1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all were rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show. Hi, 2 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,360 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 4 00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:23,759 Speaker 1: every day. The day was April eighteen sixty eight. Several 5 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: Quakers in what was then Germantown, Pennsylvania authored a petition 6 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: against slavery. Early on, Quakers were proponents of slavery and 7 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:36,879 Speaker 1: complicit in the slave trade, but by the late sixteen hundreds, 8 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:40,880 Speaker 1: some Quaker colonists were calling the institution of slavery into question. 9 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: Quakers weren't prohibited from owning slaves until seventeen seventy six. 10 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:49,360 Speaker 1: In less than two decades after that, they petitioned the U. S. 11 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:53,159 Speaker 1: Congress for the abolition of slavery. But the sixteen eight 12 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: petition marked the first time a religious body in the 13 00:00:56,160 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: English colonies protested the brutal system. Francis Daniel Pastorius, who 14 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 1: was a German born lawyer and founder of Germantown, as 15 00:01:06,120 --> 00:01:09,560 Speaker 1: well as three other Quakers in Germantown, drafted the petition 16 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:12,880 Speaker 1: on behalf of the Germantown meeting of the Religious Society 17 00:01:12,959 --> 00:01:16,640 Speaker 1: of Friends. In the petition, the authors argued that the 18 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,600 Speaker 1: oppression of black people was just as bad as that 19 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:23,160 Speaker 1: of Quakers and Mennonites in Europe, that slavery was a 20 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:27,039 Speaker 1: turn off for potential European immigrants, and that slave rebellions 21 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:30,800 Speaker 1: posed a huge threat to the non violent Quakers. In 22 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: the late sixteen hundreds, in the colonies, many Quakers owned slaves, 23 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 1: and the Quaker slave trade was growing. Many English Quakers 24 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:44,520 Speaker 1: saw slavery as necessary to drive economic prosperity. Some Quakers 25 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:47,680 Speaker 1: had already found fault with the practice of slavery well 26 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:52,160 Speaker 1: before the Germantown petition, like the founder of Quakerism, George Fox, 27 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: He said that Quakers should treat enslaved people the way 28 00:01:56,400 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 1: they would want to be treated, and believed that the 29 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: presence of non Stian enslaved people could threaten the integrity 30 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: of the Quaker family. Some Quakers against slavery thought that 31 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:11,880 Speaker 1: the practice was in opposition to Quaker values of non violence, equality, 32 00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: hard work, and humility, and in sixteen eighty three, English 33 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:19,840 Speaker 1: Quaker Benjamin Furley was inspired by his fear of flavor 34 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: bolts to write a letter to William Penn, a Quaker 35 00:02:23,280 --> 00:02:27,639 Speaker 1: and founder of the Colony of Pennsylvania. Furley requested an 36 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 1: end to the importation of enslaved people in Pennsylvania and 37 00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:34,880 Speaker 1: the eventual freeing of enslaved people that came from other colonies. 38 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:38,760 Speaker 1: A lot of the English Quakers who objected to slavery 39 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,679 Speaker 1: did so because they believed slaves were unenlightened and dangerous, 40 00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:46,680 Speaker 1: and many Quakers were fearful for their safety. The German 41 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: Town petition, on the other hand, made the argument against 42 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:54,640 Speaker 1: slavery one about human rights and practical concerns. German and 43 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 1: Dutch Quakers weren't as used to slavery and black people, 44 00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:02,079 Speaker 1: while the English had long been relied on slavery. That 45 00:03:02,120 --> 00:03:04,480 Speaker 1: meant that slavery was more of an issue for German 46 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:08,360 Speaker 1: Town Quakers than English Quakers, because people in Germany and 47 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: Holland weren't particularly into moving to a colony where slavery 48 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: was the norm. Though the German Towners were Quakers, they 49 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: were still outsiders in the Quaker community and had a 50 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: cultural disconnect with the English Quakers. So several German Town 51 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:27,919 Speaker 1: Quakers decided to raise the issue of slavery through a petition. 