1
00:00:00,440 --> 00:00:04,280
Speaker 1: Well, Matt, we knew this was going to happen. In fact,

2
00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:06,600
Speaker 1: this is one of the first things that you and

3
00:00:06,640 --> 00:00:10,080
Speaker 1: I talked about when COVID hit. The rumors are true.

4
00:00:10,520 --> 00:00:15,360
Speaker 1: Back oh gosh, too many years ago now, we did

5
00:00:15,360 --> 00:00:20,560
Speaker 1: an episode on the inevitable rise of a global infection

6
00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,840
Speaker 1: of some sort. Uh. COVID nineteen is, of course a

7
00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: viral infection. This is about a bacterial infection. But guess what, folks,

8
00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:34,559
Speaker 1: The problem is still real. It's still out there. The

9
00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:37,880
Speaker 1: math is still out there. Enjoy the antibiotics. Why you

10
00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:41,480
Speaker 1: got him? I guess this. This one made me pretty nihilistic.

11
00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:43,800
Speaker 1: This one of the scariest episodes I think we've done,

12
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,080
Speaker 1: and it's scary because there's not much we can actively

13
00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:52,760
Speaker 1: do about it. The the antibiotic resistant bacteria is out there.

14
00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,880
Speaker 1: It exists right now. It kills people every year across

15
00:00:56,920 --> 00:01:00,080
Speaker 1: the world. And I mean my own I think I

16
00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,040
Speaker 1: mentioned in this episode my own grandfather, three years before

17
00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 1: we recorded this episode died because of an infection from

18
00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:10,760
Speaker 1: antibiotic resistant bacteria. There was a recent study in Georgia

19
00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:13,080
Speaker 1: that I don't think is in this because it was

20
00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:19,280
Speaker 1: again that found this type of bacteria existing in many

21
00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:23,959
Speaker 1: of the waterways around our city of Atlanta, which scared

22
00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,040
Speaker 1: the heck out of me. That was, Yeah, here's the

23
00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:31,440
Speaker 1: lay of the land, just going into this. For a long, long,

24
00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:36,200
Speaker 1: long time, for a couple of different factors, antibiotics have

25
00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:42,520
Speaker 1: been spread throughout the world at an unprecedented pace. Doctors

26
00:01:42,720 --> 00:01:48,360
Speaker 1: with the best of intentions would prescribe antibiotics pretty freely. Also,

27
00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,720
Speaker 1: the livestock industry, which mentioned last week, would prescribe a

28
00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:55,800
Speaker 1: lot of well not prescribed, It would dose cattle and

29
00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:59,640
Speaker 1: pigs and chickens with antibiotics. And every time that the

30
00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:06,240
Speaker 1: kind of life forms antibiotics fight are exposed to these things,

31
00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:09,760
Speaker 1: it is an opportunity for them to learn just as

32
00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:13,200
Speaker 1: much as it is an opportunity to kill that bacteria.

33
00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:17,640
Speaker 1: So what happens when the bacteria graduates, you know what

34
00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:19,440
Speaker 1: I mean, what happens when it gets to the point

35
00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:23,359
Speaker 1: where it already knows the tricks of every antibiotic and

36
00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:27,120
Speaker 1: has evolved some resistance against it. That's part of the

37
00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:30,959
Speaker 1: study that you're referencing matt in Georgia, And that's also

38
00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:35,360
Speaker 1: that's also part of the problem that has only only

39
00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:41,040
Speaker 1: intensified today. So yes, this is one of the scarier

40
00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:47,320
Speaker 1: episodes we've done in that it is increasingly a statistical

41
00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:51,600
Speaker 1: certitude that is superbug will occur. So don't feel like

42
00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:54,399
Speaker 1: COVID got us out of this one anyway. We're fun

43
00:02:54,400 --> 00:03:00,440
Speaker 1: at parties from usos to psychic powers and government conspire receives.

44
00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:04,440
Speaker 1: History is riddled with unexplained events. You can turn back

45
00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:16,200
Speaker 1: now or learn the stuff they don't want you to know. Hello,

46
00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:18,760
Speaker 1: welcome back to the show. My name is Matt and

47
00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:22,480
Speaker 1: we're gonna pause just there for a second because our

48
00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:27,520
Speaker 1: super producer, Nol the Madman Brown is not in the

49
00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:31,919
Speaker 1: studio with us today. No, but he's doing something very

50
00:03:31,919 --> 00:03:35,240
Speaker 1: important that we cannot talk about yet. But we assure

51
00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,680
Speaker 1: you it's a secret mission. And I'm Ben. You guys

52
00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:41,160
Speaker 1: know me, you're you. This is stuff they don't want

53
00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:43,760
Speaker 1: you to know. But it's not just Matt and I

54
00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,640
Speaker 1: in the studio today, ladies and gentlemen, we are thrilled

55
00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:51,720
Speaker 1: to have a returning guest friend of the show, the

56
00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:55,560
Speaker 1: should we say famous or infamous Lauren Vogelball, Yes, Hi,

57
00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:58,680
Speaker 1: you know, whichever whichever one you want. Today it's a Wednesday,

58
00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:02,320
Speaker 1: I'd say just regular fame us on Wednesday's regular famous Ever. Yeah,

59
00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:04,960
Speaker 1: you may know, Lauren from all of the places around

60
00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:07,920
Speaker 1: how stuff works, everything from forward thinking to brain stuff,

61
00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:10,560
Speaker 1: to how stuff works now to what the stuff? I

62
00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:14,200
Speaker 1: think there's seven or eight more. Yeah, essentially everything. Any

63
00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:17,440
Speaker 1: time that I can move furniture for a show, that's

64
00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:20,600
Speaker 1: basically what I do. Yes, I mean also writing and

65
00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:24,680
Speaker 1: editing and research and performance. But yeah, your passion though,

66
00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:28,040
Speaker 1: really is furniture moving related? Though? Right? Absolutely it makes

67
00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:29,880
Speaker 1: sense because you know, anytime that you can get the

68
00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:33,800
Speaker 1: pound girl on the task moving heavy things, that's also

69
00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:36,120
Speaker 1: It should also be noted that you have mastered the

70
00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:39,039
Speaker 1: art of the teleprompter. I have. I have attempted to

71
00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,440
Speaker 1: do this on several occasions, and uh, it's way harder

72
00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,599
Speaker 1: than it looks. You guys, it's a great video game.

73
00:04:44,839 --> 00:04:48,920
Speaker 1: It is. I'm gonna learn, I'm gonna become an apprentice.

74
00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,240
Speaker 1: A little a little bit of background before we get

75
00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:53,960
Speaker 1: in today's episode. This this might be interesting to some

76
00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:57,880
Speaker 1: of you. So midst the video writers here, Lauren and

77
00:04:57,880 --> 00:05:01,240
Speaker 1: I are half of the video writing team. We have this.

78
00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,520
Speaker 1: Everybody in in a job, every group has some has

79
00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:09,279
Speaker 1: some task that is no one's favorite right, whether it's

80
00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:12,480
Speaker 1: taking out the garbage, move the furniture. For us, it's

81
00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:17,680
Speaker 1: that telepoper man. It's because depending upon the host or

82
00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:20,919
Speaker 1: whom you're you're operating this for, it can be a

83
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,640
Speaker 1: real um where family show. It can be a real

84
00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:29,720
Speaker 1: pain in the pain in the nose nose is my favorite,

85
00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:34,359
Speaker 1: but substitute if you're trying to keep it clean. The

86
00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:36,760
Speaker 1: smell of the pain in the nose all the favorite,

87
00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:39,400
Speaker 1: but substitute. Okay, so I'm gonna be collecting some of

88
00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:43,800
Speaker 1: our choice quotes from this. Uh, Lauren, Earlier before we

89
00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:47,040
Speaker 1: got on the air, you had said I might get

90
00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:49,920
Speaker 1: angry about some things today. Why do you guys only

91
00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:53,560
Speaker 1: invite me to to talk about topics that anger me?

92
00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:56,479
Speaker 1: I'm paraphrasing. Ah, yeah, that's what I said, and I'm

93
00:05:56,520 --> 00:05:59,080
Speaker 1: you didn't really give me a satisfactory answer. Aside from

94
00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:02,040
Speaker 1: its fun, it makes for a better podcast. I think

95
00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:04,880
Speaker 1: it really does. Is there a reason that you get

96
00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:07,600
Speaker 1: upset about this topic or should we just bring that

97
00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,320
Speaker 1: up later? First we should do the shout out corner. Oh,

98
00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:15,360
Speaker 1: that's true. I don't get angry about shoutout corners. Good

99
00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:20,880
Speaker 1: shout ut corners. That's right, ladies and gentlemen, it is

100
00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:23,400
Speaker 1: the return of our shout out corner for those of

101
00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:28,279
Speaker 1: you unfamiliar with this. Recently we have resurrected the practice

102
00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:32,280
Speaker 1: of shoutouts, just a way to have have some of

103
00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:36,000
Speaker 1: your fellow listeners say hello to all at once. And

104
00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:38,760
Speaker 1: it's pretty simple. We can't shout out everybody, so we

105
00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:40,560
Speaker 1: can try to keep it down to like three people.

106
00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:42,800
Speaker 1: But if you're one of the first three to write

107
00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,520
Speaker 1: to us on Facebook, Twitter, email, or find me on

108
00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:47,880
Speaker 1: the street or in the back of a bar, then

109
00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:50,600
Speaker 1: just ask for a shout on who knows you may

110
00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:54,640
Speaker 1: get one, just like Joshua Woolsey from Facebook wrote to

111
00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:56,880
Speaker 1: us and said, Hey, can I have a shout out?

112
00:06:57,200 --> 00:06:59,880
Speaker 1: Huge shout out to you, Joshua. And another thing that

113
00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:01,960
Speaker 1: happens if we don't get enough people that want an

114
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:04,640
Speaker 1: actual shout out, what we're gonna do is call out

115
00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:07,680
Speaker 1: people who are just cool on our Twitter and Facebook.

116
00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:09,520
Speaker 1: So I'm doing around. I'm doing that right now. I'm

117
00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:13,960
Speaker 1: calling out Casper Parks and Hugh Lame trink Advice Yes

118
00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:19,160
Speaker 1: at Ostrak Swan for sending us those cattle mutilation little

119
00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:23,280
Speaker 1: images comic book excerpt that we were talking about with

120
00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:25,240
Speaker 1: cows doing fun things. I think one of them was

121
00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:28,000
Speaker 1: saying it was the cow returning home to the rancher

122
00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:29,880
Speaker 1: and just saying, hey man, it's okay, we're all we're

123
00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:32,080
Speaker 1: all back and we're all good. Don't have to worry

124
00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:35,920
Speaker 1: to That was not The other one was Gary Larson

125
00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:38,040
Speaker 1: and and this sounds like so much fun, I'll do

126
00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:41,840
Speaker 1: one too, so so shout out to Joe Dragoness that's

127
00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:45,320
Speaker 1: at j M D r A g U n A S.

128
00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,640
Speaker 1: I'm I apologize if I butchered your name for suggesting

129
00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:52,800
Speaker 1: the obvious and overlooked angle that perhaps cattle mutilation occurs

130
00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:56,400
Speaker 1: as a result of turf wars over grazing zones and

131
00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,600
Speaker 1: uh that this is all ultimately cow on cow violence. Yeah,

132
00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:02,920
Speaker 1: we completely missed that in the podcast. We did. We

133
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,440
Speaker 1: try our best, but we don't always get everything right.

134
00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,720
Speaker 1: We're only human, most of us, uh, speaking of human things.

135
00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:15,800
Speaker 1: That's our shout out corner ladies and gentlemen, of course,

136
00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:18,200
Speaker 1: right to us if you if you would like to participate,

137
00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,600
Speaker 1: We've got a question here. I wanted to check with

138
00:08:21,640 --> 00:08:25,600
Speaker 1: you guys before we get into today's topic, which also,

139
00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:28,680
Speaker 1: oddly enough has a run in with livestock. What is

140
00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:34,880
Speaker 1: the sickest you've ever been? Who ever? Ever? Like ever? Oh? Man? Uh?

141
00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:37,160
Speaker 1: The only one I can think of is the most

142
00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:39,920
Speaker 1: recent time that I was very sick and I gotta

143
00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:42,960
Speaker 1: I got some kind of bacterial infection and it lasted

144
00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:45,079
Speaker 1: for like a month, And it was when I had

145
00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:47,760
Speaker 1: just moved into a new place, so I'm sure that

146
00:08:47,800 --> 00:08:50,080
Speaker 1: I had all kinds of like new stuff floating around.

147
00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:53,360
Speaker 1: I'm allergic to cats. My roommate has two cats. Hilarious backstory,

148
00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:56,160
Speaker 1: but so so, you know, so there was lots of

149
00:08:56,200 --> 00:08:58,880
Speaker 1: stuff going on with my immune system. But essentially I

150
00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:03,440
Speaker 1: was just incapable of moving my own objects for that

151
00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:06,160
Speaker 1: entire month because I just couldn't. I just couldn't. I

152
00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:08,680
Speaker 1: couldn't get out of bed. The weakness that you feel

153
00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,960
Speaker 1: when you're going through that. Yeah, and as someone as

154
00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:14,480
Speaker 1: passionate as you are about moving furniture, that has to

155
00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:17,720
Speaker 1: be emotionally painful as well, right I. The toll that

156
00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:20,520
Speaker 1: it took on me metaphysically, I think is the one

157
00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:24,800
Speaker 1: that cannot be ignored. Wow, that's so that's crazy. What

158
00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:26,360
Speaker 1: what about you met? You want to go? You want

159
00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:29,000
Speaker 1: me to go? I have a story to talk about here,

160
00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:31,560
Speaker 1: but it's not necessarily about me. It's about my grandfather.

