WEBVTT - Ep. 699: The American West with Dan Flores

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<v Speaker 1>If this is the Meat Eater Podcast coming at you shirtless, severely,

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<v Speaker 1>bug bitten, and in my case, underwear listening podcast, you

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<v Speaker 1>can't predict anything.

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<v Speaker 2>dot com, f I R S T L I T

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<v Speaker 2>E dot com. Before we start today's show, we'd like

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<v Speaker 2>to touch on, uh, doctor Randall's hair a little bit. Yes,

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<v Speaker 2>you got screwed at the barber.

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<v Speaker 3>I don't want to say screwed, but there's a miscommunication.

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<v Speaker 3>I was going for a more minimalist touch up and

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<v Speaker 3>we ended up.

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<v Speaker 2>You wanted to keep your length in the back.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I wanted to keep my length in the back,

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<v Speaker 4>and I was.

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<v Speaker 2>I was.

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<v Speaker 4>I'd sort of made peace with it.

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<v Speaker 3>And then Seth showed me the other day a photo

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<v Speaker 3>from when we were out doing the SIG shoot and

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<v Speaker 3>I saw that.

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<v Speaker 2>Flow and I just just blown in the wind.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I missed it so badly.

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<v Speaker 2>The reason I winded you talk about that is Corey

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<v Speaker 2>just had interesting observation that there's a river you like

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<v Speaker 2>to fish, and you say that the river never fishes

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<v Speaker 2>good two days in a row. Yeah, So if you

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<v Speaker 2>have a great day, you know not to go back.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, you better pick another stream for sure.

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<v Speaker 2>Because it can't fish two days in a row.

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 2>And he's proposing that if you get a great haircut somewhere,

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<v Speaker 2>don't go back because it's gonna not be good. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>because one of the odds, lightning's not gonna strike twice,

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<v Speaker 2>never in the same spot. Hell about fishing, it goes

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<v Speaker 2>in weeks, week on, week off. So if you're like,

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<v Speaker 2>if people are up fishing at our fish shack and

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<v Speaker 2>you call up, the last thing you want to hear

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<v Speaker 2>because if you're going up, like let's say they're up

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<v Speaker 2>there last week of July, you're going first week August.

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<v Speaker 2>What you want? You think you want hot reports, You

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<v Speaker 2>don't want horrible report.

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<v Speaker 4>You make that phone call wanting some bitching and moaning.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, because they're like, oh my god, it's on fire.

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<v Speaker 2>You're like, I'm not even gonna go now. Yeah, because

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<v Speaker 2>this is gonna be the it'll die, it'll be the dead.

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<v Speaker 2>I'll be there for the dead week. You want it

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<v Speaker 2>to be that no one's catching nothing, then you're gonna

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<v Speaker 2>go up and have a phenomenal time. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 5>No, that's the same with this little riffle that I'm

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<v Speaker 5>speaking of. Just easty here. M.

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<v Speaker 2>You just winked at me. Does that mean it's not

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<v Speaker 2>easty here? No? Uh. Joined today by the esteemed professor,

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<v Speaker 2>former professor of American history, current author of all kinds

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<v Speaker 2>of books, New York Times best selling author Dan Floores.

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<v Speaker 2>It's been on the show a handful of times in

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<v Speaker 2>the past. I'll just come flat out and say, he's

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<v Speaker 2>my most He's my favorite historian, one of America's most

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<v Speaker 2>celebrated historians. Uh. Eleven books if you listen to a

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<v Speaker 2>Rogan's podcast. Dan's been on Rogan's podcast a couple of

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<v Speaker 2>times talking about his book as well. Started his career

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<v Speaker 2>as not started you were a writer but also a teacher. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 6>I basically started as a freelance magazine writer before I

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<v Speaker 6>went off. And you know, I did the strange thing

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<v Speaker 6>of getting a PhD. Relate yeah, and becoming Yeah, you

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<v Speaker 6>guys can relate Randall can relate that know.

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<v Speaker 7>Uh.

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<v Speaker 2>Not only that, but I took when I was in

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<v Speaker 2>graduate school, I took a class with Professor Floories, and

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<v Speaker 2>Randall took presumably many classes, a handful of a handful

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<v Speaker 2>of classes. And now Dan is doing a were Dan

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<v Speaker 2>is doing a podcast our podcast network called The American

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<v Speaker 2>West with Dan floy'es. We're going to talk about some

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<v Speaker 2>of the themes that will emerge in that podcast. As

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<v Speaker 2>he tells a I would say an unconventional telling of

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<v Speaker 2>the American West. Don't get into enormous detail. But how

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<v Speaker 2>would you describe your approach because you were an environmental historian?

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah, that's right. I trained to be an environmental historian.

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<v Speaker 6>And for people who don't know what that is, it's

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<v Speaker 6>basically somebody who studies and writes about and taught classes

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<v Speaker 6>too about the relationship between people and nature. So that's

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<v Speaker 6>a pretty big topic. You know, allows for a lot

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<v Speaker 6>of things, and what it doesn't do much because I

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<v Speaker 6>also taught the American West, it doesn't do much of

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<v Speaker 6>the standard American West stuff, you know. I mean I

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<v Speaker 6>never did really talk much about mining strikes and the

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<v Speaker 6>overall and trail migrations and Indian wars and gunfights and

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<v Speaker 6>all that. I was interested in in stuff that pertained

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<v Speaker 6>to the kind of environmental relationship between people and the

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<v Speaker 6>natural world in the West and in the country. And

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<v Speaker 6>so that's that's really what this podcast boils down to.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, fewer okay corrals and more more wildlife.

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah, that's exactly it. Yeah, yeah, it's.

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<v Speaker 2>Being a wildlife. Uh pigeon catching controversy in New York

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<v Speaker 2>And this makes sense to me. The price, Like my

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<v Speaker 2>boy sells pigeons to dog trainers.

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<v Speaker 7>Oh now he's now he's onto selling them.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh he's made he makes good money selling pigeons.

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<v Speaker 7>Oh yeah, No, I didn't know that.

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<v Speaker 2>I thought, well, this year he just did a if

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<v Speaker 2>you go from seven dollars to eight dollars, what percent

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<v Speaker 2>increases that.

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<v Speaker 4>That's a tough one to figure out.

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<v Speaker 2>One I told him, say tariffs did it?

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<v Speaker 7>And wait, how twelve? How much does he is that?

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<v Speaker 6>How much?

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<v Speaker 2>Your head?

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<v Speaker 6>Dan, I think that's right.

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<v Speaker 7>Wait does he is that? How much he sells them for?

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<v Speaker 2>He just he just he just uh he had a

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<v Speaker 2>new client mm hmm. And and he was saying what

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<v Speaker 2>because last year he was getting seven a piece and

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<v Speaker 2>he had a new client. He just threw out eight

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<v Speaker 2>and out of blank, take as many as I can get.

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<v Speaker 2>So point being, it doesn't surprise me. Now what what?

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<v Speaker 2>So he gets pigeons out of grain silos because guys

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<v Speaker 2>are storing grain. Last thing, you want his pigeons in

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<v Speaker 2>the grain. You know, you don't want I'm shitting in

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<v Speaker 2>the grain. So he gets them out of grain silos

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<v Speaker 2>and whatnot, out of barns and people use them for

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<v Speaker 2>dog training.

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<v Speaker 6>Oh I didn't.

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<v Speaker 7>I thought he got paid to capture them. I didn't

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<v Speaker 7>realize that he was turning them around.

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<v Speaker 2>He would pay to get him. Okay, but I'm saying,

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<v Speaker 2>picture now that a pigeons worth that amount of money. Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>Some guy has thought to himself apparently, well, not where

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<v Speaker 2>are there a lot of pigeons? And he has noted

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<v Speaker 2>that in Brooklyn there's a lot of pigeons, and some

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<v Speaker 2>guys are taking some industrial pigeon catching strategies to these

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<v Speaker 2>parks in Brooklyn, which is really causing a lot of

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<v Speaker 2>distress for logo pigeon lovers. It's a little bit weird

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<v Speaker 2>because I think that I don't know if New York does.

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<v Speaker 2>But there's a thing called a vatroll. There's a there's

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<v Speaker 2>a poison that municipalities will use on pigeons. It's kind

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<v Speaker 2>of like an un you know. So I think that

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<v Speaker 2>for them to see a guy jump out and net

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<v Speaker 2>a bunch, it's probably like doubt be disturbing by I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>if you looked at the darker side, there's like a

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<v Speaker 2>darker side the pigeon removal that they're probably not aware

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<v Speaker 2>of pigeons being a non native bird. But pitches have

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<v Speaker 2>been there. I mean the French delivered introduced pigeons along

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<v Speaker 2>the Saint Lawrence, I think the late fifteen hundred. I

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<v Speaker 2>mean there's been pigeons on the ground. Street pigeons. It's

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<v Speaker 2>Lenaian name. If you see a pigeon flying around town,

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<v Speaker 2>it's Lenaian name. Is Columba, Olivia, I believe is what

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<v Speaker 2>it is. And people are worked up because guys are

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<v Speaker 2>catching these things and they're probably like the guests are

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<v Speaker 2>selling them into the pigeon market. Some guy cleared one

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<v Speaker 2>hundred and fifty out of a park.

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<v Speaker 7>Bushwick. I thought this was going the direction of roller pigeons,

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<v Speaker 7>which is why I paid attention. Jordan Siller sent me this.

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<v Speaker 2>This is a dude selling. This is a dude selling

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<v Speaker 2>pigeons for some purpose. I used to on occasion when

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<v Speaker 2>I lived in Brooklyn and I would go down and

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<v Speaker 2>I would just nab them and put them in my pockets.

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<v Speaker 2>And I'm not kidding you. We would grab them and

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<v Speaker 2>we would make patas with them, me and my chef

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<v Speaker 2>buddy and I just put them right in my pockets.

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<v Speaker 2>We got all kinds of videos of it.

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<v Speaker 7>Oh my gosh, we need to put this together. This

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<v Speaker 7>is a new episode. Well, what what's the hand grabbing pigeons?

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<v Speaker 2>You just put a little bit of and you just

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<v Speaker 2>put them and I'd always want to leave the scene

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<v Speaker 2>with them alive. So we just put them in our

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<v Speaker 2>pockets and make little pat tays with them. Your pockets

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<v Speaker 2>all bounce garment is best for any kind of coat,

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<v Speaker 2>like a down puffy type, and put them in your pockets.

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<v Speaker 5>But uh, kangaroo.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, the thing that came mind, they came on here

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<v Speaker 2>if any person, like if you went to any I

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<v Speaker 2>shouldn't say any If you went to most wildlife managers

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<v Speaker 2>and you ask them if you could wave a magic

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<v Speaker 2>wand and it would make street pigeons disappear, they would

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<v Speaker 2>wave the wand. You know, but then you get into

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<v Speaker 2>like different things like I used to go to even

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<v Speaker 2>farmers and ranchers that like would hate wild pigs. But

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<v Speaker 2>you'd say, if I could wave a magic wand and

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<v Speaker 2>a wild pig would never ever ever again walk on

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<v Speaker 2>your property? Would you want me to wave it? And

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<v Speaker 2>they think and go, no, I just don't want as many,

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<v Speaker 2>you know. Uh, so that's going on there. You can

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<v Speaker 2>get stung though, if you're the guy doing this. Mm hmm,

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<v Speaker 2>if you're listening to you, if you're listening, they are

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<v Speaker 2>fixing to they're fixing to get you under animal cruelty.

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<v Speaker 5>So they haven't caught this person yet, huh. I wonder

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<v Speaker 5>how their diving.

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<v Speaker 2>But if he's getting let's say he's getting New York prices,

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<v Speaker 2>mm hmm.

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<v Speaker 7>I feel like he's getting.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh okay, let's say he's getting ten bucks per Does

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<v Speaker 2>that mean Jimmy gets to I'm just saying he's making like,

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<v Speaker 2>you know, making money. Yeah, he's like the last of

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<v Speaker 2>the old New York market. Huns. Uh. There's the thing

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<v Speaker 2>I found out about Buddy Mine told me about it.

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<v Speaker 2>Have you ever heard old man Randall to ask you

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<v Speaker 2>about this?

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<v Speaker 7>We like started talking about it the other day.

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<v Speaker 2>The International Order of Saint Hubertus.

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<v Speaker 3>That's how I pronounce it not a expert though.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I don't know how. This was never on my radarm.

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<v Speaker 2>You know why you don't know about it, same reason

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<v Speaker 2>I don't know about it.

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<v Speaker 4>I'm not a member.

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<v Speaker 2>You have to be asked.

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<v Speaker 6>To join.

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<v Speaker 2>The International Order of Saint Hubertus is a true nightly order.

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<v Speaker 2>I mean you can look at their website. They even

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<v Speaker 2>do that thing where like you'll have the first letter

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<v Speaker 2>of a paragraph and you put it in a red

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<v Speaker 2>box like once upon a time. Oh yeah, like the

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<v Speaker 2>old m I mean that's when you know it's legit.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, you know, there's got to be a technical term

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<v Speaker 3>for that, no doubt.

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<v Speaker 2>The International Order of Saint Hubertus is a true nightly order.

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<v Speaker 2>In the historical tradition. The Order is under the royal

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<v Speaker 2>protection of His Majesty, King Juan Carlos of Spain, the

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<v Speaker 2>grand Master Emeritus in his Imperial and Royal Highness, Archduke

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<v Speaker 2>Andreas Salvatore von Habsburg, Lovingren of Austria, and our current

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<v Speaker 2>grand Master is His Imperial and Royal Highness Istevon von

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<v Speaker 2>Habsburg Lothringen, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary. The International

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<v Speaker 2>Order of Saint Hubertus is comprised of an international group

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<v Speaker 2>of individuals Ordun's Brothers, who are passionate about the sports

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<v Speaker 2>of hunting and fishing, and who are vitally interested and

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<v Speaker 2>actively involved in the preservation of wildlife its habitat in

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<v Speaker 2>the tradition of ethical hunting and fish. They got members

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<v Speaker 2>who are dedicated to upland bird hunting, duck hunting, and

0:13:06.360 --> 0:13:12.600
<v Speaker 2>hunters of quote larger and big game. Never been asked

0:13:15.880 --> 0:13:17.760
<v Speaker 2>if Brandley was asked to be in this and I don't,

0:13:17.800 --> 0:13:19.240
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna be pised.

0:13:19.520 --> 0:13:19.600
<v Speaker 7>No.

0:13:19.720 --> 0:13:22.600
<v Speaker 4>I was just thinking we should start our own secret order.

0:13:24.040 --> 0:13:25.079
<v Speaker 2>Here's what they stand for.

0:13:25.280 --> 0:13:27.480
<v Speaker 3>That's okay, instead of skull and bones, we'll just go

0:13:27.600 --> 0:13:29.920
<v Speaker 3>with skulls and skulls.

0:13:30.440 --> 0:13:33.599
<v Speaker 2>Here's what they stand for. To promote sportsmanlike conduct and

0:13:33.679 --> 0:13:38.480
<v Speaker 2>hunting and fishing. To foster good fellowship among sportsmen from

0:13:38.480 --> 0:13:41.960
<v Speaker 2>all over the world. To teach and preserve sound traditional

0:13:42.040 --> 0:13:46.599
<v Speaker 2>hunting and fishing customs. To encourage wildlife conservation, and to

0:13:46.640 --> 0:13:50.320
<v Speaker 2>help protect in dangered species from extinction. To promote the

0:13:50.360 --> 0:13:54.360
<v Speaker 2>concept of hunting and fishing as an intangible cultural heritage

0:13:54.400 --> 0:13:58.640
<v Speaker 2>of humanity. To endeavor to ensure that the economic benefits

0:13:58.679 --> 0:14:02.680
<v Speaker 2>derived from sports, hunting and fishing, support the regions where

0:14:02.720 --> 0:14:05.720
<v Speaker 2>these activities are carried out, and to strive to enhance

0:14:05.800 --> 0:14:13.000
<v Speaker 2>respect the responsible hunters and fishermen. If I get into that,

0:14:13.080 --> 0:14:14.800
<v Speaker 2>I'm you know, I don't have any tattoos. I'm getting

0:14:14.840 --> 0:14:16.040
<v Speaker 2>that it's got a crest.

0:14:18.559 --> 0:14:20.680
<v Speaker 5>Where's that is going on your lower back?

0:14:20.960 --> 0:14:21.080
<v Speaker 6>Right?

0:14:22.440 --> 0:14:22.640
<v Speaker 2>Oh?

0:14:22.680 --> 0:14:23.560
<v Speaker 5>That's where it has to go.

0:14:24.440 --> 0:14:25.120
<v Speaker 2>Put the first one?

0:14:25.160 --> 0:14:25.280
<v Speaker 7>Then?

0:14:26.200 --> 0:14:31.480
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, now expenser, who ran out of place to put them?

0:14:31.600 --> 0:14:31.960
<v Speaker 2>He said?

0:14:32.440 --> 0:14:34.240
<v Speaker 4>He said, with no small amount of judgment.

0:14:37.240 --> 0:14:39.000
<v Speaker 2>Before you get in a dank, Can you, guys tell

0:14:39.080 --> 0:14:40.880
<v Speaker 2>us about your added hunt? But can I start by

0:14:40.920 --> 0:14:45.320
<v Speaker 2>telling about how controversial it is? Yeah? Are you familiar

0:14:45.320 --> 0:14:47.080
<v Speaker 2>with the controversy? Mm hmm.

0:14:47.680 --> 0:14:50.240
<v Speaker 5>Well is it similar to asking folks if they want

0:14:50.240 --> 0:14:51.120
<v Speaker 5>to get rid of pigs?

0:14:51.760 --> 0:14:52.160
<v Speaker 2>Mm hmm.

0:14:52.640 --> 0:14:54.600
<v Speaker 5>And if you most of them would say no because

0:14:54.600 --> 0:14:57.000
<v Speaker 5>they're you know, they turned quite a profit.

0:14:57.280 --> 0:15:03.200
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. So people like you guys, the people you guys

0:15:03.320 --> 0:15:05.880
<v Speaker 2>getting all excited flying all around the country to hunt

0:15:05.880 --> 0:15:08.320
<v Speaker 2>a dad are killing big horns.

0:15:10.680 --> 0:15:12.000
<v Speaker 7>Not exactly, I think.

0:15:16.360 --> 0:15:17.640
<v Speaker 2>You hate big horn sheep.

0:15:20.320 --> 0:15:21.560
<v Speaker 7>Thanks for putting us in a box.

0:15:22.080 --> 0:15:22.880
<v Speaker 2>Tell us about your trip.

0:15:23.120 --> 0:15:24.160
<v Speaker 5>I don't think that's true.

0:15:24.320 --> 0:15:26.640
<v Speaker 2>No, no, No, I'm joking. I want to want to start

0:15:27.840 --> 0:15:29.680
<v Speaker 2>paraphrasing half a Finger.

0:15:30.120 --> 0:15:33.720
<v Speaker 7>Yeah, oh yeah, we're definitely gonna address that. That's part

0:15:33.720 --> 0:15:35.360
<v Speaker 7>of the that's part of the conservation.

0:15:36.200 --> 0:15:37.600
<v Speaker 2>I'm being too, I'm being I'm being.

0:15:38.920 --> 0:15:40.760
<v Speaker 5>By promoting hunting.

0:15:40.920 --> 0:15:44.920
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, meaning that a dad are there. They're there are

0:15:45.080 --> 0:15:50.200
<v Speaker 2>sheep species from North Africa, North Africa, and they run wild,

0:15:50.520 --> 0:15:52.320
<v Speaker 2>and they run wild in Texas.

0:15:52.880 --> 0:15:56.040
<v Speaker 5>Not a sheep, they're odd.

0:15:56.440 --> 0:16:00.320
<v Speaker 6>They're closer, more closer, they're closer to oats.

0:16:03.320 --> 0:16:05.440
<v Speaker 2>Oh, I guess that's where I got that. So not

0:16:05.800 --> 0:16:06.360
<v Speaker 2>a true sheep.

0:16:06.560 --> 0:16:09.720
<v Speaker 5>Correct, obviously related, but not not a true sheep.

0:16:09.960 --> 0:16:12.440
<v Speaker 2>They've gone feral. They do quite well in Texas, and

0:16:12.480 --> 0:16:15.720
<v Speaker 2>people point out that it's been pointed out, not not

0:16:15.760 --> 0:16:19.240
<v Speaker 2>just pointed out. I think it's According to half a Finger,

0:16:19.240 --> 0:16:23.000
<v Speaker 2>it's like an objective reality that awed ad are detrimental

0:16:23.040 --> 0:16:27.120
<v Speaker 2>to big horn sheep recovery. So, in all fairness, do

0:16:27.120 --> 0:16:29.800
<v Speaker 2>not mean to overblow it. Halfle Finger has pointed out

0:16:30.080 --> 0:16:33.920
<v Speaker 2>he feels that there is like an increasing popularity in

0:16:34.080 --> 0:16:38.480
<v Speaker 2>awed hunting because you can hunt around, you don't have

0:16:38.480 --> 0:16:41.160
<v Speaker 2>any kind of bag limits, Like it's kind of the

0:16:41.280 --> 0:16:42.920
<v Speaker 2>you know, it's like the the you know, it's like

0:16:42.960 --> 0:16:44.720
<v Speaker 2>the wild West of Awdad hunting.

0:16:44.760 --> 0:16:48.240
<v Speaker 7>Right now, You're not going to get a sheep probably

0:16:48.240 --> 0:16:50.600
<v Speaker 7>ever in your life. So if you want to try

0:16:50.640 --> 0:16:52.600
<v Speaker 7>for something adjacent to it.

0:16:52.840 --> 0:16:55.640
<v Speaker 2>Go down in the desert and you know, run around

0:16:55.640 --> 0:16:58.240
<v Speaker 2>in the rim rocks. They're down there. And he feels

0:16:58.240 --> 0:17:05.480
<v Speaker 2>that as this gains popular larity land managers, landowners will

0:17:05.520 --> 0:17:12.320
<v Speaker 2>become incentivized to host awed AD on their properties, and

0:17:12.359 --> 0:17:15.200
<v Speaker 2>he feels that this could lead to a net loss

0:17:16.200 --> 0:17:23.560
<v Speaker 2>in suitable big horn habitat. But I was hunting, oh Dad,

0:17:23.560 --> 0:17:26.440
<v Speaker 2>when you guess when your mommy's was wiping your noses?

0:17:29.560 --> 0:17:31.240
<v Speaker 2>How old fifty one?

0:17:32.440 --> 0:17:35.200
<v Speaker 7>So Steve made it cool before it was cool.

0:17:35.720 --> 0:17:38.520
<v Speaker 2>No, I went one time, I went two times.

0:17:39.400 --> 0:17:40.520
<v Speaker 7>I'm just trying to be cute.

0:17:40.920 --> 0:17:42.560
<v Speaker 2>I went two times and I was not. I guess

0:17:42.600 --> 0:17:44.560
<v Speaker 2>I was. I wasn't really aware of the issue. But anyways,

0:17:44.560 --> 0:17:46.440
<v Speaker 2>tell about you guys trip. Yeah.

0:17:46.480 --> 0:17:48.840
<v Speaker 5>Well, a couple of weeks ago, Karin and I and

0:17:49.240 --> 0:17:55.840
<v Speaker 5>Karin's significant other Matt, were hosted by doctor Phil of Retzki, the.

0:17:57.760 --> 0:18:03.520
<v Speaker 7>Duck Doctor DNA doc now now odd AD DNA doc

0:18:03.800 --> 0:18:06.800
<v Speaker 7>also Turkey DNA doc Yep, he's got all the names.

0:18:07.359 --> 0:18:11.800
<v Speaker 5>He hosted us down in West Texas on UTEPS, the

0:18:11.840 --> 0:18:13.600
<v Speaker 5>Indio Research Station.

0:18:14.080 --> 0:18:17.280
<v Speaker 7>Yep, he's at the Yeah. So so we weren't at

0:18:17.880 --> 0:18:22.879
<v Speaker 7>you know, uh RAN for research for it. Yeah, University

0:18:22.920 --> 0:18:26.480
<v Speaker 7>of Texas at El Paso has a research facility that's

0:18:26.520 --> 0:18:30.240
<v Speaker 7>about thirty five or forty it's forty thousand.

0:18:30.680 --> 0:18:33.200
<v Speaker 5>That's where we were, right on the Rio Grande.

0:18:34.080 --> 0:18:34.760
<v Speaker 2>All these details.

