1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:17,680 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Is once 4 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:21,720 Speaker 1: again time for Unearthed. Since we started doing these quarterly, 5 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:24,040 Speaker 1: it kind of feels like it feels like it's always time. 6 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:27,480 Speaker 1: It does. When you had mentioned you were working on 7 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:30,480 Speaker 1: this one, I was like, no, yeah, it's time. It 8 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: is time. Uh. If you are brand new to the show. 9 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:36,680 Speaker 1: Unearthed is when we take a look at what has 10 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:41,640 Speaker 1: been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. 11 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:45,959 Speaker 1: So this installment of Unearthed is about things that were 12 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:53,520 Speaker 1: unearthed in April, May and June. This installment part one, 13 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:57,280 Speaker 1: we have updates and some jewelry and some auctions and 14 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: some books and letters and some shipwrecks. And then in 15 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:03,160 Speaker 1: part two of this Unearthed on Wednesday, will have the 16 00:01:03,240 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: edibles and potables and some art and some animals other 17 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: stuff too. Once again, we had two episodes worth of stuff. 18 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: Looked a little doubtful for a while there, but so 19 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,240 Speaker 1: the Black Death made a bunch of headlines in June 20 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:24,399 Speaker 1: after it was reported that researchers had conclusively determined the 21 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,320 Speaker 1: starting point of the second plague pandemic, that's the centuries 22 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:31,760 Speaker 1: long pandemic that the Black Death was part of. This 23 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,800 Speaker 1: research was probably the biggest headline maker of all of 24 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: the headlines in this particular installment of unearthed. As described 25 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 1: in research that was published in the journal Nature, the 26 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:47,040 Speaker 1: team studied DNA and a burial site in modern Kurdistan. 27 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: That burial site has graves in it that date back 28 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: to the year thirteen thirty eight. Archaeologists have actually known 29 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: about this burial site and the years engraved on the 30 00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:00,640 Speaker 1: markers for more than a century. What was not known 31 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:04,600 Speaker 1: was whether the people buried they're actually died of plague. 32 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: There's a word on these grave markers that has been 33 00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:11,399 Speaker 1: translated as pest or as pestilence, and people do use 34 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:13,079 Speaker 1: that to mean plague a whole lot, but it could 35 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 1: also mean any number of other diseases and conditions. So, 36 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: based on the time period and the way people talked 37 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: and wrote about the plague, that seems like a pretty 38 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:25,799 Speaker 1: logical conclusion, So it makes sense that researchers were focused 39 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: on this site. This research did indeed confirm that the 40 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,680 Speaker 1: people buried at these grave sites died of plague. That 41 00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:36,800 Speaker 1: plus the years marked on the tombstones, means we know 42 00:02:36,919 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: for sure that there were people who died of plague 43 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:43,440 Speaker 1: in eight and we're buried at this location in modern Kyrgyzstan. 44 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:46,480 Speaker 1: But the paper and the reporting around it made it 45 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:50,600 Speaker 1: sound like a much broader discovery, with headlines like origins 46 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 1: of the Black Death identified. That's actually the headline on 47 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,640 Speaker 1: a release from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 48 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:01,320 Speaker 1: which was part of this work, But it was also 49 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,919 Speaker 1: all over mainstream news reporting with headlines like we finally 50 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:08,160 Speaker 1: know where the Black Death started. This is definitely a 51 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 1: case where I saw those headlines and I was like, 52 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: did we though? Are you shore sure about that? I 53 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: was not the only person with questions. People with far 54 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,680 Speaker 1: more qualifications to study that than me had questions. Also, 55 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: not everybody was sold on that conclusion. So, for example, 56 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:27,800 Speaker 1: Dr Monica Green has written extensively on the Black Death 57 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:30,679 Speaker 1: and the Second Plague pandemic, and on June twenty two 58 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: she put out a thread on Twitter about this paper. 59 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: She noted which parts of it confirmed to what was 60 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:39,440 Speaker 1: already known, like the existence of this burial site and 61 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:42,280 Speaker 1: the tombstones in it, as well as what in this 62 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:46,360 Speaker 1: research builds onto that existing knowledge, like confirming that the 63 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: pestilence that's referenced on those tombstones really was the plague 64 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,920 Speaker 1: and not something else. She also looks at the DNA 65 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: research that was done in the study in detail in 66 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 1: a way that isn't really easy for us to capture 67 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:02,520 Speaker 1: his lay people doing an audio podcast. Uh, it's about 68 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:08,160 Speaker 1: single nucleotide polymorphisms or s nps pronounced snips. Those are 69 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:12,680 Speaker 1: basically genetic variations or mutations. Three of them are a 70 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: key part in the evolutionary history of your Cinea pestis, 71 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,919 Speaker 1: and according to Green, the analysis in the paper only 72 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: has really good coverage of one of them, while also 73 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: showing a fourth snip that seems to be new. This 74 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 1: actually led us some back and forth on Twitter about 75 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:34,039 Speaker 1: whether that fourth snip is really a false positive or not. 76 00:04:35,040 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 1: Beyond that, though, Green also notes that a lot of 77 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: the more recent historical research into the plague and the 78 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:44,160 Speaker 1: Black Death and all of that has suggested that the 79 00:04:44,160 --> 00:04:48,000 Speaker 1: origins are in the thirteenth century, not the fourteenth century 80 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 1: where this research was focused. So in addition to these 81 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:53,960 Speaker 1: questions about the details of the DNA study, there's a 82 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 1: whole century of history that's being omitted here. So, in 83 00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: other words, the idea that this could inclusively pinpoints the 84 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:04,919 Speaker 1: starting point for the Black Death that seems like a 85 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,840 Speaker 1: much bigger claim than can really be supported by the 86 00:05:07,920 --> 00:05:11,480 Speaker 1: details in this paper. The Black Death has come up 87 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:13,880 Speaker 1: a lot on the show. There's a short episode on 88 00:05:13,920 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: it from previous hosts back in two thousand nine, but 89 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,520 Speaker 1: more recently, it was a big part of our episode 90 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:23,440 Speaker 1: on What Tyler in the Uprising of One that came 91 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:28,720 Speaker 1: out on June tenth. Moving on, a team looking for 92 00:05:28,760 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 1: evidence regarding the murder of Emmett Till found a warrant 93 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: for the arrest of Caroline Bryant Donham, named in the 94 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:41,240 Speaker 1: warrant as Mrs roy Bryant. That warrant dated back to August. 