161
00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:35,199
Speaker 1: Would that would that be okay? Okay? So my grandfather

162
00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:40,960
Speaker 1: back in I guess it was late He was living

163
00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,679
Speaker 1: with my parents at their house and coming and he

164
00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:46,320
Speaker 1: fell and broke his hip. Just one night, he got

165
00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:48,120
Speaker 1: up to go the bathroom and he fell. So he

166
00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,320
Speaker 1: had to go have surgery, and they replaced his hip

167
00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,000
Speaker 1: and went really well. The doctors were worried about the

168
00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,000
Speaker 1: procedure itself, because you know, and almost ninety year old

169
00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:58,920
Speaker 1: man doing that kind of intensive surgery is a little dangerous,

170
00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:02,960
Speaker 1: but it's are not fine, and and that went really well.

171
00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,920
Speaker 1: The problem was he needed rehabilitation and our family couldn't

172
00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:09,680
Speaker 1: afford you know, in home services stuff like that, the

173
00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:13,360
Speaker 1: more expensive things that you can get for that. So

174
00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,240
Speaker 1: we had to go to a rehabilitation center. And while

175
00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,760
Speaker 1: he was there, one of the things that he was

176
00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:21,120
Speaker 1: having a problem doing is getting up and going to

177
00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,760
Speaker 1: the bathroom, something we take for granted every day. So

178
00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:30,680
Speaker 1: he required a catheter, and either through this catheter or

179
00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:35,679
Speaker 1: through some other urine mitigation method, he developed an infection.

180
00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:39,120
Speaker 1: And when he got this infection, at first it was

181
00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:41,640
Speaker 1: you know, it's kind of standard when you're in a

182
00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:45,320
Speaker 1: hospital like that to get a small infection or something.

183
00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:48,960
Speaker 1: It happens all the time. The problem was it wasn't

184
00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:52,160
Speaker 1: going away. My mom spoke to the nurse and the

185
00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:57,000
Speaker 1: nurse said, specifically, we think this may be a superbug.

186
00:10:57,840 --> 00:11:01,920
Speaker 1: We think it's not responding to any of the antibiotics

187
00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:06,800
Speaker 1: that we're giving him, and it may be resistant. Well, unfortunately,

188
00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:11,160
Speaker 1: the infection did take his life and he died on May.

189
00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:16,840
Speaker 1: But it was my first run in personally with something

190
00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:19,559
Speaker 1: like this, and I didn't think that it was possible

191
00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,640
Speaker 1: in the United States, at a good facility where he was,

192
00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:27,719
Speaker 1: that this could even occur. And uh, it really kind

193
00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:29,920
Speaker 1: of opened my eyes to this topic and scared me

194
00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:33,319
Speaker 1: a little bit. It's it's a sobering thought that this

195
00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:37,000
Speaker 1: is our topic for today, ladies and gentlemen. We are

196
00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:40,720
Speaker 1: going to talk about something that you have probably heard

197
00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:43,800
Speaker 1: of in the news and probably wondered, is that alarmism?

198
00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:47,199
Speaker 1: Is this just a ploy for more clicks or more

199
00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:51,680
Speaker 1: viewers on the part of mainstream media, And unfortunately it

200
00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:54,920
Speaker 1: is not. It's completely true. Yeah, this is two for

201
00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:57,080
Speaker 1: two of you guys inviting me on for something that

202
00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,240
Speaker 1: is actually not a conspiracy at all. It's just it's

203
00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:03,920
Speaker 1: just people sucking. Well, it's not a conspiracy theory, but

204
00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:07,880
Speaker 1: there are I will submit to you, Lauren Vogelbamba, that

205
00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:13,920
Speaker 1: there are a couple of conspiracies of foot involved in this. Oh,

206
00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:18,360
Speaker 1: no spoilers. Let's talk about disease, you guys before we

207
00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,240
Speaker 1: die of one, and we'll start with a story about

208
00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:24,319
Speaker 1: the Black Death, the Black Plague. You've heard of it before,

209
00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:29,199
Speaker 1: if you have ever, You've just heard of it. This

210
00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:32,640
Speaker 1: is not a you have history, Yes, if you have history,

211
00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:35,880
Speaker 1: that's perfect. I want to go ahead and say that

212
00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:38,840
Speaker 1: I'm going to ignore any spoiler warnings on this. It

213
00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:42,319
Speaker 1: happened a while ago. I think around then we can

214
00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:45,679
Speaker 1: we can talk about good Okay. I just wanted a

215
00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,880
Speaker 1: gut check with you guys. Boy, the ancient world was

216
00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:52,920
Speaker 1: a terrible and brutal place. Everything side Yeah, aside from

217
00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:56,320
Speaker 1: like the clothes and maybe the millinery. Um, I would

218
00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:58,840
Speaker 1: not have wanted to live in the past. Yeah. I

219
00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:01,640
Speaker 1: think it's I think we watch Bill and Ted sometime

220
00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:05,360
Speaker 1: in our childhood and then say, hey, time travel is fun.

221
00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:09,000
Speaker 1: It's probably not. We'll get into some statistics later, but

222
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,960
Speaker 1: it is it is difficult for the vast majority of

223
00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:17,560
Speaker 1: us to imagine just how filthy living conditions were, how

224
00:13:17,640 --> 00:13:21,160
Speaker 1: poor and crude our understanding of quote unquote medicine was,

225
00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:25,640
Speaker 1: and just how much easier it was to die from

226
00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:28,760
Speaker 1: what these days would be a kind of trivial infection,

227
00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:32,800
Speaker 1: you know, small little things, because you may be walking

228
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:35,360
Speaker 1: around in feces all day when you're trying to get

229
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:37,240
Speaker 1: from one place to the other out in the streets,

230
00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:41,120
Speaker 1: because you probably are, yeah, yeah, an animal feces, human feces,

231
00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:46,480
Speaker 1: all kinds. So the Black Plague, as it's commonly called

232
00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:49,800
Speaker 1: an English describes, instead of a wave of three separate

233
00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:55,400
Speaker 1: incidences incidencies, I guess, moving from a plague reservoir somewhere

234
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:59,520
Speaker 1: in the Caspian Sea area central Asia westward, and it

235
00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:02,880
Speaker 1: followed shipping routes. The Black Death is generally thought to

236
00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:07,520
Speaker 1: have arrived by ship in Europe in October of seven,

237
00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:11,080
Speaker 1: when twelve ships from Genoa docked at the Sicilian port

238
00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:14,720
Speaker 1: of Messina. And that's right after going through the Black Seas.

239
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:17,600
Speaker 1: Oh and this is a this is a spooky story

240
00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,520
Speaker 1: to tell in the dark, you know, because this ship

241
00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:24,280
Speaker 1: when it hits the docks, it's full of dead people,

242
00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,640
Speaker 1: people who are either dead or in the process of

243
00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:33,080
Speaker 1: and those who were still alive or just overcome with fever.

244
00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:37,240
Speaker 1: They're throwing up, they're hallucinating, delirious from the pain. And

245
00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:42,520
Speaker 1: that wasn't all, was it. Oh no, it gets grosser. Yeah.

246
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,520
Speaker 1: They were also covered in in these black boils that

247
00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:50,320
Speaker 1: used blood and puss and and and that is where

248
00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:53,680
Speaker 1: we get the name the Black Death from. Yeah, in Sicily,

249
00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,800
Speaker 1: the government of Sicily ordered the fleet out of the harbor,

250
00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:59,560
Speaker 1: you know, back to Genoa with you or never mind,

251
00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:03,200
Speaker 1: never mind j J JK. Well, and they probably thought

252
00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:05,400
Speaker 1: they were safe. We got rid of this problem. We're

253
00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:09,080
Speaker 1: okay now, Yeah, but that wasn't the truth yet they were,

254
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:11,960
Speaker 1: unfortunately very wrong, and over the next five years, this

255
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,280
Speaker 1: thing that we come to know as the Black Death

256
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,360
Speaker 1: would kill more than twenty million people in Europe at

257
00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:21,240
Speaker 1: the time, that was almost one third of the continents populations.

258
00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:25,200
Speaker 1: So if we were Europe, the three of us in

259
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,560
Speaker 1: this room right now, one of us would die, which

260
00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,480
Speaker 1: is which is a crazy thing. And people didn't know

261
00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:33,880
Speaker 1: what was going on. Was it a punishment from God?

262
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:39,920
Speaker 1: Was it? Uh? Foreign hordes from the like literally hordes

263
00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:42,200
Speaker 1: from the Mongol horde. Yeah yeah, I mean we wouldn't

264
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,480
Speaker 1: have germ theory for the next few centuries, so people

265
00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:49,880
Speaker 1: had no concept of what disease transmission meant. Yeah, yeah,

266
00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:52,120
Speaker 1: how are you getting it? That's that's a crazy thing

267
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:56,960
Speaker 1: to not know from living a wanton, sinful life. Maybe, honestly,

268
00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:58,840
Speaker 1: I mean at the time, maybe that one time I

269
00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:02,280
Speaker 1: danced too much at the time. That, yes, the dancing

270
00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:04,160
Speaker 1: in public, I think is where we could trace this

271
00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:09,040
Speaker 1: back to that or a bacteria that was that was

272
00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,680
Speaker 1: proven to be the cause of the plague. As recently

273
00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:14,880
Speaker 1: as two thousand ten, there were DNA studies that confirmed

274
00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,320
Speaker 1: something that have been suspected for a while, a thing

275
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:23,280
Speaker 1: called your sinia pestis, and it is common to fleas

276
00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:27,160
Speaker 1: that live on rats or rodents excuse me, from Central

277
00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:31,360
Speaker 1: Western Asia, Kurdistan, parts of India, and oddly enough Uganda.

278
00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:34,600
Speaker 1: The effects of this are seen today. According to the

279
00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:38,880
Speaker 1: historian Philip Died leader quote, forty five to fifty of

280
00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:42,480
Speaker 1: the European population died during a four year period. Uh,

281
00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:46,640
Speaker 1: there's a fair amount of geographic variation, however, in Mediterranean Europe,

282
00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,480
Speaker 1: areas such as Italy, the south of France, and Spain,

283
00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:53,120
Speaker 1: where plague ran for about four years consecutively. It was

284
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:57,640
Speaker 1: probably closer to eight of the population. That's huge u

285
00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:00,960
Speaker 1: guts Uh. In Germany and England, though it was probably

286
00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:05,440
Speaker 1: closer to only. Right and over, you'll you'll notice, folks

287
00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:09,240
Speaker 1: that there are some differences in the statistics already, because

288
00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:13,000
Speaker 1: just above it said roughly a third of the population.

289
00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:17,520
Speaker 1: But then you hear forty We're still working out how

290
00:17:17,560 --> 00:17:21,040
Speaker 1: many people actually died. That's how massive this was. In

291
00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:24,320
Speaker 1: many situations, there was no one there to count the dead. Yeah,

292
00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:26,480
Speaker 1: you had you had to know exactly how many people died,

293
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:28,479
Speaker 1: but also who died of what I mean, how are

294
00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,000
Speaker 1: you going to prove that they died of this and

295
00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:35,760
Speaker 1: not so say starvation because there was no food left

296
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:40,359
Speaker 1: point Yeah, the I guess the side consequences or the

297
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:43,159
Speaker 1: ripple effects of that. Overall, you'll hear a number with

298
00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:45,640
Speaker 1: a great range, right, they'll say seventy five to two

299
00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,800
Speaker 1: million people across Eurasia died as a result of this.

300
00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:53,040
Speaker 1: But there's one positive thing. It looked really hard. There's

301
00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:55,439
Speaker 1: one positive thing about the Black death. Yeah, I know

302
00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:58,480
Speaker 1: it sounds weird to say it, okay, silver black Death Lining, Yes,

303
00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:01,800
Speaker 1: black Death Lining. So there's a book that we've mentioned

304
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:03,520
Speaker 1: on the air before, I think, called In the Wake

305
00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:06,440
Speaker 1: of the Plague by an author named Norman Cantor, and

306
00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:10,480
Speaker 1: this is where I learned that the disease the plague

307
00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:15,920
Speaker 1: may be responsible for HIV resistance in some European populations,

308
00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:19,720
Speaker 1: especially Northern European. Oh, that's fascinating, weird. Yeah, yeah, I

309
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:23,200
Speaker 1: was just reading the other day about how worm infestations

310
00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:27,760
Speaker 1: and Viking populations were responsible for a gene that now

311
00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:31,600
Speaker 1: causes emphysema. So strange, how like like like like like

312
00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:35,679
Speaker 1: resistance to worm infestations lead to a genetic variant that

313
00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:38,360
Speaker 1: basically causes an emphasema. So so it's great how these

314
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,359
Speaker 1: ripple effects less great for people with emphasema obviously than

315
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,280
Speaker 1: people with HIV resistance, Like that's the lot of you

316
00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:48,920
Speaker 1: would rather superpower versus an affliction, yes, but but nonetheless,

317
00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:52,320
Speaker 1: Oh that that's genetically great. Yeah, it's it's strange what

318
00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:57,040
Speaker 1: happens when any population of living things is put through

319
00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:01,359
Speaker 1: uh an environmental ringer. No does some some of you

320
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:05,359
Speaker 1: may might be saying, like Matt Lauren Ben also Nolan Spirit.