0:18:34.800 --> 0:18:38.520
<v Speaker 5>We're looking at Mexico, the mountains in Mexico the whole time, glorious,

0:18:38.560 --> 0:18:41.640
<v Speaker 5>stunning country. He wanted us to come down in February

0:18:42.080 --> 0:18:44.920
<v Speaker 5>or January when it was cooler, and the best time

0:18:44.920 --> 0:18:47.719
<v Speaker 5>we could pull it off was in early April, and

0:18:47.760 --> 0:18:50.280
<v Speaker 5>so odds were that it was going to be hot

0:18:50.320 --> 0:18:52.359
<v Speaker 5>while we were down there, but we got really lucky

0:18:52.720 --> 0:18:55.040
<v Speaker 5>with a cold front that rolled in just days before

0:18:55.080 --> 0:18:57.439
<v Speaker 5>we landed. And if they were still trying to squeak

0:18:57.440 --> 0:18:58.720
<v Speaker 5>out of that cold front, and I don't think it

0:18:58.800 --> 0:19:03.680
<v Speaker 5>ever got above seventy degrees. We hunted two days and

0:19:03.720 --> 0:19:07.000
<v Speaker 5>we did our best to help the conservation aspect and

0:19:07.160 --> 0:19:10.000
<v Speaker 5>tried to just shoot and use at first was our

0:19:10.040 --> 0:19:10.840
<v Speaker 5>main objective.

0:19:12.080 --> 0:19:15.639
<v Speaker 2>So this facility is hostile to the odd ads.

0:19:16.840 --> 0:19:20.480
<v Speaker 5>I mean, they've just made themselves at home.

0:19:20.680 --> 0:19:20.880
<v Speaker 6>Yeah.

0:19:21.359 --> 0:19:24.280
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, they're a desert big horn that roam in and out.

0:19:24.400 --> 0:19:28.560
<v Speaker 5>But this is just south of the Elephant Mountains, I believe,

0:19:28.560 --> 0:19:31.760
<v Speaker 5>which has a herd of bighorn sheep and they'll bleed

0:19:31.800 --> 0:19:34.520
<v Speaker 5>over into this ranch. But the odd ad have made

0:19:34.560 --> 0:19:37.359
<v Speaker 5>themselves at home. There weren't a lot of odd ad around,

0:19:38.320 --> 0:19:42.080
<v Speaker 5>or at least they weren't easy to find. We made

0:19:42.119 --> 0:19:43.760
<v Speaker 5>it look easy in two days, but it was because

0:19:43.760 --> 0:19:45.520
<v Speaker 5>the weather was so nice. We were able to hunt

0:19:45.560 --> 0:19:48.440
<v Speaker 5>all day, glass them up in the morning and take

0:19:48.600 --> 0:19:51.800
<v Speaker 5>hours to get in within rifle range, and you know,

0:19:51.920 --> 0:19:54.800
<v Speaker 5>slowly pack them out without worrying about wasting any of

0:19:54.840 --> 0:19:55.200
<v Speaker 5>the meat.

0:19:55.880 --> 0:19:58.280
<v Speaker 3>But the university does want to get rid of them

0:19:58.880 --> 0:20:00.720
<v Speaker 3>or reduce the numbers.

0:20:01.359 --> 0:20:05.680
<v Speaker 5>Well, that's kind of the general vibe in West Texas

0:20:05.720 --> 0:20:08.640
<v Speaker 5>is to keep the numbers reduced for desert big horn.

0:20:08.680 --> 0:20:10.479
<v Speaker 5>Sheet You're never going to be able to get rid

0:20:10.520 --> 0:20:13.240
<v Speaker 5>of odd ad just because they've made themselves at home

0:20:13.280 --> 0:20:17.240
<v Speaker 5>and they do so well in that landscape. But yeah,

0:20:17.680 --> 0:20:21.360
<v Speaker 5>desert big horns certainly sit higher on the pedestal down there,

0:20:21.359 --> 0:20:24.800
<v Speaker 5>but odd ad are very close because of the outfitting

0:20:25.040 --> 0:20:27.800
<v Speaker 5>opportunity the trophy hunting big air quotes.

0:20:27.880 --> 0:20:29.600
<v Speaker 2>Can you pass that that thing down here so I

0:20:29.600 --> 0:20:30.119
<v Speaker 2>can look at it?

0:20:30.160 --> 0:20:36.560
<v Speaker 7>Yeah, I can't have fifty pounds. Corey shot it really

0:20:37.200 --> 0:20:43.360
<v Speaker 7>really huge sand Graham, So Steve, like, I guess your

0:20:43.400 --> 0:20:47.960
<v Speaker 7>hand doesn't even fit around the the whole horn there.

0:20:50.240 --> 0:20:54.320
<v Speaker 7>But yeah, just more on that. You know, the phil

0:20:54.600 --> 0:21:02.000
<v Speaker 7>Phil's lab, he's he's trying to figure out certain new

0:21:02.040 --> 0:21:05.439
<v Speaker 7>techniques to test aspects of the odd ads. So like

0:21:06.000 --> 0:21:12.840
<v Speaker 7>they everyone that we shot, we collectively got four. They

0:21:12.880 --> 0:21:17.160
<v Speaker 7>all got nasal swabbed. Uh and uh, they all got

0:21:17.200 --> 0:21:19.880
<v Speaker 7>a piece of meat cut out of them for testing

0:21:19.960 --> 0:21:24.920
<v Speaker 7>for various diseases and such. But to my understanding, that

0:21:25.000 --> 0:21:31.240
<v Speaker 7>research facility is potential grounds for desert big horn reintroductions.

0:21:31.240 --> 0:21:35.560
<v Speaker 7>Oh really, so there are it would be possible to

0:21:35.600 --> 0:21:39.480
<v Speaker 7>put together some kind of study or tests to see

0:21:39.920 --> 0:21:42.439
<v Speaker 7>how many females would need to be taken out of

0:21:42.440 --> 0:21:47.560
<v Speaker 7>the population in order to accommodate I don't really know

0:21:47.600 --> 0:21:52.640
<v Speaker 7>the right language, but you know, to accommodate number exactly exactly?

0:21:54.720 --> 0:21:56.600
<v Speaker 2>Are you counting up that he's like eleven or twelve

0:21:56.680 --> 0:21:57.160
<v Speaker 2>years old?

0:21:57.320 --> 0:22:00.359
<v Speaker 5>That's what we guesstimated somewhere between ten and thirteen. It's

0:22:00.359 --> 0:22:01.160
<v Speaker 5>so hard to tell.

0:22:01.760 --> 0:22:05.280
<v Speaker 2>I mean, well, the yeah, the annually ier rubbed off

0:22:05.320 --> 0:22:08.200
<v Speaker 2>on the outer very smooth. Now.

0:22:08.240 --> 0:22:10.280
<v Speaker 5>I also brought in that you that I shot, which

0:22:10.320 --> 0:22:13.000
<v Speaker 5>was an older at you as well and just as

0:22:13.000 --> 0:22:18.440
<v Speaker 5>beautiful of a trophy. And the meat is ten times better.

0:22:18.800 --> 0:22:21.399
<v Speaker 2>Because he has a real bad eating reputation.

0:22:21.600 --> 0:22:23.720
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, which I don't understand. Well, it's just like people

0:22:23.760 --> 0:22:27.000
<v Speaker 5>who say antelope aren't good to eat, or sagey mule deer.

0:22:27.119 --> 0:22:28.640
<v Speaker 5>You know, they just don't know how to cook more

0:22:28.720 --> 0:22:29.720
<v Speaker 5>than cereal.

0:22:31.200 --> 0:22:36.920
<v Speaker 7>Yeah, I felt like the meat flavor is so incredibly mild.

0:22:37.040 --> 0:22:40.280
<v Speaker 7>I mean I shot the little list of them. Of

0:22:40.320 --> 0:22:43.080
<v Speaker 7>the four, I thought that I was aiming at a you,

0:22:43.280 --> 0:22:48.000
<v Speaker 7>and then it ended up being a small ram that

0:22:48.160 --> 0:22:53.520
<v Speaker 7>was termed us a subadult. You can kind of like

0:22:53.640 --> 0:22:57.919
<v Speaker 7>lift it with one hand. And I haven't eaten off of.

0:22:58.000 --> 0:23:01.239
<v Speaker 7>I ate a little bit of his heart, but the

0:23:01.280 --> 0:23:06.880
<v Speaker 7>meat is much like lighter pink and seems tender as

0:23:06.920 --> 0:23:10.600
<v Speaker 7>heck because it because he's really young. But we threw

0:23:10.680 --> 0:23:13.480
<v Speaker 7>ribs on the grill one of the days and our

0:23:13.520 --> 0:23:17.639
<v Speaker 7>first night at dinner at doctor Phil's house, he'd just

0:23:17.960 --> 0:23:20.879
<v Speaker 7>forget what cut, but he just grilled it up and

0:23:20.920 --> 0:23:25.280
<v Speaker 7>it you know, he he he says it's like sirloin

0:23:25.520 --> 0:23:28.840
<v Speaker 7>to him, and I thought it was absolutely delicious. So

0:23:29.000 --> 0:23:32.000
<v Speaker 7>kind of riffing off of Jesse Griffiths, you know, Eat

0:23:32.040 --> 0:23:33.760
<v Speaker 7>a hog, Save the world.

0:23:34.560 --> 0:23:34.800
<v Speaker 6>Uh.

0:23:35.119 --> 0:23:38.040
<v Speaker 7>Phil's new tagline is save a sheep, Eat an odd ad.

0:23:38.440 --> 0:23:41.280
<v Speaker 5>So yeah, he whipped up a again. I don't know

0:23:41.280 --> 0:23:43.760
<v Speaker 5>what cut it was, but an odd ad steak and

0:23:43.800 --> 0:23:45.560
<v Speaker 5>an elk steak. I couldn't tell the difference.

0:23:46.400 --> 0:23:50.399
<v Speaker 7>It was real. It was really good. It just you

0:23:50.480 --> 0:23:55.440
<v Speaker 7>even smell the meat and it doesn't it's it's yeah,

0:23:55.480 --> 0:23:56.800
<v Speaker 7>it's just really it's really clean.

0:23:57.320 --> 0:23:59.120
<v Speaker 2>They got a bad reputation, Yeah they do.

0:23:59.200 --> 0:23:59.440
<v Speaker 6>I don't.

0:23:59.440 --> 0:24:01.560
<v Speaker 2>I don't know. It's like reputations aren't really based on

0:24:01.600 --> 0:24:05.280
<v Speaker 2>that much. Yeahs based on what some dude said about it. Yeah,

0:24:05.320 --> 0:24:07.400
<v Speaker 2>and then some dud parrots what he said.

0:24:07.520 --> 0:24:09.359
<v Speaker 7>Yeah, and then that just you know, it's a total

0:24:10.160 --> 0:24:12.040
<v Speaker 7>that goes out.

0:24:14.520 --> 0:24:16.040
<v Speaker 2>So how did you guys see all together?

0:24:16.960 --> 0:24:17.240
<v Speaker 1>Oh?

0:24:17.760 --> 0:24:20.280
<v Speaker 5>Well, the group that Karin and I both got uh

0:24:20.920 --> 0:24:23.400
<v Speaker 5>are adult and sub adult rams.

0:24:23.560 --> 0:24:23.760
<v Speaker 7>Uh.

0:24:23.800 --> 0:24:26.320
<v Speaker 5>There were twenty three in that group, and then I

0:24:26.320 --> 0:24:29.800
<v Speaker 5>guess we saw two other solo Rams and another small group,

0:24:29.800 --> 0:24:32.000
<v Speaker 5>so we probably saw close to fifty in two days.

0:24:32.000 --> 0:24:34.280
<v Speaker 5>Two full days of hunting though, and then sun up

0:24:34.320 --> 0:24:35.360
<v Speaker 5>till sundown.

0:24:35.040 --> 0:24:39.040
<v Speaker 7>When you were goutting yours in the field, Matt and

0:24:39.119 --> 0:24:42.359
<v Speaker 7>I went off on a on a little nearby knob

0:24:42.400 --> 0:24:44.880
<v Speaker 7>and there were probably like ten in that group. So

0:24:45.320 --> 0:24:49.719
<v Speaker 7>they're around, they're they're there. Their behavior is interesting, like

0:24:50.720 --> 0:24:56.440
<v Speaker 7>if you you know, like Corey, Corey shot first and

0:24:56.560 --> 0:24:57.680
<v Speaker 7>then I shot.

0:24:57.600 --> 0:25:01.440
<v Speaker 5>Second into those chivalrous of you those four hundred yards.

0:25:01.880 --> 0:25:04.520
<v Speaker 7>Yeah, no, no, I didn't. You know, we we we

0:25:04.560 --> 0:25:12.240
<v Speaker 7>had hiked in. Corey was so awesome the entire time.

0:25:14.440 --> 0:25:16.800
<v Speaker 7>But we what we haven't covered is that I was

0:25:16.920 --> 0:25:20.760
<v Speaker 7>like tremendous dead weight on that hunt. This is the hardest.

0:25:20.880 --> 0:25:25.439
<v Speaker 7>It was so hard for me, not not just physically

0:25:25.840 --> 0:25:28.320
<v Speaker 7>and it was hot and it was but just the

0:25:28.440 --> 0:25:30.840
<v Speaker 7>terrain is punishing. Like I think it was you who

0:25:30.880 --> 0:25:33.960
<v Speaker 7>said at some point, Steve, like even the thorns have

0:25:34.040 --> 0:25:36.560
<v Speaker 7>thorns down there. I mean, you're not going to grab

0:25:36.600 --> 0:25:41.119
<v Speaker 7>onto anything. It's so like Shaley and every step, like

0:25:41.320 --> 0:25:44.680
<v Speaker 7>the rocks, that everything is just you know, shifting under

0:25:44.720 --> 0:25:47.600
<v Speaker 7>your feet, so you can't get on stable ground. And

0:25:48.160 --> 0:25:49.960
<v Speaker 7>I knew I'd always had like a little bit of

0:25:50.000 --> 0:25:54.320
<v Speaker 7>a fear of heights and incline, but oh goodness, I

0:25:54.359 --> 0:25:58.200
<v Speaker 7>mean this I was, I like shut down at point,

0:25:58.440 --> 0:26:02.520
<v Speaker 7>so I can't, can't not courier Phil or Matt like.

0:26:02.760 --> 0:26:06.040
<v Speaker 7>I had my handheld quite a bit through this experience.

0:26:06.160 --> 0:26:07.120
<v Speaker 2>Literally your handheld.

0:26:07.240 --> 0:26:09.640
<v Speaker 7>Well, yes, at one point literally my hand was out.

0:26:10.320 --> 0:26:12.720
<v Speaker 5>We were on the highest point of the ranch.

0:26:12.640 --> 0:26:14.840
<v Speaker 7>So literally my hand was out.

0:26:15.040 --> 0:26:18.159
<v Speaker 5>Which I think was about six thousand feet And to

0:26:18.240 --> 0:26:20.159
<v Speaker 5>get the two sheep out, it took us eight and

0:26:20.160 --> 0:26:22.280
<v Speaker 5>a half hours to pack out, by far, the most

0:26:22.280 --> 0:26:23.640
<v Speaker 5>brutal packout I've ever been.

0:26:23.760 --> 0:26:26.399
<v Speaker 7>Probably let's let's shave a third of the time off

0:26:26.440 --> 0:26:28.680
<v Speaker 7>because they stopped and waited for my ass a lot.

0:26:28.840 --> 0:26:30.919
<v Speaker 5>But yeah, it was so hot though we had to

0:26:30.920 --> 0:26:33.960
<v Speaker 5>stop again. It probably wasn't seventy degrees, but there's zero

0:26:34.119 --> 0:26:37.119
<v Speaker 5>shade and we were I'll admit, we were out of

0:26:37.200 --> 0:26:40.159
<v Speaker 5>water by two o'clock. I mean we were sipping the

0:26:40.240 --> 0:26:43.560
<v Speaker 5>last little bits of our water on our way out

0:26:43.560 --> 0:26:45.480
<v Speaker 5>of there. It got a little touch and.

0:26:45.440 --> 0:26:47.439
<v Speaker 2>Go towards the end there.

0:26:47.600 --> 0:26:51.560
<v Speaker 7>Definitely got in my head about that. But you know,

0:26:51.720 --> 0:26:55.840
<v Speaker 7>they they don't like, you know, maybe deer elk like

0:26:56.359 --> 0:27:00.480
<v Speaker 7>they'd be gone, but I took a long time between

0:27:01.000 --> 0:27:03.760
<v Speaker 7>or after his shot, and I didn't get mine with

0:27:03.840 --> 0:27:08.040
<v Speaker 7>the first shot, and there were still other odd ad

0:27:08.160 --> 0:27:11.640
<v Speaker 7>hanging out. So their behavior is weird. I mean, yeah,

0:27:11.640 --> 0:27:13.680
<v Speaker 7>you were saying they didn't know where the shot came from.

0:27:13.720 --> 0:27:16.800
<v Speaker 7>But it's not like one shot and they were all gone,

0:27:16.880 --> 0:27:20.960
<v Speaker 7>so they hung around, presented other opportunities to you know.

0:27:21.480 --> 0:27:25.080
<v Speaker 2>I find it interesting how the different states look at

0:27:25.520 --> 0:27:31.960
<v Speaker 2>their attitude about the animal. In New Mexico, it's a

0:27:32.040 --> 0:27:35.160
<v Speaker 2>draw it's a draw tag and you don't draw it. Yeah,

0:27:35.240 --> 0:27:35.840
<v Speaker 2>like I put it in.

0:27:35.920 --> 0:27:38.240
<v Speaker 7>I put it in every year for New Mexico audit.

0:27:38.359 --> 0:27:39.440
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I put it every year.

0:27:39.680 --> 0:27:40.240
<v Speaker 7>Huh.

0:27:40.280 --> 0:27:42.159
<v Speaker 2>My buddy, My buddy's got a spot. He says, they

0:27:42.160 --> 0:27:44.040
<v Speaker 2>go there and sometimes you see like you'll be looking

0:27:44.080 --> 0:27:46.879
<v Speaker 2>at a hillside yep, and at first you don't think

0:27:46.920 --> 0:27:49.040
<v Speaker 2>there's anything there, but once you start looking, he's like

0:27:49.040 --> 0:27:51.639
<v Speaker 2>there'd be like thirty forty of them on the hillside.

0:27:52.200 --> 0:27:54.520
<v Speaker 2>And every time they draw a permit, every time one

0:27:54.520 --> 0:27:56.280
<v Speaker 2>of his bodies draws a permit, they just get an

0:27:56.280 --> 0:27:58.800
<v Speaker 2>odd ad. I've been applying now for I think ten

0:27:58.880 --> 0:28:01.000
<v Speaker 2>years in New Mexican, you know, next doesn't do the

0:28:01.119 --> 0:28:04.920
<v Speaker 2>points right. I've been applying in ten years, ten years

0:28:05.000 --> 0:28:09.439
<v Speaker 2>to drawn aud ad tag in New Mexico. I've never

0:28:09.520 --> 0:28:11.639
<v Speaker 2>drawn it. So it's like they've kind of became like

0:28:11.680 --> 0:28:16.840
<v Speaker 2>an honorary. They're sort of the thing they're managed, you know,

0:28:17.640 --> 0:28:21.840
<v Speaker 2>like you look at with Texas wild hogs. Texas is

0:28:21.880 --> 0:28:25.720
<v Speaker 2>so serious about wild hogs they dropped any license requirement

0:28:26.680 --> 0:28:31.200
<v Speaker 2>you need. There is no license requirement for hogs obviously,

0:28:31.200 --> 0:28:33.840
<v Speaker 2>no season, no bag limit, no license requirement. You go

0:28:33.880 --> 0:28:38.440
<v Speaker 2>to California to hunt hogs, you gotta tag full big

0:28:38.480 --> 0:28:42.320
<v Speaker 2>game license and you need to tag the hog. Just

0:28:42.360 --> 0:28:46.000
<v Speaker 2>like different states have really different attitudes about how to

0:28:46.560 --> 0:28:48.600
<v Speaker 2>treat and handle right not native.

0:28:48.400 --> 0:28:52.000
<v Speaker 7>Wild And then I think that also maybe goes back

0:28:52.040 --> 0:28:56.120
<v Speaker 7>to what Heffelfinger is saying, like there's obviously probably a

0:28:56.160 --> 0:29:01.400
<v Speaker 7>delicate balance between the state Wildlife agency and then the

0:29:01.400 --> 0:29:06.120
<v Speaker 7>the you know, the ranches that that sell odd ad

0:29:06.200 --> 0:29:09.200
<v Speaker 7>hunts and just having to be careful about.

0:29:10.280 --> 0:29:13.280
<v Speaker 2>You know, well, yeah, the ranch control, the ranch controls

0:29:13.320 --> 0:29:16.040
<v Speaker 2>the access. Another way that like another interesting way that

0:29:16.080 --> 0:29:18.520
<v Speaker 2>New Mexico handles this issues with the you know, the

0:29:18.880 --> 0:29:23.160
<v Speaker 2>IBEX in the Florida Mountains, the Florida where you can

0:29:23.200 --> 0:29:24.960
<v Speaker 2>stand on one end of the Florida Mountains and see

0:29:24.960 --> 0:29:27.760
<v Speaker 2>the other end. It's like a containable little mountain range.

0:29:28.240 --> 0:29:31.040
<v Speaker 2>Maybe I don't know, Maybe am I wrong? Could you

0:29:31.080 --> 0:29:32.960
<v Speaker 2>walk around the Florida Mountains in two days?

0:29:34.520 --> 0:29:38.200
<v Speaker 6>Maybe? Yeah, if you were a good in shape hiker.

0:29:38.320 --> 0:29:40.479
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, are you like picture you like like standing and

0:29:40.480 --> 0:29:41.240
<v Speaker 2>be like there they.

0:29:41.120 --> 0:29:43.400
<v Speaker 4>Are, like you see the island in the entirety.

0:29:44.400 --> 0:29:47.200
<v Speaker 2>There's ibecks in the Florida Mountains or non native so

0:29:47.200 --> 0:29:53.000
<v Speaker 2>another non native species. Uh, it's very hard to draw

0:29:53.400 --> 0:29:58.880
<v Speaker 2>an ibex tag in the Florida Mountains. There's actually a

0:29:58.880 --> 0:30:00.400
<v Speaker 2>thing where that's like a once in a wh lifetime

0:30:00.440 --> 0:30:02.880
<v Speaker 2>if you draw for a billy or a ram whatever

0:30:02.920 --> 0:30:09.480
<v Speaker 2>they call them. Meanwhile, their management strategy is it's always

0:30:09.560 --> 0:30:13.640
<v Speaker 2>ibex season, not in the Florida Mountains.

0:30:14.560 --> 0:30:16.400
<v Speaker 5>If they exit the mountains then it's full.

0:30:16.560 --> 0:30:19.600
<v Speaker 2>So like it's like it's they're like, this is the

0:30:19.640 --> 0:30:24.200
<v Speaker 2>ibec's place. You have to apply and probably will never

0:30:24.240 --> 0:30:26.560
<v Speaker 2>get a chance to hunt it. As soon as one

0:30:26.560 --> 0:30:30.000
<v Speaker 2>of them soccer steps out of those hills. It's just

0:30:31.480 --> 0:30:34.360
<v Speaker 2>you just got to go get a tag and go

0:30:34.520 --> 0:30:36.560
<v Speaker 2>for it, so you just come up. They have these

0:30:36.560 --> 0:30:39.920
<v Speaker 2>little I don't know, man, they're kind of weighing like interest.

0:30:40.000 --> 0:30:42.880
<v Speaker 2>People are very interested in it. They're kind of weighing

0:30:42.920 --> 0:30:47.800
<v Speaker 2>interest against other ecological considerations when they figure out how

0:30:47.800 --> 0:30:49.680
<v Speaker 2>to do it. Like in Florida they have that island

0:30:49.680 --> 0:30:52.960
<v Speaker 2>with the sandbar on it and you have to draw

0:30:53.080 --> 0:30:55.840
<v Speaker 2>tagged on a sandbar on the island. I'm guessing if

0:30:55.840 --> 0:30:59.200
<v Speaker 2>those sandbar were cut loose on the main Florida peninsula,

0:30:59.560 --> 0:31:02.320
<v Speaker 2>they'd have a very different attitude about the sandbars, you know.