95 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: We talked about the lynching of Emmett Till in our 96 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 1: episode The Motherhood of Mamie Till Mobile which came out August. 97 00:05:50,279 --> 00:05:54,080 Speaker 1: The team doing this research included members of the Emmett 98 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:57,560 Speaker 1: Till Legacy Foundation and Deborah Watts, who is one of 99 00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: Till's cousins, is the head of the foundation, and she 100 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:02,599 Speaker 1: and her daughter Terry were among the group of people 101 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:06,040 Speaker 1: who was searching for some kind of evidence here. In 102 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:09,400 Speaker 1: addition to the earlier episode on Mamie Till Mobley, we 103 00:06:09,440 --> 00:06:12,919 Speaker 1: have also talked about this case on previous installments of Unearthed, 104 00:06:13,279 --> 00:06:16,039 Speaker 1: after the U. S. Department of Justice reopened the case 105 00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:20,520 Speaker 1: in and then closed it again in one saying that 106 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:23,400 Speaker 1: no new evidence had been discovered that could lead to 107 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:27,479 Speaker 1: an arrest of a living person. Caroline Bryant Dunham is 108 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: still living and people involved with this case have expressed 109 00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:33,880 Speaker 1: their hope that this old warrant could still be served. 110 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:38,039 Speaker 1: People knew about this warrant back in ninety five, but 111 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: the Lafleur County sheriff at the time told reporters that 112 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:46,480 Speaker 1: they didn't want to bother her. Her then husband, Roy Bryant, 113 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:49,720 Speaker 1: and another man named JW. Milam were tried for this 114 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:52,880 Speaker 1: crime and acquitted, but they confessed to the crime in 115 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:55,640 Speaker 1: an interview that they later sold to a reporter for 116 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:59,400 Speaker 1: four thousand dollars. So there's been some discussion of whether 117 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:02,760 Speaker 1: this war it could be the thing that allows there 118 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:05,920 Speaker 1: to be some more progress on the case. This next 119 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: thing is not exactly an update, but it is related 120 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: to an earlier episode topic. A statue of dancer Marjorie 121 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,800 Speaker 1: tall Chief was stolen from the Vintage Garden at the 122 00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:18,480 Speaker 1: Tulsa Historical Society and Museum at the end of April. 123 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: Marjorie was the sister of pass podcast subject Maria tal Chief, 124 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: who is another of the indigenous ballerinas honored with a 125 00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: statue at the garden. We covered Maria tal Chief on 126 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 1: the show on November. A few days after this theft 127 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:38,480 Speaker 1: was discovered, the Historical Society got a call from CMC Recycling, 128 00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: which buys scrap metal, and the recycling center was reporting 129 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: that it had pieces of this statue. Somebody had cut 130 00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:48,320 Speaker 1: it up into parts and then had sold the pieces 131 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:51,880 Speaker 1: to them as scrap. The statues of Marjorie and Maria 132 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:54,440 Speaker 1: tal Chief are part of a work called Five Moons. 133 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: This was the work of artists Monty England and Gary Henson. 134 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:04,200 Speaker 1: It honors five indigenous ballerinas from what's now Oklahoma. England 135 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: died in two thousand five and the original mold for 136 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,520 Speaker 1: the statue of Marjorie tall Chief was destroyed in a 137 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:14,120 Speaker 1: foundry fire. So while a fundraiser to replace the statue 138 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 1: met its goal right away, it initially seemed like it 139 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: would kind of be a challenge to actually make a replacement. 140 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 1: A bit later in May, though, additional pieces of the 141 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: statue were recovered at another recycling center, including the head 142 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: of the statue, and although there's some pieces that are 143 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: still missing. Henson, who's a member of the Shawnee tribe, 144 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: was quoted as saying, with the amount of the statue 145 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,280 Speaker 1: that's been recovered so far, he's confident that he's was 146 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: going to be able to restore it. Previous host of 147 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: the show talked about the mary Rose in their episode 148 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: five Shipwreck Stories in The mary Rose sank in five 149 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: and is now in the Mary Rose Museum. At the 150 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: end of one, we talked about conservation efforts involving the 151 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:02,600 Speaker 1: mary Rose, which involved pinpointing exactly where bacteria are living 152 00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:06,920 Speaker 1: within the preserved wreckage because secretions from those bacteria could 153 00:09:06,960 --> 00:09:09,840 Speaker 1: become acidic when exposed to air, and that could cause 154 00:09:09,880 --> 00:09:13,600 Speaker 1: the wreckage to deteriorate. The hull of the ship itself 155 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: is not the only part of this wreck that has 156 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: been brought to the museum or is now facing some 157 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: challenges with preservation. The mary Rose had two brick ovens, 158 00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:26,800 Speaker 1: and bricks from those events are also at the museum, 159 00:09:26,840 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 1: and they're also being affected by acids. When the bricks 160 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 1: were recovered from the wreck site, they were washed and 161 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:35,960 Speaker 1: dried to remove the salt water that they had been 162 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: soaking in for centuries. Conservators thought that the bricks were 163 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: stable at that point, but more recently, salt crystals have 164 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: started forming on them, suggesting that there is still something 165 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:50,839 Speaker 1: going on inside them that could be causing damage. The 166 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 1: researchers have been using a bunch of different imaging and 167 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: analysis techniques to try to get a sense of both 168 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: the physical and the chemical processes that might be work here. 169 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 1: This is involved examining the bricks themselves and the crystals 170 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: that have been growing on them, and much like the 171 00:10:07,400 --> 00:10:11,080 Speaker 1: way those bacterial secretions could become acidic when they're exposed 172 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:14,760 Speaker 1: to air, these salts seem to have created an acidic 173 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:19,800 Speaker 1: environment inside the bricks as they've dissolved. One interesting part 174 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:22,560 Speaker 1: of all this is that the team didn't find evidence 175 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:25,760 Speaker 1: of sodium or chlorine, which are the key components of 176 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: sea salt. That suggests that the original washing treatments on 177 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,120 Speaker 1: the bricks did remove sea salt as intended, but that 178 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:36,960 Speaker 1: these other salts were left behind. Like the work that 179 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:39,679 Speaker 