1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:12,119 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:15,240 --> 00:00:18,600 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio 4 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:22,959 Speaker 1: and I love all things tech and I end nearly 5 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: every episode of tech Stuff asking y'all if there are 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 1: any topics you'd like to hear me explain on the show. 7 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:31,720 Speaker 1: And recently a lot of you have been sending in requests, 8 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:34,879 Speaker 1: which is awesome, and I'm getting to those now that 9 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: those tech glossary episodes are all done. And first up 10 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:41,680 Speaker 1: is a message from Brian Perez, who wants to know 11 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:47,760 Speaker 1: about fast charging technology, which is a great and legitimately 12 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: confusing suggestion because there are a lot of different technologies 13 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: out there. So today we're gonna talk about how batteries work, 14 00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: because that's important for us to understand this technology. Then 15 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:05,479 Speaker 1: we're gonna talk more about how rechargeable batteries work, because 16 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 1: clearly that's going to be important. And then we'll talk 17 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,119 Speaker 1: about what makes fast charging possible and some of the 18 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:15,600 Speaker 1: different technologies that are out on the market and why 19 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:18,520 Speaker 1: it's such a mess. Uh So let's do that, and 20 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:22,320 Speaker 1: we'll start with the basics of electricity and that lovely 21 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:27,319 Speaker 1: equation that tells us that wattage that that's a measurement 22 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: of power, is equal to current in ampiers times voltage 23 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:36,279 Speaker 1: or volts, And it's good to remember the difference between 24 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: current and volts. Current refers to the amount of electric 25 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: current moving across a circuit, and voltage is the force 26 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 1: that drives that current. So frequently folks like me use 27 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:53,280 Speaker 1: the analogy of water pressure to describe voltage and the 28 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: amount of water actually flowing through a system to describe current. 29 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: Uh So, voltage is sort of the umph at which 30 00:02:00,480 --> 00:02:05,320 Speaker 1: current gets pushed. We'll come back to the watch discussion 31 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: towards the end of this episode, because that's really at 32 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 1: the heart of fast charging technology. So let's talk about 33 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: how batteries work in general and the evolution of the battery. Now, 34 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: one thing we have to keep in mind is that 35 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:26,519 Speaker 1: batteries don't create energy. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. 36 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: Batteries store energy in the form of chemical energy. They 37 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:35,640 Speaker 1: release energy in the form of electricity. So we're really 38 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:39,600 Speaker 1: talking about converting one type of energy into another. That 39 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: is possible, right. We can't create or destroy energy, but 40 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:46,919 Speaker 1: we can change it from one form to another. So 41 00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:51,080 Speaker 1: that's the heart of what batteries do. Batteries go through 42 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: an electro chemical reaction and through that process they release 43 00:02:55,480 --> 00:03:00,960 Speaker 1: electrons i eat. Electricity. The reaction takes play, and electrons 44 00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:04,119 Speaker 1: are a byproduct. They are released as part of this 45 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:08,480 Speaker 1: chemical reaction. Even when a battery isn't being used, this 46 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: reaction can still occur, though typically at a very much 47 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:16,520 Speaker 1: slower rate. Right otherwise, batteries would be dead before you 48 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: ever got a chance to use them, but it does happen. 