0:31:04.880 --> 0:31:08.760
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, super cool animal. If anybody's thinking about hunting, one

0:31:09.280 --> 0:31:12.520
<v Speaker 5>shoot an you or two before you shoot a ram.

0:31:12.760 --> 0:31:15.200
<v Speaker 7>Yeah. I think heavy Finger is like for every ram

0:31:15.280 --> 0:31:16.920
<v Speaker 7>anyone takes, you need to shoot like that.

0:31:18.960 --> 0:31:24.160
<v Speaker 2>I like to miss I misrepresented something Hefflefinger told me

0:31:24.200 --> 0:31:24.720
<v Speaker 2>every day.

0:31:26.280 --> 0:31:27.840
<v Speaker 4>And then he doesn't call you out on it, which

0:31:27.880 --> 0:31:28.480
<v Speaker 4>is a nice thing.

0:31:29.080 --> 0:31:32.440
<v Speaker 7>But I'll just plug Phil's lab again. It's the Population

0:31:32.680 --> 0:31:37.280
<v Speaker 7>Evolutionary Genetics Lab at UTEP University of Texas at El Paso.

0:31:38.040 --> 0:31:43.720
<v Speaker 7>And if anyone feels like, you know, donating some tax

0:31:43.760 --> 0:31:48.440
<v Speaker 7>deductible UH monies to their research lab, and I think

0:31:48.480 --> 0:31:50.560
<v Speaker 7>they'll probably end up doing more on odd AD and

0:31:50.600 --> 0:31:55.960
<v Speaker 7>looking at desert big Horn, the potential for reintroduction that's

0:31:56.480 --> 0:32:03.240
<v Speaker 7>giving to dot utep dot edu forward slash conservation. You

0:32:03.280 --> 0:32:05.840
<v Speaker 7>probably did not retain that information. I will put a

0:32:06.000 --> 0:32:07.160
<v Speaker 7>link in the show notes.

0:32:07.160 --> 0:32:10.000
<v Speaker 2>And what was the episode he came on, what do

0:32:10.040 --> 0:32:13.240
<v Speaker 2>we call their wild ducks?

0:32:13.280 --> 0:32:16.800
<v Speaker 7>Really wild? That was the first episode a year or

0:32:16.840 --> 0:32:17.200
<v Speaker 7>two ago.

0:32:17.440 --> 0:32:20.440
<v Speaker 2>So if you remember back, he's yeah, if you remember back,

0:32:20.480 --> 0:32:24.280
<v Speaker 2>we did an episode where in some places it's so

0:32:24.320 --> 0:32:26.680
<v Speaker 2>weird this even allowed in some places you can like

0:32:26.840 --> 0:32:31.720
<v Speaker 2>pen raise mallards, like pretend mallards and cut them loose

0:32:33.840 --> 0:32:36.400
<v Speaker 2>to kind of have like a pretend duck hunt. But

0:32:36.480 --> 0:32:41.640
<v Speaker 2>then those pen raise ducks are breeding into our wild

0:32:41.840 --> 0:32:47.000
<v Speaker 2>duck populations and affecting their behavior, screwing up migration patterns,

0:32:47.160 --> 0:32:49.240
<v Speaker 2>life cycles, fitness.

0:32:50.400 --> 0:32:50.760
<v Speaker 6>Uh.

0:32:50.920 --> 0:32:54.560
<v Speaker 2>And he came on to talk about how through the

0:32:54.760 --> 0:32:57.960
<v Speaker 2>through their genetic survey work, they're able to see from

0:32:57.960 --> 0:33:01.480
<v Speaker 2>these reintroductions from not these from the pen raised operations,

0:33:01.520 --> 0:33:04.800
<v Speaker 2>they're able to see a genetics spread as the genetics

0:33:04.800 --> 0:33:11.360
<v Speaker 2>of those ducks expand outward. And how far into how

0:33:11.440 --> 0:33:14.280
<v Speaker 2>far I guess it would be, how far west they're

0:33:14.320 --> 0:33:17.760
<v Speaker 2>finding traces of these ducks. Michael Chamberlain is beginning a

0:33:17.760 --> 0:33:21.360
<v Speaker 2>new thing on wild turkeys, the impact of you know,

0:33:21.360 --> 0:33:25.480
<v Speaker 2>people get all excited when they shoot a white turkey,

0:33:25.800 --> 0:33:30.520
<v Speaker 2>real excited. Usually what's happened is you've shot a turkey.

0:33:32.000 --> 0:33:34.680
<v Speaker 2>People love it. But what's probably happened is you shot

0:33:34.680 --> 0:33:42.080
<v Speaker 2>someone's turkey, right, you shot someone's fair old turkey. And

0:33:42.160 --> 0:33:44.280
<v Speaker 2>so there's a new project coming out what we're going

0:33:44.360 --> 0:33:49.240
<v Speaker 2>to start looking at the impacts of domestic turkeys finding

0:33:49.240 --> 0:33:52.360
<v Speaker 2>their way into wild turkeys and interbreeding into wild turkey populations.

0:33:53.480 --> 0:33:55.360
<v Speaker 5>Well, as Karin mentioned, while we were out there, Phil

0:33:55.400 --> 0:33:58.760
<v Speaker 5>took meat samples and he was trying to figure out

0:33:59.000 --> 0:34:01.360
<v Speaker 5>because there was two different strains of odd ad that

0:34:01.400 --> 0:34:05.800
<v Speaker 5>were introduced to Texas originally back in the fifties, I believe,

0:34:06.160 --> 0:34:09.399
<v Speaker 5>And now we're trying to figure out which strain were

0:34:09.440 --> 0:34:13.640
<v Speaker 5>we hunting and harvesting and could they be hybrid strains?

0:34:13.640 --> 0:34:18.000
<v Speaker 5>Could the two different groups have you know, blended together

0:34:18.040 --> 0:34:19.319
<v Speaker 5>and made a hybrid odd ad?

0:34:19.680 --> 0:34:21.000
<v Speaker 2>Who caught him loose in the first place?

0:34:22.200 --> 0:34:26.920
<v Speaker 5>Yea, And Texas Parks and Wildlife was yeah, because yeah

0:34:27.040 --> 0:34:29.520
<v Speaker 5>it was. And now they're you know, people very much

0:34:29.600 --> 0:34:32.279
<v Speaker 5>don't like Texas Parks and Wildlife because they're you know,

0:34:32.760 --> 0:34:35.680
<v Speaker 5>aerial gunning odd ad to help with desert big horn

0:34:35.719 --> 0:34:38.680
<v Speaker 5>sheep just because they have to. If you want to

0:34:38.680 --> 0:34:42.120
<v Speaker 5>protect the sheep, you gotta minimize the odd ad population.

0:34:42.400 --> 0:34:45.960
<v Speaker 3>It's funny that we I think, like generally you could

0:34:46.000 --> 0:34:50.000
<v Speaker 3>say that wildlife management has this dark period and then

0:34:50.000 --> 0:34:52.640
<v Speaker 3>there's a turning point and then there's sort of the

0:34:52.640 --> 0:34:56.720
<v Speaker 3>good old days of post Pittman Robertson and we figured

0:34:56.760 --> 0:34:58.960
<v Speaker 3>it out, you know. But so many of these non

0:34:59.040 --> 0:35:03.840
<v Speaker 3>native introductions carried on until fairly late in the twentieth century,

0:35:03.920 --> 0:35:07.200
<v Speaker 3>like and not all of them are necessarily have the

0:35:07.239 --> 0:35:12.200
<v Speaker 3>same ecological implications, but like Himalayan snowcocker, like in the seventies,

0:35:13.400 --> 0:35:16.040
<v Speaker 3>you know, and you think about now non natives are

0:35:16.080 --> 0:35:18.680
<v Speaker 3>such an issue for us, but it's it's really not

0:35:18.719 --> 0:35:19.560
<v Speaker 3>all that long ago.

0:35:19.640 --> 0:35:23.879
<v Speaker 2>Now, I mean Hungary like Hungarian party and American partridge, right, right,

0:35:24.480 --> 0:35:28.399
<v Speaker 2>But some well, so you can hunt turkeys in forty

0:35:28.440 --> 0:35:32.160
<v Speaker 2>United States. Turkeys are native to thirty eight states. Yeah,

0:35:32.280 --> 0:35:35.319
<v Speaker 2>I mean, like some stuff is right, there's no some

0:35:35.320 --> 0:35:39.200
<v Speaker 2>stuff there's no like demonstrated deleterious effects.

0:35:39.239 --> 0:35:42.279
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, no, And that's that. I mean, I recognize that.

0:35:42.360 --> 0:35:46.960
<v Speaker 3>But yeah, it's funny how quickly we've we've shifted with

0:35:47.040 --> 0:35:49.400
<v Speaker 3>some of these species in recognizing the impacts.

0:35:49.400 --> 0:35:51.840
<v Speaker 4>You know, even in the fishing world.

0:35:52.600 --> 0:35:56.200
<v Speaker 2>There is one last introduction I want to do. Whenever

0:35:56.239 --> 0:35:59.040
<v Speaker 2>I'm in Hawaii, I always think on those hot lava rocks.

0:36:00.800 --> 0:36:03.799
<v Speaker 2>Just think how much rattlesnake could love it there. That's

0:36:03.840 --> 0:36:06.800
<v Speaker 2>all right, you know what I mean. It's the last introduction.

0:36:08.239 --> 0:36:11.120
<v Speaker 4>Ten thousand pet dogs and Hawaiian thrown.

0:36:11.520 --> 0:36:15.240
<v Speaker 2>A male and a female rattlesnake on the ConA coast.

0:36:16.239 --> 0:36:18.520
<v Speaker 2>I just feel like they'd be so happy. It'd be

0:36:18.600 --> 0:36:21.600
<v Speaker 2>so much to eat hot rocks.

0:36:21.840 --> 0:36:24.240
<v Speaker 4>I have zero interest in rattlesnake being happy.

0:36:24.360 --> 0:36:26.960
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, yeah, no kidding. When I'm standing on one of

0:36:27.000 --> 0:36:29.279
<v Speaker 2>those hot live rocks, I can just picture to the sound.

0:36:29.719 --> 0:36:33.640
<v Speaker 7>We really need some TS agents to follow.

0:36:33.360 --> 0:36:34.919
<v Speaker 2>You and make sure I'm not.

0:36:36.440 --> 0:36:36.560
<v Speaker 7>So.

0:36:36.600 --> 0:36:38.840
<v Speaker 6>You know, Hawaii is the only state in the Union

0:36:38.840 --> 0:36:41.520
<v Speaker 6>where coyotes have not colonized. Is that right?

0:36:41.800 --> 0:36:42.239
<v Speaker 2>It is?

0:36:42.480 --> 0:36:43.759
<v Speaker 6>It's the only one.

0:36:43.880 --> 0:36:46.680
<v Speaker 2>Maybe I'll do that too, well, very popular.

0:36:48.200 --> 0:36:52.520
<v Speaker 6>Those endangered anaise would would not be around for very

0:36:52.520 --> 0:36:55.440
<v Speaker 6>long if coyotes ever got there. What is that underheard

0:36:55.440 --> 0:36:58.920
<v Speaker 6>that it's a goose. It looks like it's a species

0:36:58.960 --> 0:37:01.879
<v Speaker 6>of goose. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's got It's got another

0:37:01.960 --> 0:37:05.840
<v Speaker 6>name though, right I've ever heard is Nane, which is

0:37:05.840 --> 0:37:10.560
<v Speaker 6>probably the Hawaiian name. Yeah, I mean probably you know,

0:37:11.160 --> 0:37:16.600
<v Speaker 6>Anglo missionaries maybe called them geese, but yeah, I think uh,

0:37:16.719 --> 0:37:18.840
<v Speaker 6>I think they're generally known by nine.

0:37:18.760 --> 0:37:21.880
<v Speaker 5>The Yeah, I believe it's a dance to the whip

0:37:21.880 --> 0:37:22.360
<v Speaker 5>and Nane.

0:37:23.160 --> 0:37:24.080
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, that's right.

0:37:26.280 --> 0:37:29.200
<v Speaker 5>But one conversation we had on a rock when we

0:37:29.200 --> 0:37:32.680
<v Speaker 5>were with this genetics scientists out there. We were talking

0:37:32.719 --> 0:37:35.920
<v Speaker 5>about like, at what point in evolution is an animal

0:37:36.719 --> 0:37:39.360
<v Speaker 5>native versus invasive?

0:37:39.520 --> 0:37:47.400
<v Speaker 2>You know, Dan's got some Yeah, Dan's been on the

0:37:47.440 --> 0:37:49.719
<v Speaker 2>show making his case for wild horses. Do you feel

0:37:49.719 --> 0:37:51.359
<v Speaker 2>like remaking because you know what I was gonna ask

0:37:51.400 --> 0:37:53.800
<v Speaker 2>you about. First, We're gonna give you a pick, Okay,

0:37:53.880 --> 0:37:56.000
<v Speaker 2>I was gonna ask you to tell everyone the story

0:37:57.280 --> 0:37:58.759
<v Speaker 2>of the other Lewis and.

0:37:58.719 --> 0:38:01.560
<v Speaker 6>Clark their listen clock experts, or.

0:38:01.600 --> 0:38:03.919
<v Speaker 2>You can you can try to sell you can try

0:38:03.920 --> 0:38:08.800
<v Speaker 2>to you can sell everybody on the horse as as

0:38:09.080 --> 0:38:11.879
<v Speaker 2>a native American animal. Well, the horse is good, he's

0:38:11.880 --> 0:38:14.200
<v Speaker 2>taken that he's taken b I'll say the.

0:38:14.200 --> 0:38:17.160
<v Speaker 6>Horse is quick because the horse and its ancestors have

0:38:17.239 --> 0:38:20.239
<v Speaker 6>been here for fifty six million years. Okay, they have

0:38:20.360 --> 0:38:24.680
<v Speaker 6>only been absent for about eight thousand years, and so,

0:38:25.400 --> 0:38:29.960
<v Speaker 6>you know, and I've talked to paleontologists in Canada who

0:38:30.120 --> 0:38:34.440
<v Speaker 6>say from the fossils they have of the last horses

0:38:34.440 --> 0:38:37.080
<v Speaker 6>in America that are ten eleven thousand years old that

0:38:37.120 --> 0:38:41.200
<v Speaker 6>they had, they can't tell the difference readily between those

0:38:41.560 --> 0:38:44.359
<v Speaker 6>and the horses that Europeans brought from the Old World

0:38:44.440 --> 0:38:48.319
<v Speaker 6>over there. And so I mean that's I think what

0:38:48.360 --> 0:38:51.239
<v Speaker 6>you can say about the horse is the horse is

0:38:51.360 --> 0:38:54.680
<v Speaker 6>either an exotic with an asterisk, or it's a native

0:38:54.880 --> 0:38:59.080
<v Speaker 6>with an asterisk. And I prefer the native with an asterisk,

0:38:59.120 --> 0:39:02.480
<v Speaker 6>because I tend to think in terms of deep history

0:39:02.520 --> 0:39:06.040
<v Speaker 6>and long time, and so an animal that's been here

0:39:06.040 --> 0:39:09.040
<v Speaker 6>for fifty six million years and only gone for a

0:39:09.120 --> 0:39:14.000
<v Speaker 6>wink of an eye time, to me is a native animal.

0:39:14.320 --> 0:39:17.880
<v Speaker 6>I mean, that's why they went while so readily and

0:39:17.960 --> 0:39:22.360
<v Speaker 6>so quickly when they were reintroduced in the West. The

0:39:22.400 --> 0:39:26.120
<v Speaker 6>primary problem, of course, is that they were reintroduced without

0:39:26.200 --> 0:39:30.719
<v Speaker 6>their plaistosine predators accompanying them. And so that's why we're

0:39:30.760 --> 0:39:34.120
<v Speaker 6>having such difficulty in controlling them, is we don't have

0:39:35.280 --> 0:39:42.120
<v Speaker 6>you know, big hunting hyenas and American cheetahs and all

0:39:42.200 --> 0:39:48.000
<v Speaker 6>these cats, particularly that preyed on horse folds. But yeah,

0:39:48.040 --> 0:39:51.560
<v Speaker 6>this is an animal that you know, although it's created

0:39:51.600 --> 0:39:54.759
<v Speaker 6>a huge kind of outcry and by a lot of

0:39:54.760 --> 0:39:58.480
<v Speaker 6>people as a non native, I mean, it's actually an

0:39:58.520 --> 0:40:01.560
<v Speaker 6>animal that's been here for a long time. So yeah,

0:40:01.600 --> 0:40:05.040
<v Speaker 6>that one's pretty quick, pretty quick story.

0:40:05.280 --> 0:40:11.520
<v Speaker 2>It's compelling. It's compelling. Now talk about the tell folks

0:40:11.520 --> 0:40:13.320
<v Speaker 2>about the other Lewis and Clark.

0:40:15.000 --> 0:40:19.359
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, this is a story that I know most Americans

0:40:19.400 --> 0:40:21.600
<v Speaker 6>do not know. And it has to do with something

0:40:21.680 --> 0:40:24.719
<v Speaker 6>called historical memory. Because there are some things you know,

0:40:24.880 --> 0:40:27.319
<v Speaker 6>and you know this when you study history. Randall I

0:40:27.520 --> 0:40:32.000
<v Speaker 6>knows it very well. Some things we remember and make

0:40:32.120 --> 0:40:36.439
<v Speaker 6>a part of the ongoing story of the country, and

0:40:36.560 --> 0:40:39.560
<v Speaker 6>some things that are swept under the rug. And so

0:40:39.680 --> 0:40:42.480
<v Speaker 6>at a time when the United States was a brand

0:40:42.520 --> 0:40:46.600
<v Speaker 6>new country, that's the period when Lewis and Clark, Jefferson

0:40:46.800 --> 0:40:49.720
<v Speaker 6>Lewis and Clark into the West eighteen four and eighteen

0:40:50.040 --> 0:40:54.600
<v Speaker 6>to eighteen six, we were a country with you know,

0:40:54.719 --> 0:40:57.080
<v Speaker 6>a little bit of a self esteem problem because we

0:40:57.080 --> 0:41:00.320
<v Speaker 6>were brand new. The Brits were still sort of acting

0:41:00.480 --> 0:41:02.799
<v Speaker 6>like at any moment they were going to reinvade and

0:41:02.880 --> 0:41:09.160
<v Speaker 6>take the colonies back. And so Jefferson after the Louisiana

0:41:09.200 --> 0:41:11.359
<v Speaker 6>Purchase of eighteen oh three. I mean, if you think

0:41:11.400 --> 0:41:14.279
<v Speaker 6>about the Lewis and Clark expedition and the map in

0:41:14.360 --> 0:41:17.800
<v Speaker 6>your mind that you remember from school of the Louisiana Purchase,

0:41:18.200 --> 0:41:20.400
<v Speaker 6>one of the things that will quickly occur to you

0:41:20.560 --> 0:41:24.319
<v Speaker 6>is that why was Jefferson interested in only exploring the

0:41:24.400 --> 0:41:28.200
<v Speaker 6>northern piece of it? Why didn't he have some interest

0:41:28.400 --> 0:41:32.520
<v Speaker 6>in all the rest, which was a much larger chunk

0:41:32.520 --> 0:41:36.480
<v Speaker 6>of ground. To be sure, the southern boundary was less

0:41:36.560 --> 0:41:40.840
<v Speaker 6>set than the northern boundary because Jefferson tried to claim

0:41:40.880 --> 0:41:42.840
<v Speaker 6>that the southern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase with the

0:41:42.880 --> 0:41:46.840
<v Speaker 6>real Grand River, and of course here is Spain with

0:41:46.960 --> 0:41:51.279
<v Speaker 6>colonies in Texas and New Mexico on the north side

0:41:51.320 --> 0:41:54.200
<v Speaker 6>of the Rio Grand who contested.

0:41:53.560 --> 0:41:56.399
<v Speaker 2>That it's weird because he wanted being kind of right.

0:41:57.040 --> 0:42:00.440
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, well, I mean like over time, yeah.

0:42:00.280 --> 0:42:05.000
<v Speaker 6>Ultimately that's how it played out. But so after to

0:42:05.040 --> 0:42:08.880
<v Speaker 6>get to the story, here. After the Lewis and Clark

0:42:08.960 --> 0:42:14.680
<v Speaker 6>expedition was underway, Jefferson set about preparing an expedition to

0:42:14.680 --> 0:42:18.399
<v Speaker 6>go into the southern parts of the Louisiana Purchase. And

0:42:18.680 --> 0:42:22.160
<v Speaker 6>the river that he decided was the very best river

0:42:22.200 --> 0:42:25.200
<v Speaker 6>to explore in the north, it was the Missouri and

0:42:25.239 --> 0:42:28.600
<v Speaker 6>the Columbia, obviously those two. In the south, what he

0:42:28.680 --> 0:42:32.759
<v Speaker 6>decided to do was to explore the Red River. That's

0:42:32.800 --> 0:42:36.600
<v Speaker 6>the river that is the boundary today between Texas and Oklahoma.

0:42:37.480 --> 0:42:40.439
<v Speaker 6>And he picked that river because he thought it came

0:42:40.480 --> 0:42:42.680
<v Speaker 6>out of the Southern Rockies near Santa Fe. And so

0:42:42.760 --> 0:42:45.960
<v Speaker 6>what he was organizing as a second expedition was to

0:42:46.000 --> 0:42:49.160
<v Speaker 6>send a party up the Red River to its source

0:42:49.320 --> 0:42:52.600
<v Speaker 6>in the Southern Rockies near Santa Fe, and then the

0:42:52.600 --> 0:42:55.840
<v Speaker 6>party would cross over to the Arkansas, also believed to

0:42:55.880 --> 0:42:59.480
<v Speaker 6>be to have its headwaters in the southern mountains, and

0:42:59.520 --> 0:43:03.440
<v Speaker 6>to come back to civilization down the Arkansas River. So

0:43:03.600 --> 0:43:05.600
<v Speaker 6>this was not going to be an expedition that went

0:43:05.640 --> 0:43:07.960
<v Speaker 6>all the way to the coasts the way Lewis and

0:43:08.000 --> 0:43:11.640
<v Speaker 6>Clark's was planned. Because there was no idea of a

0:43:11.760 --> 0:43:16.759
<v Speaker 6>northwest passage in the southern reaches of the West and

0:43:16.800 --> 0:43:18.600
<v Speaker 6>of course, that's what Lewis and Clark were looking for.

0:43:18.680 --> 0:43:23.080
<v Speaker 6>They were trying to find the fable Northwest passage for commerce.

0:43:23.840 --> 0:43:29.200
<v Speaker 6>So anyway, the second expedition was essentially based on a

0:43:29.239 --> 0:43:33.399
<v Speaker 6>flawed premise. Jefferson and just about everybody else who made

0:43:33.400 --> 0:43:37.480
<v Speaker 6>maps of the West at the time followed Alexander von

0:43:37.680 --> 0:43:40.960
<v Speaker 6>Humboldt's map of the West, which he had put together.

0:43:40.880 --> 0:43:43.000
<v Speaker 2>Probably in that order of hubert Us with that name.

0:43:43.200 --> 0:43:47.320
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, Alexander von Humboldt's.

0:43:46.560 --> 0:43:51.040
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, he's a major. He's a Prussian naturalist who explored

0:43:51.080 --> 0:43:54.360
<v Speaker 6>South America. Had a ton of students who followed in

0:43:54.440 --> 0:43:58.960
<v Speaker 6>his wake, like Prince Maximilian on the Rose area was

0:43:59.040 --> 0:44:03.400
<v Speaker 6>one of humboldt students, and he's the guy who comes

0:44:03.480 --> 0:44:07.440
<v Speaker 6>up with all kinds of sort of early notions about ecology.