1: we previously discussed around the Merry Rose. This is a 180 00:10:39,760 --> 00:10:42,360 Speaker 1: work in progress with the team trying to find ways 181 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: to figure out what they should do next. Let's take 182 00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:48,000 Speaker 1: a quick sponsor break before we get back to another 183 00:10:48,120 --> 00:11:01,080 Speaker 1: update of another shipwreck. The Clotilda has made a few 184 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: appearances on Unearthed. This was the last vessel known to 185 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 1: bring enslaved people into the United States, and then after 186 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:12,960 Speaker 1: that happened, it's captain intentionally burned and sank it in 187 00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:16,679 Speaker 1: the Mobile River in Alabama. This was an eighteen sixty 188 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:20,559 Speaker 1: and that was almost fifty years after Congress passed the 189 00:11:20,679 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: Act prohibiting the importation of slaves, so that was illegal, 190 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:29,400 Speaker 1: but people were still doing it anyway. In previous episodes, 191 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:32,440 Speaker 1: we have talked about the discoveries of other wrecks that 192 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: were believed to be the Clotilda. We also have talked 193 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: about this one, which was confirmed to be the correct 194 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: ship in twenty nine. Team researchers started making their first 195 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: research dives to the wreck in May of this year. 196 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,239 Speaker 1: They've been studying and scanning the wreck itself and evaluating 197 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: its integrity, as well as organisms living in the wreck 198 00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:55,720 Speaker 1: which play a part in its overall integrity. They have 199 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:59,760 Speaker 1: also been looking for and retrieving disarticulated pieces of the wreck. 200 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: Before setting fire to the Clotilda, the slave traffickers who 201 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:07,360 Speaker 1: were using it transferred everyone aboard onto a river boat, 202 00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:10,760 Speaker 1: so there should not have been any people on board 203 00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,040 Speaker 1: when it's sank. But the team is also looking for 204 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: DNA evidence from the ship. They're doing that by collecting 205 00:12:17,679 --> 00:12:20,559 Speaker 1: small core samples from the ship, and the hope is 206 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: that they'll be able to connect people who were trafficked 207 00:12:23,760 --> 00:12:28,400 Speaker 1: aboard this ship to their living descendants today. And speaking 208 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:32,200 Speaker 1: of DNA, for the first time, scientists have sequenced the 209 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,520 Speaker 1: genome of someone who died at Pompeii after the eruption 210 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,960 Speaker 1: of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine. Researchers extracted 211 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:42,679 Speaker 1: DNA from two sets of remains that were found close 212 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: to each other at a building called the House of 213 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: the Craftsman. One appeared to be from a man between 214 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:50,960 Speaker 1: the ages of thirty five and forty, and the other 215 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:54,319 Speaker 1: from a woman estimated to be about fifty, but there 216 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 1: were gaps in the woman's DNA sequence, so only the 217 00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 1: man's was used for this genome sequencing. After comparing this 218 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:05,120 Speaker 1: DNA to that of more than a thousand other ancient 219 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:09,120 Speaker 1: people and that of four seventy one people from Western 220 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:13,200 Speaker 1: Europe today. They found out this person had DNA similar 221 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:16,200 Speaker 1: to people living in Italy during the Roman Era and 222 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:19,560 Speaker 1: to people who are living in modern Italy. That lines 223 00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: up with what you would expect based on this person 224 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: being at Pompey when it was destroyed. Then by examining 225 00:13:26,120 --> 00:13:30,040 Speaker 1: his mitochondrial DNA, researchers also determined that he had some 226 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:34,559 Speaker 1: genes in common with people from Sardinia which aren't also 227 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:36,880 Speaker 1: shared with people from other parts of Italy, so it 228 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: seems like he had some ancestry there as well, and 229 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:42,640 Speaker 1: this gives us a glimpse into the possible diversity and 230 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: mobility of people who were living in this part of 231 00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:48,560 Speaker 1: the world almost two thousand years ago. The people who 232 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:51,600 Speaker 1: died at Pompeii were covered in ash and that protected 233 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:54,320 Speaker 1: their DNA from some of the factors that would normally 234 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:58,319 Speaker 1: cause it to degrade over thousands of years. But even so, 235 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:01,560 Speaker 1: getting enough intact DNA to sequence a whole genome has 236 00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:04,960 Speaker 1: been a very lengthy process. Yeah, they've had lots of 237 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:09,520 Speaker 1: other attempts that have not worked out, and other Pompeii News. 238 00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: One of the latest finds there is a tortoise, either 239 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: a wild tortoise from somewhere near the city or somebody's pet. 240 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: This tortoise seems to have burrowed under some debris to 241 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:23,680 Speaker 1: lay her eggs. The tortoise was removed in stages and 242 00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: an egg was found still inside her body. So this 243 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,160 Speaker 1: tortoise was found under the remains of a building that 244 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:32,360 Speaker 1: had already been destroyed in the earthquake that happened shortly 245 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: before uh everything else was destroyed in the volcanic eruption. 246 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: Sometimes when you see things that people like, ah, that's 247 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 1: that's the remains of whatever animal, and you're like, is 248 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:44,760 Speaker 1: it really though this? You look at the pictures and 249 00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:50,680 Speaker 1: you're like, that is that's a tortoise right there. There 250 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:53,320 Speaker 1: are still fines coming up from the Anti Kids Are 251 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: a shipwreck as part of the return to Anti Kids 252 00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: Are a project including the head of a statue of Hercules. 253 00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: It's possible that this two thousand year old head is 254 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: the one that goes on the body of a statue 255 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,120 Speaker 1: that sponge divers found in nineteen hundred and which is 256 00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: now in the Athens National Archaeological Museum. Other finds from 257 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:16,240 Speaker 1: this latest set of dives include some of the ship's equipment, 258 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:20,200 Speaker 1: including parts of the anchor, parts of a marble statue base, 259 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:24,440 Speaker 1: and some human teeth. Maybe the bell witch put them there. 260 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: Thinking about that, every time we talk about teeth, I 261 00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:35,680 Speaker 1: think I've heard um. And in our last update for now, 262 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: Vinda Luanda has made several appearances on previous episodes of Unearthed. 