321
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,359
Speaker 1: Why are you guys talking about the Black Death that

322
00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:12,239
Speaker 1: was so long ago? Move on, guys, this is just

323
00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:16,840
Speaker 1: a grizzly historical side note. We'll sit tight for a second. Well,

324
00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:20,800
Speaker 1: we'll get to that, and first let's talk about these

325
00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:23,800
Speaker 1: bugs is back here? What what do we mean when

326
00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:26,640
Speaker 1: we say a bug or a superbug? All right, you guys,

327
00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:29,560
Speaker 1: here we go. Travel with us for a moment. Close

328
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,480
Speaker 1: your eyes, no weight you're driving, don't close your eyes. Sorry, sorry,

329
00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:37,480
Speaker 1: Just pretend there's an overlay on your windscreen. Okay, here

330
00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:46,560
Speaker 1: we go. Imagine your body, peaceful eyes, hopefully years. That's nice.

331
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:52,560
Speaker 1: Hopefully there's an abdomen with guts down there. Now, imagine

332
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:57,640
Speaker 1: that this body is an entire civilization, a city, perhaps

333
00:19:57,680 --> 00:20:02,359
Speaker 1: even a planet of its own, filled with bacteria in you,

334
00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:08,480
Speaker 1: around you, they're all living inside this city. Holy smokes,

335
00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:12,360
Speaker 1: it's crowded in there. Okay, so fun fact here, there

336
00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:15,920
Speaker 1: are more bacterial cells that are inside of you than

337
00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:20,520
Speaker 1: there are your cells. Seriously. Here, here's the good thing.

338
00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,760
Speaker 1: They're much much smaller than your cells. Uh. And the

339
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:28,160
Speaker 1: statistic has recently been contested, not in peer reviewed research,

340
00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:30,720
Speaker 1: so we can't take it for for certain yet. But

341
00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:33,240
Speaker 1: but suffice it to say that we host a lot

342
00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,480
Speaker 1: of my many more than you would think or want

343
00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,520
Speaker 1: to believe. And they're way smaller than the human cells

344
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,639
Speaker 1: that make up your body. So it's not although we

345
00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,000
Speaker 1: are covered in living things and just inundated with them,

346
00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:52,239
Speaker 1: we're still you know, by volume, there's more of us

347
00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:54,199
Speaker 1: than there are that. Yeah, there we go. That's how

348
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:56,280
Speaker 1: you measure the stat Let's see, are they part of

349
00:20:56,359 --> 00:21:01,000
Speaker 1: us now now that we have created this ecosystem together? Absolutely? Yeah.

350
00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:03,800
Speaker 1: A lot of them are are harmless, working kind of

351
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:07,920
Speaker 1: you know, just alongside all of our normal bodily processes,

352
00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:10,280
Speaker 1: and a lot of them are even helpful. Yeah. They

353
00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:13,840
Speaker 1: digest food, they will fight off the bad bacteria for

354
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,200
Speaker 1: you if it's a good day. We all have these

355
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:22,920
Speaker 1: strange ecosystems or microbiomes and our guts, and you can

356
00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:26,600
Speaker 1: hear very interesting podcasts by some of our peers are

357
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:31,160
Speaker 1: colleagues about the so called fecal transplants, which are real thing. Yeah. Yeah,

358
00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:33,960
Speaker 1: As it turns out, the microbiomes and our guts have

359
00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:36,640
Speaker 1: a lot to do with our mental health, with our

360
00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:39,280
Speaker 1: immune systems, with all kinds of systems that you you

361
00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:52,720
Speaker 1: wouldn't expect gut bacteria to be influencing guys. Really quick,

362
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:54,399
Speaker 1: fun fact that I learned from having a baby. I

363
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,639
Speaker 1: didn't have the baby, but from having a baby, you

364
00:21:57,680 --> 00:22:01,240
Speaker 1: were like you were like a producer sergin to sorts. Yeah,

365
00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:04,680
Speaker 1: So when when you're a baby and you're being breast fed,

366
00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:08,600
Speaker 1: the substance that you are fed prior to actually getting

367
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,280
Speaker 1: milk is is the stuff that creates and coats the

368
00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:16,600
Speaker 1: inside of your lining. It creates your basically the little

369
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:19,199
Speaker 1: biomes of bacteria that lives inside of you because you're

370
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:21,639
Speaker 1: getting it from your parents, from your mother, which is

371
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,960
Speaker 1: kind of cool. Isn't that weird to think about bacterial transfer?

372
00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:28,240
Speaker 1: Bacterial transferred and it's on purpose and we have to

373
00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:30,720
Speaker 1: do it or else there are issues, they're bad things

374
00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:34,400
Speaker 1: that happen. There's also research into how baby is born

375
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:39,080
Speaker 1: via cesarean section are missing out on some vaginal microbiomes stuff,

376
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:41,919
Speaker 1: and so so researchers are starting to just kind of

377
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,200
Speaker 1: just kind of swab that right on the baby after

378
00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,639
Speaker 1: it's born by Syrian section, therefore giving these amazing like

379
00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:54,399
Speaker 1: life saving, lifelong benefits benefits. Yea, Yeah, like the exterior

380
00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:57,600
Speaker 1: bacterias on your skin and stuff like that. Wow, that's crazy,

381
00:22:57,640 --> 00:23:01,920
Speaker 1: that's fascinating. So we are taking pains, of course, folks,

382
00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:05,359
Speaker 1: to show that bacteria is not all bad. It gets

383
00:23:05,359 --> 00:23:08,399
Speaker 1: a bad rap, it's not all bad, but uh, it

384
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,080
Speaker 1: is responsible for your farts. So as we have a

385
00:23:12,119 --> 00:23:15,160
Speaker 1: brain stuff video about it which ends on an oddly

386
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,720
Speaker 1: philosophical note where it's like, Oh, it's not really you farting,

387
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,520
Speaker 1: it's all this stuff inside of you that's producing this,

388
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,680
Speaker 1: which makes you think, like, who are we farting inside

389
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:28,120
Speaker 1: of you? Know what I mean? If we're the bacteria. Anyway,

390
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,280
Speaker 1: check it out if you want. It's free on YouTube.

391
00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:33,760
Speaker 1: But I say that because it's time for us to

392
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:37,399
Speaker 1: take a turn. We've talked about the good bacteria. What

393
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:40,800
Speaker 1: about the other side. Uh, yeah, there's there's a lot

394
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:45,720
Speaker 1: of pathogenic a k A disease producing bacteria that can

395
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:49,359
Speaker 1: cause infections anywhere in your body that you have body

396
00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,560
Speaker 1: parts basically um and and and A note here which

397
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,080
Speaker 1: will get more important as we go deeper into this

398
00:23:55,119 --> 00:23:58,640
Speaker 1: conversation about how tricky it is to fight off harmful bacteria.

399
00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,679
Speaker 1: UM specie is of bacteria don't fall into two simple

400
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:07,159
Speaker 1: binary categories of pathogenic versus non pathogenic. And we know

401
00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:10,560
Speaker 1: this because we've seen bacteria species that were previously harmless

402
00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:14,560
Speaker 1: turn pathogenic inside of a host. So it's an on

403
00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:18,560
Speaker 1: off switch in each individual bacterium that depends on a

404
00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:21,400
Speaker 1: number of factors that the conditions in the host and

405
00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:24,359
Speaker 1: the health and welfare of the rest of the colony. Primarily,

406
00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:28,639
Speaker 1: to put it simply, and also kind of scarily, bacteria

407
00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,080
Speaker 1: that have the capacity to be pathogenic can lie dormant.

408
00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:35,920
Speaker 1: What I imagined when when you're saying this is that

409
00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:41,439
Speaker 1: there are these tiny little microscopic sleeper cells of of terrorists,

410
00:24:42,040 --> 00:24:45,879
Speaker 1: like these these bacterium terrorists that are just waiting to

411
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:48,160
Speaker 1: be activated, and when they get the call, they're they're

412
00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:53,040
Speaker 1: they're opportunistic. It's it's really incredible from a evolution standpoint

413
00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:55,879
Speaker 1: and really terrifying from a human person walking around with

414
00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:59,280
Speaker 1: these like hypothetical ticking time bombs kind of standpoint. Oh,

415
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,920
Speaker 1: and in addition to a bacteria colonies pathogenic state, you've

416
00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:06,160
Speaker 1: also got another qualifier that you can apply here, and

417
00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:10,720
Speaker 1: that's the colonies virulence, which is like how revved up

418
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:14,240
Speaker 1: the colon the colony is about making you sick um.

419
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,960
Speaker 1: So where pathogenicity is whether bacteria make you sick or not,

420
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:23,000
Speaker 1: virulence is how sick pathogenic bacteria make you. Okay, I

421
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,520
Speaker 1: see so like a sore throat or pneumonia. Sure, yeah,

422
00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:29,400
Speaker 1: I'm picking those throughout the air for the sake of argument.

423
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:33,720
Speaker 1: It's amazing that we have as a species survived long

424
00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:39,359
Speaker 1: enough to learn so much about this, this ancient supervillain.

425
00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:43,120
Speaker 1: Really that our species has been in a war. Uh,

426
00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:45,840
Speaker 1: and now we know that bacteria have also pulled a

427
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:49,200
Speaker 1: benedict arnold at times and switch sides. Well, it doesn't

428
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:51,640
Speaker 1: benefit them to kill us off, so it's it's really

429
00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:54,679
Speaker 1: it's really a genetic flaw in bacteria. If they're killing us, well,

430
00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:57,960
Speaker 1: they probably don't need us all though, because they could

431
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,600
Speaker 1: live in other animals as well, right, especially if there

432
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,040
Speaker 1: are other bacteria that it is helpful when the host

433
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,000
Speaker 1: dies so that there can be movement or something. And

434
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,119
Speaker 1: then that's wow, that doesn't make any sense when I

435
00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:11,960
Speaker 1: think about But there are so many other things that

436
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,000
Speaker 1: take advantage of a being when it dies and it's

437
00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,560
Speaker 1: being broken down and how much food is created. Their

438
00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,480
Speaker 1: opportunistic is probably the word of the week for our

439
00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:24,840
Speaker 1: podcasts here. So let's we we talked about the good,

440
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:27,480
Speaker 1: we talked about the bad, Let's talk about the ugly.

441
00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 1: In the early nine we didn't really have any any

442
00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:39,400
Speaker 1: efficacious or effective medicines against things like common germs. So

443
00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:42,560
Speaker 1: there were traditional treatments that we can talk about, but

444
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:47,640
Speaker 1: there their efficiency was not It was nowhere near the

445
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:50,560
Speaker 1: pills that your doctor will give you today, even though

446
00:26:50,560 --> 00:26:53,160
Speaker 1: the body has this great immune system that can fight

447
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:58,440
Speaker 1: off infections, sometimes the germs, there's some serious heavyweights. Right,

448
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:03,960
Speaker 1: We've got some frightening statistics here too. Right, Yeah, before antrobiotics,

449
00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,040
Speaker 1: you had a very good chance of dying if you

450
00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:12,080
Speaker 1: got something like bacterial meningitis. Of the children who got

451
00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:15,119
Speaker 1: it died, and among those children who lived, most of

452
00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:19,120
Speaker 1: them had some kind of long lasting effects, anything from

453
00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:23,640
Speaker 1: different disabilities to deafness to even mental mental retardation, which

454
00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:25,880
Speaker 1: to me would be a fate worse than death. Honestly,

455
00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:30,360
Speaker 1: you know, I I can't imagine having a kid and

456
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:34,200
Speaker 1: having a disease where they say your child survived, will

457
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,040
Speaker 1: no longer be able to hear you, maybe even understand

458
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:40,359
Speaker 1: who you are. Is that living? I don't know. Strep

459
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,199
Speaker 1: throat I used to get strepped throat all the time.

460
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:43,560
Speaker 1: When I was a kid, it was a time of

461
00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:46,280
Speaker 1: fatal disease. Did you guys ever have strepped throat or

462
00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:49,800
Speaker 1: ear infections? Stuff like infections? I had about like once

463
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,960
Speaker 1: a year. Yeah. Yeah, we are not suited for time

464
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,160
Speaker 1: travel with friends unless we have some sort of protective gear.

465
00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:59,000
Speaker 1: I think the bubble boy suit, yeah, or a space

466
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,560
Speaker 1: suit from NASA. But they won't sell those two civilians

467
00:28:02,119 --> 00:28:04,600
Speaker 1: they gave it. They gave one. They gave one kid

468
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:06,560
Speaker 1: who actually did have to live in a bubble because

469
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,400
Speaker 1: of this terrible immune disorder. They gave him a kind

470
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,600
Speaker 1: of a space suit. But they won't. You can email

471
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,840
Speaker 1: them if you want. Have you been email them? I

472
00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: did email them before and asked, uh they they said no,

473
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:22,080
Speaker 1: But there's nothing wrong with trying. Here's the thing though,

474
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,520
Speaker 1: these ear infections. If we were to travel back into

475
00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:29,520
Speaker 1: the past, um you, Lauren, you, Matt Noel, you listeners.