0:44:08.480 --> 0:44:11.719
<v Speaker 6>So von Humboldt had put together a map of the

0:44:11.760 --> 0:44:16.520
<v Speaker 6>West from sources in the archives in Mexico, and he

0:44:16.640 --> 0:44:18.680
<v Speaker 6>saw that there was a river coming out of the

0:44:18.719 --> 0:44:22.560
<v Speaker 6>southern Rockies near Santa Fe that flowed eastward. And the

0:44:22.600 --> 0:44:25.680
<v Speaker 6>French in Louisiana knew there was this river, the Red

0:44:25.760 --> 0:44:30.719
<v Speaker 6>River in their part of the world, that flowed from

0:44:30.800 --> 0:44:34.600
<v Speaker 6>the west, and so von Humboldt put those two together

0:44:35.640 --> 0:44:38.400
<v Speaker 6>and told Jefferson that the Red River headed in the

0:44:38.440 --> 0:44:42.080
<v Speaker 6>southern Rockies and you could send a party up it

0:44:42.120 --> 0:44:44.719
<v Speaker 6>and it would take them all the way into what

0:44:44.840 --> 0:44:49.160
<v Speaker 6>is now New Mexico and Colorado. The problem with that

0:44:49.480 --> 0:44:52.799
<v Speaker 6>was that von Humboldt did not have any sources that

0:44:52.920 --> 0:44:55.799
<v Speaker 6>actually tied those two rivers together, and so the river

0:44:55.880 --> 0:44:58.680
<v Speaker 6>that he saw in New Mexico heading near Santa Fe

0:44:59.040 --> 0:45:02.200
<v Speaker 6>was actually the Pacer which is a tributary of the

0:45:02.280 --> 0:45:06.120
<v Speaker 6>Rio Grande, and the Red River that Jefferson sent his

0:45:06.280 --> 0:45:09.800
<v Speaker 6>party up heads in what we now call the Yano

0:45:09.840 --> 0:45:13.799
<v Speaker 6>Westacado Plateau. It comes out of Palo Duro Canyon, which

0:45:13.840 --> 0:45:18.120
<v Speaker 6>most people have heard of, this big giant canyon that's

0:45:18.160 --> 0:45:21.560
<v Speaker 6>on the eastern side of this plateau in West Texas

0:45:21.560 --> 0:45:23.800
<v Speaker 6>and New Mexico. So it was a river that actually

0:45:23.840 --> 0:45:28.359
<v Speaker 6>didn't head in mountains. It would have led the explorers,

0:45:28.400 --> 0:45:31.480
<v Speaker 6>the American explorers, out into the middle of the southern

0:45:31.560 --> 0:45:35.160
<v Speaker 6>high plains and left them still like ten days travel

0:45:35.200 --> 0:45:39.359
<v Speaker 6>from New Mexico from Santa Fe. Anyway, Jefferson didn't know that,

0:45:39.440 --> 0:45:42.799
<v Speaker 6>and he insisted that the Red was the River that

0:45:42.880 --> 0:45:45.040
<v Speaker 6>he wanted to explore because there were all sorts of

0:45:45.200 --> 0:45:48.759
<v Speaker 6>wonderful stories about what was up at the headwaters of

0:45:48.800 --> 0:45:52.640
<v Speaker 6>the Red River. So he put together this expedition in

0:45:52.680 --> 0:45:55.560
<v Speaker 6>eighteen oh six, two years after Lewis and Clark set out.

0:45:55.719 --> 0:45:59.320
<v Speaker 6>As Lewis and Clark were returning from the Pacific, Jefferson

0:45:59.360 --> 0:46:05.000
<v Speaker 6>put together the party of more than fifty fifty people,

0:46:05.360 --> 0:46:08.640
<v Speaker 6>including a military escort led by a guy named Captain

0:46:08.719 --> 0:46:12.800
<v Speaker 6>John Sparks, who was a close friend of Meriwether Lewis's

0:46:12.840 --> 0:46:15.520
<v Speaker 6>and William Clark's. They had all grown up in Virginia,

0:46:16.280 --> 0:46:24.880
<v Speaker 6>and Jefferson selected an Irish basically he was a geographer

0:46:25.200 --> 0:46:29.960
<v Speaker 6>named Thomas Freeman to lead the expedition, and he picked

0:46:30.000 --> 0:46:34.759
<v Speaker 6>as the first American trained naturalists to explore in the West,

0:46:35.120 --> 0:46:37.719
<v Speaker 6>a young man he knew from Virginia. His name was

0:46:37.760 --> 0:46:40.319
<v Speaker 6>Peter Custis, and he was just about to get a

0:46:40.440 --> 0:46:44.560
<v Speaker 6>doctorate in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. So the

0:46:44.640 --> 0:46:48.120
<v Speaker 6>expedition is known to the people who know about it

0:46:48.440 --> 0:46:52.600
<v Speaker 6>as the Freeman and Custis Expedition up the Red River

0:46:52.680 --> 0:46:56.600
<v Speaker 6>in eighteen oh six, and these guys starting, they.

0:46:56.600 --> 0:46:59.440
<v Speaker 2>Had fifty dudes. They had fifty dudes Lewis and Clark,

0:47:00.120 --> 0:47:01.560
<v Speaker 2>well forty forty.

0:47:02.000 --> 0:47:04.920
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, about forty forty two, I think is the top

0:47:04.960 --> 0:47:07.600
<v Speaker 6>figure because the one guy died and they sent one

0:47:07.640 --> 0:47:14.520
<v Speaker 6>guy back for bad behavior. But Congress also, interestingly about

0:47:14.520 --> 0:47:18.600
<v Speaker 6>this second expedition, appropriated twice the money for it that

0:47:18.600 --> 0:47:21.919
<v Speaker 6>they appropriated for Lewis and Clark. Now, you know, people

0:47:21.960 --> 0:47:24.840
<v Speaker 6>who know about the expeditions know that Meriwether Lewis actually

0:47:24.880 --> 0:47:29.000
<v Speaker 6>spent a whole lot more money than Congress had appropriated

0:47:29.200 --> 0:47:33.560
<v Speaker 6>for him. But this second expedition had twice the funds appropriated.

0:47:33.960 --> 0:47:39.239
<v Speaker 6>Jefferson referred to it as the Grand Expedition, and it

0:47:39.400 --> 0:47:42.760
<v Speaker 6>set out up the Red River in April of eighteen

0:47:42.800 --> 0:47:46.440
<v Speaker 6>oh six, reached the last point of civilization on the

0:47:46.480 --> 0:47:49.480
<v Speaker 6>Red the town of Nakotash, which was an old French

0:47:49.560 --> 0:47:53.280
<v Speaker 6>town on the Red River in central Louisiana. And then,

0:47:53.800 --> 0:47:56.319
<v Speaker 6>and we've talked about this, Steve, I know, because you've

0:47:56.320 --> 0:47:58.640
<v Speaker 6>been interested in it. One of the things they had

0:47:58.640 --> 0:48:01.120
<v Speaker 6>to do to get on the Red River above Necklish

0:48:01.239 --> 0:48:04.160
<v Speaker 6>was to detour around what we think is probably the

0:48:04.200 --> 0:48:07.840
<v Speaker 6>biggest logjam anywhere in North America. It was called the

0:48:07.920 --> 0:48:12.000
<v Speaker 6>great Raft, and this thing extended for about one hundred

0:48:12.040 --> 0:48:15.719
<v Speaker 6>and forty miles up the Red River, and so it

0:48:15.760 --> 0:48:18.680
<v Speaker 6>was impossible to travel on the river, and they had

0:48:18.680 --> 0:48:21.200
<v Speaker 6>to go through all these balues and swamps around to

0:48:21.239 --> 0:48:23.880
<v Speaker 6>the east of it to get around the raft and

0:48:23.960 --> 0:48:27.239
<v Speaker 6>back to the river. So they did that, and they

0:48:27.280 --> 0:48:30.560
<v Speaker 6>were above the Great Raft in the early summer of

0:48:30.600 --> 0:48:33.040
<v Speaker 6>eighteen oh six and getting ready to head west.

0:48:32.840 --> 0:48:36.239
<v Speaker 2>I got addy pause, Yeah, sure, can you remind me

0:48:36.360 --> 0:48:38.360
<v Speaker 2>how did they end up getting rid of that raft?

0:48:39.400 --> 0:48:43.520
<v Speaker 6>It took the invention of nitro glycerin now when nitro

0:48:43.800 --> 0:48:47.800
<v Speaker 6>was invented in the eighteen sixties, eighteen early eighteen seventies.

0:48:47.800 --> 0:48:51.360
<v Speaker 6>Actually it was possible for a guy named Captain Henry

0:48:51.400 --> 0:48:57.000
<v Speaker 6>Shreve for whom Shreveport is named to go out with

0:48:57.080 --> 0:49:01.720
<v Speaker 6>what he called snag boats and the raft apart enough

0:49:01.800 --> 0:49:05.680
<v Speaker 6>to place charges of nitro under it, and they basically

0:49:05.719 --> 0:49:06.879
<v Speaker 6>blew it apart.

0:49:07.160 --> 0:49:08.160
<v Speaker 2>Just sent all that out.

0:49:08.360 --> 0:49:12.000
<v Speaker 6>Took it took them ten years to do it. Yeah,

0:49:12.040 --> 0:49:15.799
<v Speaker 6>but yeah, it was a gigantic chance. Wow man. Yeah,

0:49:15.840 --> 0:49:20.040
<v Speaker 6>it took the invention of a new explosive device, essentially

0:49:20.239 --> 0:49:26.160
<v Speaker 6>nitro to do it. So anyway, this expedition is on

0:49:26.239 --> 0:49:28.560
<v Speaker 6>the Red River, and they're headed west and they're bound

0:49:28.600 --> 0:49:31.640
<v Speaker 6>for Santa Fe. And they have all these, you know,

0:49:31.760 --> 0:49:35.160
<v Speaker 6>wonderful objectives that they're going to do. And Peter Custis

0:49:35.200 --> 0:49:38.120
<v Speaker 6>is doing natural history. I mean he you know, Marriwether

0:49:38.239 --> 0:49:41.359
<v Speaker 6>Lewis is kind of self trained as a nationalist. Peter

0:49:41.440 --> 0:49:45.760
<v Speaker 6>Custis was trained in a university. And they get about

0:49:45.800 --> 0:49:48.319
<v Speaker 6>six hundred and fifty miles up the Red River and

0:49:48.480 --> 0:49:54.400
<v Speaker 6>round a bend and discover a Spanish force four times

0:49:54.480 --> 0:49:59.799
<v Speaker 6>their size a arrayed across the river. And they hear

0:50:00.360 --> 0:50:03.839
<v Speaker 6>that another this Spanish force is from Texas, and they

0:50:03.880 --> 0:50:07.239
<v Speaker 6>hear that another Spanish force, the largest one ever sent

0:50:07.280 --> 0:50:11.439
<v Speaker 6>out from Santa Fe, is coming down the upper Red River.

0:50:12.040 --> 0:50:15.759
<v Speaker 6>And so Spain determines that it is not going to

0:50:15.800 --> 0:50:20.320
<v Speaker 6>allow the Americans to explore into country where the boundary

0:50:20.360 --> 0:50:23.560
<v Speaker 6>has not been resolved between the United States and Spain.

0:50:24.280 --> 0:50:27.800
<v Speaker 6>And Jefferson had included in his letter of instructions to

0:50:27.840 --> 0:50:31.280
<v Speaker 6>both Meriwether Lewis and to Thomas Freeman a line that said,

0:50:31.920 --> 0:50:36.000
<v Speaker 6>if you are if your further progress is opposed by

0:50:36.040 --> 0:50:38.680
<v Speaker 6>a force authorized or not authorized by a nation. In

0:50:38.680 --> 0:50:43.360
<v Speaker 6>other words, either an Indian group or some force force

0:50:43.440 --> 0:50:46.759
<v Speaker 6>authorized by a nation. I would I want you to

0:50:47.120 --> 0:50:51.520
<v Speaker 6>turn back with the information you've already gathered rather than

0:50:51.640 --> 0:50:54.439
<v Speaker 6>attempt to go forward, because I don't want to risk

0:50:54.480 --> 0:50:57.960
<v Speaker 6>the lives of American citizens in a confrontation with an

0:50:57.960 --> 0:51:03.520
<v Speaker 6>overwhelming force. Whether Lewis never confronted anything like that, because

0:51:03.600 --> 0:51:06.600
<v Speaker 6>even the Spaniards tried to stop Lewis and Clark, but

0:51:06.640 --> 0:51:09.960
<v Speaker 6>they were so far to the north the Spanish forces

0:51:09.960 --> 0:51:12.719
<v Speaker 6>could never find them on the Missouri and they sent

0:51:12.840 --> 0:51:15.120
<v Speaker 6>several expeditions out to stop Lewis and Clark.

0:51:15.280 --> 0:51:20.680
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, hold on that for a minute. Yeah, Like why

0:51:20.760 --> 0:51:23.520
<v Speaker 2>does no one talk about where these Spanish guys? How

0:51:23.560 --> 0:51:25.799
<v Speaker 2>can you hear the stories about the Spanish guys trying

0:51:25.800 --> 0:51:27.600
<v Speaker 2>to find Lewis and Clark, Like where were they looking?

0:51:28.560 --> 0:51:28.880
<v Speaker 2>They were?

0:51:29.440 --> 0:51:34.719
<v Speaker 6>They were launched primarily from Texas. I mean San Antonio

0:51:34.960 --> 0:51:39.560
<v Speaker 6>had the biggest presidios of any of the Spanish colonies

0:51:40.000 --> 0:51:43.040
<v Speaker 6>and what were known as the Provincia's internals than the

0:51:43.080 --> 0:51:46.240
<v Speaker 6>internal provinces of the north, and so they were launched

0:51:46.239 --> 0:51:49.200
<v Speaker 6>from there, but they never got The one that got

0:51:49.239 --> 0:51:52.040
<v Speaker 6>fartherest never got out of what is now present day,

0:51:52.120 --> 0:51:55.440
<v Speaker 6>Kansas never even got really to the to the Missouri Rial.

0:51:55.560 --> 0:51:58.000
<v Speaker 2>What obstacles were preventing them from getting up there.

0:51:58.960 --> 0:52:05.120
<v Speaker 6>Usually poor planning, poor execution, leaders who were not up

0:52:05.160 --> 0:52:07.960
<v Speaker 6>to the task, and on at least one of the

0:52:08.000 --> 0:52:13.080
<v Speaker 6>groups encountered an opposing force of Native people that turned

0:52:13.080 --> 0:52:16.799
<v Speaker 6>them back. So they were those forces that were trying

0:52:16.840 --> 0:52:19.359
<v Speaker 6>to intercept Lewis and Clark were, you know, they didn't

0:52:19.360 --> 0:52:22.319
<v Speaker 6>really get close, but the Red River was a lot

0:52:22.400 --> 0:52:27.520
<v Speaker 6>closer to these Spanish presidios in Texas, and they successfully

0:52:27.600 --> 0:52:30.919
<v Speaker 6>got a two hundred man force led by a guy

0:52:31.320 --> 0:52:36.440
<v Speaker 6>named Captain Francisco Vianna, and they put up a perimeter

0:52:36.520 --> 0:52:43.000
<v Speaker 6>across the Red River and Freeman and his party round

0:52:43.000 --> 0:52:46.000
<v Speaker 6>of Ben they see this Spanish force. They stopped for

0:52:46.120 --> 0:52:51.080
<v Speaker 6>three days and have a diplomatic conference with parlay with

0:52:51.200 --> 0:52:54.480
<v Speaker 6>the leader of the Spanish force. And this Spanish leader,

0:52:55.160 --> 0:52:59.800
<v Speaker 6>h Vianna, was basically he was polite, but he was firm.

0:53:00.200 --> 0:53:02.640
<v Speaker 6>My orders are you are not to be allowed to

0:53:02.680 --> 0:53:07.000
<v Speaker 6>progress any farther on the river. And so Freeman consulted

0:53:07.040 --> 0:53:10.759
<v Speaker 6>his orders from Jefferson, which said, if you're confronted by

0:53:10.920 --> 0:53:13.520
<v Speaker 6>an overwhelming force, I want you to turn back with

0:53:13.560 --> 0:53:17.040
<v Speaker 6>the information you have, and the Americans turned around and

0:53:17.160 --> 0:53:21.759
<v Speaker 6>went back. And so what I would say about this

0:53:22.160 --> 0:53:25.920
<v Speaker 6>is that the reason you've never heard of it, and

0:53:26.040 --> 0:53:29.399
<v Speaker 6>nobody else, really very much in America has ever heard

0:53:29.400 --> 0:53:33.000
<v Speaker 6>of this expedition is because at a time when the

0:53:33.080 --> 0:53:35.479
<v Speaker 6>United States had a little bit of a self esteem

0:53:35.560 --> 0:53:38.839
<v Speaker 6>problem as a young country, we were perfectly willing to

0:53:38.960 --> 0:53:42.560
<v Speaker 6>celebrate the success of Lewis and Clark getting to the Pacific.

0:53:43.480 --> 0:53:46.840
<v Speaker 6>But the second Presidential expedition being turned around by a

0:53:46.920 --> 0:53:52.279
<v Speaker 6>foreign power and told to retrograde to American territory, that

0:53:52.520 --> 0:53:55.319
<v Speaker 6>was one that I mean, even Jefferson was willing to

0:53:55.400 --> 0:54:01.160
<v Speaker 6>just sort of sweep under the rug effectively effectively. So yeah,

0:54:01.520 --> 0:54:04.560
<v Speaker 6>I did a talk one time at the two hundredth

0:54:04.560 --> 0:54:08.680
<v Speaker 6>anniversary of Lewis and Clark and Saint Louis under the Arts,

0:54:08.920 --> 0:54:12.680
<v Speaker 6>hosted by the National Park Service, and they asked me

0:54:12.719 --> 0:54:16.719
<v Speaker 6>to talk about this expedition, and immediately before me there

0:54:16.800 --> 0:54:20.680
<v Speaker 6>was this Hispanic historian from I think he was from

0:54:20.760 --> 0:54:23.400
<v Speaker 6>Arizona who got up and did a talk and his

0:54:23.520 --> 0:54:28.759
<v Speaker 6>whole talk was about, man, I really wish some Spanish

0:54:28.840 --> 0:54:31.439
<v Speaker 6>force had managed to stop Lewis and Clark that would

0:54:31.480 --> 0:54:34.600
<v Speaker 6>have really changed. And I got up after this guy said,

0:54:34.640 --> 0:54:36.959
<v Speaker 6>you know, I'm going to make all your dreams come

0:54:37.040 --> 0:54:43.520
<v Speaker 6>true because it happened exactly that way, but with another party,

0:54:43.560 --> 0:54:44.680
<v Speaker 6>with the second expedition.

0:54:45.320 --> 0:54:46.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:54:46.360 --> 0:54:49.920
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, So it's one of those kind of unknown stories.

0:54:49.960 --> 0:54:52.680
<v Speaker 6>And you know, the podcast I'm doing for you guys

0:54:52.840 --> 0:54:54.759
<v Speaker 6>is a lot of it is like that. It's the

0:54:55.640 --> 0:55:00.520
<v Speaker 6>Western stories that you've not really ever heard or been

0:55:00.560 --> 0:55:03.879
<v Speaker 6>exposed to with a lot of emphasis as we were

0:55:03.880 --> 0:55:08.720
<v Speaker 6>saying a few minutes ago, on wildlife, on native people,

0:55:08.920 --> 0:55:12.400
<v Speaker 6>on the landscapes, the great landforms of the West, and

0:55:12.440 --> 0:55:14.520
<v Speaker 6>all that. But that's what I've tried to do with

0:55:14.560 --> 0:55:16.879
<v Speaker 6>most of my career is sort of work on things

0:55:16.960 --> 0:55:19.239
<v Speaker 6>that other people hadn't done already.

0:55:19.880 --> 0:55:23.000
<v Speaker 2>If if you had to say, like, what are some

0:55:23.080 --> 0:55:25.560
<v Speaker 2>of the things that people miss the most? What are

0:55:25.640 --> 0:55:28.239
<v Speaker 2>some of the most common misses that people have about

0:55:28.280 --> 0:55:32.040
<v Speaker 2>the American West? Is it like the antiquity or.

0:55:32.800 --> 0:55:37.760
<v Speaker 6>I think that's very definitely one. I mean the West,

0:55:38.680 --> 0:55:41.760
<v Speaker 6>And if you in the Southwest in particular, you can't

0:55:41.840 --> 0:55:45.680
<v Speaker 6>miss this because of all the ruins all over the

0:55:45.680 --> 0:55:47.759
<v Speaker 6>the Southwest. As you know, when you and I were

0:55:48.200 --> 0:55:52.520
<v Speaker 6>at Chaco a few months ago and the time we

0:55:52.560 --> 0:55:56.520
<v Speaker 6>went to the Clovis side. I mean, there are these

0:55:57.360 --> 0:56:05.600
<v Speaker 6>unmistakably ancient still visible. There's still visible evidence of people

0:56:05.640 --> 0:56:09.000
<v Speaker 6>having lived in the West for thousands and thousands and

0:56:09.040 --> 0:56:11.600
<v Speaker 6>thousands of years. And in a lot of the rest

0:56:11.640 --> 0:56:16.200
<v Speaker 6>of the country because of higher humidity and dense forests

0:56:15.880 --> 0:56:21.040
<v Speaker 6>and rainfall, I mean, evidence of long term occupation is

0:56:21.080 --> 0:56:24.400
<v Speaker 6>often really much more difficult to see. But in the

0:56:24.520 --> 0:56:28.000
<v Speaker 6>arid part of North America, it's still there and it's

0:56:28.000 --> 0:56:31.319
<v Speaker 6>still visible, and so that antiquity is a part of it.

0:56:31.360 --> 0:56:35.080
<v Speaker 6>I mean our sense about American history as well. I

0:56:35.080 --> 0:56:38.000
<v Speaker 6>mean it's only you know, four hundred years old. We've

0:56:38.000 --> 0:56:40.680
<v Speaker 6>only been here since the sixteen hundreds, and wow, this

0:56:40.840 --> 0:56:43.520
<v Speaker 6>is a brand new place. Well, the truth is, of course,

0:56:44.040 --> 0:56:47.160
<v Speaker 6>the story of America. Is it right now? We think

0:56:47.200 --> 0:56:49.920
<v Speaker 6>at least twenty three thousand years old, that's when we

0:56:49.960 --> 0:56:53.200
<v Speaker 6>have evidence for the first people getting over here. So

0:56:53.320 --> 0:56:55.200
<v Speaker 6>one of the things I tried to do in this

0:56:55.280 --> 0:56:58.360
<v Speaker 6>podcast is at least spend some of it the first

0:56:58.400 --> 0:57:03.840
<v Speaker 6>two or three episodes talking about these really ancient occupations

0:57:03.880 --> 0:57:07.840
<v Speaker 6>and how people lived and their interactions with the natural

0:57:07.880 --> 0:57:11.000
<v Speaker 6>world and wildlife and all that, because it's a story

0:57:11.000 --> 0:57:15.520
<v Speaker 6>that I think really shapes the future if you believe.

0:57:15.560 --> 0:57:18.040
<v Speaker 6>And I always make this argument about history is that

0:57:18.080 --> 0:57:22.200
<v Speaker 6>the past doesn't stay in the past. We're occupying a

0:57:22.320 --> 0:57:27.160
<v Speaker 6>world that was shaped by our ancestors, by other humans,

0:57:27.240 --> 0:57:30.360
<v Speaker 6>and the world that we're in right now is what

0:57:30.520 --> 0:57:33.760
<v Speaker 6>it is in large part because of what they did.

0:57:34.320 --> 0:57:37.479
<v Speaker 6>And that's kind of one of my themes. I think

0:57:37.520 --> 0:57:38.400
<v Speaker 6>in this podcast.

0:57:39.080 --> 0:57:41.880
<v Speaker 2>At the end of Dan's podcast episodes, what we've been

0:57:41.920 --> 0:57:44.040
<v Speaker 2>doing is we've been doing a little Q and A

0:57:44.080 --> 0:57:51.280
<v Speaker 2>where Dan does his material. It's kind of a in

0:57:51.320 --> 0:57:54.440
<v Speaker 2>the best way possible lecture format. You take a subject,

0:57:55.360 --> 0:57:58.880
<v Speaker 2>talk about it, but then the subjects bleed into each other. Yeah,

0:57:58.920 --> 0:58:01.200
<v Speaker 2>and at the end me and Randall to ask questions.

0:58:02.120 --> 0:58:04.640
<v Speaker 2>In the spirit of that, Randall, I'd like to point

0:58:04.680 --> 0:58:07.760
<v Speaker 2>the next question, Oh I didn't whatever you think is

0:58:07.800 --> 0:58:10.480
<v Speaker 2>the most interesting thing? Oh not, I'll do it.

0:58:12.960 --> 0:58:16.840
<v Speaker 3>I mean, Dan, I think this is not necessarily specific

0:58:16.880 --> 0:58:19.520
<v Speaker 3>to the podcast, but I think people would probably be

0:58:19.560 --> 0:58:23.280
<v Speaker 3>interested to just hear your story about how you grew.

