00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,400 Speaker 1: so hard and where we've evolved to be strong enough 603 00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:50,600 Speaker 1: to to not be shredded by the earth, but not 604 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:52,840 Speaker 1: it's strong enough to be to not be shredded by 605 00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: a black hole. 606 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,040 Speaker 3: Right, So basically we may never be able to like 607 00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:58,200 Speaker 3: go to a black hole and see what's inside. 608 00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,840 Speaker 1: Right, it's hard to imagine. I hate to say never. 609 00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:03,840 Speaker 1: I have to say ever because it prescribes future generations 610 00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:06,120 Speaker 1: intelligence and there's probably some genius out there as a 611 00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:09,480 Speaker 1: clever idea for how to do it. It's not theoretically impossible 612 00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: to be near a black hole. It's just practically very difficult, 613 00:29:12,520 --> 00:29:18,600 Speaker 1: which makes it, you know, a pretty tough engineering problem. 614 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:20,440 Speaker 1: So we know black holes are out there, we know 615 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:23,320 Speaker 1: they're mysterious, we know they contain some deep, dark secret. 616 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,400 Speaker 1: We don't think they contain the anti universe. I don't 617 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 1: believe they contain. 618 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 3: Wormholes, but you don't know. 619 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,040 Speaker 1: I don't know. No, they don't believe they contain worms 620 00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: or anything else weird. But I would love to get 621 00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:36,560 Speaker 1: to know what's inside a black hole. I don't know 622 00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: about visiting one, or seeing one, or getting too close 623 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: to one and getting shredded. I desperately want to know 624 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,120 Speaker 1: what's inside a black hole. 625 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,920 Speaker 3: Maybe inside will find my marbles. 626 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:50,000 Speaker 1: Lost for sure. All right, thanks everyone for listening to 627 00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. 628 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:53,440 Speaker 3: Thanks for listening. 629 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: Do you have a question you wish we would send 630 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:02,840 Speaker 1: it to us? We'd love to hear from you. You 631 00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 632 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:10,320 Speaker 1: and Jorge One Word, or email us to feedback at 633 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:26,760 Speaker 1: Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese 634 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:30,080 Speaker 1: into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. 635 00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:32,960 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why 636 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,480 Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to 637 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. 638 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:44,360 Speaker 1: House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic 639 00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy 640 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you 641 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,840 Speaker 1: as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. 642 00:30:56,360 --> 00:30:59,840 Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking riding on passing 643 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,480 Speaker 2: roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones 644 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 2: who need them to get home safely. Protect our cyclists 645 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:08,280 Speaker 2: and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely, California. From 646 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 2: the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 647 00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:14,480 Speaker 6: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio 648 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:16,960 Speaker 6: Music Festival, preceded by Capitol On. 649 00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:20,600 Speaker 1: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over 650 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 1: to Mobile Arena, Las. 651 00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:24,800 Speaker 4: Vegas lost some special surprises and moments you are not 652 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:26,280 Speaker 4: going to want to miss. 653 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:30,480 Speaker 1: Stream only on Hulu the iHeartRadio Music Festival. 654 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:34,560 Speaker 6: And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events 655 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:35,080 Speaker 6: of the 656 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:39,240 Speaker 1: Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern, 657 00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:40,440 Speaker 1: seven thirty Pacific