263 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: That's the Roman fort and settlement in Northumberland that's home 264 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:47,720 Speaker 1: to all kinds of ongoing archaeological work. And in May 265 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 1: the team at Vindolanda announced a new finding dating back 266 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: to the third century, a large piece of stone carved 267 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: with a fallus and engraved with the words second Dennis Kakore, 268 00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 1: which we will translate approximately to second Dennis the pooper. Yeah. 269 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:07,240 Speaker 1: Most articles about this translate with the word that's a 270 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: little more stronger than pooper. Uh Phallust's were often used 271 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: as a symbol of good luck at this place in time. 272 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:20,480 Speaker 1: There are lots of fallus engravings around this one, though 273 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:26,000 Speaker 1: seems more clearly meant as an insult. Somebody did not 274 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:30,920 Speaker 1: like that guy. I like that. We found um essentially 275 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: like very intensely created insult graffiti. Yeah, that's basically what 276 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,480 Speaker 1: that is. Moving on, we have a few pieces of 277 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:44,800 Speaker 1: jewelry and clothing and similar items. You know those best 278 00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:48,000 Speaker 1: friend necklaces that are made to resemble a broken heart 279 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: where one friend wears half and the other friend wears 280 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:52,920 Speaker 1: the other. Tracy might have thought these didn't still exist. 281 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:55,040 Speaker 1: They do. I assure you. You can even get Star 282 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: Wars ones. Yeah, I just associate them with being thirteen 283 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:06,800 Speaker 1: in early uh like decades ago, so that's just the 284 00:17:06,880 --> 00:17:09,280 Speaker 1: last time you encounter them, perhaps, but they are still 285 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:14,439 Speaker 1: out there doing the rounds uh well. Postdoctoral researcher Maria 286 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: Ajala from the University of Helsinki has been examining slate 287 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: ring ornaments that may have been put to similar use 288 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:24,520 Speaker 1: about six thousand years ago. So there are a lot 289 00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:27,639 Speaker 1: of these rings in the archaeological record, but for the 290 00:17:27,720 --> 00:17:31,159 Speaker 1: most part they have not been found intact, and that 291 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: is not really surprising. A lot of stuff in the 292 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:39,119 Speaker 1: archaeological record is broken, and these are small slate rings 293 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: that are thousands of years old, so would not necessarily 294 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:45,359 Speaker 1: expect a lot of them to be whole at this point. 295 00:17:46,119 --> 00:17:49,840 Speaker 1: But Ahala's research suggests that these did not just break 296 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: through where or handling or everything associated with the passage 297 00:17:53,240 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: of all that time. That instead, at least some of 298 00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:00,439 Speaker 1: them were broken intentionally and then possibly used to maintain 299 00:18:00,560 --> 00:18:03,480 Speaker 1: or signify relationships in the community, so one person gets 300 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 1: one piece and one person gets the other piece. This 301 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:09,480 Speaker 1: research involved a whole group from the University of Helsinki 302 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,520 Speaker 1: and the University of Turku, and they matched up the 303 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:16,840 Speaker 1: pieces of these rings and analyzed their geochemical composition, and 304 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:19,760 Speaker 1: they found that in some cases different parts of the 305 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:24,000 Speaker 1: same ring had been found in two different locations. Some 306 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:26,960 Speaker 1: of the rings were also found hundreds of kilometers from 307 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: where they were made, again suggesting that they were playing 308 00:18:30,359 --> 00:18:35,359 Speaker 1: some role within a large, interconnected community network. Moving on, 309 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 1: what maybe the oldest prayer beads so far found in 310 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:43,480 Speaker 1: Britain have been unearthed on the island of Lindisfarne. These 311 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:46,320 Speaker 1: were found near the neck of some skeletal remains that 312 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: may have belonged to a monk, and it's likely that 313 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:52,960 Speaker 1: they were strung together and worn, although if that's the case, 314 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:55,480 Speaker 1: the string itself is no longer there, which again it's 315 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:59,679 Speaker 1: not very surprising. They're made from salmon vertebrae and the 316 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:03,160 Speaker 1: whole through the vertebrae, which are naturally occurring as part 317 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:06,879 Speaker 1: of their anatomy. Those holes have been enlarged, either intentionally 318 00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 1: or as a side effect of their having been worn 319 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 1: on a string. You date back to the eighth or 320 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:15,879 Speaker 1: ninth century, and I just think the idea of having 321 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,199 Speaker 1: your prayer beads made out of fish Ford ray like, 322 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:21,919 Speaker 1: that's cool. Well, it it makes me envision a future 323 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: craft project, is what it makes me. I'm like, how, well, 324 00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:28,639 Speaker 1: what do you have to do to sterilize those guys? 325 00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:31,679 Speaker 1: What do you Let's uh, let's talk about this next up. 326 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,119 Speaker 1: A hiker in Norway spotted a sandal sticking out of 327 00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: melting ice in The hiker got in touch with a 328 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:43,040 Speaker 1: glacial archaeology program called Secrets of the Ice, and a 329 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: team went to investigate. They got to the site in 330 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,880 Speaker 1: time to excavate the sandal and several other items before 331 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: a snowstorm covered it all back up. Since that time, 332 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:55,879 Speaker 1: the team from Secrets of the Ice has made a 333 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:59,879 Speaker 1: replica of the sandal, which resembles a Roman laceup sandal 334 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:03,959 Speaker 1: called a carbontina. Then raised some questions about that seems 335 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:08,840 Speaker 1: like not very adequate footwear for a frozen snowy place. 336 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:11,920 Speaker 1: Uh there was a suggestion that maybe they were worn 337 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:15,920 Speaker 1: with socks. They've also done some radio carbon dating and 338 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,240 Speaker 1: confirmed that the sandal dates back to the fourth century, 339 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:21,919 Speaker 1: meaning that the mountain pass where this was found was 340 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: already in use by that point. Most recently, the sandal 341 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 1: has been part of a report from the Norwegian University 342 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:32,600 Speaker 1: of Science and Technology about discoveries like this one which 343 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: are revealed as glaciers melt, and how a lack of 344 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,920 Speaker 1: funding and monitoring is preventing researchers from being able to 345 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,240 Speaker 1: find and retrieve many of these kinds of objects before 346 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:45,879 Speaker 1: they saw out and are destroyed. And in our last 347 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:50,160 Speaker 1: jewelry find, a man plowing a field in Turkeya also 348 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:54,440 Speaker 1: known as Turkey plowed up at thirty three year old bracelets. 349 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,640 Speaker 1: He took this bracelet to the Chora Museum, which restored 350 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:00,960 Speaker 1: it and confirms that it came from the hits civilization. 