0:58:23.120 --> 0:58:23.720
<v Speaker 4>Up and.

0:58:25.120 --> 0:58:27.440
<v Speaker 3>You've got some You've got some sort of an interesting

0:58:27.480 --> 0:58:31.360
<v Speaker 3>past that some might not maybe expect from a professor

0:58:31.360 --> 0:58:33.560
<v Speaker 3>of history and published author.

0:58:35.560 --> 0:58:40.680
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, well uh so, uh, at least on my dad's side.

0:58:40.720 --> 0:58:43.200
<v Speaker 6>My mom's side of the family was you know, pretty

0:58:43.240 --> 0:58:50.560
<v Speaker 6>much sort of standard Anglo Scott's American through the Upper

0:58:50.600 --> 0:58:55.480
<v Speaker 6>Southern States and into the Midwest and all. And so

0:58:56.800 --> 0:58:59.120
<v Speaker 6>that's part of my lenn Is but probably the more

0:58:59.520 --> 0:59:02.720
<v Speaker 6>interesting one in part because that's where I grew up

0:59:03.000 --> 0:59:07.600
<v Speaker 6>and I still have family there is from Louisiana because

0:59:09.080 --> 0:59:11.640
<v Speaker 6>that town Nacotish I mentioned a few minutes ago, which

0:59:11.680 --> 0:59:14.120
<v Speaker 6>is the you know, I always have fun telling people this,

0:59:14.240 --> 0:59:18.280
<v Speaker 6>that's the oldest European town in Louisiana, not New Orleans. Yeah,

0:59:18.400 --> 0:59:21.120
<v Speaker 6>Nacotash is four years older than New Orleans. I was

0:59:21.160 --> 0:59:25.120
<v Speaker 6>found in seventeen fourteen and my ancestors got there in

0:59:25.320 --> 0:59:29.840
<v Speaker 6>seventeen sixteen. So yeah, so we've been in Louisiana for

0:59:29.880 --> 0:59:31.320
<v Speaker 6>a very very long time.

0:59:31.880 --> 0:59:34.040
<v Speaker 2>But I had what brought them there, do you know?

0:59:34.720 --> 0:59:40.280
<v Speaker 6>Well, I had two different sides of the of the

0:59:40.320 --> 0:59:44.560
<v Speaker 6>story in Louisiana, and I don't know why my French

0:59:44.600 --> 0:59:49.280
<v Speaker 6>ancestors showed up. And that's the predominant line in that

0:59:49.880 --> 0:59:54.040
<v Speaker 6>side of my family. But there, I mean, my last

0:59:54.080 --> 0:59:57.040
<v Speaker 6>name is Flores, which is a Spanish name. And the

0:59:57.080 --> 1:00:00.520
<v Speaker 6>reason I have that name is because when the French

1:00:00.600 --> 1:00:06.320
<v Speaker 6>founded Nacotash in seventeen fourteen, the Spaniards farther west were

1:00:06.360 --> 1:00:09.400
<v Speaker 6>so alarmed at this French incursion because they were afraid

1:00:09.440 --> 1:00:11.439
<v Speaker 6>the French were going to go up the Red River

1:00:11.520 --> 1:00:14.640
<v Speaker 6>into the West, and they were absolutely right about that.

1:00:14.640 --> 1:00:19.280
<v Speaker 6>That they plunked down ten miles away from Nakotish a

1:00:19.320 --> 1:00:25.720
<v Speaker 6>little presidio manned by about twenty five or thirty young soldiers.

1:00:26.560 --> 1:00:31.840
<v Speaker 6>And these guys, one of whom was my ancestor, the

1:00:31.880 --> 1:00:36.200
<v Speaker 6>Flores's ancestor. Here they were in the Louisiana wilderness with

1:00:36.440 --> 1:00:43.680
<v Speaker 6>no available potential marriage partners, and so my sees except

1:00:43.720 --> 1:00:47.520
<v Speaker 6>the enemies ten miles away. So my ancestor married it

1:00:47.600 --> 1:00:51.240
<v Speaker 6>to a French family in Nacotish. And so you guys

1:00:51.240 --> 1:00:55.479
<v Speaker 6>ain't all bad, Yeah, they absolutely they were Catholics at least. Yeah.

1:00:55.640 --> 1:01:00.200
<v Speaker 6>So yeah, So we got absorbed into the French story

1:01:00.200 --> 1:01:04.920
<v Speaker 6>in Louisiana. And I think the reason I probably grew

1:01:05.000 --> 1:01:07.480
<v Speaker 6>up being fascinated with the West is because one of

1:01:07.480 --> 1:01:10.920
<v Speaker 6>the stories that we always talked about in the family

1:01:11.040 --> 1:01:15.080
<v Speaker 6>was there were some groups four or five generations back

1:01:15.120 --> 1:01:17.440
<v Speaker 6>who were traders to the Indians in the west, and

1:01:17.520 --> 1:01:21.200
<v Speaker 6>so I grew up hearing stories about Pierre Lafitte, Pierre

1:01:21.200 --> 1:01:25.280
<v Speaker 6>Bouie Lafitte, who was my great grandfather four times back,

1:01:25.840 --> 1:01:28.600
<v Speaker 6>and he had been a sort of a major player

1:01:28.640 --> 1:01:31.919
<v Speaker 6>in the Indian trade to the west out of Nakotash

1:01:32.320 --> 1:01:34.280
<v Speaker 6>and had gone I don't know if he ever got

1:01:34.320 --> 1:01:37.080
<v Speaker 6>all the way up to the Wichita villages far up

1:01:37.120 --> 1:01:40.600
<v Speaker 6>the Red River, but he certainly was a pretty major

1:01:40.640 --> 1:01:45.080
<v Speaker 6>player in Indian trade in Louisiana, and I knew that

1:01:45.120 --> 1:01:47.200
<v Speaker 6>they had gone west. So I kind of grew up

1:01:47.240 --> 1:01:50.120
<v Speaker 6>with the idea of, you know, the west was always

1:01:50.200 --> 1:01:53.320
<v Speaker 6>this part of the country that beckoned. And when I

1:01:53.360 --> 1:01:57.400
<v Speaker 6>was four years old, my family went on a National

1:01:57.480 --> 1:02:00.360
<v Speaker 6>park tour and one of the places they went was

1:02:00.440 --> 1:02:03.480
<v Speaker 6>into New Mexico. And so by the time I was

1:02:03.480 --> 1:02:05.640
<v Speaker 6>about ten or eleven, I was having these dreams of

1:02:05.680 --> 1:02:11.120
<v Speaker 6>these beautiful blue skies, cottonball clouds, sand dunes, red cliffs.

1:02:11.560 --> 1:02:15.040
<v Speaker 6>Had no idea where that had come from until I

1:02:15.120 --> 1:02:17.040
<v Speaker 6>was about thirty seven and thirty eight years old, and

1:02:17.080 --> 1:02:19.800
<v Speaker 6>I was back in Louisiana for a family reunion and

1:02:19.840 --> 1:02:22.480
<v Speaker 6>I mentioned to an ad of mine, you know, I've

1:02:22.520 --> 1:02:25.240
<v Speaker 6>always had these strange dreams. That's why about the West.

1:02:25.240 --> 1:02:27.800
<v Speaker 6>That's why I ended up going west. And she said, well,

1:02:27.840 --> 1:02:29.640
<v Speaker 6>I wonder if that had anything to do with that

1:02:30.040 --> 1:02:32.360
<v Speaker 6>National Park tour we took you on to New Mexico

1:02:32.400 --> 1:02:40.160
<v Speaker 6>when you were four. Oh, I guess maybe it did.

1:02:41.320 --> 1:02:43.040
<v Speaker 6>And you know, so it's the kind of thing that

1:02:43.120 --> 1:02:47.320
<v Speaker 6>you sort of forget but clearly colors your subconscious for

1:02:47.360 --> 1:02:50.440
<v Speaker 6>a long time. So that was part of it. And

1:02:50.440 --> 1:02:54.320
<v Speaker 6>as soon as I know, I was able to drive

1:02:54.360 --> 1:02:56.840
<v Speaker 6>a car and my parents would let me go out overnight,

1:02:56.880 --> 1:03:00.360
<v Speaker 6>first thing I did was drive five hundred mise to

1:03:00.360 --> 1:03:04.840
<v Speaker 6>the west, just to see what the country was like. Yeah,

1:03:04.360 --> 1:03:07.919
<v Speaker 6>And I've never forgotten how exciting it was when night

1:03:07.960 --> 1:03:10.840
<v Speaker 6>fell on the first time on that drive, and I

1:03:10.840 --> 1:03:13.960
<v Speaker 6>could see the lights of towns thirty and forty miles away,

1:03:14.520 --> 1:03:19.320
<v Speaker 6>because growing up in Louisiana, you can't see forty feet away.

1:03:19.600 --> 1:03:22.600
<v Speaker 6>The vegetation is so dense, And it was very exciting

1:03:22.600 --> 1:03:25.200
<v Speaker 6>to be able to see, ye see country.

1:03:25.280 --> 1:03:27.640
<v Speaker 3>And you spent a fair bit of time running around

1:03:27.960 --> 1:03:30.960
<v Speaker 3>outside in your in your youth, right.

1:03:31.120 --> 1:03:32.840
<v Speaker 6>Oh, I did, Yeah, I grew up in a little

1:03:32.840 --> 1:03:36.240
<v Speaker 6>small town where the woods were, you know, one hundred

1:03:36.280 --> 1:03:40.440
<v Speaker 6>yards away and so, and we didn't have enough guys

1:03:40.440 --> 1:03:44.040
<v Speaker 6>in the town to field one baseball team, let alone

1:03:44.040 --> 1:03:48.040
<v Speaker 6>two baseball teams to play one another. So what I

1:03:48.080 --> 1:03:51.160
<v Speaker 6>got to do for recreation was essentially read books and

1:03:51.240 --> 1:03:55.120
<v Speaker 6>roam around in the woods. And you know, and I

1:03:55.160 --> 1:04:00.920
<v Speaker 6>certainly grew up hunting. I didn't wasn't too interested in fishing,

1:04:00.960 --> 1:04:04.240
<v Speaker 6>but I was certainly interested in hunting. And I did

1:04:04.280 --> 1:04:06.440
<v Speaker 6>that through a lot of my teen years into my

1:04:06.880 --> 1:04:10.760
<v Speaker 6>early twenties. And you know, as Randall knows, when I

1:04:10.880 --> 1:04:13.960
<v Speaker 6>was living in Montana. I mean, I can't say that

1:04:14.120 --> 1:04:19.920
<v Speaker 6>I ever actually hunted, but three times, because I wanted

1:04:20.000 --> 1:04:24.440
<v Speaker 6>venison in my freezer, I bought a deer tag and

1:04:24.760 --> 1:04:28.400
<v Speaker 6>shot a little you know, yearling or four corn mule

1:04:28.480 --> 1:04:32.800
<v Speaker 6>deer buck out the window of my living room out

1:04:32.840 --> 1:04:33.320
<v Speaker 6>in the horse.

1:04:34.040 --> 1:04:35.959
<v Speaker 2>I remember when when I first met you, I remember

1:04:35.960 --> 1:04:39.240
<v Speaker 2>you telling me that, and you're very careful not overplay

1:04:39.320 --> 1:04:40.520
<v Speaker 2>the circumstances.

1:04:41.560 --> 1:04:43.840
<v Speaker 6>And so I couldn't say that was a hunt. That

1:04:43.960 --> 1:04:47.600
<v Speaker 6>was more harvesting a deer for the freezer. That was uh,

1:04:47.680 --> 1:04:50.080
<v Speaker 6>you know, but I I still I mean I was

1:04:50.080 --> 1:04:52.560
<v Speaker 6>in my forties and fifties and I still remember how

1:04:52.600 --> 1:04:53.439
<v Speaker 6>to do it at least.

1:04:54.520 --> 1:04:58.479
<v Speaker 4>Well, you also wrote for Field and Stream and you know.

1:04:58.840 --> 1:05:01.040
<v Speaker 6>Field and Stream, Sports of Feel an Outdoor Life. Yeah,

1:05:01.080 --> 1:05:04.240
<v Speaker 6>those are when I started as a writer. That's who

1:05:04.320 --> 1:05:10.840
<v Speaker 6>I wrote for. That was the magazine world that I knew.

1:05:10.920 --> 1:05:13.760
<v Speaker 6>And so I was an English major as an undergraduate

1:05:13.760 --> 1:05:17.560
<v Speaker 6>and had an English professor and a creative writing course

1:05:17.600 --> 1:05:20.560
<v Speaker 6>when I was a junior who had us write things

1:05:21.720 --> 1:05:25.400
<v Speaker 6>that we thought, you know, you might approach a magazine

1:05:25.440 --> 1:05:28.360
<v Speaker 6>for query, a magazine about And I had the fun

1:05:28.520 --> 1:05:32.040
<v Speaker 6>of writing a piece and before the semester was over,

1:05:32.520 --> 1:05:36.720
<v Speaker 6>going into his office and saying Sports a Field just

1:05:36.800 --> 1:05:40.439
<v Speaker 6>bought that. That's that piece I wrote for you back

1:05:40.480 --> 1:05:43.720
<v Speaker 6>in February. And so that was very fun. And I

1:05:43.760 --> 1:05:46.680
<v Speaker 6>had a you know, just like you did Steve at

1:05:46.760 --> 1:05:55.000
<v Speaker 6>Outdoor what's the magazine outside. I had an editor at

1:05:55.240 --> 1:05:59.280
<v Speaker 6>Sports of Feel in particular, who I guess saw some

1:05:59.320 --> 1:06:03.640
<v Speaker 6>potential and me, and he gave me a few pointers

1:06:03.800 --> 1:06:06.840
<v Speaker 6>and took the first three or four things I wrote,

1:06:07.040 --> 1:06:10.480
<v Speaker 6>and introduced me to editors at Field and Stream and

1:06:10.600 --> 1:06:14.440
<v Speaker 6>Outdoor Life, and I ended up finally for outdoor Life.

1:06:14.440 --> 1:06:17.000
<v Speaker 6>Before I went to graduate school and got a PhD

1:06:17.760 --> 1:06:23.160
<v Speaker 6>in history, I wrote a conservation column for outdoor Life

1:06:23.200 --> 1:06:26.480
<v Speaker 6>for their regional pages. They had these pages in Outdoor

1:06:26.520 --> 1:06:30.360
<v Speaker 6>Life that were designated for particular regions. And I wrote

1:06:30.400 --> 1:06:33.640
<v Speaker 6>a conservation column for the one on what was known

1:06:33.640 --> 1:06:37.440
<v Speaker 6>as the Mid South. And I wrote a conservation column

1:06:37.440 --> 1:06:41.680
<v Speaker 6>for Louisiana Woods and waters. So this was all before

1:06:41.720 --> 1:06:45.040
<v Speaker 6>I ever went to went to graduate school. And you

1:06:45.080 --> 1:06:46.560
<v Speaker 6>know what, the professor thing, I.

1:06:46.520 --> 1:06:48.440
<v Speaker 2>Got a lot of friends who wind up being that

1:06:48.480 --> 1:06:51.880
<v Speaker 2>there into occupation professionally. They wind up into occupation they

1:06:51.880 --> 1:06:55.360
<v Speaker 2>would have had no idea existed when they were a kid. Yeah,

1:06:55.400 --> 1:06:56.680
<v Speaker 2>I mean you asked your kid what they wanted to

1:06:56.720 --> 1:07:00.840
<v Speaker 2>do and be like detective fireman, veterinarian. Right, And then

1:07:01.040 --> 1:07:03.360
<v Speaker 2>people have jobs that they don't even they don't find

1:07:03.360 --> 1:07:04.680
<v Speaker 2>out a lot of times, you don't even know what

1:07:04.720 --> 1:07:09.680
<v Speaker 2>you're doing was a thing until you're in your twenties.

1:07:09.720 --> 1:07:13.440
<v Speaker 2>In your thirties, you probably had You probably didn't use

1:07:13.480 --> 1:07:17.000
<v Speaker 2>the word growing up. I want to be an environmental historian.

1:07:19.040 --> 1:07:21.480
<v Speaker 6>You you were absolutely right. I never once said that.

1:07:23.320 --> 1:07:26.160
<v Speaker 6>I So I was not the first person in my

1:07:26.200 --> 1:07:28.320
<v Speaker 6>family to go to college. My dad had had gone

1:07:28.360 --> 1:07:33.560
<v Speaker 6>to college, but so I knew something about university life,

1:07:33.680 --> 1:07:36.840
<v Speaker 6>a little bit about it. But I actually went to

1:07:37.000 --> 1:07:43.160
<v Speaker 6>college on an athletic scholarship and with the idea because

1:07:43.200 --> 1:07:45.440
<v Speaker 6>my dad had played semi pro baseball and he wanted

1:07:45.440 --> 1:07:48.480
<v Speaker 6>me to be a baseball player, and with the idea

1:07:48.560 --> 1:07:51.520
<v Speaker 6>of actually doing that. And it didn't last. I didn't

1:07:51.640 --> 1:07:55.760
<v Speaker 6>play baseball in college for more than two years. We

1:07:55.840 --> 1:07:58.680
<v Speaker 6>got a new coach and I didn't like one another,

1:07:58.720 --> 1:08:00.480
<v Speaker 6>and so that was start of the end of that.

1:08:00.720 --> 1:08:04.080
<v Speaker 6>But what I had sort of discovered, and I'm a

1:08:04.080 --> 1:08:06.640
<v Speaker 6>baseball player who's an English major is a little bit

1:08:06.680 --> 1:08:10.160
<v Speaker 6>of an unusual character. And I began to meet professors

1:08:10.200 --> 1:08:13.560
<v Speaker 6>who started pointing me in the direction of where I went.

1:08:13.640 --> 1:08:15.920
<v Speaker 6>And one of them was this guy, this creative writing

1:08:15.960 --> 1:08:19.360
<v Speaker 6>guy I mentioned who when I talked to him about

1:08:19.680 --> 1:08:22.360
<v Speaker 6>my future, I said, I want to be a writer.

1:08:22.560 --> 1:08:24.920
<v Speaker 6>This is my idea. I've always thought, you know, as

1:08:24.920 --> 1:08:26.920
<v Speaker 6>a kid growing up reading books, that's what I wanted

1:08:26.920 --> 1:08:31.400
<v Speaker 6>to do. He said, well, most people who write usually

1:08:31.600 --> 1:08:34.719
<v Speaker 6>do something else as a day job. And I said, well,

1:08:34.880 --> 1:08:38.120
<v Speaker 6>like what he said, Well, I mean, like me. This

1:08:38.160 --> 1:08:41.479
<v Speaker 6>guy wrote Western novels. He said like me, I mean,

1:08:41.760 --> 1:08:45.439
<v Speaker 6>you're a professor, and they actually reward you for writing

1:08:45.800 --> 1:08:48.880
<v Speaker 6>books when you're a professor, And that put the idea

1:08:48.920 --> 1:08:51.479
<v Speaker 6>into my head for the very first time that well, okay,

1:08:51.560 --> 1:08:54.360
<v Speaker 6>so I think maybe what I'll do is I'll go

1:08:54.640 --> 1:08:59.880
<v Speaker 6>ultimately to graduate school and become a professor of some kind,

1:08:59.640 --> 1:09:02.240
<v Speaker 6>and then that will enable me or give me enough

1:09:02.240 --> 1:09:05.040
<v Speaker 6>time to be able to write too. So that's kind

1:09:05.040 --> 1:09:07.080
<v Speaker 6>of what I did. But you're exactly right. As a kid,

1:09:07.120 --> 1:09:09.479
<v Speaker 6>I never said I'm going to grow up and you know,

1:09:09.760 --> 1:09:12.320
<v Speaker 6>be an environmental historian at the University of Montana.

1:09:12.600 --> 1:09:13.120
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

1:09:13.200 --> 1:09:14.360
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, that never happened.

1:09:17.640 --> 1:09:22.320
<v Speaker 2>One of the things I've picked up through my relationship

1:09:22.360 --> 1:09:24.240
<v Speaker 2>with you and talking to you about American history and

1:09:24.240 --> 1:09:29.360
<v Speaker 2>it also I also kind of absorbed it a little

1:09:29.400 --> 1:09:33.720
<v Speaker 2>bit from reading and conversations with the historian Elliott West.

1:09:34.000 --> 1:09:37.320
<v Speaker 2>Is this thing about the West, right, I think that

1:09:37.920 --> 1:09:41.200
<v Speaker 2>if you fall into the into the trap, maybe that's

1:09:41.240 --> 1:09:43.360
<v Speaker 2>not the best word for it, but if you fall

1:09:43.400 --> 1:09:49.800
<v Speaker 2>into the mindset that the West was just sitting there untouched, right,

1:09:50.120 --> 1:09:52.800
<v Speaker 2>whereas Elliott West put it, like Native Americans were just

1:09:52.840 --> 1:09:57.640
<v Speaker 2>in the static they were just basically waiting for Europeans

1:09:57.680 --> 1:10:01.360
<v Speaker 2>to show up in this static state, and then you

1:10:01.400 --> 1:10:03.679
<v Speaker 2>get this idea that then and then Lewis and Clark

1:10:04.360 --> 1:10:06.840
<v Speaker 2>go out there. No one had been there before them.

1:10:06.960 --> 1:10:10.160
<v Speaker 2>They go out there, and then it's just like this

1:10:10.360 --> 1:10:14.200
<v Speaker 2>tidal wave is unleashed, and it all happens like that.

1:10:14.640 --> 1:10:20.720
<v Speaker 2>It all happens through the eighteen hundreds. That sense of

1:10:20.760 --> 1:10:26.200
<v Speaker 2>how Western history went for me really started to fall

1:10:26.240 --> 1:10:32.200
<v Speaker 2>apart when I learned that from the time the first

1:10:32.479 --> 1:10:37.840
<v Speaker 2>European descended the Mississippi. Okay, so from the time the

1:10:37.840 --> 1:10:42.479
<v Speaker 2>first European descended the Mississippi, it was one hundred years

1:10:44.760 --> 1:10:49.960
<v Speaker 2>until the next European descended the Mississippi, or, as Elliott

1:10:49.960 --> 1:10:53.439
<v Speaker 2>West pointed out one of his essays, when Lewis and

1:10:53.439 --> 1:10:59.439
<v Speaker 2>Clark hit the Great Planes, there were people there were

1:10:59.720 --> 1:11:04.559
<v Speaker 2>name of Americans on the Great Plains whose parents had

1:11:04.600 --> 1:11:10.240
<v Speaker 2>been to Paris and come home. And then you start

1:11:10.320 --> 1:11:15.600
<v Speaker 2>realizing that this the job of understanding contact, right of

1:11:15.720 --> 1:11:19.360
<v Speaker 2>understanding European contact, isn't like this little like blip through

1:11:19.400 --> 1:11:22.679
<v Speaker 2>the eighteen hundreds. It's centuries long.

1:11:23.920 --> 1:11:28.400
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, well, Elliott steers you correctly. I mean that's been

1:11:28.520 --> 1:11:33.639
<v Speaker 6>one of the things that even in my own career,

1:11:34.840 --> 1:11:38.200
<v Speaker 6>you know, I mean I started out being trained to

1:11:38.320 --> 1:11:44.599
<v Speaker 6>do a more classic kind of Western history, where really

1:11:44.680 --> 1:11:48.160
<v Speaker 6>it does kind of begin with, you know, with Lewis

1:11:48.160 --> 1:11:52.400
<v Speaker 6>and Clark, or maybe if you start being imaginative about it, Okay,

1:11:52.479 --> 1:11:57.200
<v Speaker 6>it starts with, you know, Spanish settlements in New Mexico.

1:11:57.479 --> 1:12:00.320
<v Speaker 6>I mean, so the place where I live, you know,

1:12:00.479 --> 1:12:04.880
<v Speaker 6>Santa Fe Is it's about ten years ago, fifteen years

1:12:04.880 --> 1:12:08.759
<v Speaker 6>ago now it celebrated its four hundredth anniversary as a town.

1:12:09.400 --> 1:12:14.160
<v Speaker 6>Santa Fe was founded in sixteen ten. That's almost two

1:12:14.240 --> 1:12:16.160
<v Speaker 6>hundred years before Lewis and Clark.