476
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:31,080
Speaker 1: If we all went back in the past for some

477
00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: kind of time travel party and we got an ear

478
00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,879
Speaker 1: infection and we didn't have any treatment for it, it

479
00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 1: could spread from the ear to your brain. Yeah, well

480
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:44,280
Speaker 1: that's that's terrible. And then other and Let's not forget

481
00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:47,600
Speaker 1: the serious infections are still around there still to bergut losis, pneumonia,

482
00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:51,680
Speaker 1: whooping cough, and they are caused by these bacteria that are,

483
00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:56,000
Speaker 1: like Lauren said earlierly, they're virulent, They reproduce at an

484
00:28:56,040 --> 00:29:01,280
Speaker 1: extraordinary pace, and they can easily We'll they'll make you

485
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:04,840
Speaker 1: very sick, but they could also plausibly just cause you

486
00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:07,840
Speaker 1: to die. Game over, man. Okay, so let's talk about

487
00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:10,400
Speaker 1: bacteria for a little bit. Guys, let's get to know them.

488
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:13,200
Speaker 1: These people that were kind of vilifying here, what are

489
00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:17,080
Speaker 1: they like? Well, you can if you look at a bacteria,

490
00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:21,160
Speaker 1: ben let's imagine that their real estate agents. For them,

491
00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:26,040
Speaker 1: it's all about location, location, location. They just need to

492
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:29,360
Speaker 1: find a place where they can that they can eat,

493
00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:33,479
Speaker 1: where they can reproduce. And guess what, uh, they're not

494
00:29:33,560 --> 00:29:38,520
Speaker 1: doing any kind of the They reproduce a sexually. Oh yeah, yeah,

495
00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:41,000
Speaker 1: so your your gut is not full of a bunch

496
00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:44,600
Speaker 1: of tiny creatures that are just sexual congress inside of

497
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:49,120
Speaker 1: you making love. No, well, not bacteria anyway, not bacteria anyway. Yeah,

498
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:52,760
Speaker 1: that's true. They can reproduce very very quickly, though. The

499
00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:56,800
Speaker 1: bacteria cat in in the right conditions a warm, moist place,

500
00:29:56,880 --> 00:30:00,400
Speaker 1: bacteria can reproduce like every twenty minutes, which means you

501
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:03,640
Speaker 1: start with one and in an hour you could have eight.

502
00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: Scale that across the thousands and millions of creatures, and

503
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,720
Speaker 1: bacteria can of course damage you in a number of ways,

504
00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:13,840
Speaker 1: poisoning your food, entering your body through the air, and

505
00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:18,520
Speaker 1: animal bite an awkward high five, you know, seriously, skin

506
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,640
Speaker 1: to skin contact, door knob sometimes well, well, touching a

507
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,520
Speaker 1: door knob and having either a cut on your skin

508
00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:30,000
Speaker 1: or immediately putting your dirty, dirty hand against one of

509
00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:33,719
Speaker 1: your mucous membranes. Don't do that. Don't do that. Do

510
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:38,520
Speaker 1: people do that? Uh? Probably more than you would think. Actually, yeah,

511
00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:41,560
Speaker 1: I always judge people if I'm in the restroom and

512
00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:44,360
Speaker 1: I hear them leave without washing their hands. I know

513
00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:47,800
Speaker 1: to some degree it's just this ritualized thing that we have.

514
00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:51,520
Speaker 1: All we have all as a society convinced ourselves will

515
00:30:51,560 --> 00:30:54,680
Speaker 1: make people safer and it's better than nothing. But still

516
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:57,440
Speaker 1: I judge you if I if I if I don't

517
00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:01,000
Speaker 1: hear just at least like run your hand. Yes, if

518
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,800
Speaker 1: I don't even hear the water turn on, then judgment

519
00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:06,840
Speaker 1: is coming your way. Luckily, even if you don't wash

520
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:09,160
Speaker 1: your hands because you have some I don't know, weird

521
00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:12,240
Speaker 1: thing in your past, we have something else that can

522
00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:16,800
Speaker 1: help you. It's a nifty group of substances called antibiotics,

523
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 1: the Michael Jordan's medicine do yes, perfect? So so what

524
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,880
Speaker 1: are these? What? What? What's the deal with antibiotics? Well,

525
00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:27,920
Speaker 1: these are chemical substances. You may have heard of. One

526
00:31:27,960 --> 00:31:31,960
Speaker 1: of the most popular penicillin, which is derived from fungus

527
00:31:32,120 --> 00:31:35,320
Speaker 1: or some other micro organism. And when they're administered in

528
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:39,520
Speaker 1: dilute solutions. You, guys, these things are able to destroy

529
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:44,000
Speaker 1: other micro organisms, which is extremely helpful our targets in

530
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:47,400
Speaker 1: this case bacteria um. And if we're gonna be technical, guys,

531
00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:51,520
Speaker 1: the best group description for these things would be anti microbials,

532
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,600
Speaker 1: though the term antibiotic is used most often. Hey, what's

533
00:31:55,640 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: the difference, you might be asking, great question. Well, anti

534
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,360
Speaker 1: microbials can describe a ver idea of things. There are

535
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:05,840
Speaker 1: antiseptics that's applied to living tissue to prevent infection, often

536
00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:09,880
Speaker 1: during a surgery. Right, Uh, there's this. Their disinfectants like

537
00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:15,560
Speaker 1: bleach oh yeah, which just non selectively kill all the things. Yeah,

538
00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:19,640
Speaker 1: use on non living substances to prevent the spread of infection.

539
00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:25,280
Speaker 1: And finally, the heroes of our story, uh, antibiotics, which

540
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:29,000
Speaker 1: kill the nasty micro organisms inside your body. Once upon

541
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,680
Speaker 1: a time, this term was only used to describe, you know,

542
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:35,600
Speaker 1: the natural stuff, the moldy bread, things like that. Nowadays

543
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:39,800
Speaker 1: it's also used to describe synthetic antibiotics. Um, let's say

544
00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:43,960
Speaker 1: about the discovery of antibiotics, we have some myths to bust. Well, yes,

545
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:46,880
Speaker 1: depending on your age and the country of your origin,

546
00:32:46,960 --> 00:32:49,720
Speaker 1: you've probably heard all kinds of fun myths about how

547
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,480
Speaker 1: antibiotics came about, especially from when you're in school, especially

548
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:57,280
Speaker 1: young age school. Western Europeans were for a long time

549
00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:03,280
Speaker 1: thought to be credited with the discover of antibiotics. However, yeah, well,

550
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:06,640
Speaker 1: it may be true that various civilizations, including areas of

551
00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:12,280
Speaker 1: Western Europe, discovered these substances independently. It is incredibly difficult.

552
00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:14,880
Speaker 1: I'm gonna double down actually and say that is impossible

553
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:19,720
Speaker 1: to really nail down who discovered what first. Why, Because

554
00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:23,280
Speaker 1: not only are antibiotics one of the most effective medicines

555
00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:26,400
Speaker 1: in human history, they're also one of the oldest, like

556
00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:30,040
Speaker 1: super ol. We have no idea traces of stuff like

557
00:33:30,080 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: tetracycling have been found in human skeletal remains in the

558
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:37,920
Speaker 1: ancient Sudanese Nubia dating back to three hundred fifty to

559
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:43,640
Speaker 1: fifty c e. What yah, and before penicillin. That is

560
00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:47,760
Speaker 1: so from before pennicilla. That's before there was even really

561
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:52,640
Speaker 1: a calendar that would apply to something we could understand,

562
00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,240
Speaker 1: you know what I mean. Yeah, And traces of the

563
00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:59,040
Speaker 1: same substance were found in bones from the Docta Oasis

564
00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:03,120
Speaker 1: in Egypt. And we we know that we can find

565
00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 1: this substance tetracycling easier than any other ancient biotics because

566
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,879
Speaker 1: it has a unique structure. But despite the fact that

567
00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:14,000
Speaker 1: that's our um, you know, that's our smoking gun, that's

568
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,719
Speaker 1: our solid proof, there's so much other stuff there. There's

569
00:34:17,760 --> 00:34:21,960
Speaker 1: strong evidence the ancient civilizations across the world independently discovered

570
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:24,799
Speaker 1: some sort of local antibiotics. Yeah. I heard something about

571
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,720
Speaker 1: the red soil in Jordan's Yeah, still in use today.

572
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:31,279
Speaker 1: It's a cheaper alternative than a pharmacy trip and and

573
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,480
Speaker 1: some kind of herb that was used in ancient China. Yeah, yeah,

574
00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,800
Speaker 1: artemissen and uh, it's I'm not gonna try to butcher

575
00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:41,520
Speaker 1: the mandarin for it, but it was used for thousands

576
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,120
Speaker 1: of years. It also has antibiotic properties, and we know

577
00:34:45,200 --> 00:34:49,160
Speaker 1: that ancient antibiotic use has affected the genetic structure of

578
00:34:49,280 --> 00:34:54,640
Speaker 1: human beings. That sounds crazy, I know, you, me, everyone,

579
00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:58,120
Speaker 1: we know, you listening, everyone you know probably in some

580
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:04,520
Speaker 1: way affected our Our genes are like um our genes are. Yeah, yeah,

581
00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:08,040
Speaker 1: that's the perfect word. So we usually associate we live

582
00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:11,719
Speaker 1: now and in the later part of the age of

583
00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:16,239
Speaker 1: antibiotics currently, and we usually associate the beginning of this

584
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:22,239
Speaker 1: with two people, primarily Paul Airlick and Alexander Fleming. Now

585
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:25,840
Speaker 1: this was also before penicillin, but not so much before penicilla,

586
00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:29,120
Speaker 1: not so much before. So Hairlick's idea of this magic

587
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:34,040
Speaker 1: bullet that selectively targets only these disease causing microbes and

588
00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:37,200
Speaker 1: not the host itself was based on this observation that

589
00:35:37,360 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 1: aneline and other synthetic dies which first became available around

590
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,920
Speaker 1: that time, could stain specific microbes but not some of

591
00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:48,600
Speaker 1: the others. And that's that's a pretty huge discovery. And

592
00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:51,440
Speaker 1: he said, well, what about these chemical compounds. Could we

593
00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:54,959
Speaker 1: synthesize something that would be able to exert this full

594
00:35:55,040 --> 00:36:00,560
Speaker 1: action exclusively on a parasite harboring within an organism. So

595
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,480
Speaker 1: they did this large scale screen program in nineteen o four,

596
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:06,680
Speaker 1: and it was so gross. They were trying to find

597
00:36:06,719 --> 00:36:10,279
Speaker 1: a cure for syphilis, which was a big deal. I mean,

598
00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: it's a problem. It's still like not a vacation, I'm sure, sure,

599
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:16,560
Speaker 1: but it was a much bigger problem at that time, certainly,

600
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,400
Speaker 1: and the treatment for it at the time was pretty crummy.

601
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,560
Speaker 1: It would they would treat you with inorganic mercury salts

602
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,600
Speaker 1: and had terrible side effects, and it didn't work that well.

603
00:36:28,320 --> 00:36:32,959
Speaker 1: It was just you'd still probably go insane and then die, right, yes,

604
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:36,080
Speaker 1: you would. Was it was it Nietzsche who had syphilis?

605
00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:39,200
Speaker 1: I mean probably, there are a lot of historical figures

606
00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:43,360
Speaker 1: that either on the surface or under the table, had syphilis.

607
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:47,200
Speaker 1: So in his laboratory, together with some other chemists, uh

608
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:51,200
Speaker 1: Earl synthesized hundreds of derivatives of this highly toxic drug

609
00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:54,680
Speaker 1: called a toxical and a burst of creativity and tested

610
00:36:54,760 --> 00:37:00,000
Speaker 1: it in rabbits that were infected with syphilis. Over go over,

611
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,719
Speaker 1: we're again hundreds and hundreds of times. I don't think

612
00:37:02,719 --> 00:37:05,359
Speaker 1: I realized until right this very moment, that rabbits could

613
00:37:05,360 --> 00:37:07,840
Speaker 1: get syphilis, and I'm so I don't even like rabbits,

614
00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:10,280
Speaker 1: and I'm so sad for rabbits right now. It's strange

615
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:14,239
Speaker 1: that there's some animals that can get diseases that humans have,

616
00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:18,960
Speaker 1: like leprosy is big for humans, and armadillos that I

617
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:21,680
Speaker 1: know they have enough of a tough time. I always

618
00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:24,520
Speaker 1: thought it was strange that humans use rabbits for testing,

619
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:26,319
Speaker 1: but yeah, it makes a lot of sense when you

620
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:29,759
Speaker 1: look at what they can and cannot get compared to humans. Yeah,

621
00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:33,080
Speaker 1: there's similarities that are good for testing, if not if

622
00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:35,440
Speaker 1: not ethical, I guess he goes to the question, you

623
00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:39,919
Speaker 1: know how many rabbits you're willing to kill to save? Well,

624
00:37:39,960 --> 00:37:42,880
Speaker 1: in this case it was hundreds, yes, yes, yes, in

625
00:37:42,920 --> 00:37:45,360
Speaker 1: this case it was hundreds. Right now, let's go to

626
00:37:45,680 --> 00:37:49,759
Speaker 1: nineteen o nine. Thank you, Ben. It's not the same

627
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:52,920
Speaker 1: without Nolan. I know where is he. I hope he

628
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:56,120
Speaker 1: gets back from that secret mission soon. Maybe he'll like

629
00:37:56,280 --> 00:38:01,279
Speaker 1: find this that we're recording and then putting in some

630
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:07,279
Speaker 1: the al and we won't even know that's true. I

631
00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:10,800
Speaker 1: guess we are kind of time traveling, aren't we. Yes, okay, everybody,

632
00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:13,920
Speaker 1: let's uh, let's right now in the middle of the podcast.