351 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:04,080 Speaker 1: Although this region was home to the capital of the 352 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:08,640 Speaker 1: Hittite civilization, there haven't been many pieces of Hittite jewelry found, 353 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: so this discovery is helping researchers get more of a 354 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:15,880 Speaker 1: sense of its jewelry styles. And jewelry making techniques. This 355 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:18,760 Speaker 1: one is kind of like a large bangle made of bronze, 356 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:22,920 Speaker 1: silver and gold, and it's decorated with Hittite symbols and figures. 357 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:25,760 Speaker 1: We're gonna take a quick sponsor break and then talk 358 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: about some things that showed up at auction. Next up, 359 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:40,919 Speaker 1: we have a few notable items that have gone up 360 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:45,520 Speaker 1: for auction over the last few months. First, a violin 361 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:50,280 Speaker 1: made by Antonio Stratabari in seventeen fourteen called the Da 362 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:55,399 Speaker 1: Vinci X Sidell Violin, sold at auction in June for 363 00:21:55,520 --> 00:22:00,119 Speaker 1: fifteen point nine million dollars. I don't know why all 364 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,400 Speaker 1: the need to say it that dramatically. It's it's it's 365 00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:06,159 Speaker 1: a lot of money. That's a lot of money, but 366 00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:10,159 Speaker 1: also um in line with the amount of money that 367 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:14,600 Speaker 1: a person would expect to see for a strata various violin. 368 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,960 Speaker 1: This instrument was given the Da Vinci nickname in the 369 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties, and the ex sidel denotes that it previously 370 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:27,040 Speaker 1: belonged to Totia side L. Tosia side L was a 371 00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 1: virtuoso violinist who played this instrument in orchestral performances and 372 00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:35,920 Speaker 1: on film scores. It may have been included in the 373 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:39,440 Speaker 1: score to The Wizard of Oz. That's sort of like 374 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: a there's some conjecture involved there, because he definitely recorded 375 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,440 Speaker 1: violin music for a number of film scores and was 376 00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:53,000 Speaker 1: working for MGM around the time that that score was recorded, 377 00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: but his involvement is not specifically noted anywhere um it 378 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,359 Speaker 1: as though included in a lot of other four film 379 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 1: scores from around that time. In our next auction, a 380 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: medal commemorating General Daniel Morgan and his victory at the 381 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: Battle of Cowpens during the American Revolution has been sold 382 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: at auction for almost a million dollars. Apart from the 383 00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: record setting price tag. Before the medal appeared at auction, 384 00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: it was believed to be lost. Yeah. This medal was 385 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: originally part of a series of a hundred and thirty 386 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:31,320 Speaker 1: three medals called the Comita Americana. The United States commissioned 387 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,280 Speaker 1: French artists to create these medals between seventeen seventy six 388 00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:39,160 Speaker 1: and the early nineteenth century. They all commemorate notable people 389 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:43,480 Speaker 1: and events from the Revolutionary War. The Morgan medal was 390 00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:46,960 Speaker 1: designed by Augustine Duprey and it was struck in Paris, 391 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:51,199 Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty nine. When General Morgan died in eighteen 392 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:56,359 Speaker 1: o two, his grandson Morgan Lafayette Neville inherited this medal, 393 00:23:57,119 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: but then it was stolen from the bank where he 394 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: worked the cashier in eighteen eighteen. In addition to the medal, 395 00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:07,040 Speaker 1: the thieves stole more than a hundred thousand dollars and 396 00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: some gold and silver and other medals from the bank faults. 397 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:13,760 Speaker 1: This is part of a big bank heist. Although these 398 00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:17,000 Speaker 1: thieves were apprehended and one of them helped authorities recover 399 00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: most of the stolen goods, the original Morgan metal was 400 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: among the items that were never found. One of the 401 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:25,879 Speaker 1: thieves claimed that it had been in a bag that 402 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: was dropped into the Ohio River. So Congress approved a 403 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:32,600 Speaker 1: replacement medal to be made at the Philadelphia Mint and 404 00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:36,240 Speaker 1: that was given to General Morgan's great grandson in eighteen 405 00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:40,120 Speaker 1: forty one. That's not the end of this saga, though, 406 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: JP Morgan bought the medal in the eighteen eighties, which 407 00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:46,920 Speaker 1: for some reason, when I got to that part in 408 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,920 Speaker 1: the story, I went, ah man out loud, like I don't. 409 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,320 Speaker 1: JP Morgan bought other stuff that did not then get 410 00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:59,600 Speaker 1: the destroyed somehow, but Morgan believed incorrectly that he was 411 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,240 Speaker 1: related to General Daniel Morgan, and at some point after 412 00:25:03,359 --> 00:25:06,399 Speaker 1: he bought the medal, it disappeared. It was believed to 413 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:10,639 Speaker 1: have been lost or melted down until an anonymous person 414 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: consigned it to auction house Stacks Bowers, just seemingly out 415 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:19,439 Speaker 1: of nowhere. The buyer who spent nine hundred sixty dollars 416 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:22,119 Speaker 1: on it that's a bid of eight hundred thousand dollars 417 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:27,520 Speaker 1: plus a buyer's premium, is also anonymous, but an executive 418 00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 1: from the auction house has publicly maintained that it has 419 00:25:30,280 --> 00:25:33,480 Speaker 1: quote gone to a good home. I don't know what 420 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:37,320 Speaker 1: that is meant to mean. I'm gonna make sure it 421 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,720 Speaker 1: gets proper nutrition and the bus reading it like it was, 422 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: they sent the middle the medal to live on a 423 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:52,159 Speaker 1: farm up state uh anyway. Next, a tiny book of 424 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: poems by Charlotte Bronte was sold at auction in April. 425 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,480 Speaker 1: This tiny book had last been sold at auction in 426 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:03,000 Speaker 1: nine sixteen, and after that point it seemed to disappear 427 00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:06,280 Speaker 1: until somebody found it in an envelope that was tucked 428 00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:11,000 Speaker 1: inside a nineteenth century book. This was the last of 429 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: her known tiny books to be in private hands. We've 430 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:17,520 Speaker 1: talked about these tiny Charlotte Bronte books and the other 431 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:21,720 Speaker 1: Brontes tiny books at various points in the show before. Yeah, 432 00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:25,000 Speaker 1: Bronte wrote the poems when she was about thirteen, and 433 00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:27,760 Speaker 1: she made them into a book by hand, sewing it 434 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:31,280 Speaker 1: together with a needle and thread. The book is fifteen 435 00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:34,119 Speaker 1: pages long and it contains ten poems, and it is 436 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,840 Speaker 1: titled A Book of Rhymes by Charlotte Bronte, sold by 437 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:42,480 Speaker 1: nobody and printed by herself. The word rhymes is misspelled, 438 00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,719 Speaker 1: with the H and the Y transposed. As far as 439 00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:48,919 