52 00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:32,680 Speaker 1: They drafted, the Germantown Friends Protest against Slavery on April 53 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:38,200 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty eight. They said in the petition, now though 54 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:41,680 Speaker 1: they are black, we cannot conceive there is more liberty 55 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,080 Speaker 1: to have them slaves as it is to have other 56 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,200 Speaker 1: white ones. There is a saying that we shall do 57 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: to all men like as we will be done ourselves, 58 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: making no difference of what generation, dissent or color they are. 59 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: And those who still are rob men, and those who 60 00:03:57,720 --> 00:04:01,320 Speaker 1: buy or purchased them, are they not all like? Here's 61 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: liberty of conscience, which is right and reasonable. Here ought 62 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 1: to be likewise liberty of ye body, except of evil doers, 63 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:12,800 Speaker 1: which is another case. But to bring men hither, or 64 00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: to rob and sell them against their will, we stand against. 65 00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: The petition was first presented at a monthly meeting at Abington, 66 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:24,440 Speaker 1: where it was considered too weighty an issue to deal with. 67 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,040 Speaker 1: From there it was cased to the Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting 68 00:04:28,400 --> 00:04:31,600 Speaker 1: and the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, and rejected in both places. 69 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: Since the petition was not published, it did not have 70 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:41,080 Speaker 1: any immediate effect on slavery and society In Pennsylvania. Slavery continued, 71 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,920 Speaker 1: and Quakers continued to profit off of enslaved labor, even 72 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 1: as the authors kept protesting the institution, and other Quakers 73 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:53,279 Speaker 1: wrote petitions, but the document resurfaced in eighteen forty four 74 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:58,000 Speaker 1: when a Quaker publication called The Friend announced its rediscovery. 75 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: At that point, the abolition this movement was active and 76 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: the document gained renewed interest, but the petition was once 77 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: again misplaced and rediscovered in March two thousand five at 78 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:14,520 Speaker 1: the Arch Street Meeting House in Philadelphia. Now the document 79 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 1: whole significance as a testament to the anomalous perspective on 80 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: slavery German Town Quakers brought to the Colony of Pennsylvania 81 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:27,720 Speaker 1: and abolition overall. I'm Eves, Jeff Coo and hopefully you 82 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:31,480 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 83 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:34,400 Speaker 1: And if you like to follow us on social media, 84 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,240 Speaker 1: you can find us at T d i h C 85 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:44,360 Speaker 1: Podcast on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Thanks for showing up. 86 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:58,960 Speaker 1: We'll meet here again tomorrow. Hello everyone, I'm Eves, and 87 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: welcome to this Sad Street Class, a show that opens 88 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: the book of history and rips out of page. The 89 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:19,640 Speaker 1: day was April eighteenth, nineteen eighty. Zimbabwe was established when 90 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 1: the Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia gained independence from Britain. 91 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: In the eighteen hundreds, British and Afrikaan or hunters, traders, 92 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:33,479 Speaker 1: prospectors and missionaries from the south began moving north into 93 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:38,320 Speaker 1: the land that composes modern day Zimbabwe. By the eighteen eighties, 94 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: Cecil Roads had formed the British South Africa Company. Some 95 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: of its goals were to encourage immigration, colonization, trade and commerce. 96 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:50,960 Speaker 1: It was expected to make treaties, promulgate laws, and maintain 97 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:55,279 Speaker 1: a police force, among other responsibilities. Basically, it aimed to 98 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:59,799 Speaker 1: bring British rule into Central Africa without creating new responsibilities 99 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: were expenses for the British government. The company was given 100 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:08,880 Speaker 1: prospecting and mining rights by the Undabille king Lobanoula. That 101 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 1: meant it had mineral rights in Matabili Land and Undabilee 102 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:16,520 Speaker 1: dominated Mashona Land. So in eighteen ninety Roads sent in 103 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 1: a party of colonists from Bechuana Land, which was a 104 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:23,680 Speaker 1: protectorate in Southern Africa. They began prospecting for gold, and 105 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:27,520 Speaker 1: by eighteen ninety one Mashona Land and Matabille Land were 106 00:07:27,560 --> 00:07:33,000 Speaker 1: declared British protectorates. Over the next several years, Europeans began 107 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: to colonize the region. War broke out between the Dabilee 108 00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 1: Kingdom and the British South Africa Company