49 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:23,240 Speaker 1: This is called self discharge. This is one of the 50 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:26,480 Speaker 1: factors that determines the shelf life of a battery. So 51 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:29,520 Speaker 1: if you ever look at just a long list of 52 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:33,200 Speaker 1: all the different types of batteries, you'll typically see the 53 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: listed you know, average shelf life of them, and if 54 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: it's a shorter shelf life, that tells you that there's 55 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: a higher rate of of self discharge. Generally speaking, that's 56 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: actually being a little too reductive because it also depends 57 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:51,920 Speaker 1: on the capacity of the battery, like how how much 58 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:54,880 Speaker 1: volume does the battery have, But we're not going to 59 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: dive too deep into all of that. So batteries that 60 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: are in hot environ ments also tend to self discharge 61 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 1: at a faster rate than batteries that are in a 62 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: colder environment, So you don't want your batteries to be 63 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 1: in someplace that's going to be really hot. However, this 64 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: also leads some people to make a decision that is 65 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: not very wise. It is not a good idea to shove, 66 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 1: you know, unused batteries in the freezer so that you 67 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:25,240 Speaker 1: can make them last longer. The lower temperatures that the 68 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:30,039 Speaker 1: batteries experience. That means that it will impede the chemical 69 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:33,720 Speaker 1: reaction when you plug it into something. So this means 70 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:36,600 Speaker 1: that a cold battery will not perform as well as 71 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:40,280 Speaker 1: a normal battery until it gets up to temperature. And 72 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 1: when I say that the battery will eventually go dead 73 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: through self discharge, often we are talking about a factor 74 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:51,680 Speaker 1: about years, right, So self discharge doesn't happen overnight. There's 75 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: no reason to put batteries into the fridge or the 76 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,280 Speaker 1: freezer or anything like that, because you're likely going to 77 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:03,240 Speaker 1: use them before they would have self discharged anyway. Setting 78 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:08,640 Speaker 1: aside stories about you know, ancient Babylonian containers that might 79 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:11,480 Speaker 1: have been used as some sort of proto battery, possibly 80 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: for the purposes of electro plating materials. The ancestor of 81 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: the modern battery really took shape in sevent with Alessandro Volta, 82 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:26,240 Speaker 1: and his name gives us the word volt. More importantly, 83 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:31,279 Speaker 1: our history starts with a disagreement between two scientific thinkers, 84 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: and those thinkers were Volta and Luigi Galvani. Now, Galvani 85 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:39,880 Speaker 1: had observed in the seventeen eighties that if he were 86 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:43,720 Speaker 1: to take a frog that was really most sincerely dead 87 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: and expose said dead froggy's leg muscles by you know, 88 00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: cutting away the skin and then touching that muscle with 89 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 1: an arc made from iron and brass, it would cause 90 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: the muscle to twitch. Now, Galvani had already run experiments 91 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:04,039 Speaker 1: using things like an electrostatic generator, so a device that 92 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 1: generates an electrostatic charge, and he knew that there was 93 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:12,520 Speaker 1: some connection between muscular movement and electricity because of this. 94 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: But this was different, right because he was using what 95 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: appeared to be an inert pair of metals. It was 96 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:21,720 Speaker 1: an iron embrass, and there was no electro static machine 97 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: generating a charge. He wasn't even doing this during a thunderstorm. 98 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:29,920 Speaker 1: He had observed that thunderstorms could also produce electrostatic charges 99 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 1: that could then influence experiments like these, But this was 100 00:06:34,480 --> 00:06:37,440 Speaker 1: a case where neither of those things were components. So 101 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 1: he said, the electricity must reside within the muscle itself. 102 00:06:41,839 --> 00:06:44,479 Speaker 1: If it's not in the iron embrass, it's gotta be 103 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:49,080 Speaker 1: in the muscle, and Volta thought that his buddy Galvani 104 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: was totally on the wrong track. Volta's assertion was that 105 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:56,280 Speaker 1: the cause of the twitching was due to the use 106 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: of two different metals that were connecting to one another 107 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:04,279 Speaker 1: through the medium of a moist conductive UH substance, that 108 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:07,919 Speaker 1: being the froggy's leg muscle. So Volta decided to experiment 109 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: in the field of electrochemical reactions to see if perhaps 110 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:15,560 Speaker 1: he was right and if Galvanni was wrong. So Galvanni, 111 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: by the way, was totally right in that muscle