633
00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:17,799
Speaker 1: Let's everyone clap their hands. No, don't do that, snap her, No,

634
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,399
Speaker 1: don't do that. Um close your eyes again. No, date,

635
00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:29,239
Speaker 1: don't a single eye simultaneously. On three, everybody wink a

636
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:32,240
Speaker 1: single eye and hopefully that will make NOL put something

637
00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:44,239
Speaker 1: right here. One two. Oh, he did it. I didn't

638
00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:48,480
Speaker 1: even have to say okay. So now that we're in

639
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:52,520
Speaker 1: nine nine, you guys, these guys came across this compound

640
00:38:52,719 --> 00:38:56,680
Speaker 1: in the six hundred series of testing on these rabbits,

641
00:38:57,480 --> 00:39:01,480
Speaker 1: thus numbered six O six, which cure syphilis infected rabbits

642
00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,920
Speaker 1: and showed significant promise promise for the treatment of patients

643
00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:09,800
Speaker 1: with this venereal disease syphilis in limited trials on humans.

644
00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:13,400
Speaker 1: So not only did the rabbits go, hey, this worked

645
00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:17,880
Speaker 1: on me, thanks guys, rabbit rabbits noises, and then the humans.

646
00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:20,239
Speaker 1: I mean, it's incredible. It worked on rabbits and it's

647
00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:23,360
Speaker 1: working on humans. And despite the despite the fact that

648
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,680
Speaker 1: it was a pain in the tuckus, uh, there was

649
00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:30,400
Speaker 1: a there was a tremendous need for this drug, and

650
00:39:30,440 --> 00:39:33,600
Speaker 1: it became the most frequently prescribed drug under the name

651
00:39:33,880 --> 00:39:37,640
Speaker 1: salver san just way better than a toxil uh. And

652
00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:40,040
Speaker 1: it was the it was the number one. It was

653
00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:42,799
Speaker 1: the king of the hill drug cells wise until the

654
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:47,600
Speaker 1: arrival of penicillin in the nineteen forties. Weirdly enough, with

655
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,759
Speaker 1: salver San uh, people still don't know what they call

656
00:39:50,840 --> 00:39:54,440
Speaker 1: the mode of action. We're not a hundred million percent

657
00:39:54,520 --> 00:39:59,840
Speaker 1: sure how it works. It just it just yeah. So

658
00:40:00,239 --> 00:40:04,600
Speaker 1: talked about a lucky lucky break um. Penicillin though is

659
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:08,520
Speaker 1: now penicillin is like the main it's the beyond that,

660
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:10,520
Speaker 1: the destiny. I mean it's pretty I mean it's pretty big.

661
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,480
Speaker 1: I mean you've probably heard of it. Yeah, so penicillin.

662
00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:17,760
Speaker 1: In the nineteen twenties, a British scientists named Alexander Fleming,

663
00:40:17,840 --> 00:40:21,320
Speaker 1: which we've done some shows on for Stuff of Genius.

664
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,359
Speaker 1: Maybe maybe we've you've heard about it on a few

665
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:27,560
Speaker 1: of our other Pure podcasts. He was working at a

666
00:40:27,640 --> 00:40:31,760
Speaker 1: lab in St. Mary's when he discovered a naturally growing

667
00:40:31,840 --> 00:40:37,200
Speaker 1: substance that could attack certain bacteria. So there was mold

668
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,760
Speaker 1: growing on the same plate re peach tree dish as

669
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:47,000
Speaker 1: a colony of something called Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and this

670
00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:52,359
Speaker 1: is These guys are jerks, super jerks, not nice at all. Uh,

671
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:54,640
Speaker 1: do you have pimples? Might be them. You've got boils,

672
00:40:54,719 --> 00:40:57,960
Speaker 1: might be them. Pneumonia, meningitis might be them. The rap

673
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:03,160
Speaker 1: sheet is yes, exactly. So he found that this mold

674
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:06,360
Speaker 1: made a substance that could dissolve this bacteria, and he

675
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,960
Speaker 1: called it penicillin, named after the penicillium mold that made

676
00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:13,359
Speaker 1: this substance. Over the next two decades, they experimented with

677
00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:16,680
Speaker 1: this penicillin and tried to get it in the most

678
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:21,240
Speaker 1: efficient form, and and they did. And it works essentially

679
00:41:21,280 --> 00:41:25,160
Speaker 1: by creating holes in the bacterium's outer membrane, kind of

680
00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:27,840
Speaker 1: letting all of its insides leak out and thereby killing

681
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:32,960
Speaker 1: it dead. Um. It's not quite microstabbing, though. It The

682
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:37,759
Speaker 1: penicillin prevents bacteria from replenishing their cells, so as they're

683
00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:42,080
Speaker 1: breaking down, they just don't get any more membrane, right, Yeah,

684
00:41:42,120 --> 00:41:43,400
Speaker 1: and then and then all of a sudden, it's like

685
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:46,480
Speaker 1: that's the noise that it makes. I'm pretty sure I

686
00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:50,040
Speaker 1: think that's accurate. Very small. Yeah, Other antibiotics can can

687
00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:53,399
Speaker 1: work similar to that, or they can interfere with bacteriums

688
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,840
Speaker 1: production of other necessary subcellular structures or can even prevent

689
00:41:57,880 --> 00:42:01,759
Speaker 1: bacteria from multiplying. So you we we have conquered, at

690
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:04,480
Speaker 1: least in theory. We have the substance now that can

691
00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:08,120
Speaker 1: attack and conquer these bacterium that have just been ravaging

692
00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:12,600
Speaker 1: humanity and other animal life for years, decades and centuries,

693
00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:15,239
Speaker 1: perfect millennium. We're good to go. Right, Yeah, let's count

694
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:18,560
Speaker 1: everything in it all the time. So let's also that's

695
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,560
Speaker 1: what we're doing. So here we are the modern world.

696
00:42:20,640 --> 00:42:23,960
Speaker 1: Let's talk about some statistics. Uh, you've probably heard of

697
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,240
Speaker 1: the outfit called the c d C Center for Disease

698
00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:30,600
Speaker 1: Control here in Atlanta, Georgia, where we record the show.

699
00:42:31,120 --> 00:42:34,000
Speaker 1: They've got some sobering statistics for US. In one year,

700
00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:39,799
Speaker 1: two hundred sixty two point five million courses of antibiotics

701
00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:42,880
Speaker 1: are written in the outpatient setting. What that means is

702
00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:45,520
Speaker 1: that you go see a doctor, you say, hey, I'm

703
00:42:45,560 --> 00:42:48,799
Speaker 1: feeling weird. They say, I don't know what your symptoms are.

704
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:52,480
Speaker 1: Here's some penicillin, and you know, God be with you.

705
00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:57,080
Speaker 1: This number, two sixty two point five million equates to

706
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,800
Speaker 1: more than five prescriptions written each year for every six

707
00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:04,160
Speaker 1: people in the US. So did you guys get an

708
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:09,920
Speaker 1: antibiotic prescription in? Did you? I don't know, man, I

709
00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:12,120
Speaker 1: did not pass this kind of a blur. I actually

710
00:43:12,160 --> 00:43:13,759
Speaker 1: did not. It was the first year in a long

711
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:16,760
Speaker 1: time where I did not have a dos of antibiotics

712
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:19,880
Speaker 1: on on week like three of that infection. I was like,

713
00:43:19,920 --> 00:43:21,320
Speaker 1: you know, I think I'm going to see a doctor

714
00:43:21,360 --> 00:43:24,640
Speaker 1: about this. And that's the great thing about antibots when

715
00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:27,520
Speaker 1: you are like that sick. Yeah, when you're like my

716
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:30,799
Speaker 1: ears might explode right out of my head. Let's let's

717
00:43:30,840 --> 00:43:32,759
Speaker 1: go see a doctor about this thing. Right. It's a

718
00:43:32,840 --> 00:43:35,839
Speaker 1: it's a good drug, and it's not just uh, it's

719
00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:40,000
Speaker 1: not just for people either write an antibiotic an outfit

720
00:43:40,080 --> 00:43:44,600
Speaker 1: with the totally legitimate name of Union of Concerned Scientists

721
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:47,279
Speaker 1: and being somewhat sarcastic, I leave it to you to

722
00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 1: check the sources. Of course, they they had some of

723
00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:55,399
Speaker 1: the highest estimates for these numbers. So I'm about to um.

724
00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:58,440
Speaker 1: Then we're about to explore together. So every year they

725
00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:01,080
Speaker 1: say live stock producers in the US used twenty four

726
00:44:01,120 --> 00:44:05,400
Speaker 1: point six million pounds of anti microbials. Get this in

727
00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:09,080
Speaker 1: the absence of disease for non therapeutic purposes. That's ten

728
00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:12,240
Speaker 1: point three million pounds and pigs, ten point five million

729
00:44:12,280 --> 00:44:15,319
Speaker 1: pounds in the chickens and poultry, and three point seven

730
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:18,720
Speaker 1: million pounds in cattle. And it would be even higher

731
00:44:18,880 --> 00:44:23,399
Speaker 1: if they measured the anti microbials used therapeutically the ones

732
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,200
Speaker 1: that are actually medicine for these animals, right, And the

733
00:44:26,239 --> 00:44:30,879
Speaker 1: distinction here is really important because the non therapeutic purposes

734
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:35,520
Speaker 1: includes just like low level pre treatment of animals that

735
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,920
Speaker 1: aren't sick at all, that could be sick, that could

736
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:43,239
Speaker 1: get sick, uh someday um. But because of a few

737
00:44:43,239 --> 00:44:46,319
Speaker 1: studies that were done which will go into later, but yeah, so,

738
00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:49,400
Speaker 1: so it's a huge number of our food animals that

739
00:44:49,440 --> 00:44:51,719
Speaker 1: are being treated with the stuff. And this means that,

740
00:44:52,239 --> 00:44:54,840
Speaker 1: according to some of the higher estimates you'll see anywhere

741
00:44:54,920 --> 00:44:58,400
Speaker 1: from forty percent to nine of antibiotics used in the

742
00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:01,240
Speaker 1: US are actually for live stock and not for people.

743
00:45:01,480 --> 00:45:03,440
Speaker 1: And even if it is super low, even if it

744
00:45:03,560 --> 00:45:07,120
Speaker 1: is which is still pretty high, that's still a lot.

745
00:45:07,160 --> 00:45:10,160
Speaker 1: I mean, we're talking about life forms that reproduce every

746
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:17,640
Speaker 1: twenty minutes, yes, and these bacteria reproduce every twenty minutes.

747
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:22,399
Speaker 1: It's evolution and fast forward Luckily we have antibiotics on

748
00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:25,120
Speaker 1: our side. Em boiler, they swell. Are you're feeling sick?

749
00:45:25,640 --> 00:45:27,960
Speaker 1: Do you do you have a sore throat? Do you

750
00:45:27,960 --> 00:45:31,280
Speaker 1: have an earache? Do you have bulbous black craps sprouting

751
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:36,160
Speaker 1: from your skin? We'll take a pill and boom, you're cured. Right,

752
00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:52,799
Speaker 1: here's where it gets crazy. Antibiotics are less effective in

753
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:56,000
Speaker 1: the present day than they were in the past. We

754
00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,799
Speaker 1: are losing our species ancient war against these micro organisms,

755
00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:03,239
Speaker 1: you guys. And and this is the part that is

756
00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:06,719
Speaker 1: not a conspiracy theory. This is a conspiracy fact of

757
00:46:06,719 --> 00:46:10,600
Speaker 1: of of microbes versus us. Right. Yeah. Over the past decades,

758
00:46:10,640 --> 00:46:13,320
Speaker 1: scientists across the world have noted the rise of bacteria

759
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:18,360
Speaker 1: resistant to one or multiple common antibiotic treatments. This is

760
00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:22,520
Speaker 1: scary stuff. Two thousand thirteen, our folks at the CDC

761
00:46:22,719 --> 00:46:27,080
Speaker 1: announced the antibiotic resistant pathogens in the US alone sick

762
00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:30,080
Speaker 1: in two million people a year and play a role

763
00:46:30,160 --> 00:46:34,960
Speaker 1: in twenty three thousand deaths annually. At least twenty five

764
00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:38,319
Speaker 1: thousand people die each year in Europe from infections due

765
00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:43,920
Speaker 1: to five specific antibiotic resistant bacteria. Also in the US. Uh,

766
00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:48,200
Speaker 1: there's the methless and resistance staphylococcus that Ben said earlier,

767
00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:52,120
Speaker 1: You remember that one. Yes, that those infections kill nearly

768
00:46:52,239 --> 00:46:55,880
Speaker 1: nineteen thousand people a year, which is more than the

769
00:46:56,040 --> 00:47:00,120
Speaker 1: number of people who die from AIDS in this country. Yeah,

770
00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:04,600
Speaker 1: another fund stat. In UK, scientists announced the discovery of

771
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:08,920
Speaker 1: bacteria bearing a gene known as MCR one that gives