Speaker 1: we know, these are the only previously unpublished poems by 440 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:52,399 Speaker 1: Charlotte Bronte. I find that that flip of the H 441 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: and the y really charming. Um. When the sale of 442 00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:01,320 Speaker 1: this tiny book was originally publicized, the I or was anonymous, 443 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,719 Speaker 1: so there was was of course some level of upset 444 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:06,440 Speaker 1: by people who felt like that this should be in 445 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,160 Speaker 1: a museum. A few days later, though, it was announced 446 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,440 Speaker 1: that the purchaser was the Friends of the National Libraries, 447 00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:15,879 Speaker 1: who bought it for one point to five million dollars 448 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:19,760 Speaker 1: and is donating it to the Bronte Parsonage Museum. I 449 00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:24,720 Speaker 1: have thoughts about giant auctions and anonymity that we will 450 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:30,960 Speaker 1: talk about on Friday, Okay maybe. And lastly, Saw the 451 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,119 Speaker 1: Bees will be auctioning off a three hundred nine year 452 00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:37,920 Speaker 1: old copy of Shakespeare's First Folio on July seven. That's 453 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:40,560 Speaker 1: after we record this, but it is before the episode 454 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:43,840 Speaker 1: will come out. Two d thirty five of the seven 455 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,680 Speaker 1: hundred fifty copies that were originally made of the First 456 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:50,159 Speaker 1: Folio are still known to exist today, but fewer than 457 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,879 Speaker 1: twenty are in private collections, so one showing up at 458 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,200 Speaker 1: auction really doesn't happen very often. Yeah, we may have 459 00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:00,160 Speaker 1: another update on this later on in a few your 460 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 1: installment of Unearthed. Those last couple of auctions could also 461 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,480 Speaker 1: have been filed under books and letters, and that's what 462 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,520 Speaker 1: we're turning to next. According to research published in Advances 463 00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:15,840 Speaker 1: in Space Research, researchers have found the oldest known written 464 00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:19,720 Speaker 1: record of an aurora. This was in a Chinese text 465 00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:22,560 Speaker 1: called the Bamboo Annals, which date back to about the 466 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 1: tenth century BC. This describes a multicolored light in the 467 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:30,960 Speaker 1: sky during the reign of King Zhao, who was the 468 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:35,119 Speaker 1: fourth king of the Jou dynasty. This paper is about 469 00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:37,480 Speaker 1: more than just the existence of the document and a 470 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: possible description of an aurora. In it, it tries to 471 00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:45,000 Speaker 1: calculate exactly where this observation happened, and more precisely when 472 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:48,680 Speaker 1: concluding that the phenomenon was observed near the ancient settlement 473 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:52,040 Speaker 1: of how Jing sometime in nine seventy seven or nine 474 00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:57,080 Speaker 1: fifty seven BC plus or minus a year. Reporting about 475 00:28:57,160 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: this makes it sound way more conclusive than the paper 476 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,960 Speaker 1: itself seems to, so the headline say things like earliest 477 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:06,520 Speaker 1: description of aurora found, while the paper describes this more 478 00:29:06,680 --> 00:29:10,280 Speaker 1: as a candidate for the earliest description of an aurora. 479 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: The paper also notes that earlier interpretations of exactly what 480 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,959 Speaker 1: was observed and where that observation was made have been 481 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:20,840 Speaker 1: kind of controversial. I love how we have so many 482 00:29:20,920 --> 00:29:23,880 Speaker 1: stories that are like well the headline. The headline says this, 483 00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:30,040 Speaker 1: with the that's not what the actual contents reveal. Moving on. 484 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: On March nine, an anonymous person returned to missing notebooks 485 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:39,320 Speaker 1: belonging to Charles Darwin to the Cambridge University Library, along 486 00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:44,240 Speaker 1: with a note that read librarian, Happy Easter X. But 487 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,400 Speaker 1: we would have needed a time machine to have talked 488 00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,240 Speaker 1: about this on our previous installment of Unearthed, because it 489 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,719 Speaker 1: wasn't announced until April, which was after the Spring Unearthed 490 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: episodes were written and recorded. The Cambridge University Library had 491 00:29:57,360 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 1: put out a public appeal for the return of the 492 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:04,840 Speaker 1: notebooks in November after realizing that these books they were 493 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:07,680 Speaker 1: not just misplaced, they were actually missing from the library. 494 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: They had been removed from the shelf where they normally 495 00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,920 Speaker 1: lived in two thousands so they could be photographed, and 496 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 1: then in early two thousand one somebody discovered that the 497 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 1: notebooks had not been put back where they were supposed 498 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:23,560 Speaker 1: to go. At first, the staff just thought they had 499 00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,960 Speaker 1: been misplaced somewhere, like they had been put on the 500 00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:28,960 Speaker 1: wrong shelf for something. That's kind of a running theme 501 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,760 Speaker 1: on Unearthed. There have been various points, so we've talked 502 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:34,400 Speaker 1: about people finding things in their own collection because it 503 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:36,840 Speaker 1: had just been put in the wrong spot. When the 504 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: library realized that the notebooks were really gone, they were 505 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,400 Speaker 1: not in the library anymore, they reported it to the police. 506 00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:47,920 Speaker 1: That police report was made in October. Of these notebooks 507 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:51,160 Speaker 1: are from after Darwin returned from his voyage aboard the Beagle, 508 00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:53,800 Speaker 1: and one of them includes the famous Tree of Life 509 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:57,200 Speaker 1: sketch that illustrates his thought processes. He was working through 510 00:30:57,280 --> 00:30:59,920 Speaker 1: the idea that would later become part of his land 511 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: mark work on the Origin of species. According to news reporting, 512 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:08,280 Speaker 1: when this was announced, a police investigation was still ongoing. 