movements 112 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:23,400 Speaker 1: are the result of electrochemical processes, but in this case 113 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:25,720 Speaker 1: Volta was saying, yeah, but that's not what's happening here. 114 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: I don't think you're you're making the right hypothesis. So 115 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:33,880 Speaker 1: Volta created a stack of material He alternated layers of 116 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: zinc UH. He then put in some cardboard that had 117 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:41,240 Speaker 1: been soaked in brine, and then he would put on 118 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:44,440 Speaker 1: layers of silver. So he kind of alternated with these, 119 00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 1: and he was able to create a kind of proto 120 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:50,040 Speaker 1: battery that we refer to with the charming name of 121 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:54,880 Speaker 1: voltaic pile. There were some pretty big limitations to this, however. 122 00:07:55,320 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: The strength of this battery depended in part on the 123 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,560 Speaker 1: number of layers that he could build up. However, he 124 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: couldn't make it too tall, because the layers on top 125 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: would start to press down so hard on the layers 126 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: below that the brine in that cardboard would get squeezed out, 127 00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:17,360 Speaker 1: and then it would suddenly be less effective. Also, the 128 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:21,520 Speaker 1: metal would corrode fairly quickly due to the electrochemical reactions, 129 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 1: and uh, the the byproduct would build up on those plates, 130 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:32,079 Speaker 1: and eventually they would impede the reaction from continuing, and 131 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 1: you'd see a decrease in electrical output because of it. Now, 132 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:40,439 Speaker 1: just a few decades after Volta's work, there was an 133 00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: English chemist named John Frederick Danielle who made an or Daniel. 134 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 1: I suppose it doesn't have an E at the end, 135 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:50,480 Speaker 1: so I'll say daniel it's d A N I E 136 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:54,360 Speaker 1: L l uh. He made an early battery using a 137 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: plate of copper, a plate of zinc, and some gnarly chemicals. 138 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:01,160 Speaker 1: Let's see if I can paint a mental picture. So 139 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,760 Speaker 1: he took a big glass jar and at the bottom 140 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:07,079 Speaker 1: of the inside of this jar he put the copper plate, 141 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:10,280 Speaker 1: so the copper plates at the bottom. On top of 142 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: the copper plate, he poured in a solution of copper sulfate. 143 00:09:14,559 --> 00:09:16,520 Speaker 1: By the way, these days, copper sulfate is used in 144 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 1: stuff like herbicides because it kills plants pretty darn effectively. Also, 145 00:09:20,640 --> 00:09:24,840 Speaker 1: when we're talking about batteries, were often talking about chemicals 146 00:09:24,880 --> 00:09:29,000 Speaker 1: that are acidic. That is pretty common. You've probably heard 147 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: about battery acid and it's one of the many reasons 148 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: why you don't want to mess around, you know, cutting 149 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: open batteries and stuff. There are a lot of reasons 150 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: for that, specifically when you get the things like lithium 151 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 1: ion batteries and um that's one of the many ones. 152 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: So then he then on top of this copper sulfate solution, 153 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: he poured in a zinc sulfate solution. Now, copper sulfate 154 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:57,480 Speaker 1: has a greater density than zinc sulfate, so the copper 155 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:00,400 Speaker 1: sulfate settled down at the bottom of the jar, and 156 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 1: the zinc sulfate floated to the top. You've probably seen 157 00:10:03,559 --> 00:10:05,839 Speaker 1: like mixtures of oil and water that do this kind 158 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:10,600 Speaker 1: of thing. Daniel then suspended a zinc plate within these 159 00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:13,960 Speaker 1: zinc sulfate half of the jar. So imagine like a 160 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: hook that hooks over the side of the jar, and 161 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:20,800 Speaker 1: hanging from that hook is a plate of zinc held 162 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: horizontal above the copper sulfate level. Right, So you've got 163 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: two separate levels here, and two separate sulfates uh to 164 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: each plate. He attached a conductive wire. And now we 165 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,120 Speaker 1: need a bit of an anatomy lesson for batteries. So 166 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:42,120 Speaker 1: let's consider your typical battery. Let's say that you just 167 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:43,960 Speaker 1: if you happen to have