1:12:17.960 --> 1:12:20.799
<v Speaker 2>That's incredible, man, Yeah, there's already you go from today

1:12:21.120 --> 1:12:24.360
<v Speaker 2>like to under I always like to understand this. Okay,

1:12:24.640 --> 1:12:30.839
<v Speaker 2>it's twenty twenty five. Okay, if you go that distance

1:12:30.840 --> 1:12:33.920
<v Speaker 2>of time, think about where that puts you. Oh yeah,

1:12:34.160 --> 1:12:38.800
<v Speaker 2>you know, the distance between the distance between Lewis and

1:12:38.840 --> 1:12:43.360
<v Speaker 2>Clark and the northern plains and the founding of Santa Fe,

1:12:43.400 --> 1:12:48.160
<v Speaker 2>the founding of a European like kind of cosmopolitan city

1:12:48.760 --> 1:12:51.400
<v Speaker 2>in New Mexico, was the distance that separates us from

1:12:51.400 --> 1:12:54.760
<v Speaker 2>eighteen twenty five from eighteen twenty five. Yeah, at a

1:12:54.800 --> 1:12:58.240
<v Speaker 2>time when we were just now starting to try steamboats

1:12:58.920 --> 1:13:02.719
<v Speaker 2>on the Western River. Yeah, so it's that kind of distance,

1:13:02.760 --> 1:13:05.040
<v Speaker 2>and so you have to, you know, as a historian,

1:13:05.160 --> 1:13:08.880
<v Speaker 2>you start learning to incorporate that into your thinking. And

1:13:10.600 --> 1:13:13.160
<v Speaker 2>once I started having the fun of doing that, I

1:13:13.200 --> 1:13:18.120
<v Speaker 2>started pushing it back farther and farther because it became evident.

1:13:18.600 --> 1:13:23.439
<v Speaker 2>So historians primarily rely on written documents, right, but if

1:13:23.479 --> 1:13:27.000
<v Speaker 2>you decide, okay, in this environmental history, and I was

1:13:27.040 --> 1:13:29.720
<v Speaker 2>trained to do this, you don't just rely on the

1:13:29.760 --> 1:13:35.400
<v Speaker 2>written documents. You also rely on archaeology and palaeontology and

1:13:36.840 --> 1:13:40.439
<v Speaker 2>ecology and all these other fields. And if you start

1:13:40.600 --> 1:13:44.439
<v Speaker 2>using those, then suddenly the past starts getting deeper and

1:13:44.479 --> 1:13:47.439
<v Speaker 2>deeper and deeper for you. I mean, you can't come

1:13:47.520 --> 1:13:51.360
<v Speaker 2>up with a great quote from anybody from you know,

1:13:51.479 --> 1:13:55.200
<v Speaker 2>ten thousand years ago. You don't know exactly what we

1:13:55.280 --> 1:13:58.400
<v Speaker 2>call people Clovis and Folsome. We don't really know what

1:13:58.560 --> 1:14:02.400
<v Speaker 2>their names actually were for themselves, because we named them

1:14:02.479 --> 1:14:08.280
<v Speaker 2>after the towns where their archaeologists first found remains of them.

1:14:09.000 --> 1:14:11.080
<v Speaker 2>So it's a kind.

1:14:10.920 --> 1:14:15.439
<v Speaker 6>Of a deep time past that's not perfect, but it

1:14:15.640 --> 1:14:20.639
<v Speaker 6>allows you to think in terms of a really deep

1:14:20.720 --> 1:14:23.639
<v Speaker 6>and ancient history. And when you start doing that, that's

1:14:23.760 --> 1:14:28.200
<v Speaker 6>kind of how I translated the human past in America,

1:14:28.240 --> 1:14:31.559
<v Speaker 6>going back twenty three thousand years to start thinking about

1:14:31.600 --> 1:14:34.960
<v Speaker 6>the past of the animals here, because many of the

1:14:35.040 --> 1:14:38.599
<v Speaker 6>animals in North America, I mean, like horses and their

1:14:38.640 --> 1:14:44.799
<v Speaker 6>ancestors fifty six million years back, Camels or another family

1:14:44.840 --> 1:14:48.000
<v Speaker 6>of animals that had their origins in America and died

1:14:48.040 --> 1:14:50.519
<v Speaker 6>out here while surviving in the rest of the world,

1:14:50.600 --> 1:14:55.120
<v Speaker 6>they go back forty six million years. Passenger pigeons went

1:14:55.200 --> 1:15:00.599
<v Speaker 6>back fifteen million years. Bison actually, which we of course

1:15:00.720 --> 1:15:05.200
<v Speaker 6>is now our national mammal in America. We have concluded

1:15:05.560 --> 1:15:10.519
<v Speaker 6>that probably the oldest arrival of bison in North America

1:15:10.720 --> 1:15:13.719
<v Speaker 6>was only about four hundred thousand years ago, so they're

1:15:13.760 --> 1:15:18.759
<v Speaker 6>actually quite recent arrivals compared to something like passenger pigeons.

1:15:20.400 --> 1:15:26.680
<v Speaker 6>Mammoths got here seventeen million years ago. So doing that

1:15:26.840 --> 1:15:30.920
<v Speaker 6>deep time for humans, I think it was a ready

1:15:31.479 --> 1:15:35.120
<v Speaker 6>step from that to start looking at all these animals

1:15:35.120 --> 1:15:38.640
<v Speaker 6>around us. And as we were talking yesterday, talking to

1:15:38.680 --> 1:15:40.800
<v Speaker 6>you and Randall both about this, I mean, one of

1:15:40.840 --> 1:15:43.720
<v Speaker 6>the things I've decided to do because I couldn't see

1:15:43.720 --> 1:15:46.960
<v Speaker 6>that anybody else was really doing it in writing Western

1:15:47.040 --> 1:15:52.880
<v Speaker 6>history was to start taking the animals seriously, to stop

1:15:52.960 --> 1:15:55.479
<v Speaker 6>thinking about them as Okay, beavers are just you know,

1:15:55.479 --> 1:15:59.600
<v Speaker 6>there's just this lumping animal that everybody that produced the

1:15:59.600 --> 1:16:04.080
<v Speaker 6>beaver trade and start actually looking at So what did

1:16:04.080 --> 1:16:07.760
<v Speaker 6>the presence of beaver's over five million to seven million

1:16:07.840 --> 1:16:10.479
<v Speaker 6>years that's how we think they've been here? What did

1:16:10.520 --> 1:16:13.320
<v Speaker 6>that do in North America? And you began to realize, well,

1:16:13.400 --> 1:16:18.120
<v Speaker 6>hell man beaver ecology totally transformed the continent. They made

1:16:18.160 --> 1:16:21.960
<v Speaker 6>it a much more humid and wetter place. And when

1:16:22.000 --> 1:16:25.799
<v Speaker 6>we started extracting them from the world, it suddenly dried

1:16:25.840 --> 1:16:30.440
<v Speaker 6>out a lot of America because it undermined an ecology

1:16:30.479 --> 1:16:32.320
<v Speaker 6>that they had built up over a really long period

1:16:32.360 --> 1:16:35.960
<v Speaker 6>of time. So taking the animals seriously, I think has

1:16:36.200 --> 1:16:41.360
<v Speaker 6>probably been a step towards, you know, just revising the

1:16:41.400 --> 1:16:44.800
<v Speaker 6>whole story of the West in America.

1:16:45.040 --> 1:16:49.840
<v Speaker 2>You know, one of the biggest gaps that puzzles me.

1:16:50.120 --> 1:16:52.400
<v Speaker 2>And I think it'd be like a it'd be a

1:16:52.439 --> 1:16:54.840
<v Speaker 2>cool book and there would not be any quotes in it,

1:16:55.320 --> 1:17:00.320
<v Speaker 2>like you said, But like personally, I folk a lot

1:17:00.320 --> 1:17:03.200
<v Speaker 2>of tension on and I love reading about and talking

1:17:03.200 --> 1:17:08.320
<v Speaker 2>with experts on the Ice Age, the first Americans, the

1:17:08.400 --> 1:17:14.200
<v Speaker 2>Clovis culture, fullsome culture, different migration theories. That's of great

1:17:14.240 --> 1:17:19.960
<v Speaker 2>interest to me. And then you have where we talked

1:17:19.960 --> 1:17:21.840
<v Speaker 2>about some of these the first Europeans to make the

1:17:21.880 --> 1:17:27.000
<v Speaker 2>way in the Southwest and they encounter, probably to their surprise, cities.

1:17:28.120 --> 1:17:29.480
<v Speaker 2>I mean cities.

1:17:29.120 --> 1:17:36.800
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, absolute cities where where there were cities if you

1:17:36.840 --> 1:17:39.640
<v Speaker 6>go back a thousand years, there were cities in the

1:17:39.640 --> 1:17:41.320
<v Speaker 6>American Southwest that.

1:17:41.240 --> 1:17:45.439
<v Speaker 2>Were that were bigger than London, like more people living

1:17:45.479 --> 1:17:52.320
<v Speaker 2>in them, you know what I mean, architecture, religious facilities,

1:17:53.520 --> 1:18:00.559
<v Speaker 2>irrigated crop lands, like how did we get from how

1:18:00.560 --> 1:18:02.120
<v Speaker 2>did you get from? These bands?

1:18:03.000 --> 1:18:03.040
<v Speaker 7>Do?

1:18:03.200 --> 1:18:05.680
<v Speaker 2>I mean these like bands of thirty or forty or

1:18:05.680 --> 1:18:12.320
<v Speaker 2>fifty hunters running around with stone tip tools, like how

1:18:12.320 --> 1:18:14.960
<v Speaker 2>do you get to the cities? Now? I don't think

1:18:14.960 --> 1:18:18.160
<v Speaker 2>that that's understood. I mean it's probably it's understood, but

1:18:18.200 --> 1:18:22.000
<v Speaker 2>I don't think that's like that people like that narrative hasn't.

1:18:21.760 --> 1:18:26.120
<v Speaker 6>Been told now. I think it hasn't, certainly not for

1:18:26.840 --> 1:18:31.280
<v Speaker 6>kind of public consumption. I mean among the the archaeologists,

1:18:31.280 --> 1:18:34.320
<v Speaker 6>you know, David Stewart with his book Anassauzi America. I mean,

1:18:34.320 --> 1:18:39.080
<v Speaker 6>I think he probably told that story. I mean I

1:18:39.240 --> 1:18:43.719
<v Speaker 6>certainly rely on his treatment quite a bit in trying

1:18:43.760 --> 1:18:47.200
<v Speaker 6>to analyze that and to get from I mean, we

1:18:47.240 --> 1:18:50.479
<v Speaker 6>start with Paleolithic big game hunters like the Clovis and

1:18:50.560 --> 1:18:55.840
<v Speaker 6>fulsome people. And once those animals are gone, and they're

1:18:55.880 --> 1:19:02.280
<v Speaker 6>gone by about ten thousand, nine thousand years ago, essentially

1:19:02.320 --> 1:19:07.480
<v Speaker 6>what you get is a long period of hunter gatherers

1:19:07.560 --> 1:19:11.800
<v Speaker 6>where the focus is on smaller animals. I mean, there's

1:19:11.800 --> 1:19:14.200
<v Speaker 6>still deer and elk and things out there, and so

1:19:14.880 --> 1:19:19.280
<v Speaker 6>the big game is smaller, and there's an enhanced focus

1:19:19.360 --> 1:19:24.320
<v Speaker 6>on vegetable products, on plant foods, and so the hunter

1:19:24.479 --> 1:19:28.439
<v Speaker 6>gatherer the very name implies that you've got a new

1:19:28.479 --> 1:19:32.479
<v Speaker 6>focus on plants. You're beginning to rely some and once

1:19:32.600 --> 1:19:36.800
<v Speaker 6>the focus on plants is there, then you're set up

1:19:36.920 --> 1:19:40.639
<v Speaker 6>for some human genius at some point to say, well,

1:19:40.680 --> 1:19:45.280
<v Speaker 6>you know this particular plant that produces this thing we

1:19:45.400 --> 1:19:49.960
<v Speaker 6>now call teocente, which produces this little tiny corn cob,

1:19:50.360 --> 1:19:53.400
<v Speaker 6>But sometimes there's a slightly bigger one. Is there some

1:19:53.439 --> 1:19:56.160
<v Speaker 6>way that we can take the plants that make the

1:19:56.200 --> 1:20:00.559
<v Speaker 6>slightly bigger ones, and if the next generation the corn

1:20:00.600 --> 1:20:03.080
<v Speaker 6>cob is even a little bit bigger than that plant

1:20:03.160 --> 1:20:06.160
<v Speaker 6>those and of course what they're doing is that they're

1:20:06.200 --> 1:20:10.200
<v Speaker 6>domesticating plants. And I think the reason we reached that

1:20:10.400 --> 1:20:13.679
<v Speaker 6>stage because we reached it in the Old World many

1:20:13.840 --> 1:20:18.280
<v Speaker 6>thousands of years before this happened in the Americas. The

1:20:18.400 --> 1:20:20.600
<v Speaker 6>reason being, of course, is the Americas are settled by

1:20:20.680 --> 1:20:24.800
<v Speaker 6>humans a lot later than say, Europe and Asia get

1:20:24.880 --> 1:20:29.519
<v Speaker 6>settled by humans, and so the whole process over time

1:20:29.840 --> 1:20:33.160
<v Speaker 6>is an accelerated rate in the Old World compared to

1:20:33.240 --> 1:20:36.120
<v Speaker 6>the Americas. But what happened in both places, I think

1:20:36.160 --> 1:20:41.479
<v Speaker 6>to push us in the direction ultimately of crops and

1:20:41.520 --> 1:20:48.800
<v Speaker 6>domesticated animals, is that as the human population grew, relying

1:20:48.920 --> 1:20:53.560
<v Speaker 6>on hunting got harder and harder to do because animals

1:20:53.600 --> 1:20:57.280
<v Speaker 6>became more and more difficult to find. And you finally

1:20:57.360 --> 1:21:01.559
<v Speaker 6>reach a point I think where everybody knew when during

1:21:01.680 --> 1:21:04.360
<v Speaker 6>hunting and gathering stages, that you had to keep the

1:21:04.400 --> 1:21:07.720
<v Speaker 6>human population low. And one of the ways they did

1:21:07.760 --> 1:21:13.439
<v Speaker 6>that was basically they engaged in not only abortions, but infanticide.

1:21:13.479 --> 1:21:17.360
<v Speaker 6>Whenever a band of one hundred and twenty people they

1:21:17.400 --> 1:21:20.000
<v Speaker 6>had too many children one year. I mean, the leaders

1:21:20.040 --> 1:21:23.240
<v Speaker 6>knew if we let this go on, we are screwing

1:21:23.280 --> 1:21:27.080
<v Speaker 6>ourselves to the hilt, and so we've got to control

1:21:27.160 --> 1:21:33.799
<v Speaker 6>our population. And that became obviously a psychological burden for people,

1:21:33.920 --> 1:21:40.160
<v Speaker 6>especially for women who were carrying kids, babies. So everybody

1:21:40.240 --> 1:21:43.320
<v Speaker 6>is looking for a way to escape it. And the

1:21:43.360 --> 1:21:48.000
<v Speaker 6>domestication of crops and animals became away. It's hard to

1:21:48.000 --> 1:21:52.759
<v Speaker 6>grow the population now just by relying on hunting, because

1:21:52.800 --> 1:21:55.280
<v Speaker 6>we've thinned the animals to the point where we can't

1:21:55.320 --> 1:21:58.120
<v Speaker 6>really grow the human population. But what if we start

1:21:58.240 --> 1:22:02.320
<v Speaker 6>domesticating things. What if we start domesticating plants and growing

1:22:02.360 --> 1:22:06.759
<v Speaker 6>them ourselves. What if we take these wild goats, these

1:22:06.840 --> 1:22:11.680
<v Speaker 6>gazelles in the Old World, in North America, wild turkeys

1:22:11.800 --> 1:22:17.080
<v Speaker 6>become the primary domesticated animal. What if we take these

1:22:17.479 --> 1:22:20.959
<v Speaker 6>and raise them? And that allows us then to avoid

1:22:21.560 --> 1:22:26.760
<v Speaker 6>this the speed bump of having to sew assiduously keep

1:22:26.800 --> 1:22:30.320
<v Speaker 6>the population down, and that then produces, of course, the

1:22:30.400 --> 1:22:33.960
<v Speaker 6>Great agricultural Revolution, the so called Neolithic Revolution in the

1:22:34.000 --> 1:22:36.960
<v Speaker 6>Old World and five thousand years later in the Americas.

1:22:37.520 --> 1:22:41.000
<v Speaker 6>And so those cities that you and I have walked

1:22:41.040 --> 1:22:47.280
<v Speaker 6>around in Chaco Canyon Historic Park, of course is the

1:22:47.320 --> 1:22:52.960
<v Speaker 6>primary and most dramatic one in North America. Those cities

1:22:53.120 --> 1:22:59.920
<v Speaker 6>resulted from the evolution basically of hunting and gathering culture

1:23:00.080 --> 1:23:05.720
<v Speaker 6>into an agricultural sort of in Choco's case, an empire

1:23:06.160 --> 1:23:10.800
<v Speaker 6>really of hundreds of small farmers growing corn, beans and

1:23:10.840 --> 1:23:14.519
<v Speaker 6>squash that they had imported up from Mexico, because Mexico

1:23:15.000 --> 1:23:18.679
<v Speaker 6>in North America was where the first domestication of plants

1:23:18.880 --> 1:23:26.439
<v Speaker 6>took place, and that domestication then enabled larger populations that

1:23:26.600 --> 1:23:31.320
<v Speaker 6>were capable of producing a city like Chaco, which you know,

1:23:32.200 --> 1:23:37.360
<v Speaker 6>Chaco was such a dramatic and large place, huge buildings.

1:23:37.560 --> 1:23:40.160
<v Speaker 6>There were not buildings the size of those built in

1:23:40.280 --> 1:23:44.200
<v Speaker 6>Chaco in North America until the eighteen eighties. I mean,

1:23:44.280 --> 1:23:47.640
<v Speaker 6>we don't have any buildings the size of something like

1:23:47.720 --> 1:23:53.600
<v Speaker 6>Pueblo Benito until, you know, only basically one hundred and

1:23:53.640 --> 1:23:57.559
<v Speaker 6>fifty years ago in the United States. But this is

1:23:57.600 --> 1:23:59.720
<v Speaker 6>a story. It's sort of like that, you know, that

1:24:00.160 --> 1:24:02.840
<v Speaker 6>other Lewis and Clark expedition and story I was telling.

1:24:03.000 --> 1:24:09.360
<v Speaker 6>It's not one that plays to historical memory in America.

1:24:09.760 --> 1:24:11.240
<v Speaker 6>I mean, I've talked to a lot of people who

1:24:11.280 --> 1:24:14.320
<v Speaker 6>go to Chaco who are utterly shocked to find the

1:24:14.400 --> 1:24:18.120
<v Speaker 6>ruins of that place. Because grew up on the East coast,

1:24:18.160 --> 1:24:20.960
<v Speaker 6>nobody ever talks about the fact that there was giant city.

1:24:21.280 --> 1:24:22.240
<v Speaker 2>People lived in tents.

1:24:22.400 --> 1:24:28.800
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, people lived in tents and guns and yeah, yeah, I.

1:24:28.760 --> 1:24:32.160
<v Speaker 2>Was gonna I think I told you about this for

1:24:32.880 --> 1:24:36.040
<v Speaker 2>do you remember that the I think he's a physiologist.

1:24:36.120 --> 1:24:40.040
<v Speaker 2>Jared Diamond wrote that he wrote a book Guns, Germs

1:24:40.040 --> 1:24:42.120
<v Speaker 2>and Steel Steel. Did he pass away?

1:24:42.320 --> 1:24:45.000
<v Speaker 6>Jared Diamond, I don't think he has passed away. No,

1:24:45.120 --> 1:24:46.479
<v Speaker 6>I think he's he's still around.

1:24:47.400 --> 1:24:49.240
<v Speaker 2>He kind of begins with this question, I think I

1:24:49.240 --> 1:24:51.599
<v Speaker 2>told you about this forward. Was it Who was it

1:24:51.439 --> 1:24:53.720
<v Speaker 2>that took on the Incins? Was it Bizarro? Yeah?

1:24:54.439 --> 1:24:54.639
<v Speaker 6>Zaro.

1:24:55.400 --> 1:25:00.600
<v Speaker 2>He begins with this question like, why was it that

1:25:00.920 --> 1:25:09.280
<v Speaker 2>Pizarro came from Spain to attack the Incans? Why didn't

1:25:10.000 --> 1:25:13.280
<v Speaker 2>I don't know who the leader the Incans was. Why

1:25:13.360 --> 1:25:19.760
<v Speaker 2>didn't the Incan Empire go and attack Spain? And I

1:25:19.760 --> 1:25:21.880
<v Speaker 2>think that there's a point if you'd have gone, if

1:25:21.920 --> 1:25:25.160
<v Speaker 2>you'd have been, like, if you'd have visited Earth right

1:25:26.160 --> 1:25:30.920
<v Speaker 2>at that time of the ascendancy of Chaco, you might

1:25:30.920 --> 1:25:34.960
<v Speaker 2>have been like, I think someday these people are gonna

1:25:34.960 --> 1:25:37.760
<v Speaker 2>go and find Europe do you know. I mean, it

1:25:37.800 --> 1:25:39.479
<v Speaker 2>would have seemed like it was head in that direction.

1:25:39.760 --> 1:25:44.479
<v Speaker 2>But then there's certain things like that misses, like the wheel.

1:25:46.360 --> 1:25:49.479
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, they don't know, they do not, there's no And

1:25:49.680 --> 1:25:51.760
<v Speaker 6>so one of the strange things about the wheel is

1:25:51.760 --> 1:25:58.240
<v Speaker 6>that they're actually figurines, little small figurines in Aztec Mexico

1:25:59.160 --> 1:26:03.920
<v Speaker 6>that show wheels, but there's not an application of the

1:26:03.960 --> 1:26:09.840
<v Speaker 6>wheel in any kind of of utility form because they

1:26:10.000 --> 1:26:13.760
<v Speaker 6>have not proceeded to the domestication of a beast of

1:26:13.880 --> 1:26:19.000
<v Speaker 6>burden that would pull a wheeled vehicle. And so, yeah,

1:26:19.040 --> 1:26:22.080
<v Speaker 6>the wheel is a very strange one. But I mean

1:26:22.120 --> 1:26:26.040
<v Speaker 6>your question is is really on the mark because at

1:26:26.080 --> 1:26:28.960
<v Speaker 6>the same time that Chako was at its height, it's

1:26:29.000 --> 1:26:33.120
<v Speaker 6>about just roughly a thousand years ago. I mean, all

1:26:33.240 --> 1:26:39.080
<v Speaker 6>those great cities in the Mayan Empire on the Yucatan

1:26:39.160 --> 1:26:44.439
<v Speaker 6>Peninsula were also at their height, and uh ten oach

1:26:44.600 --> 1:26:51.559
<v Speaker 6>teat line, which is what Mexico city. I think. Well,

1:26:51.600 --> 1:26:54.280
<v Speaker 6>I mean, you may be, it may be more accurate

1:26:54.280 --> 1:26:54.680
<v Speaker 6>than I am.

1:26:54.720 --> 1:26:58.040
<v Speaker 2>But the people that could answer that question, that's what

1:26:58.120 --> 1:26:59.080
<v Speaker 2>I call a reading word.

1:27:00.600 --> 1:27:03.799
<v Speaker 6>It it's a reading word. But that city was also

1:27:04.000 --> 1:27:06.720
<v Speaker 6>I mean, it was absolutely at its height and in

1:27:06.920 --> 1:27:12.800
<v Speaker 6>many respects these big cities of meso America. You know,

1:27:12.880 --> 1:27:15.599
<v Speaker 6>I mean you guys have probably been to Chichenizza and

1:27:15.800 --> 1:27:18.720
<v Speaker 6>seen the pyramid there, which I mean the first time

1:27:18.760 --> 1:27:20.960
<v Speaker 6>I went there, you could steal climate. They won't let

1:27:20.960 --> 1:27:23.080
<v Speaker 6>you climb it any won't. No, they won't let you

1:27:23.120 --> 1:27:26.160
<v Speaker 6>go up the steps to the top anymore, you know.