772
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:14,000
Speaker 1: bacteria resistance to Colliston, which is often used by doctors

773
00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:18,280
Speaker 1: when other antibiotics fail. Yeah, that's the high like the heavy,

774
00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:21,160
Speaker 1: heavy stuff, right right, Yeah, it's one of the last

775
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:23,799
Speaker 1: lines of defense. Yeah. It was discovered in China and

776
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:28,440
Speaker 1: then Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Porticle and several other Asian

777
00:47:28,560 --> 00:47:33,320
Speaker 1: and African countries. So we know that this resistance gene

778
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:38,480
Speaker 1: is spreading. And again I cannot emphasize this enough. Bacteria

779
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:42,800
Speaker 1: evolve more quickly than animals of our size, ever will

780
00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:45,160
Speaker 1: one of the big problems. One of the big factors

781
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:50,080
Speaker 1: contributing to this is over prescription. Millions of these antibiotics

782
00:47:50,120 --> 00:47:53,319
Speaker 1: are consumed annually in the US. However, it's estimated that

783
00:47:53,360 --> 00:47:57,640
Speaker 1: as many as half are unnecessary. And I don't know

784
00:47:57,680 --> 00:48:01,440
Speaker 1: if you guys have ever been in a situation not Laura,

785
00:48:01,560 --> 00:48:05,600
Speaker 1: no listeners. Where you have where you've come in to

786
00:48:05,680 --> 00:48:08,799
Speaker 1: the doctor's office and you have something that maybe is

787
00:48:08,840 --> 00:48:14,080
Speaker 1: a virus, but you're still prescribed an antibiotic. You know,

788
00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:17,880
Speaker 1: this happens with respiratory tract infections. The majority of the

789
00:48:17,920 --> 00:48:20,680
Speaker 1: time those are caused by something viral, not a not

790
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:25,560
Speaker 1: a bacterial infection of them. In the antibiotics do absolutely

791
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:28,520
Speaker 1: nothing to combat that type of infection. Yeah. Yeah, they

792
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,000
Speaker 1: just wave at viruses on the on the highway. That's

793
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:34,000
Speaker 1: all that's going on in the in the city of

794
00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:37,239
Speaker 1: our bodies. For a long time, this happened because for

795
00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:41,160
Speaker 1: a long time, we as a species, we as a civilization,

796
00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:45,400
Speaker 1: thought it was harmless to prescribe antibiotics because you know,

797
00:48:47,040 --> 00:48:49,920
Speaker 1: what's the what's the harm if if it's not helping,

798
00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:52,319
Speaker 1: it's certainly not going to hurt you. Yeah. Sure. So,

799
00:48:52,320 --> 00:48:55,960
Speaker 1: so if someone came in and demanded a pill for

800
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,360
Speaker 1: whatever was ailing them, then doctors would just you know,

801
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,520
Speaker 1: toss them some of mox cilin or whatever. And we

802
00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:04,800
Speaker 1: don't just have we don't just have antibiotics as medicine

803
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,359
Speaker 1: that we take with the prescription. Oh yeah, yeah, they're

804
00:49:07,360 --> 00:49:09,840
Speaker 1: they're in all kinds of cleaning products to the sale

805
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:12,360
Speaker 1: of antibiotics, soaps may generate as much as a billion

806
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:16,840
Speaker 1: dollars per year in the United States alone. But do

807
00:49:16,840 --> 00:49:20,960
Speaker 1: do they really work better than regular soaps? Probably not

808
00:49:21,600 --> 00:49:25,000
Speaker 1: fun times, Okay. For for example, here, a study out

809
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:28,120
Speaker 1: of South Korea published in in the Journal of Anti

810
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:33,440
Speaker 1: Microbial Chemotherapy looked into soaps made with the common active

811
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:37,239
Speaker 1: ingredient trichlasan, and they found that there was no statistical

812
00:49:37,280 --> 00:49:40,160
Speaker 1: difference in the number of bacteria gotten rid of by

813
00:49:40,320 --> 00:49:44,439
Speaker 1: regular versus antibiotic soaps during normal hand washing. In order

814
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:48,040
Speaker 1: to see a difference, the researchers had to soap stuff

815
00:49:48,040 --> 00:49:50,680
Speaker 1: with microbes on it in the two soap solutions for

816
00:49:50,840 --> 00:49:55,560
Speaker 1: nine hours nine hours. Yeah, and okay, we don't We

817
00:49:55,560 --> 00:49:59,400
Speaker 1: don't usually wash our hands for nine hours straight, you know,

818
00:50:00,120 --> 00:50:03,439
Speaker 1: I mean there's special cases. Sure, I've had a couple

819
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,280
Speaker 1: of long nights, you've had some stressful you've got a baby.

820
00:50:06,520 --> 00:50:09,439
Speaker 1: We all understand your hands look really clean. They do.

821
00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:13,800
Speaker 1: You're just saying that. But even if you're not dealing

822
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,279
Speaker 1: with the things that Matt is on a daily basis. Uh,

823
00:50:16,719 --> 00:50:20,080
Speaker 1: These active chemicals last at least nine hours in our

824
00:50:20,160 --> 00:50:23,399
Speaker 1: drains and our runoff potentially in our water supply. So

825
00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:26,040
Speaker 1: even though they might not be effective on our bodies,

826
00:50:26,120 --> 00:50:29,520
Speaker 1: they are almost surely at work going to work on

827
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:33,719
Speaker 1: bacterial populations that are in our environments driving their evolution.

828
00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:36,279
Speaker 1: And that is certainly something you don't think about when

829
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:39,040
Speaker 1: you're just at the same washing your hands or so.

830
00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:43,640
Speaker 1: Antibiotic stuff like the soaps and the hand sanitizers and stuff,

831
00:50:43,680 --> 00:50:48,400
Speaker 1: it's a rip. Yeah, totally, yeah. Yeah. The the f

832
00:50:48,480 --> 00:50:51,520
Speaker 1: d A is actually considering right now whether it should

833
00:50:51,560 --> 00:50:54,239
Speaker 1: even be legal to market antibiotic cleaning products at all,

834
00:50:54,320 --> 00:50:57,759
Speaker 1: based on whether they have any any actual benefits. Some

835
00:50:57,840 --> 00:51:01,000
Speaker 1: companies are already reformulating and an as a patient of

836
00:51:01,040 --> 00:51:03,320
Speaker 1: the FDA's official word on the matter, which is coming

837
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:08,359
Speaker 1: in September. That is really scary because, okay, so in

838
00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:11,360
Speaker 1: my hand, I've got one of these hand sanitizer things

839
00:51:11,400 --> 00:51:16,239
Speaker 1: that kills of germs, you guys, that's what it says. Well,

840
00:51:16,280 --> 00:51:18,960
Speaker 1: it's a it's a sanitizer thing, it's not an antibiotic,

841
00:51:19,520 --> 00:51:23,719
Speaker 1: So it falls into that bleach killed them all. But

842
00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:28,399
Speaker 1: you're still you're still like kind of unnecessarily killing off

843
00:51:28,640 --> 00:51:33,560
Speaker 1: bacterial populations and I'm possibly giving some of the populations

844
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:37,280
Speaker 1: that don't die that that point oh one percent that lives,

845
00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:41,200
Speaker 1: I might be giving them that genetic boost. Yeah. Yeah,

846
00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:44,040
Speaker 1: And it's not just medicine, it's not just soap. I

847
00:51:44,080 --> 00:51:46,640
Speaker 1: think we should talk a little bit more about the animals.

848
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:51,640
Speaker 1: This is the worst part. Yeah, alright, So so those

849
00:51:51,760 --> 00:51:55,120
Speaker 1: estimates are really interesting because that you that you reported earlier,

850
00:51:55,160 --> 00:51:57,960
Speaker 1: ben are really interesting because the meat industry does not

851
00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:02,920
Speaker 1: report on how it uses antibiotics and animals. Um but

852
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:05,759
Speaker 1: like we said, it definitely doesn't use them just when

853
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:10,080
Speaker 1: they're sick. Uh. And and this came into practice when

854
00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:12,920
Speaker 1: some research like a few decades ago found the animals

855
00:52:12,920 --> 00:52:16,360
Speaker 1: pre treated with low level antibiotics would generally gain weight

856
00:52:16,440 --> 00:52:19,800
Speaker 1: like up to three percent more than non treated animals.

857
00:52:20,239 --> 00:52:23,600
Speaker 1: And when you're when you're dealing with with with pennies

858
00:52:23,680 --> 00:52:27,920
Speaker 1: per animal of profit, three percent is pretty huge in

859
00:52:27,920 --> 00:52:30,600
Speaker 1: in the big meat there has to be a better

860
00:52:30,640 --> 00:52:32,840
Speaker 1: way to say that. Well, when we're talking about millions

861
00:52:32,840 --> 00:52:35,759
Speaker 1: and millions of those meats of the walking meats that

862
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:38,799
Speaker 1: you're creating that have a three extra amount of meat

863
00:52:38,800 --> 00:52:41,440
Speaker 1: on it, that's yeah. Yeah, So the reason that this

864
00:52:41,480 --> 00:52:44,080
Speaker 1: is a problem is that is that treated animals can

865
00:52:44,280 --> 00:52:48,040
Speaker 1: harbor resistant strains of bacteria that make people sick, like salmonella.

866
00:52:48,080 --> 00:52:51,919
Speaker 1: For example, how how do you like some antibiotic resistant salmonella? Guys?

867
00:52:52,040 --> 00:52:55,680
Speaker 1: Love it. I'm not doing anything this weekend, the cd

868
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:59,120
Speaker 1: The CDC estimates that every year, over four hundred thousand

869
00:52:59,239 --> 00:53:02,400
Speaker 1: people in the United States alone gets sick from resistant

870
00:53:02,480 --> 00:53:07,680
Speaker 1: salmonella and can't be low backter, what another another make

871
00:53:07,719 --> 00:53:10,680
Speaker 1: you puke? Kind of? It sounds like a lot of

872
00:53:10,719 --> 00:53:13,200
Speaker 1: people are already in on this. I might skip the salmonella.

873
00:53:14,040 --> 00:53:18,799
Speaker 1: Yeah to too big already. It's too big, guys. Een

874
00:53:18,880 --> 00:53:21,680
Speaker 1: yet I was really I was thinking about getting a burrito.

875
00:53:21,920 --> 00:53:24,200
Speaker 1: There's a maybe you should just never eat again. I

876
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,160
Speaker 1: think that's probably okay. But we have some more stats

877
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,960
Speaker 1: about this as well. Yeah. Yeah. The CDC also estimates

878
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:33,200
Speaker 1: that as many as twenty percent of resistant infections are

879
00:53:33,280 --> 00:53:37,000
Speaker 1: caused by transfer from our food or from contact with animals.

880
00:53:37,719 --> 00:53:42,680
Speaker 1: Banning this sub therapeutic use of antibiotics would would absolutely

881
00:53:42,719 --> 00:53:45,479
Speaker 1: lower the meat industries profit margin by you know, making

882
00:53:45,480 --> 00:53:49,719
Speaker 1: its animals overall smaller and and potentially sicker and less

883
00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:53,319
Speaker 1: able to be kept in Shall we say profit optimizing

884
00:53:53,360 --> 00:53:57,640
Speaker 1: conditions intensive farming. I think is the current euphemism disgusting,

885
00:53:57,840 --> 00:54:01,399
Speaker 1: that's horrifying. Yeah, um, but okay, so do you want

886
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:05,239
Speaker 1: to get really really mad guys? Yea, yeah, I'm not

887
00:54:05,280 --> 00:54:08,600
Speaker 1: doing the salmonella things. Okay, excellent. Well. In a report

888
00:54:08,640 --> 00:54:10,560
Speaker 1: commissioned by the U s d A that was published

889
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:16,120
Speaker 1: in researchers estimated that the annual cost consumers of the

890
00:54:16,239 --> 00:54:20,640
Speaker 1: huge change of banning sub therapeutic use of antibiotics, the

891
00:54:20,680 --> 00:54:24,640
Speaker 1: annual cost consumers would be between four dollars and eighty

892
00:54:24,719 --> 00:54:28,960
Speaker 1: four cents and nine dollars and seventy two cents per capita.

893
00:54:29,080 --> 00:54:32,840
Speaker 1: It's like per person per year, yeah, maybe ten dollars

894
00:54:32,960 --> 00:54:35,880
Speaker 1: five to ten Yeah, okay, And so so you know,

895
00:54:36,040 --> 00:54:39,360
Speaker 1: just that for inflation from and and I guess, like

896
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:41,239
Speaker 1: you know, like check your your privilege, like you know,

897
00:54:41,280 --> 00:54:44,520
Speaker 1: it's it's easier for me to absorb twenty dollar a

898
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:46,680
Speaker 1: year difference in my food cost than it is for

899
00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:51,560
Speaker 1: many other human people. But who ha, I'm mad about

900
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:57,040
Speaker 1: that when you think about that, especially just when you

901
00:54:57,080 --> 00:54:59,680
Speaker 1: look at the reasons that they have to or believe

902
00:55:00,520 --> 00:55:03,520
Speaker 1: that they need to administer these antibiotics because of the

903
00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:07,960
Speaker 1: conditions and because of that small increase in meat value,

904
00:55:08,239 --> 00:55:11,719
Speaker 1: in the entire time, the clock is ticking, you know,

905
00:55:11,719 --> 00:55:14,160
Speaker 1: the clock of evolution. Reminds me of that game that

906
00:55:14,280 --> 00:55:17,320
Speaker 1: was once very popular, Pandemic. Do you guys remember Pandemic?