513 00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:11,520 Speaker 1: The notebooks were left in a pink gift bag and 514 00:31:11,560 --> 00:31:14,000 Speaker 1: they were wrapped up in plastic wrap, and they were 515 00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:16,480 Speaker 1: in a part of the library that isn't covered by 516 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,280 Speaker 1: security cameras. Now that these have been found, the library 517 00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: was planning to put them on display in an exhibit 518 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:28,560 Speaker 1: called Darwin in Conversation that scheduled to open on July nine. Again, 519 00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:31,280 Speaker 1: that is after this episode is being recorded, but before 520 00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:34,760 Speaker 1: it will actually come out. Speaking of returned books, an 521 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,200 Speaker 1: original manuscript by Nostradama's disappeared from the Barnabid Center for 522 00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,840 Speaker 1: Historical Studies in Rome sometime around two thousand seven and 523 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:48,320 Speaker 1: was presumably stolen. It resurfaced last year when an art 524 00:31:48,360 --> 00:31:51,880 Speaker 1: dealer tried to auction it off. Apparently it had moved 525 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:54,640 Speaker 1: through a series of flea markets before showing up on 526 00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:58,000 Speaker 1: the German auction house website, and that is when authorities 527 00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:02,040 Speaker 1: spotted it. Both manuscript just about five hundred pages long, 528 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:04,320 Speaker 1: and one of those pages is marked with a stamp 529 00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:09,080 Speaker 1: from nineteen one, which is what allowed investigators to conclusively 530 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:11,960 Speaker 1: trace it back to the library and than thinking maybe 531 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:14,320 Speaker 1: it was a different copy of the same book. It 532 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:17,760 Speaker 1: was returned to the library in May, and for our 533 00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:21,880 Speaker 1: last thing under Books and Letters. During COVID lockdowns, the 534 00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:25,800 Speaker 1: Leads Central Library surveyed its rare books and special collections. 535 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,680 Speaker 1: During this process, they found about three thousand items that, 536 00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:33,920 Speaker 1: for one reason or another, had not been cataloged. One 537 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:38,720 Speaker 1: was a tiny, tiny Bible containing the Old and New Testaments. 538 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,719 Speaker 1: This is a teeny teeny version of the Great Bible 539 00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:46,040 Speaker 1: of fifteen thirty nine, which was nicknamed the Chained Bible 540 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:48,880 Speaker 1: because there was supposed to be one in each church 541 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,160 Speaker 1: where it would be chained to the pulpit to keep 542 00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,400 Speaker 1: people from walking away with it. Was supposed to make 543 00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:57,800 Speaker 1: the Bible more accessible to people, but not so accessible 544 00:32:57,840 --> 00:32:59,840 Speaker 1: that you can take it out of the church. The 545 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:02,720 Speaker 1: Chained Bible was pretty big. This is the opposite. It's 546 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,120 Speaker 1: type is so small that it has to be read 547 00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:09,040 Speaker 1: with a magnifying glass. The library is actually not sure 548 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:10,960 Speaker 1: where it came from or how it came to be 549 00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:15,360 Speaker 1: in their collections theories already. We can talk about that 550 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:21,160 Speaker 1: on Friday teeth. I'm making a note so I don't forget. 551 00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: It's time for shipwrecks, everybody's favorite. Hooray. Construction workers in 552 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:31,400 Speaker 1: tell in Estonia have found the wreck of a cog 553 00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 1: believed to have belonged to the Henseatic League. It was 554 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:37,360 Speaker 1: found under a street under about five ft of earth 555 00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:40,000 Speaker 1: in an area that used to be covered in water. 556 00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:43,840 Speaker 1: This cog is about eighty feet long and made of oak, 557 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:46,880 Speaker 1: with the spaces in between the planks sealed with tar 558 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:49,800 Speaker 1: and animal hair. It's been dated to the end of 559 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,440 Speaker 1: the thirteenth century, and things like shoes, packing material and 560 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 1: tools have also been found nearby. As of April, there 561 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: wasn't a clear plan for the because of its size. 562 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:03,360 Speaker 1: If it's going to be moved, it has to be 563 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:06,640 Speaker 1: moved in pieces. But it was found during construction of 564 00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:09,880 Speaker 1: a new office building, and that construction has been delayed 565 00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:13,720 Speaker 1: by a couple of months because of this shipwreck. Fined next, 566 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,480 Speaker 1: the government of Colombia has released photos of the wreck 567 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:20,480 Speaker 1: of the San Jose, which sank off of Cartagena in 568 00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:24,360 Speaker 1: seventeen o eight. This ship was part of a convoy 569 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:28,040 Speaker 1: of merchant vessels and was carrying goods that are estimated 570 00:34:28,080 --> 00:34:32,160 Speaker 1: to be worth billions of dollars today. These photos were 571 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:34,919 Speaker 1: taken over a series of studies of the wreck using 572 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,000 Speaker 1: remotely operated vehicles, and they show that the ship is 573 00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:42,719 Speaker 1: still full of things like pottery, glassware, and gold. It's 574 00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:46,480 Speaker 1: believed to contain at least two tons of precious metals 575 00:34:46,560 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: and gemstones. Two other wrecks were discovered as part of 576 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,960 Speaker 1: this work, described as a colonial era galleon and a 577 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:58,880 Speaker 1: schooner from the post colonial period. There is ongoing debate 578 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,480 Speaker 1: about who can claim the wreck of the San Jose. 579 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:05,400 Speaker 1: It was a Spanish ship, so Spain says that's ours, 580 00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:09,680 Speaker 1: but it was found off the coast of Columbia. Columbia 581 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,600 Speaker 1: is like that gives us DIBs on it. A lot 582 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:15,400 Speaker 1: of the precious metals aboard, though, were mined by the 583 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:20,439 Speaker 1: Cohara Cohara people, whose homeland isn't what's now Bolivia. Lots 584 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:23,560 Speaker 1: of people with claims on it. Back in two thousand seven, 585 00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:26,880 Speaker 1: divers and international waters off the coast of Great Yarmouth, 586 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,960 Speaker 1: Norfolk found a cannon from a shipwreck that they believed 587 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,720 Speaker 1: to be the HMS Gloucester. The ship's identity was confirmed 588 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:35,600 Speaker 1: when its bell was brought up to the surface in 589 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:39,880 Speaker 1: t but the discovery of the ship itself wasn't announced 590 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:43,800 Speaker 1: until June of this year for security reasons. Because it 591 00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:47,640 Speaker 1: was in international waters, authorities needed time to secure the site. 592 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:52,319 Speaker 1: Gloucester ran aground in six eighty two with the Duke 593 00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,680 Speaker 1: of York on board, and that Duke of York later 594 00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:59,160 Speaker 1: became James the second and seventh and the words of 595 00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:03,200 Speaker 1: Professor Larage how at the University of East Anglia quote 596 00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:06,560 Speaker 1: because of the circumstances of its sinking, this can be 597 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:11,359 Speaker 1: claimed as the single most significant historic maritime discovery since 598 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:15,959 Speaker 1: the raising of the Merry Rose in Although the Duke 599 00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:19,040 Speaker 1: and more than three hundred people aboard survived this wreck, 600 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:23,359 Speaker 1: hundreds of other passengers and crew did not. At this point, 601 00:36:23,480 --> 00:36:26,680 Speaker 1: researchers haven't found any human remains at the wreck site, 602 00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:30,400 Speaker 1: but they have found things like clothing, equipment, and wine bottles. 