1:27:26.240 --> 1:27:29.960
<v Speaker 6>And it is precipitously steep, there's no question. But you know,

1:27:30.000 --> 1:27:32.839
<v Speaker 6>I had the fun fifteen or so years ago climbing

1:27:32.840 --> 1:27:36.880
<v Speaker 6>to the top of you know, this Temple of cuckl Khan,

1:27:37.080 --> 1:27:41.040
<v Speaker 6>the Temple of Venus, and I mean, holy cow, man,

1:27:41.520 --> 1:27:46.120
<v Speaker 6>that's just it's impressive as hell when you're there. But

1:27:46.240 --> 1:27:49.720
<v Speaker 6>we come out of a you know, a Western European

1:27:49.880 --> 1:27:55.040
<v Speaker 6>kind of sensibility that we were on top of the world.

1:27:55.640 --> 1:28:00.000
<v Speaker 6>We were the leaders of civilization. I mean Western Europe

1:28:00.240 --> 1:28:02.799
<v Speaker 6>is I mean, that's what guns, germs and steel about

1:28:02.960 --> 1:28:06.200
<v Speaker 6>is about his argument, Jared Diamond's argument in that book

1:28:06.280 --> 1:28:10.280
<v Speaker 6>is that the reason Western Europe managed to prevail over

1:28:10.360 --> 1:28:13.120
<v Speaker 6>all those other places is that it happened to sit

1:28:13.680 --> 1:28:18.080
<v Speaker 6>at the far end of the largest land mass on Earth, Eurasia,

1:28:18.720 --> 1:28:23.200
<v Speaker 6>also connected to Africa, and so Europeans got to benefit

1:28:23.280 --> 1:28:26.919
<v Speaker 6>from all the human inventions that took place all over

1:28:27.080 --> 1:28:31.040
<v Speaker 6>Eurasia and Africa. The flow was smooth, The flow was smooth,

1:28:31.040 --> 1:28:34.720
<v Speaker 6>and everything that was invented in China gunpowder managed to

1:28:34.760 --> 1:28:39.520
<v Speaker 6>get to Western Europe, whereas the Americas are completely isolated

1:28:40.200 --> 1:28:42.720
<v Speaker 6>from the rest of the world, not only from the

1:28:42.840 --> 1:28:46.080
<v Speaker 6>ideas of the rest of the world, but you know,

1:28:46.160 --> 1:28:51.439
<v Speaker 6>as we all know, from the diseases that evolved through

1:28:51.720 --> 1:28:55.960
<v Speaker 6>the domestication of animals and living with domesticated animals, Europeans

1:28:56.400 --> 1:28:59.960
<v Speaker 6>old worlders ended up developing all sorts of really pretty

1:29:00.040 --> 1:29:03.320
<v Speaker 6>horrific diseases and when they brought them over to the

1:29:03.320 --> 1:29:07.240
<v Speaker 6>America's I mean, what really conquered the Americas. This is

1:29:07.280 --> 1:29:12.240
<v Speaker 6>the germs part of guns, germs and steel, is these

1:29:12.560 --> 1:29:16.160
<v Speaker 6>these exotic diseases that native people had absolutely no immunity to.

1:29:16.920 --> 1:29:21.080
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you know another one about to not Tillon. Yeah,

1:29:21.400 --> 1:29:24.880
<v Speaker 2>when you think about sort of your if you don't

1:29:24.880 --> 1:29:26.719
<v Speaker 2>have the luxury of spending a lot of time studying

1:29:26.800 --> 1:29:33.120
<v Speaker 2>history and you get this idea of you know, people

1:29:33.160 --> 1:29:36.599
<v Speaker 2>living in tents and small scale habitations, that that's what

1:29:36.640 --> 1:29:40.439
<v Speaker 2>Europeans found. It always struck me that when they when

1:29:40.479 --> 1:29:49.000
<v Speaker 2>they when the Spanish got there, they had zoos. Yeah,

1:29:49.080 --> 1:29:52.439
<v Speaker 2>they had zoos with I mean not foreign animals from

1:29:52.479 --> 1:29:58.759
<v Speaker 2>other continents, but they had zoos holding animals like bison

1:29:59.280 --> 1:30:04.200
<v Speaker 2>from places that they wouldn't even the residents of those

1:30:04.240 --> 1:30:09.560
<v Speaker 2>cities could have gone and seen animals on the streets

1:30:10.120 --> 1:30:15.439
<v Speaker 2>that they would have no prayer of encountering in normal life.

1:30:15.640 --> 1:30:18.639
<v Speaker 2>Things collected from far away, from far to the south,

1:30:18.640 --> 1:30:20.439
<v Speaker 2>from far to the north, broad and you could go like,

1:30:20.479 --> 1:30:22.720
<v Speaker 2>where's that from you? It'd be like as weird as

1:30:22.720 --> 1:30:25.600
<v Speaker 2>when you take your kids they see a giraffe. That

1:30:25.640 --> 1:30:27.920
<v Speaker 2>people would have that experience and see it like yeah,

1:30:27.960 --> 1:30:31.639
<v Speaker 2>like they would have, you know, a jaguar, they would

1:30:31.680 --> 1:30:35.800
<v Speaker 2>have a buffalo, they would have birds from South America.

1:30:36.160 --> 1:30:44.240
<v Speaker 6>Well, it's pretty clear that, you know, aggregates of charismatic

1:30:44.680 --> 1:30:52.320
<v Speaker 6>and intriguing animals from the far edges of human knowledge

1:30:52.720 --> 1:30:56.320
<v Speaker 6>a symbol together for public viewing. In effect, the word,

1:30:56.360 --> 1:30:59.720
<v Speaker 6>of course, our word is zoo. That is a very

1:31:00.560 --> 1:31:04.200
<v Speaker 6>human impulse. I mean, and you know, we have no

1:31:04.320 --> 1:31:08.720
<v Speaker 6>idea it's possible that the Clovis people had something like that,

1:31:08.800 --> 1:31:11.080
<v Speaker 6>but as you pointed out, we certainly do know that

1:31:11.120 --> 1:31:16.200
<v Speaker 6>the Aztecs, which had an empire that stretched for hundreds

1:31:16.200 --> 1:31:19.240
<v Speaker 6>thousands of miles in every direction, they were doing that

1:31:19.360 --> 1:31:22.519
<v Speaker 6>very thing. They were collecting animals out at the far

1:31:22.600 --> 1:31:26.120
<v Speaker 6>reaches of their empire and bringing them to the citadel

1:31:26.280 --> 1:31:29.120
<v Speaker 6>city of the empire and assembling them into zoos for

1:31:29.680 --> 1:31:34.200
<v Speaker 6>you know, for the public entertainment of their citizenry. I mean,

1:31:34.200 --> 1:31:38.519
<v Speaker 6>that's that's so, you know. I mean, I've I've have

1:31:38.840 --> 1:31:42.680
<v Speaker 6>argued in my books, especially in Wild New World, the

1:31:42.720 --> 1:31:45.800
<v Speaker 6>most recent one that which is a book about, you know,

1:31:45.880 --> 1:31:50.479
<v Speaker 6>the long term story of humans and animals in North America,

1:31:51.320 --> 1:31:54.320
<v Speaker 6>that this is something and I know I derived this

1:31:54.400 --> 1:31:57.680
<v Speaker 6>from Paul Shepherd, from reading Paul Shepard many years ago,

1:31:58.160 --> 1:32:02.599
<v Speaker 6>that this fact, with the natural history of the living

1:32:02.600 --> 1:32:07.439
<v Speaker 6>world around us, is something that is impossibly ancient in

1:32:07.479 --> 1:32:10.559
<v Speaker 6>the human story. Every time we look back into the past,

1:32:10.600 --> 1:32:14.200
<v Speaker 6>we find examples of it, and it survives today. And

1:32:14.280 --> 1:32:16.439
<v Speaker 6>one of the ways it survives, I mean, I don't

1:32:16.479 --> 1:32:20.160
<v Speaker 6>have children myself. I know you do, though, and I'll

1:32:20.200 --> 1:32:22.600
<v Speaker 6>bet this happened with you, because it happens with it.

1:32:22.640 --> 1:32:25.559
<v Speaker 6>Every time I visit somebody's home and they have young kids,

1:32:25.960 --> 1:32:30.200
<v Speaker 6>and they show me the nursery, there are always little

1:32:30.800 --> 1:32:36.519
<v Speaker 6>elephants and buffaloes and monkeys, and so what that is

1:32:36.960 --> 1:32:41.040
<v Speaker 6>getting at is that it's knowledge about natural history and

1:32:41.080 --> 1:32:45.479
<v Speaker 6>about other living creatures. That is the very first step

1:32:45.960 --> 1:32:49.799
<v Speaker 6>in kind of the organization of the brain, in creating

1:32:49.840 --> 1:32:53.599
<v Speaker 6>a taxonomy of the world around you, you know. And

1:32:53.640 --> 1:32:56.640
<v Speaker 6>then when for little boys in particular, when you get

1:32:56.680 --> 1:32:58.240
<v Speaker 6>to be eight or ten years old, you know, you

1:32:58.320 --> 1:33:01.200
<v Speaker 6>start collecting hot wheeled cars and things like that, and

1:33:01.200 --> 1:33:04.640
<v Speaker 6>that provides you with the next step of taxonomy. But

1:33:04.720 --> 1:33:10.400
<v Speaker 6>that human desire to kind of organize everything into an

1:33:10.520 --> 1:33:15.920
<v Speaker 6>understandable world really starts with animals. And that's why we

1:33:16.040 --> 1:33:19.519
<v Speaker 6>do this with toddlers. The first thing you teach them

1:33:19.560 --> 1:33:23.160
<v Speaker 6>really is the difference between well, this is a picture

1:33:23.240 --> 1:33:27.160
<v Speaker 6>of an elephant. It has this long trunk and it

1:33:27.200 --> 1:33:30.320
<v Speaker 6>has and this is a picture of a horse, it

1:33:30.479 --> 1:33:35.639
<v Speaker 6>has this tail. And that probably you know, is something

1:33:35.960 --> 1:33:39.200
<v Speaker 6>we humans have been doing for two million years.

1:33:42.160 --> 1:33:47.320
<v Speaker 2>Have you ever thought about why American? Why American people

1:33:47.960 --> 1:33:53.920
<v Speaker 2>when they put a mobile above the crib? Why is

1:33:53.960 --> 1:33:56.360
<v Speaker 2>it African fauna generally?

1:33:57.760 --> 1:34:00.639
<v Speaker 6>Now, that's that's a good question, you know, And why

1:34:00.760 --> 1:34:04.360
<v Speaker 6>is it elephants allisons and giraffes. I mean, because they're

1:34:04.400 --> 1:34:09.360
<v Speaker 6>so distinguishable. They're distinguishable, you know, interestingly of course there

1:34:09.760 --> 1:34:14.120
<v Speaker 6>it's the living Pleistocene that we're showing them, and so

1:34:14.240 --> 1:34:18.680
<v Speaker 6>there may be you know, I mean, Randall, take it away, man.

1:34:18.760 --> 1:34:21.479
<v Speaker 6>You should you should maybe do a piece on on

1:34:21.560 --> 1:34:23.439
<v Speaker 6>the evolution of something like that.

1:34:25.520 --> 1:34:27.559
<v Speaker 3>I was just thinking when you were talking about animals,

1:34:27.560 --> 1:34:29.840
<v Speaker 3>and it's like, yeah, why don't we just hang you know,

1:34:30.080 --> 1:34:32.320
<v Speaker 3>desks and chairs around them.

1:34:33.280 --> 1:34:36.280
<v Speaker 2>This is your world, this is what you'll have, keyboards,

1:34:36.360 --> 1:34:37.400
<v Speaker 2>a keyboard.

1:34:37.920 --> 1:34:39.720
<v Speaker 6>On the phone.

1:34:40.280 --> 1:34:44.200
<v Speaker 2>It must be some deep like the African fauna must

1:34:44.280 --> 1:34:47.960
<v Speaker 2>be some like deep thing about the cradle of you know,

1:34:48.680 --> 1:34:52.519
<v Speaker 2>like you're speaking to some deep genetic memory of the

1:34:52.520 --> 1:34:55.920
<v Speaker 2>cradle of Africa or something easy to tell apart.

1:34:56.240 --> 1:34:58.960
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, And I also think it's like those are real animals,

1:34:59.040 --> 1:35:02.639
<v Speaker 3>you know, like they're big, they're toothy, they got wild horns.

1:35:02.680 --> 1:35:06.720
<v Speaker 3>There's something about I don't know, there's something about that,

1:35:07.600 --> 1:35:11.519
<v Speaker 3>the exoticism of those creatures compared to what we see

1:35:11.520 --> 1:35:12.240
<v Speaker 3>around us today.

1:35:12.880 --> 1:35:13.080
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

1:35:13.240 --> 1:35:15.000
<v Speaker 3>So I still look at something like an ibex and

1:35:15.000 --> 1:35:17.280
<v Speaker 3>I'm just like, that's an animal.

1:35:18.280 --> 1:35:21.080
<v Speaker 6>When I was writing Well New World, I kept encountering

1:35:21.120 --> 1:35:23.400
<v Speaker 6>over and over again the stories, especially when you get

1:35:23.439 --> 1:35:26.960
<v Speaker 6>to the twentieth century, when most of the charismatic animals

1:35:27.040 --> 1:35:29.759
<v Speaker 6>in North America are gone by that time, are reduced

1:35:29.760 --> 1:35:32.439
<v Speaker 6>to such small numbers that you hardly ever have a

1:35:32.520 --> 1:35:35.040
<v Speaker 6>chance to see them. I kept encountering over and over

1:35:35.120 --> 1:35:39.880
<v Speaker 6>again these people who become really prominent conservationists in the

1:35:40.000 --> 1:35:45.120
<v Speaker 6>United States, you know, and found all sorts of organizations

1:35:45.160 --> 1:35:50.559
<v Speaker 6>from the Sierra Club on who acquired their fascination for

1:35:50.960 --> 1:35:55.160
<v Speaker 6>nature and for the wild by going to Africa. And

1:35:55.240 --> 1:35:58.240
<v Speaker 6>they came back from Africa and decided, Okay, we're going

1:35:58.280 --> 1:36:01.920
<v Speaker 6>to try to do something like that. And it's kind

1:36:01.920 --> 1:36:06.000
<v Speaker 6>of an insides vary size and variety and an indication,

1:36:06.280 --> 1:36:09.160
<v Speaker 6>you know. And of course Africa, as a result of

1:36:09.240 --> 1:36:12.800
<v Speaker 6>the big game parks there, preserve these animals so that

1:36:12.880 --> 1:36:16.360
<v Speaker 6>people could go and see them. But it speaks in

1:36:16.439 --> 1:36:20.000
<v Speaker 6>a way to the fact, you know, to Thro's lament

1:36:20.280 --> 1:36:24.559
<v Speaker 6>back in the eighteen fifties that he lived in this

1:36:24.800 --> 1:36:29.919
<v Speaker 6>impoverished world because his ancestors in New England had already

1:36:30.000 --> 1:36:33.040
<v Speaker 6>taken out all these animals that he wanted to watch.

1:36:33.080 --> 1:36:36.360
<v Speaker 6>Because he kept, you know, these meticulous notes about when

1:36:36.400 --> 1:36:39.719
<v Speaker 6>the birds, particular species of birds arrive in the spring,

1:36:39.760 --> 1:36:43.080
<v Speaker 6>and when they nest, and when the beavers are hatching

1:36:43.120 --> 1:36:45.960
<v Speaker 6>their or having their kits, and when. So he goes

1:36:46.000 --> 1:36:49.920
<v Speaker 6>through all this process and realizes, oh my god, I'm

1:36:49.960 --> 1:36:55.240
<v Speaker 6>missing the lynx, I'm missing the moose, I'm missing black bears.

1:36:55.560 --> 1:36:58.640
<v Speaker 6>Those have all been taken out. He could read the

1:36:58.720 --> 1:37:02.920
<v Speaker 6>accounts of of the first colonists in New England who

1:37:02.960 --> 1:37:07.920
<v Speaker 6>are describing pigeon flights and huge numbers of wolves, and

1:37:08.479 --> 1:37:10.800
<v Speaker 6>here he sits in the eighteen fifties and all of

1:37:10.840 --> 1:37:14.519
<v Speaker 6>that is gone, and he feels like, as he says,

1:37:14.600 --> 1:37:17.479
<v Speaker 6>I wish to know an entire heaven and an entire earth,

1:37:18.760 --> 1:37:23.160
<v Speaker 6>except demigods have come along before me and plucked from

1:37:23.240 --> 1:37:26.240
<v Speaker 6>the heavens the best of the stars. And so I think,

1:37:26.280 --> 1:37:29.400
<v Speaker 6>in some ways, what I kept running into with all

1:37:29.439 --> 1:37:33.960
<v Speaker 6>these American conservationists who had to go to Africa first

1:37:34.040 --> 1:37:38.599
<v Speaker 6>before they were realizing how important it was to you know,

1:37:39.240 --> 1:37:42.439
<v Speaker 6>campaign on behalf of nature in America has something to

1:37:42.479 --> 1:37:46.519
<v Speaker 6>do with the fact that we lost so much of

1:37:46.560 --> 1:37:50.040
<v Speaker 6>the magic in North America. And it's like, in order

1:37:50.080 --> 1:37:51.880
<v Speaker 6>to get it you had to go somewhere else.

1:37:52.800 --> 1:37:53.400
<v Speaker 2>To glimpse it.

1:37:53.439 --> 1:37:55.760
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, yeah, in order to glimpse it and understand.

1:37:56.960 --> 1:38:00.800
<v Speaker 2>You know, we've touched on this in the past. It's

1:38:00.880 --> 1:38:06.120
<v Speaker 2>kind of like a like a conundrum of history and

1:38:06.200 --> 1:38:09.040
<v Speaker 2>talking about Native people's We talked about this when we're

1:38:09.040 --> 1:38:12.960
<v Speaker 2>talking about like Choco society and things. Is there there

1:38:13.120 --> 1:38:18.879
<v Speaker 2>is a sort of a custody battle, a cultural custody

1:38:18.920 --> 1:38:22.960
<v Speaker 2>battle about you know, like whose story is what right?

1:38:23.920 --> 1:38:30.360
<v Speaker 2>Like do if you're not Native American, do you have

1:38:30.600 --> 1:38:34.840
<v Speaker 2>a right to a write r I g h T

1:38:35.160 --> 1:38:40.040
<v Speaker 2>to write w R I T E about Native culture?

1:38:41.000 --> 1:38:45.400
<v Speaker 2>And and and as you're telling like when you're talking

1:38:45.439 --> 1:38:47.720
<v Speaker 2>about it, is there a cult like a like a

1:38:47.840 --> 1:38:51.000
<v Speaker 2>European bias, a colonial bias? You won't get it right.

1:38:51.600 --> 1:38:57.360
<v Speaker 2>And when we've talked about this, I don't think you don't.

1:38:57.640 --> 1:39:01.320
<v Speaker 2>You don't punt on it, but you have a point,

1:39:02.479 --> 1:39:10.559
<v Speaker 2>as you said, like there's human history, right, Like as

1:39:10.560 --> 1:39:15.479
<v Speaker 2>a human being, you're interested in human history, and human

1:39:15.600 --> 1:39:19.280
<v Speaker 2>history travels all around the world. And it's weird to

1:39:19.400 --> 1:39:23.200
<v Speaker 2>put this is my word is not yours. I'd like

1:39:23.240 --> 1:39:24.920
<v Speaker 2>to speak on it, but it's weird that you would

1:39:24.960 --> 1:39:29.280
<v Speaker 2>then start drawing sort of like borders of where your

1:39:29.360 --> 1:39:33.760
<v Speaker 2>interest in human history can't go, you know, like, how

1:39:33.760 --> 1:39:35.960
<v Speaker 2>have you grapped? Because you've had to be challenged about

1:39:35.960 --> 1:39:40.080
<v Speaker 2>that being a history, Like in teaching and writing about

1:39:40.120 --> 1:39:42.360
<v Speaker 2>the America West and teaching about Native peoples, you had

1:39:42.400 --> 1:39:44.519
<v Speaker 2>to have encountered the sentiment of like, well, who are

1:39:44.520 --> 1:39:47.040
<v Speaker 2>you to go telling people about that?

1:39:47.439 --> 1:39:51.000
<v Speaker 6>You know, yeah, I would, I would say so. One

1:39:51.040 --> 1:39:55.880
<v Speaker 6>of the the probably important steps in my career was

1:39:55.920 --> 1:40:01.759
<v Speaker 6>I I published an article and a really fancy academic journal,

1:40:01.800 --> 1:40:06.439
<v Speaker 6>the Journal of American History, in nineteen ninety two about

1:40:06.680 --> 1:40:12.680
<v Speaker 6>what Happened to the Buffalo, And it was a complete

1:40:13.200 --> 1:40:19.280
<v Speaker 6>recasting of the story and for the first time. And

1:40:19.320 --> 1:40:22.840
<v Speaker 6>this was a period of time the nineteen eighties, nineteen nineties,

1:40:22.880 --> 1:40:25.120
<v Speaker 6>probably back to the nineteen seventies when a lot of

1:40:25.120 --> 1:40:27.439
<v Speaker 6>people in the environmental movement were sort of using Native

1:40:27.479 --> 1:40:32.080
<v Speaker 6>people as you know, here were our stand ins for

1:40:32.640 --> 1:40:37.439
<v Speaker 6>conservation living, environmental living. I mean, you all remember the

1:40:37.439 --> 1:40:42.679
<v Speaker 6>famous ad where the Indian steps out of his canoe

1:40:42.800 --> 1:40:47.479
<v Speaker 6>onto the shore of Manhattan Island and he steps out

1:40:47.520 --> 1:40:50.439
<v Speaker 6>and there's trash all underfoot and a tear rolls down

1:40:50.479 --> 1:40:56.080
<v Speaker 6>his face. Well, that particular piece that I did about

1:40:56.080 --> 1:40:59.600
<v Speaker 6>what happened to Buffalo was it was not only a

1:40:59.600 --> 1:41:02.960
<v Speaker 6>complete recasting of the story and kind of an environmental

1:41:02.960 --> 1:41:05.599
<v Speaker 6>telling of the story. I pulled in things that nobody

1:41:05.600 --> 1:41:10.240
<v Speaker 6>had ever pulled in before, like when horses were reintroduced

1:41:10.280 --> 1:41:12.960
<v Speaker 6>into the Americas and went wild. I mean, they obviously

1:41:13.080 --> 1:41:16.080
<v Speaker 6>were drinking the water and grazing the grass that bison

1:41:16.320 --> 1:41:20.919
<v Speaker 6>had also been subsisting on, and so they had an effect.

1:41:21.000 --> 1:41:24.759
<v Speaker 6>And there were whole numbers of things that I plugged

1:41:24.760 --> 1:41:27.880
<v Speaker 6>into that story that I told. A changing climate. In

1:41:27.920 --> 1:41:31.639
<v Speaker 6>the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a drought

1:41:31.680 --> 1:41:34.280
<v Speaker 6>that lasted for like fifteen years on the Great Plains

1:41:34.280 --> 1:41:37.120
<v Speaker 6>and reduced the numbers of Buffalo and there so I

1:41:37.160 --> 1:41:41.280
<v Speaker 6>went through this whole sequence of five or six sort

1:41:41.360 --> 1:41:45.240
<v Speaker 6>of new and compelling. Obviously they were compelling because a

1:41:45.280 --> 1:41:48.120
<v Speaker 6>lot of other historians, like Elliott West sort of immediately

1:41:48.120 --> 1:41:51.879
<v Speaker 6>picked up on this, these compelling reasons for what happened.

1:41:52.120 --> 1:41:54.120
<v Speaker 6>And one of the things I also did was I

1:41:54.200 --> 1:41:56.559
<v Speaker 6>pointed out, which you know, people were kind of shy

1:41:56.640 --> 1:41:59.840
<v Speaker 6>about doing at the time, that Native people had been

1:42:00.080 --> 1:42:03.800
<v Speaker 6>seduced into the market economy. And just as we were

1:42:03.840 --> 1:42:08.640
<v Speaker 6>talking about this yesterday, it was a situation where Europeans

1:42:08.680 --> 1:42:15.360
<v Speaker 6>were offering a transformative technology metalware guns, and if you

1:42:15.720 --> 1:42:20.040
<v Speaker 6>didn't do it in exchange for bison robes, and if

1:42:20.080 --> 1:42:24.600
<v Speaker 6>you didn't participate in it and everybody else, all the

1:42:24.640 --> 1:42:28.160
<v Speaker 6>other native groups around you did, you ended up disadvantaging

1:42:28.200 --> 1:42:32.519
<v Speaker 6>yourself to the point where you might not survive. Whereas

1:42:32.640 --> 1:42:36.680
<v Speaker 6>the southern Cheyennes just down the way, we're going to

1:42:36.720 --> 1:42:39.840
<v Speaker 6>do very well because they, in fact were participating in

1:42:39.840 --> 1:42:40.759
<v Speaker 6>the market trade.