in eighteen ninety 109 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: three and lasted until eighteen ninety four. Another conflict between 110 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: the two sides took place from eighteen ninety six to 111 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:50,880 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety seven. The Shona people as well joined in 112 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:55,000 Speaker 1: on this uprising against the British South Africa Company. But 113 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 1: after this conflict, the entire region up to the Zombizi 114 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: River came under the roll of the company. The area 115 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: became known as Southern Rhodesia. Colonists in the area demanded 116 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 1: representation in the Legislative Assembly, which by nineteen oh three 117 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: was made up of seven officials from the British South 118 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: Africa Company and seven electric colonists. When the company's twenty 119 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: five year charter was about to expire in nineteen fourteen, 120 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: the colonists convinced the British government to extend the charter 121 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:32,560 Speaker 1: for ten years. In ninety three, Southern Rhodesia became a 122 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:37,839 Speaker 1: self governing Crown colony. Three decades later, the UK established 123 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. It was made up 124 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The federation had 125 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 1: its own assembly and prime minister. Many Africans in Nyasaland 126 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:56,000 Speaker 1: and Northern Rhodesia opposed the federation, as Southern Rhodesia was 127 00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:02,119 Speaker 1: overwhelmingly European and racially segregated, though some groups supported the federation. 128 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: The late nineteen fifties saw the growth of movements for 129 00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:10,200 Speaker 1: national liberation as people in Nyassa Land, Northern Rhodesia, and 130 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: Southern Rhodesia began demanding independence from British rule. Pressure to 131 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:19,560 Speaker 1: break up the Federation escalated. The federation was formally dissolved 132 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:23,680 Speaker 1: at the end of nineteen sixty three. Nyasa Land achieved 133 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:27,120 Speaker 1: full independence in July of nineteen sixty four and became 134 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: the Republic of Malawi. Northern Rhodesia became independent the same 135 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: year and was renamed Zambia, but in Southern Rhodesia, Ian 136 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: Smith formed a new party called the Rhodesian Front, which 137 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:43,719 Speaker 1: promoted white supremacist policies and advocated for an independent Rhodesia 138 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:48,480 Speaker 1: governed by the white minority. By April of nineteen sixty four, 139 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 1: Smith was a Prime Minister of Rhodesia, which was again 140 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: acting as a self governing colony. After failing to get 141 00:09:56,559 --> 00:10:00,240 Speaker 1: the British government to grant Rhodesia independence under guarante he'd 142 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: white minority rule, Smith's government decided to do so itself 143 00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:08,880 Speaker 1: and published the Unilateral Declaration of Independence or u d I. 144 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:13,600 Speaker 1: After years of conflict and negotiation between Britain, the White 145 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:19,160 Speaker 1: Rhodesian government, and nationalist movement leaders, Smith was pressured into concessions. 146 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:22,800 Speaker 1: The u d I was overturned and Britain briefly retook 147 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 1: control of Southern Rhodesia as a colony in nineteen seventy nine, 148 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:29,840 Speaker 1: but elections were held in February of nineteen eighty and 149 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:34,640 Speaker 1: the country gained international recognition as the independent Zimbabwe on 150 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: April eighteenth, nineteen eighty. Robert Mugabe became the country's Prime minister. 151 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: In the following years, Zimbabwe saw droughts, massacres, economic crisis, 152 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: as well as social movements for change. I'm eve deafcode 153 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:53,720 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 154 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. And if you are so compelled, 155 00:10:57,480 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 1: you can send us a note on social media. We're 156 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:04,679 Speaker 1: at t d I H C. Podcast on Facebook, Instagram, 157 00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:07,280 Speaker 1: and Twitter, and if you want to, you can send 158 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: us a note via email at this day at i 159 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:14,559 Speaker 1: heart media dot com. I hope you all are doing well. 160 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening to the show, and we'll see 161 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit 162 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 163 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:29,000 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.