907
00:55:18,160 --> 00:55:21,200
Speaker 1: And okay, I'm glad that someone else remembers that because

908
00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:25,320
Speaker 1: one of the most difficult places that to get to,

909
00:55:25,560 --> 00:55:28,759
Speaker 1: like implant Pandemic. You play disease and you can be

910
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:30,920
Speaker 1: a virus, you can be a bacteria, you can be

911
00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:34,000
Speaker 1: something else. I don't know, a fungus, and your job

912
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:37,920
Speaker 1: is to infect the world and to end the age

913
00:55:38,080 --> 00:55:41,879
Speaker 1: of human beings. There's one place that is the most

914
00:55:41,920 --> 00:55:44,000
Speaker 1: difficult to get and you guys remember what it is,

915
00:55:44,120 --> 00:55:50,319
Speaker 1: right It's it's a like a small desert. It's Madagascar

916
00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:53,960
Speaker 1: in that game has the most paranoid effective government on

917
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:57,040
Speaker 1: the planet. As soon as someone coughs, there like shut

918
00:55:57,080 --> 00:56:01,239
Speaker 1: down the hospital, burn everybody, shut down the ports. I

919
00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:05,120
Speaker 1: have only one that's this game once, and I've played

920
00:56:05,160 --> 00:56:07,960
Speaker 1: in a disturbing amount of times. But I say I

921
00:56:08,320 --> 00:56:11,160
Speaker 1: say this because it's easy to forget that this is

922
00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:14,960
Speaker 1: happening in real life where you live right now, unless

923
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:18,360
Speaker 1: you live in a clean room. The clock is ticking,

924
00:56:18,719 --> 00:56:22,359
Speaker 1: and we have these methods to our antibiotic madness. We

925
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:27,399
Speaker 1: have our first line of antibiotics, methicillin, oxycillin, penicillin A, moxicillin.

926
00:56:28,040 --> 00:56:34,640
Speaker 1: But as these bacteria are treated, either underdosed or dosed unnecessarily,

927
00:56:35,360 --> 00:56:38,920
Speaker 1: they survive and they change and we have to find

928
00:56:39,080 --> 00:56:48,200
Speaker 1: new ways to combat them. So what happens? What happens? Matt? Well, we, uh,

929
00:56:48,320 --> 00:56:52,279
Speaker 1: should we talk about Plan B? Yeah? Yes, because okay,

930
00:56:52,320 --> 00:56:54,080
Speaker 1: because this is all doom and gloom, but we do

931
00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:57,160
Speaker 1: as a species kind of have a Plan B. Or

932
00:56:57,200 --> 00:56:59,880
Speaker 1: we're developing a Plan B that I have a lot

933
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:03,600
Speaker 1: of hope for personally. Um, because, okay, we we've learned

934
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:07,720
Speaker 1: that using this brute force of antibiotics against bacteria is bad.

935
00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:12,680
Speaker 1: But but what if we could outsmart bacteria? Uh? And

936
00:57:12,719 --> 00:57:15,080
Speaker 1: this seems like a ludicrous thing to say because bacteria

937
00:57:15,239 --> 00:57:17,840
Speaker 1: are literally brainless. They don't even have a cell nucleus,

938
00:57:18,120 --> 00:57:20,080
Speaker 1: so it seems like it wouldn't be that hard. But

939
00:57:20,560 --> 00:57:23,760
Speaker 1: but researchers are just now learning how bacteria are so successful,

940
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:27,439
Speaker 1: and it's partially thanks to a form of communication called

941
00:57:27,520 --> 00:57:31,200
Speaker 1: quorum sensing. Oh, I think I've I think I've heard

942
00:57:31,240 --> 00:57:35,720
Speaker 1: of this. Is this how they build networks? Uh sort of? Yeah, yeah,

943
00:57:35,760 --> 00:57:39,160
Speaker 1: they can. They can produce, release, and detect these signal

944
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:42,080
Speaker 1: molecules that let them know what's up with other bacteria

945
00:57:42,120 --> 00:57:44,520
Speaker 1: in the colony and and even with other species of

946
00:57:44,560 --> 00:57:47,280
Speaker 1: bacteria that are in the area. It lets a colony

947
00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:50,000
Speaker 1: of bacteria kind of synchronize its gene expression for for

948
00:57:50,040 --> 00:57:53,320
Speaker 1: better survival. So, like some some things that bacteria colonies

949
00:57:53,320 --> 00:57:56,640
Speaker 1: can do through quorum sensing, our work together to produce

950
00:57:56,720 --> 00:58:02,120
Speaker 1: tough biofilms that surface colonies that are especially resistant to antibiotics.

951
00:58:02,480 --> 00:58:05,640
Speaker 1: They can become more or less virulent, and they can

952
00:58:05,680 --> 00:58:10,280
Speaker 1: toggle their pathogenicity on and off. So so if this

953
00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:14,760
Speaker 1: were a mob of people, it's this warm sensing allows

954
00:58:15,160 --> 00:58:17,400
Speaker 1: one of them to say, hey, we're just hanging out,

955
00:58:17,440 --> 00:58:22,000
Speaker 1: but why don't we kill somebody? Yeah yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,

956
00:58:22,040 --> 00:58:26,400
Speaker 1: it's It's basically what happens here is that a bacterium,

957
00:58:26,440 --> 00:58:29,920
Speaker 1: a single bacterium, produces and releases these signal molecules when

958
00:58:29,920 --> 00:58:32,920
Speaker 1: it finds itself in in a particular state, when you know,

959
00:58:32,960 --> 00:58:35,680
Speaker 1: it really likes the place it's hanging out in or

960
00:58:35,760 --> 00:58:39,040
Speaker 1: doesn't like it, or or whatever. Okay, Um, And it

961
00:58:39,080 --> 00:58:42,560
Speaker 1: detects a lot of signal molecules from other bacteria around it,

962
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:45,480
Speaker 1: and when it detects enough of any given type of

963
00:58:45,480 --> 00:58:48,280
Speaker 1: signal molecule, it switches modes to go with what the

964
00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:53,120
Speaker 1: group is doing. So okay, So this is something we've discovered,

965
00:58:54,080 --> 00:58:58,080
Speaker 1: and does Plan B somehow try and like stop that

966
00:58:58,160 --> 00:59:00,520
Speaker 1: from happening, or now that we understand that, is that

967
00:59:00,560 --> 00:59:02,960
Speaker 1: the idea? Well okay, So so you guys, I'm sure

968
00:59:02,960 --> 00:59:05,560
Speaker 1: that you've talked before on this show about how governments

969
00:59:05,560 --> 00:59:10,160
Speaker 1: and militaries sometimes use signal jamming techniques to prevent unwanted

970
00:59:10,200 --> 00:59:15,080
Speaker 1: communication in in certain circumstances. Yeah. Um, researchers are working

971
00:59:15,120 --> 00:59:18,120
Speaker 1: on the bacterial equivalent of that, and there's a few

972
00:59:18,160 --> 00:59:22,320
Speaker 1: different approaches that are being investigated. Um. They use chemicals

973
00:59:22,360 --> 00:59:26,840
Speaker 1: or enzymes to uh to disrupt the production of signal molecules,

974
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:30,880
Speaker 1: or to disrupt the reception of signal molecules, or to

975
00:59:31,080 --> 00:59:35,320
Speaker 1: send out false signals, and and any of these have

976
00:59:35,480 --> 00:59:38,360
Speaker 1: the potential to trick bacteria to go into a non

977
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:43,040
Speaker 1: pathogenic state even if conditions are ripe. So this is

978
00:59:43,160 --> 00:59:47,800
Speaker 1: necessarily killing it, This is just changing it. Yeah, this

979
00:59:47,840 --> 00:59:51,280
Speaker 1: is just saying like, hey, just chills you guys where

980
00:59:51,320 --> 00:59:53,520
Speaker 1: you are, what you're doing, and don't do anything else.

981
00:59:53,520 --> 00:59:55,720
Speaker 1: Why don't we just hang out? And I hope it

982
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:59,760
Speaker 1: works because otherwise we are looking at a future full

983
01:00:00,120 --> 01:00:04,200
Speaker 1: of super bugs. Remember the play we talked about earlier

984
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:06,960
Speaker 1: in the show, how it never really goes away. Yeah,

985
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:09,920
Speaker 1: it just shows up every so often, like some weird

986
01:00:09,960 --> 01:00:13,680
Speaker 1: family curse. Well, if our boy, your senior pestis evolves

987
01:00:13,720 --> 01:00:16,000
Speaker 1: beyond the reach of antibiotics, we could look at the

988
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:19,560
Speaker 1: stunning fatal sequel to the original Black Death and we

989
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:22,400
Speaker 1: wouldn't have any defense. Yeah, the bubonic plague is not

990
01:00:22,800 --> 01:00:25,360
Speaker 1: over with. From two thousand to two thousand nine, you're

991
01:00:25,360 --> 01:00:28,960
Speaker 1: sitting a pestis bacteria infected over twenty thousand people worldwide

992
01:00:29,040 --> 01:00:32,720
Speaker 1: and and killed one thousand, six hundred and twelve, and

993
01:00:33,240 --> 01:00:36,360
Speaker 1: antibiotics have traditionally knocked it out really fast. Uh. You know,

994
01:00:36,440 --> 01:00:41,000
Speaker 1: early detection and treatment are important. Mostly it's it's deadly

995
01:00:41,160 --> 01:00:44,120
Speaker 1: if the infection spreads to your lungs, causing what's known

996
01:00:44,120 --> 01:00:49,400
Speaker 1: as the pneumonic plague. Madagascar two thousand seven. Plague samples

997
01:00:49,440 --> 01:00:52,240
Speaker 1: taken from a boy reveal the form of why pest

998
01:00:52,320 --> 01:00:58,800
Speaker 1: is resistant to eight different antibiotics two thousand fourteen, same place, Madagascar,

999
01:01:00,480 --> 01:01:05,400
Speaker 1: over cases of plague were confirmed in November. We may

1000
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:09,080
Speaker 1: be approaching a post antibiotic age, But hey, what about

1001
01:01:09,080 --> 01:01:12,760
Speaker 1: pharmaceutical companies, right, that's literally their job. Wouldn't they like

1002
01:01:12,880 --> 01:01:14,960
Speaker 1: to save the world, or at least some of the

1003
01:01:15,080 --> 01:01:18,040
Speaker 1: people on it. Well, to answer that question, we have

1004
01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:21,280
Speaker 1: a nifty quote for you from our friends at the BBC.

1005
01:01:22,800 --> 01:01:26,760
Speaker 1: Pharmaceutical research hasn't kept up with the growing resistance of

1006
01:01:26,840 --> 01:01:31,680
Speaker 1: bacteria to antibiotics. No new types of classes of antibiotics

1007
01:01:31,680 --> 01:01:35,080
Speaker 1: have been discovered for twenty five years, and some strains

1008
01:01:35,080 --> 01:01:38,040
Speaker 1: of bacteria are now unharmed by nearly all of the

1009
01:01:38,120 --> 01:01:42,440
Speaker 1: drugs designed to kill them, making infections by these bacteria

1010
01:01:42,720 --> 01:01:47,920
Speaker 1: almost untreatable. Experts have warned we are decades behind in

1011
01:01:47,960 --> 01:01:51,400
Speaker 1: the race against the super bugs. We've already exploited the

1012
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:56,400
Speaker 1: most obvious naturally occurring antibiotics, so creating new ones requires

1013
01:01:56,480 --> 01:02:01,160
Speaker 1: much more time and ingenuity, but currently there is little

1014
01:02:01,280 --> 01:02:07,280
Speaker 1: financial incentive to do so. A Pharmaceutical companies target chronic

1015
01:02:07,360 --> 01:02:13,280
Speaker 1: illnesses to maximize potential profits from new drugs. Imagine if

1016
01:02:13,280 --> 01:02:16,400
Speaker 1: you will a world in which a common infection, something

1017
01:02:16,480 --> 01:02:19,680
Speaker 1: is insignificant as a deep cut could kill you. A

1018
01:02:19,720 --> 01:02:23,000
Speaker 1: sore throat could lead to death by asphyxiation. A serious

1019
01:02:23,040 --> 01:02:26,960
Speaker 1: burn would almost certainly be a death sentence. It's like

1020
01:02:27,080 --> 01:02:30,440
Speaker 1: we're way back, guys. It's like we transported all the

1021
01:02:30,480 --> 01:02:34,400
Speaker 1: way back to three fifty C and we didn't even

1022
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:37,320
Speaker 1: have to leave our timeline. We're talking about a world

1023
01:02:37,360 --> 01:02:41,000
Speaker 1: in which many vital medical procedures that depend on weakening

1024
01:02:41,040 --> 01:02:44,600
Speaker 1: the immune system, like chemotherapy, will be essentially useless because

1025
01:02:44,600 --> 01:02:47,200
Speaker 1: there's no way to prevent the associated risk of infection.