1:42:40.920 --> 1:42:42.640
<v Speaker 2>And they're now armed with guns.

1:42:42.360 --> 1:42:44.639
<v Speaker 6>And they're armed with guns, and they're armed with all

1:42:44.680 --> 1:42:49.800
<v Speaker 6>sorts of metal tools. And so I talked about that,

1:42:50.200 --> 1:42:52.600
<v Speaker 6>and so what that meant, of course, was that in

1:42:52.680 --> 1:42:56.800
<v Speaker 6>nineteen ninety two an article comes out that recasts the

1:42:56.840 --> 1:42:59.880
<v Speaker 6>whole story about what happened to Buffalo in the nineteenth century,

1:43:00.040 --> 1:43:04.080
<v Speaker 6>and it also talks about the Indian role in it. Well, immediately,

1:43:04.640 --> 1:43:08.920
<v Speaker 6>as you might suspect, had various Native people get in

1:43:09.000 --> 1:43:12.920
<v Speaker 6>touch with me and say exactly what you were referring

1:43:12.960 --> 1:43:15.880
<v Speaker 6>to a few minutes ago, what gives you the right

1:43:16.040 --> 1:43:20.080
<v Speaker 6>to say this, to write about this. One of the

1:43:20.080 --> 1:43:25.320
<v Speaker 6>people who did so was Vinedaloria and Vine Deloria, who

1:43:25.800 --> 1:43:29.519
<v Speaker 6>was a very famous Indian author. In those days he

1:43:29.600 --> 1:43:31.960
<v Speaker 6>was at the University of Colorado. He was famous for

1:43:32.000 --> 1:43:36.960
<v Speaker 6>books like God Has Read Custarded for Your Sins, and

1:43:37.080 --> 1:43:40.000
<v Speaker 6>Vinedaloria called me up and said, I read your piece

1:43:40.840 --> 1:43:45.880
<v Speaker 6>and I think it's really good. And what I want

1:43:45.920 --> 1:43:48.760
<v Speaker 6>you to do, if you would, is come down to

1:43:48.880 --> 1:43:51.640
<v Speaker 6>the University of Colorado and spend three days with me.

1:43:51.760 --> 1:43:55.400
<v Speaker 6>We're having a conference. I'm bringing in the wildlife managers

1:43:55.439 --> 1:43:58.240
<v Speaker 6>from a bunch of the western reservations and I want

1:43:58.320 --> 1:44:00.559
<v Speaker 6>you to come down, but I I don't want you

1:44:01.320 --> 1:44:04.320
<v Speaker 6>to speak. I don't need you to tell them the

1:44:04.400 --> 1:44:07.519
<v Speaker 6>story that you just wrote about Buffalo. I just want

1:44:07.600 --> 1:44:10.160
<v Speaker 6>you to come down here and sit beside me and

1:44:10.280 --> 1:44:14.519
<v Speaker 6>listen to them. And I said, okay, I will do it,

1:44:14.560 --> 1:44:16.679
<v Speaker 6>and that's exactly what I did, and so I never

1:44:17.000 --> 1:44:19.120
<v Speaker 6>find Laurie never asked me to speak, And for three

1:44:19.200 --> 1:44:21.680
<v Speaker 6>days I sat right beside him, sort of in the

1:44:21.720 --> 1:44:24.840
<v Speaker 6>protection of this guy who was his illumining figure, and

1:44:25.000 --> 1:44:28.280
<v Speaker 6>listened to all these wildlife managers talk about the Native

1:44:28.320 --> 1:44:30.800
<v Speaker 6>approach to managing wildlife. And of course what he was

1:44:30.960 --> 1:44:34.120
<v Speaker 6>interested in having me do is to understand the Native

1:44:34.120 --> 1:44:40.280
<v Speaker 6>approach to managing wildlife. But what I brought away from

1:44:40.320 --> 1:44:44.320
<v Speaker 6>that particular experience, And I have said this in every

1:44:44.520 --> 1:44:47.519
<v Speaker 6>book that I have written that includes a section on

1:44:47.640 --> 1:44:50.240
<v Speaker 6>Native people since and on all kinds of other people.

1:44:50.640 --> 1:44:55.240
<v Speaker 6>Is that, just as you inferred a few minutes ago,

1:44:57.200 --> 1:45:00.920
<v Speaker 6>I'm interested in the human story, and I think as

1:45:00.960 --> 1:45:05.559
<v Speaker 6>a human I have a perfect right to write about humans,

1:45:06.040 --> 1:45:13.480
<v Speaker 6>an right to be able to write about humans, regardless

1:45:13.520 --> 1:45:16.639
<v Speaker 6>of their culture. And I think in a way, the

1:45:16.640 --> 1:45:19.920
<v Speaker 6>whole impulse was, you know, I'm an Italian American. Only

1:45:20.000 --> 1:45:22.360
<v Speaker 6>I can write about Italian Americans. Only I can write

1:45:22.360 --> 1:45:26.479
<v Speaker 6>about Christopher Columbus or something. I think that's a stage

1:45:26.560 --> 1:45:33.960
<v Speaker 6>in our development that probably is kind of dropping away

1:45:34.040 --> 1:45:38.760
<v Speaker 6>some because I think, to me, the argument that we're

1:45:38.800 --> 1:45:41.080
<v Speaker 6>all human beings and that we should be interested in

1:45:41.120 --> 1:45:44.559
<v Speaker 6>the human story everywhere among every group of people, we

1:45:44.680 --> 1:45:47.320
<v Speaker 6>all come from the same source. We're all part of

1:45:47.320 --> 1:45:54.000
<v Speaker 6>the evolutionary river, the Darwinian River. That's the stronger argument here,

1:45:54.200 --> 1:45:56.519
<v Speaker 6>and so I stand by that.

1:45:59.439 --> 1:46:02.479
<v Speaker 2>It'd be a uh. I think it'd be in many ways,

1:46:03.920 --> 1:46:06.200
<v Speaker 2>you know, an impoverished world if you weren't able to

1:46:06.200 --> 1:46:09.120
<v Speaker 2>bring all those different perspectives to things. You know.

1:46:09.479 --> 1:46:10.559
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, I think like.

1:46:10.560 --> 1:46:13.280
<v Speaker 2>That big picture of like the human story is pretty

1:46:14.040 --> 1:46:19.960
<v Speaker 2>compelling when you imagine that when when Allen, when humans

1:46:19.960 --> 1:46:21.840
<v Speaker 2>spread all around the world and they started to meet

1:46:21.880 --> 1:46:25.720
<v Speaker 2>back up, they were meeting back up, you know what

1:46:25.760 --> 1:46:29.080
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you sort of lose sight of that that

1:46:29.439 --> 1:46:33.680
<v Speaker 2>like that people these groups moved around and it was

1:46:33.720 --> 1:46:35.720
<v Speaker 2>so long they kind of forgot about each other, They

1:46:35.800 --> 1:46:37.320
<v Speaker 2>lost track of each other. But then all a sudden

1:46:37.320 --> 1:46:40.000
<v Speaker 2>they come back and they're like, wow, yeah.

1:46:39.720 --> 1:46:43.639
<v Speaker 6>Look what you did with your time. Yeah, you guys

1:46:43.640 --> 1:46:48.040
<v Speaker 6>got so tan, and everybody is fascinated you know, everybody

1:46:48.080 --> 1:46:51.519
<v Speaker 6>is fascinated by by everybody else. I mean, that's part

1:46:51.560 --> 1:46:56.719
<v Speaker 6>of the whole first contact, you know, notion, is that

1:46:57.880 --> 1:47:02.559
<v Speaker 6>we get to see these people who maybe thirty thousand

1:47:02.640 --> 1:47:05.640
<v Speaker 6>years ago we actually knew some of their ancestors or

1:47:05.680 --> 1:47:08.599
<v Speaker 6>our ancestors knew their ancestors, and now once again we're

1:47:08.800 --> 1:47:11.080
<v Speaker 6>meeting up and seeing them, and wow, look what you

1:47:11.120 --> 1:47:13.800
<v Speaker 6>guys did with your time and your place, and it's

1:47:13.920 --> 1:47:17.040
<v Speaker 6>absolutely fascinating. I mean, that's sort of the whole premise

1:47:17.120 --> 1:47:21.160
<v Speaker 6>of cultural anthropology is that, oh my god, you know,

1:47:22.320 --> 1:47:28.280
<v Speaker 6>humans have sort of fractured into tens of thousands of

1:47:28.760 --> 1:47:32.360
<v Speaker 6>cultural groups, with all these different deities and all these

1:47:32.400 --> 1:47:37.320
<v Speaker 6>different ideas of creation, and wow, isn't it incredible to

1:47:38.120 --> 1:47:40.559
<v Speaker 6>sort of listen to what you guys have to say

1:47:40.600 --> 1:47:43.759
<v Speaker 6>about what you think is going on with human life?

1:47:44.360 --> 1:47:48.439
<v Speaker 6>So yeah, I mean that's because like you, and I think,

1:47:48.520 --> 1:47:50.320
<v Speaker 6>like all of us sitting around the table, and probably

1:47:50.320 --> 1:47:54.080
<v Speaker 6>most of the people listening to this, I'm fascinated with

1:47:54.280 --> 1:47:59.839
<v Speaker 6>all those differences. Yeah, I would say the stronger argument

1:48:00.200 --> 1:48:05.520
<v Speaker 6>is it's the human story that compels us, and nobody

1:48:06.040 --> 1:48:11.720
<v Speaker 6>has any kind of lock on a particular one. I mean,

1:48:11.760 --> 1:48:14.880
<v Speaker 6>I'm certainly willing to conceive that some people might not

1:48:14.920 --> 1:48:18.000
<v Speaker 6>want to share the details of their religious practices and

1:48:18.040 --> 1:48:21.400
<v Speaker 6>ceremonies and all that. That's everybody's perfect right. But the

1:48:21.439 --> 1:48:26.519
<v Speaker 6>bigger story, I think is ours for understanding, because that's

1:48:26.560 --> 1:48:28.840
<v Speaker 6>how we managed to figure out who we are.

1:48:29.520 --> 1:48:33.120
<v Speaker 2>I took this class one time, called the Structure of

1:48:33.160 --> 1:48:38.160
<v Speaker 2>Modern English, and in it the guy had said the professor,

1:48:38.200 --> 1:48:40.320
<v Speaker 2>I can't remember who taught that class. But instead, if

1:48:40.320 --> 1:48:43.479
<v Speaker 2>at the end of the Civil War, if you had

1:48:43.760 --> 1:48:49.519
<v Speaker 2>built an impenetrable barrier along the Mason Dixon Line, that

1:48:49.720 --> 1:48:55.519
<v Speaker 2>at this point those two populations wouldn't be able to another,

1:48:55.520 --> 1:48:58.960
<v Speaker 2>you wouldn't communicate anymore. So you imagine that little gap

1:48:59.080 --> 1:49:01.439
<v Speaker 2>and that kind of like so when you imagine these

1:49:01.920 --> 1:49:06.519
<v Speaker 2>these these peoples getting separated. He's talking about not being

1:49:06.520 --> 1:49:08.559
<v Speaker 2>able to communicate in one hundred years, a couple hundred years.

1:49:09.200 --> 1:49:11.600
<v Speaker 2>Imagine these groups of people separating and you get to

1:49:11.640 --> 1:49:16.360
<v Speaker 2>watch what like ten thousand years of being subject to

1:49:16.360 --> 1:49:21.280
<v Speaker 2>different climates and then different founder effects. Just it could

1:49:21.320 --> 1:49:25.160
<v Speaker 2>be as small as personality differences. That's a very good point, absolutely,

1:49:25.479 --> 1:49:31.280
<v Speaker 2>And the wildly different directions people go in terms of religion.

1:49:31.320 --> 1:49:35.599
<v Speaker 2>You see these crazy themes animism, you know, all these

1:49:35.640 --> 1:49:38.880
<v Speaker 2>cultures holding out of the ideas that that landscape features

1:49:39.400 --> 1:49:42.160
<v Speaker 2>have a sort of spirit or personality. You see these

1:49:42.200 --> 1:49:50.040
<v Speaker 2>continuities that they'll that folks will eventually figure out agriculture

1:49:50.120 --> 1:49:56.360
<v Speaker 2>if they can, they'll get better and better at launching projectiles, right,

1:49:56.880 --> 1:50:01.679
<v Speaker 2>They'll like a lot of them will figure out vertical wall, right,

1:50:01.760 --> 1:50:02.559
<v Speaker 2>but on the wheel.

1:50:02.760 --> 1:50:06.000
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, but other things are just so different, man, Yeah,

1:50:06.080 --> 1:50:08.680
<v Speaker 6>other things are so different. Now, that's a that's a

1:50:08.760 --> 1:50:15.920
<v Speaker 6>really great argument, and that's why it's fascinating to explore

1:50:15.960 --> 1:50:19.799
<v Speaker 6>it and to approach all of it with a curious

1:50:19.840 --> 1:50:24.560
<v Speaker 6>and open mind and to allow yourself to be completely

1:50:24.600 --> 1:50:30.439
<v Speaker 6>intrigued without you know, without falling back on the kind

1:50:30.479 --> 1:50:34.080
<v Speaker 6>of where Okay, so our ideas are better than than

1:50:34.120 --> 1:50:37.880
<v Speaker 6>their ideas. I mean, it's not a case of better,

1:50:37.960 --> 1:50:41.400
<v Speaker 6>it's a case of different. And how did you guys

1:50:41.520 --> 1:50:45.479
<v Speaker 6>arrive at this particular notion. But there are some obviously

1:50:45.520 --> 1:50:49.280
<v Speaker 6>some commonalities that are all over the planet, and you know,

1:50:49.400 --> 1:50:53.800
<v Speaker 6>the old animistic religion ideas that you just mentioned, where

1:50:53.840 --> 1:50:57.799
<v Speaker 6>there are deities in wild animals, and there are deities

1:50:57.840 --> 1:51:01.480
<v Speaker 6>in landforms and all of that that it's so widespread

1:51:01.960 --> 1:51:08.799
<v Speaker 6>as part of the European tradition too. The Druids, for example,

1:51:09.800 --> 1:51:13.080
<v Speaker 6>of only twelve hundred and fifteen hundred years ago in

1:51:13.120 --> 1:51:17.040
<v Speaker 6>Western Europe are certainly practitioners of that kind of animistic

1:51:17.040 --> 1:51:21.240
<v Speaker 6>approach to religion. So it's something that is so widespread

1:51:21.240 --> 1:51:24.720
<v Speaker 6>that it's clear it probably dates back a very very

1:51:24.760 --> 1:51:27.800
<v Speaker 6>long time. I argue while a New World in fact,

1:51:27.840 --> 1:51:31.280
<v Speaker 6>that the idea that native people have of being kin

1:51:32.120 --> 1:51:35.599
<v Speaker 6>to other animals, to the European line about that when

1:51:35.640 --> 1:51:38.960
<v Speaker 6>in a different direction where humans are we're the only

1:51:39.000 --> 1:51:41.040
<v Speaker 6>ones created in the image of God and the only

1:51:41.040 --> 1:51:44.200
<v Speaker 6>ones with an everlasting soul, and everything else is different.

1:51:45.200 --> 1:51:49.679
<v Speaker 6>And that actually is an anomaly compared to the idea

1:51:49.840 --> 1:51:53.639
<v Speaker 6>that which is kind of a proto Darwinian idea that

1:51:53.720 --> 1:51:57.360
<v Speaker 6>we're all related to one another, we're all part of

1:51:57.400 --> 1:52:01.400
<v Speaker 6>the same kind of kinship order. And it requires somebody

1:52:01.520 --> 1:52:04.919
<v Speaker 6>like Darwin using science in the nineteenth century to finally

1:52:05.000 --> 1:52:09.200
<v Speaker 6>bring the European world back to that recognition because it

1:52:09.240 --> 1:52:12.559
<v Speaker 6>had gone in a sort of an unusual direction with

1:52:12.640 --> 1:52:15.519
<v Speaker 6>the notion while humans are completely different from everything else

1:52:15.920 --> 1:52:19.720
<v Speaker 6>out there, I mean, we're we're special, we're exceptional, and

1:52:19.760 --> 1:52:21.880
<v Speaker 6>everything else that's something else.

1:52:22.840 --> 1:52:26.560
<v Speaker 2>While rather than being entangled in this kind of elaborate

1:52:26.600 --> 1:52:29.880
<v Speaker 2>give and take relationship where you had to show you

1:52:29.920 --> 1:52:33.400
<v Speaker 2>had to show honor to other species or else all

1:52:33.439 --> 1:52:37.000
<v Speaker 2>the species would deprive you of the benefits of their youth.

1:52:37.080 --> 1:52:40.880
<v Speaker 6>Since it, yeah, that's it, and that I think is

1:52:41.160 --> 1:52:43.200
<v Speaker 6>very old in the human experience.

1:52:44.400 --> 1:52:45.960
<v Speaker 2>Well, I'm going to I'm going to close with a

1:52:48.800 --> 1:52:52.320
<v Speaker 2>couple of details here. The American westl Dan Floyd's will

1:52:52.320 --> 1:52:55.200
<v Speaker 2>premiere May six. You can find it anywhere you find

1:52:55.240 --> 1:52:59.320
<v Speaker 2>your podcast. It'll pop up every other Tuesday, m h Yeah,

1:52:59.360 --> 1:53:02.600
<v Speaker 2>on its own and it'll be in at in the

1:53:03.280 --> 1:53:07.680
<v Speaker 2>history category if you're if you're shopping around, I have

1:53:07.800 --> 1:53:12.800
<v Speaker 2>here short show description and then show description. But the

1:53:12.840 --> 1:53:18.240
<v Speaker 2>short show description is only two lines shorter. I'm gonna

1:53:18.280 --> 1:53:23.000
<v Speaker 2>do the big dog the Dog. Dan Floy celebrates the

1:53:23.000 --> 1:53:27.040
<v Speaker 2>American West by chronicling the heroes, scoundrels, and events that

1:53:27.120 --> 1:53:29.720
<v Speaker 2>shaped its history, from the Battle of Adobe Walls to

1:53:29.720 --> 1:53:32.519
<v Speaker 2>the Mountain Metals Massacre. What goes back more than that?

1:53:32.520 --> 1:53:33.360
<v Speaker 2>Where's the other one?

1:53:33.560 --> 1:53:35.400
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, it's got to be the other one. That sounds

1:53:35.439 --> 1:53:36.280
<v Speaker 6>like an.

1:53:36.080 --> 1:53:40.759
<v Speaker 2>Early longtime Western author Dan Floorries presents a big picture

1:53:40.920 --> 1:53:44.640
<v Speaker 2>history of an American West you've never encountered, Covering a

1:53:44.760 --> 1:53:48.839
<v Speaker 2>vast span in a Western America whose landscapes and wild

1:53:48.880 --> 1:53:53.840
<v Speaker 2>animals drew people from around the world. This podcast tells

1:53:53.840 --> 1:53:57.280
<v Speaker 2>a news story of our most fascinating region to give

1:53:57.320 --> 1:54:03.439
<v Speaker 2>people a sense. The series opens up with kind of

1:54:03.479 --> 1:54:08.160
<v Speaker 2>an overview. It's called West of Everything opens up with

1:54:08.200 --> 1:54:11.160
<v Speaker 2>some of the deep antiquity and some and introduced to

1:54:11.200 --> 1:54:16.320
<v Speaker 2>some of the broader themes. Episode two is Clovisia. Is

1:54:16.320 --> 1:54:17.280
<v Speaker 2>that how you like pronounce that?

1:54:17.479 --> 1:54:17.919
<v Speaker 6>Yeah?

1:54:18.040 --> 1:54:24.360
<v Speaker 2>Clovisia The beautiful about the early human cultures Clovis cultures,

1:54:24.960 --> 1:54:28.280
<v Speaker 2>Ravens and Coyotes. America is episode three, and that gets

1:54:28.320 --> 1:54:34.240
<v Speaker 2>into that that long period we talked about between early

1:54:34.400 --> 1:54:39.040
<v Speaker 2>arriving humans, what happened between then in European contact, and

1:54:39.160 --> 1:54:43.440
<v Speaker 2>how did people seem to have developed.

1:54:43.120 --> 1:54:43.920
<v Speaker 6>A very.

1:54:45.240 --> 1:54:50.640
<v Speaker 2>I'll call it harmonious or static environment, static relationship with

1:54:50.640 --> 1:54:53.480
<v Speaker 2>the natural world. All of a sudden, we go ten

1:54:53.520 --> 1:54:57.360
<v Speaker 2>thousand years and there's like one extinction. Yeah, and ten

1:54:57.400 --> 1:55:00.160
<v Speaker 2>thousand years of human history in the New World. There's

1:55:00.400 --> 1:55:05.320
<v Speaker 2>one extinction, that's right, and then man, we get busy

1:55:05.680 --> 1:55:12.520
<v Speaker 2>un extinctions. It changes after that. Uh old Man America

1:55:14.160 --> 1:55:19.920
<v Speaker 2>is a story of kind of why does the coyote

1:55:20.000 --> 1:55:22.320
<v Speaker 2>or the coyote, why does the coyote come in as

1:55:22.320 --> 1:55:27.920
<v Speaker 2>such a complex religious figure in Native American culture? The

1:55:27.920 --> 1:55:32.000
<v Speaker 2>Wild New World of the American Serengetti is episode five

1:55:33.160 --> 1:55:36.720
<v Speaker 2>about you know, everybody's idea of the Serengetti in Africa,

1:55:37.280 --> 1:55:40.600
<v Speaker 2>about that that was the perception that people who arrived

1:55:40.600 --> 1:55:43.120
<v Speaker 2>on the Grand Plains had at first. It was it

1:55:43.160 --> 1:55:46.600
<v Speaker 2>was it was it was a Sarngetti of its time.

1:55:47.560 --> 1:55:50.560
<v Speaker 2>Survivors from a Lost World Episode six talks about the

1:55:50.600 --> 1:55:55.160
<v Speaker 2>American prong horn there's an episode on something we touched

1:55:55.200 --> 1:55:58.560
<v Speaker 2>on today, Jefferson's other Lewis and Clark and that, Uh,

1:55:59.600 --> 1:56:00.680
<v Speaker 2>that's the seven.

1:56:00.480 --> 1:56:01.920
<v Speaker 6>Episodes, it's the first seven.

1:56:02.000 --> 1:56:04.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, so a lot of stuff if you're a fan

1:56:04.640 --> 1:56:06.240
<v Speaker 2>of American history, if you're a fan of the West,

1:56:06.200 --> 1:56:09.200
<v Speaker 2>which is a lot of stuff that you probably don't

1:56:09.200 --> 1:56:11.640
<v Speaker 2>know about, but that will really shape your understanding of

1:56:11.680 --> 1:56:14.600
<v Speaker 2>these other big moments and put those other big moments

1:56:14.640 --> 1:56:15.800
<v Speaker 2>into context.

1:56:16.360 --> 1:56:18.960
<v Speaker 6>I think my favorite phrase for something like this is

1:56:19.000 --> 1:56:21.880
<v Speaker 6>that it will rearrange the furniture in your head.

1:56:23.720 --> 1:56:25.600
<v Speaker 2>So when you get to be like I do reading

1:56:25.600 --> 1:56:28.400
<v Speaker 2>about the battle a Little Bighorn, you'll have a much

1:56:28.400 --> 1:56:32.160
<v Speaker 2>more expansive view of how that. You'll have a instead

1:56:32.160 --> 1:56:34.440
<v Speaker 2>of a those few days that led up to that,

1:56:34.520 --> 1:56:37.360
<v Speaker 2>you'll have a what are the thousands of years that

1:56:37.440 --> 1:56:40.800
<v Speaker 2>led to this moment? Yeah? Yeah, all right, thank you

1:56:40.880 --> 1:56:43.040
<v Speaker 2>Dan for coming on. Can't wait for the show.

1:56:43.440 --> 1:56:45.720
<v Speaker 6>Thanks for all of this. I appreciate it. Man.

1:56:46.160 --> 1:56:50.680
<v Speaker 7>Everyone subscribe to the new feed. Very important. Thank you.