603 00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:33,239 Speaker 1: An exhibition is planned for some of the items that 604 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,279 Speaker 1: have been recovered that is set to start in the 605 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:42,080 Speaker 1: spring of next Archaeologists have found at hundred year old 606 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:46,400 Speaker 1: shipwreck in a stream outside of Bordeaux France. There seems 607 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,800 Speaker 1: to have been a cargo ship that was capable of 608 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:53,440 Speaker 1: navigating both rivers and coastal waters. This wreck is being 609 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:57,040 Speaker 1: removed for further study. There aren't a lot of records 610 00:36:57,120 --> 00:37:00,320 Speaker 1: about exactly how ships were built in this for picular 611 00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,959 Speaker 1: time and place, so this find is an important source 612 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:06,200 Speaker 1: of information on that, and its removal is a feat 613 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:09,160 Speaker 1: It's about twelve meters long, and it has to be 614 00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:12,399 Speaker 1: cleared of sediment and mapped and documented, and then every 615 00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:15,840 Speaker 1: piece of wood is being individually numbered and moved the 616 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:20,640 Speaker 1: whole process. And our last shipwreck of this installment of Unearthed, 617 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:23,880 Speaker 1: a shipwreck in the Philippines has been identified as the 618 00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,160 Speaker 1: destroyer USS Samuel B. Roberts, which sank in battle in 619 00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:32,160 Speaker 1: n It was found at a depth of six thousand, 620 00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:35,960 Speaker 1: nine eight five ms that's twenty two nine hundred sixteen 621 00:37:36,040 --> 00:37:39,320 Speaker 1: feet and that is more than four miles, making it 622 00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:43,759 Speaker 1: the deepest shipwreck ever discovered. According to a statement by 623 00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,800 Speaker 1: retired admiral and naval historian Samuel J. Cox, the site 624 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,239 Speaker 1: is a hallowed war grave. Eighty nine of its crew 625 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:53,520 Speaker 1: of two hundred twenty four were killed when the ship 626 00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,759 Speaker 1: went down, so that's it. For part one of this 627 00:37:56,880 --> 00:38:00,120 Speaker 1: installment of Unearthed, and we'll be back on Wednesday with 628 00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:04,160 Speaker 1: some more fines. You got a little listener mail I do. 629 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:09,560 Speaker 1: I have listener mail from Michelle Youse. Title for the 630 00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:14,880 Speaker 1: email was West Wing not compulsory, but perhaps Terry Pratchett 631 00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:18,480 Speaker 1: is uh, and Michelle wrote, high amazing women. I've been 632 00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,120 Speaker 1: listening since Christmas twenty twenty, starting at the beginning, and 633 00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:23,840 Speaker 1: earned the stuff you miss in history class PhD sometime 634 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:27,319 Speaker 1: last year. It's been great listening to all the podcasts 635 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:30,960 Speaker 1: when I'm mowing the lawn, walking crocheng or running when 636 00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:32,840 Speaker 1: it's not too hot. I live in Darwin in the 637 00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:37,239 Speaker 1: Northern Territory, Australia Tropics. As soon as I saw the 638 00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:40,399 Speaker 1: title of the last episode, mar Cater, I immediately thought 639 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:43,239 Speaker 1: of the West Wing episode clip and the characters trying 640 00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:46,000 Speaker 1: to turn their heads upside down to understand the map 641 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:48,680 Speaker 1: when it was reversed. I was wondering if you had 642 00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,360 Speaker 1: mentioned the episode. I didn't think you would since in 643 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,439 Speaker 1: other episodes I've thought this is referenced on the West Wing, 644 00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:56,600 Speaker 1: but you haven't mentioned it. And given that I'm the 645 00:38:56,680 --> 00:39:00,120 Speaker 1: same ages Tracy and loved Terry Pratchett. I wonder if 646 00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:02,960 Speaker 1: this mystery would ever be solved, and today it was 647 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:06,400 Speaker 1: Tracy hasn't watched The West Wing. What an obvious answer. 648 00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:09,359 Speaker 1: And don't worry. I'm not telling you to watch the show. 649 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:12,640 Speaker 1: I am saying your photos on the I Heart Radio 650 00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: episode are fantastic and I love the photo of you 651 00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:18,399 Speaker 1: both and dress up on the Facebook page. My friends 652 00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:20,200 Speaker 1: and I call that open mouth type of photo a 653 00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:24,160 Speaker 1: muppet photo. My wedding photos look like that. Thanks for 654 00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:28,760 Speaker 1: your fine work. Michelle goes on to suggest some episode 655 00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:32,719 Speaker 1: topics related to First Nation's history from Australia, and then 656 00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:41,080 Speaker 1: has some animal pictures, which the first is a frilled 657 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:45,680 Speaker 1: neck lizard from around where Michelle lives. And this particular 658 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:50,840 Speaker 1: picture when I saw, for some reason, my brain was like, 659 00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:54,440 Speaker 1: that looks like a lizard. But the head of this 660 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:59,120 Speaker 1: lizard does not make any sense to me, I think 661 00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:02,279 Speaker 1: because like I had not really thought through the like 662 00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:04,239 Speaker 1: the thrilled neck aspect of it. And then we have 663 00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:09,319 Speaker 1: lots of adorable dog pictures, So thank you so much 664 00:40:09,360 --> 00:40:14,840 Speaker 1: for these pictures. As for topic suggestions, one piece of 665 00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:19,239 Speaker 1: complexity involving First Nation's history related to Australia is that 666 00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 1: some of the cultures involved have cultural taboos regarding death 667 00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:27,440 Speaker 1: and uh using the names of people who have died, 668 00:40:28,160 --> 00:40:30,640 Speaker 1: and that sort of adds a piece of complexity and 669 00:40:31,280 --> 00:40:33,360 Speaker 1: like how we would approach and talk about those episodes 670 00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:35,800 Speaker 1: and what we would need to do regarding that. So 671 00:40:36,239 --> 00:40:39,680 Speaker 1: thank you for these suggestions. That is an aspect of 672 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:45,000 Speaker 1: thinking through how we might would incorporate them. So thank 673 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:48,440 Speaker 1: you again for this um, this story and these uh 674 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:52,759 Speaker 1: these animal pictures. I sure do love Terry Pratchett, and 675 00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:55,360 Speaker 1: I'm glad to have solved the mystery that I have 676 00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:58,239 Speaker 1: not watched any episode of The West Wing all the 677 00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:01,320 Speaker 1: way through. I I've only seen I don't even know. 678 00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:05,200 Speaker 1: I think it's just like I think something about the 679 00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:10,279 Speaker 1: Mercatur projection floated that clip up to the top of 680 00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:14,880 Speaker 1: my my YouTube feed somehow, like that is where I 681 00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:17,759 Speaker 1: thought it was on YouTube, So that's what it's wi. 682 00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:20,640 Speaker 1: I've never mentioned the West Wing. If you would like 683 00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:23,640 Speaker 1: to send us a note about this or anither podcast 684 00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:27,200 Speaker 1: or history podcast at I heeart radio dot com. We're 685 00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:30,680 Speaker 1: also all over social media at Missing History That's Sorrow 686 00:41:30,719 --> 00:41:33,400 Speaker 1: fund our Facebook, Twitter, at Pinterest, and Instagram, and you 687 00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:37,200 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on the iHeart Radio app, 688 00:41:37,520 --> 00:41:43,439 Speaker 1: or wherever you like being your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 689 00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:45,880 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 690 00:41:46,239 --> 00:41:49,080 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart 691 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:52,239 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 692 00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:52,960 Speaker 1: favorite shows.