1026
01:02:48,800 --> 01:02:51,520
Speaker 1: Transplants would be a thing of the past. Tattoos would

1027
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:55,400
Speaker 1: be dangerous. Treatments for our thritis and rheumatism also depend

1028
01:02:55,480 --> 01:02:58,280
Speaker 1: on immunosuppressors, and here in the US, as well as

1029
01:02:58,320 --> 01:03:00,480
Speaker 1: many other parts of the world, we're still coping with

1030
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,000
Speaker 1: high rates of HIV transmission. UH that that that virus,

1031
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:07,800
Speaker 1: of course, attacks immune cells, which leads to autoimmune deficiency syndrome.

1032
01:03:08,120 --> 01:03:10,600
Speaker 1: We would return to a brutal pass a world in

1033
01:03:10,640 --> 01:03:13,400
Speaker 1: which five women out of one thousand died in childbirth,

1034
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:16,040
Speaker 1: one person out of nine died when they got a

1035
01:03:16,080 --> 01:03:18,920
Speaker 1: skin infection, out of ten folks who would get pneumonia,

1036
01:03:19,080 --> 01:03:21,960
Speaker 1: three would die. And there are so many diseases that

1037
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:24,640
Speaker 1: we that we don't worry about anymore, and in developed

1038
01:03:24,680 --> 01:03:29,280
Speaker 1: countries that are caused by bacterial infections typhus, tuberculosis, gnarrhea,

1039
01:03:29,760 --> 01:03:33,360
Speaker 1: hey resistant goneria another fun one right up there with salmonella.

1040
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:36,160
Speaker 1: What are you doing this weekend again? Uh? You know,

1041
01:03:36,320 --> 01:03:39,480
Speaker 1: even even the scarier ones that the meningitis anthrax and

1042
01:03:39,480 --> 01:03:42,240
Speaker 1: and botuli is um. Researchers are saying that this won't

1043
01:03:42,360 --> 01:03:45,840
Speaker 1: be like the imagined zombie apocalypse, but something a lot

1044
01:03:45,880 --> 01:03:49,920
Speaker 1: more insidious. People spending longer in the hospital, patients getting sicker,

1045
01:03:50,360 --> 01:03:54,280
Speaker 1: having more complications, and dying more often. And what I'm

1046
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:57,520
Speaker 1: envisioning is a future, at least at the moment, where

1047
01:03:57,640 --> 01:04:01,240
Speaker 1: families are having to move back in closer to one

1048
01:04:01,240 --> 01:04:03,840
Speaker 1: another because they can't afford to live and spread out

1049
01:04:03,960 --> 01:04:06,800
Speaker 1: the way we kind of have over the past few decades,

1050
01:04:06,920 --> 01:04:10,240
Speaker 1: especially in this country, where now everyone is more grouped together,

1051
01:04:10,360 --> 01:04:14,240
Speaker 1: everyone's getting sick together and even sicker and not getting

1052
01:04:14,280 --> 01:04:17,360
Speaker 1: better together. Add to that that the majority of people

1053
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:20,040
Speaker 1: across the globe now live in what it would be

1054
01:04:20,080 --> 01:04:25,000
Speaker 1: called an urban environment. It's easier to transmit sickness now,

1055
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:29,960
Speaker 1: So that is our conclusion at this point. We leave you,

1056
01:04:30,080 --> 01:04:35,120
Speaker 1: ladies and gentlemen, at the I of the storm, I guess,

1057
01:04:35,280 --> 01:04:38,600
Speaker 1: because there is quite possibly a storm coming. Will new

1058
01:04:39,160 --> 01:04:45,080
Speaker 1: antibiotic methods happen? Will pharmaceutical companies overcome the financial disincentives

1059
01:04:45,120 --> 01:04:48,480
Speaker 1: to create new solutions? Are we going to have to

1060
01:04:48,520 --> 01:04:52,000
Speaker 1: wait until the storm hits? Yeah? Will our food industry

1061
01:04:52,080 --> 01:04:56,120
Speaker 1: actually make some changes to hopefully better some of this

1062
01:04:56,240 --> 01:05:00,360
Speaker 1: situation if they don't? And if you're wondering what you

1063
01:05:00,440 --> 01:05:04,280
Speaker 1: can do personally, there's there's there's definitely stuff that you

1064
01:05:04,280 --> 01:05:07,320
Speaker 1: can do on an individual level, and and that includes

1065
01:05:07,640 --> 01:05:10,840
Speaker 1: washing your hands before you eat stuff or otherwise touch

1066
01:05:10,920 --> 01:05:13,800
Speaker 1: for mucous membranes. Uh, know them, love them, don't put

1067
01:05:13,840 --> 01:05:19,320
Speaker 1: bacteria in them. Um. Uh, don't use antibacterial soaps, they're

1068
01:05:19,320 --> 01:05:25,440
Speaker 1: bad times. Uh. Don't touch poop, try not to touch poop. Yeah,

1069
01:05:25,520 --> 01:05:31,800
Speaker 1: well sorry, but these are seriously, these are these are

1070
01:05:31,840 --> 01:05:34,880
Speaker 1: good points. Yeah. And and one one more one more, um,

1071
01:05:34,920 --> 01:05:37,880
Speaker 1: if you're if you do get prescribed in albiotic by

1072
01:05:37,880 --> 01:05:40,360
Speaker 1: a doctor, make sure that you take it as it

1073
01:05:40,440 --> 01:05:43,960
Speaker 1: was prescribed to you, and don't stop halfway through the treatment,

1074
01:05:44,320 --> 01:05:47,040
Speaker 1: no matter whether you're feeling better or not. That's huge

1075
01:05:47,120 --> 01:05:49,800
Speaker 1: because that that can that can lead to building resistance

1076
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:52,800
Speaker 1: of the bacterial colonies in your body. So what do

1077
01:05:52,840 --> 01:05:55,400
Speaker 1: you think, Ladies and gentlemen, We would love to hear

1078
01:05:55,480 --> 01:05:59,320
Speaker 1: from you. Will humanity be able to turn the tide?

1079
01:06:00,080 --> 01:06:03,440
Speaker 1: The coming the next leg, the next theater of the

1080
01:06:03,480 --> 01:06:07,200
Speaker 1: super bug war? Uh? If you would like to write

1081
01:06:07,240 --> 01:06:08,960
Speaker 1: to us, we'd love to hear from you. Were on

1082
01:06:08,960 --> 01:06:11,800
Speaker 1: Facebook and Twitter where conspiracy stuff at both of those,

1083
01:06:12,120 --> 01:06:15,040
Speaker 1: and Lauren, thank you so much for coming onto the

1084
01:06:15,040 --> 01:06:18,000
Speaker 1: show again. Now thank you for making me mad. It's great. Yeah,

1085
01:06:18,160 --> 01:06:23,080
Speaker 1: it was our pleasure. Speaking of being friends, you mentioned

1086
01:06:23,120 --> 01:06:25,439
Speaker 1: something on Twitter to us just as just a fun

1087
01:06:25,440 --> 01:06:28,120
Speaker 1: way to close this out. I think, uh, something that

1088
01:06:28,160 --> 01:06:29,800
Speaker 1: we have. I don't know if you talked about on

1089
01:06:29,840 --> 01:06:32,360
Speaker 1: the show, Ben, but I think maybe I brought it

1090
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:35,640
Speaker 1: to your attention and Jason's attention. This thing called the

1091
01:06:35,680 --> 01:06:41,400
Speaker 1: conspiracy cruise cruise like ocean. You said, that's this thing.

1092
01:06:41,520 --> 01:06:43,960
Speaker 1: Did you read much about it? Uh? No, I read

1093
01:06:44,040 --> 01:06:46,480
Speaker 1: like half of a blog post from a lady who

1094
01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:50,360
Speaker 1: was there, insider who was like exploring it from a skeptics.

1095
01:06:50,440 --> 01:06:53,440
Speaker 1: Who is Harvard went to Harvard Law school? It was

1096
01:06:53,480 --> 01:06:56,960
Speaker 1: actually a lawyer. Yeah, yeah, it sounded I mean it

1097
01:06:57,040 --> 01:06:59,560
Speaker 1: sounded great. I mean, I mean I think we should go.

1098
01:07:00,120 --> 01:07:02,200
Speaker 1: I think we should This is not an old secret mission.

1099
01:07:02,240 --> 01:07:04,720
Speaker 1: By the way, folks, He's on something else. He's on

1100
01:07:05,280 --> 01:07:08,120
Speaker 1: a much more important mission. Not that this isn't important.

1101
01:07:08,120 --> 01:07:10,160
Speaker 1: I'd love to send him on that cruise though. So

1102
01:07:10,240 --> 01:07:12,760
Speaker 1: can we vote while he's not here? Listeners, you can

1103
01:07:12,840 --> 01:07:15,160
Speaker 1: vote as well. Everybody wants to send Nolan the cruise?

1104
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:21,000
Speaker 1: Say I alone? I just yeah, what I want to

1105
01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:24,640
Speaker 1: go to? Oh okay, yeah, go you should go just Nolan?

1106
01:07:24,720 --> 01:07:26,800
Speaker 1: I yeah, I mean if you guys think that you

1107
01:07:26,840 --> 01:07:29,320
Speaker 1: need backup, I don't want to. I mean it would

1108
01:07:29,360 --> 01:07:31,520
Speaker 1: be cool if we can all go, but whatever, that's fine,

1109
01:07:31,560 --> 01:07:33,920
Speaker 1: I'll go. I'm not gonna go. I I don't think

1110
01:07:33,920 --> 01:07:37,760
Speaker 1: I can cross running water. Well we'll see what I

1111
01:07:37,760 --> 01:07:40,160
Speaker 1: If I can pack something, they can help you get

1112
01:07:40,160 --> 01:07:42,360
Speaker 1: out there. Oh yeah, yeah, I've I've got you. Don't worry.

1113
01:07:42,520 --> 01:07:44,720
Speaker 1: Thanks you guys giving me a coffin a dirt or something.

1114
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:48,080
Speaker 1: Yeah no, the covens on it. Oh fantastic. Well, on

1115
01:07:48,120 --> 01:07:50,479
Speaker 1: that note, we're going to head out, but learn Where

1116
01:07:50,560 --> 01:07:53,520
Speaker 1: can people find you when they want to hear more

1117
01:07:53,560 --> 01:07:56,200
Speaker 1: of your work? Oh goodness, many many places, you know.

1118
01:07:56,280 --> 01:07:58,840
Speaker 1: Go go ahead and use that Google thing, it's pretty fancy.

1119
01:07:59,160 --> 01:08:03,040
Speaker 1: Look up brain stuff or what the stuff with an

1120
01:08:03,040 --> 01:08:05,760
Speaker 1: exclamation point and also a question mark, or a little

1121
01:08:05,760 --> 01:08:08,680
Speaker 1: bit more directly, you can look me up under FW

1122
01:08:08,720 --> 01:08:12,600
Speaker 1: thinking on Twitter. That's at FW thinking. It's it's similar

1123
01:08:12,640 --> 01:08:15,920
Speaker 1: basically everywhere. And uh and and brain stuff is brain

1124
01:08:15,960 --> 01:08:19,120
Speaker 1: stuff show or brains done hsw and Forward Thinking is

1125
01:08:19,160 --> 01:08:22,640
Speaker 1: an exciting show because it looks at in maybe a

1126
01:08:22,680 --> 01:08:24,640
Speaker 1: slightly more optimistic way. It looks at some of the

1127
01:08:24,680 --> 01:08:27,640
Speaker 1: big questions about the future that we tackle here. I

1128
01:08:27,680 --> 01:08:31,640
Speaker 1: would say a much more optimistic way. Yeah. Yeah. The

1129
01:08:31,640 --> 01:08:36,920
Speaker 1: the the quorum sensing research is from Forward Thinking. So

1130
01:08:36,960 --> 01:08:39,439
Speaker 1: if you want to hear more about quorum sensing and

1131
01:08:39,520 --> 01:08:43,040
Speaker 1: the future of everything from space exploration to robots, to

1132
01:08:43,479 --> 01:08:46,360
Speaker 1: the animals inside of us or the bacteria inside of us,

1133
01:08:46,760 --> 01:08:50,479
Speaker 1: then do check out Forward Thinking and speaking of the future,

1134
01:08:51,280 --> 01:08:53,200
Speaker 1: this is something that we always like to end our

1135
01:08:53,240 --> 01:08:57,280
Speaker 1: show with what future topics should we cover? Our best

1136
01:08:57,360 --> 01:09:00,479
Speaker 1: ideas come from you. You can tell you the end

1137
01:09:00,560 --> 01:09:03,880
Speaker 1: of this classic episode. If you have any thoughts or

1138
01:09:04,040 --> 01:09:07,840
Speaker 1: questions about this episode, you can get into contact with

1139
01:09:07,920 --> 01:09:09,960
Speaker 1: us in a number of different ways. One of the

1140
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:11,880
Speaker 1: best is to give us a call. Our number is

1141
01:09:11,920 --> 01:09:16,000
Speaker 1: one eight three three std w y t K. If

1142
01:09:16,040 --> 01:09:17,840
Speaker 1: you don't want to do that, you can send us

1143
01:09:17,840 --> 01:09:21,080
Speaker 1: a good old fashioned email. We are conspiracy at i

1144
01:09:21,160 --> 01:09:24,760
Speaker 1: heart radio dot com. Stuff they Don't want you to

1145
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,599
Speaker 1: Know is a production of I heart Radio. For more

1146
01:09:27,640 --> 01:09:30,400
Speaker 1: podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app,

1147
01:09:30,479 --> 01:09:33,320
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.