a battery nearby, you can 168 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:46,160 Speaker 1: even look at one and and kind of get the 169 00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:49,320 Speaker 1: lay of the land. So you've got two terminals with 170 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:52,439 Speaker 1: your battery, Like if it's a double a battery, it's 171 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,240 Speaker 1: on either end of the battery. Right. These are the 172 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: points of the batteries that connect to a circuit or 173 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:01,720 Speaker 1: or a load. This is the pathway that electrons will 174 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:04,400 Speaker 1: take where at some point along the way they will 175 00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: presumably do some sort of work. So you've got a 176 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: positive terminal and you've got a negative terminal. You could 177 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:15,120 Speaker 1: connect these two terminals directly to each other with conductive wire, 178 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: but that's not a great idea. That would lead to 179 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:22,160 Speaker 1: the battery discharging very rapidly, and for some tymes of batteries, 180 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:24,679 Speaker 1: that could be dangerous as the battery will heat up 181 00:11:24,720 --> 00:11:30,080 Speaker 1: from the rapid electrochemical reaction, potentially leading to combustion or explosion. 182 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:32,960 Speaker 1: So not a good idea to do this. Attached to 183 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,480 Speaker 1: the positive terminal inside the battery is the cathode. Connected 184 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: to the negative terminal inside the battery is the annode. Together, 185 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: these are the electrodes of the battery. There's a separator 186 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:49,440 Speaker 1: that keeps those two electrodes from touching. Otherwise we would 187 00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:51,840 Speaker 1: have a very similar situation to what I was talking 188 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: about before, where you connect the two terminals with a 189 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:57,439 Speaker 1: conductive wire, only in this case it would be internal 190 00:11:57,520 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: inside the battery as opposed to connect did through an 191 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 1: external wire. The separator does allow an electric charge to 192 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,720 Speaker 1: flow between the two electrodes. Uh. There's also a medium 193 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:12,920 Speaker 1: called the electrolyte that facilitates the flow of electric charge. 194 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:16,760 Speaker 1: So during discharge, The anode reacts with the electrolyte and 195 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:23,280 Speaker 1: experiences and oxidation reaction. Ions that is, atoms or molecules 196 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: that carry an electric charge from the electrolyte will react 197 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:31,280 Speaker 1: with the anode and that produces a new compound between 198 00:12:31,320 --> 00:12:34,960 Speaker 1: the two and in this process also releases electrons. So 199 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:38,840 Speaker 1: now we've got our supply of electrons popping over onto 200 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: the cathode side. The cathode goes through a reduction reaction 201 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:47,120 Speaker 1: in which ions, electrons, and the cathode begin to form compounds. 202 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: This process takes in electrons while the process that the 203 00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:54,719 Speaker 1: anode generates electrons, but the separator keeps the electrons from 204 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:57,480 Speaker 1: just rushing over from one side to the other. Right, 205 00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:00,080 Speaker 1: you would think, all right, if we've gotten excess of 206 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:04,240 Speaker 1: electrons and like charge repels like, then the electrons don't 207 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:05,880 Speaker 1: want to be next to each other, right, they'd rather 208 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: get to the other side, especially as that side grows 209 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:13,520 Speaker 1: more positive because the electrons are negative and opposite charges attract. 210 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:17,400 Speaker 1: But the separator prevents the electrons from doing this. They 211 00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:21,520 Speaker 1: can't get to that side unless you open a pathway 212 00:13:21,559 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: for them. That pathway is the circuit. So when you 213 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:27,680 Speaker 1: open up a circuit. You create a circuit that goes 214 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: connects between these two electrodes. Now the electrons have a 215 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:33,920 Speaker 1: way to get away from the negatively charged side of 216 00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:36,920 Speaker 1: the battery and head to the positive charged side of 217 00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: the battery, and they will do that even if it 218 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: means they have to do some work along the way. 219 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: Thus we have batteries. So with Daniels battery, which we 220 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:48,720 Speaker 1: call the Daniel cell, the wire connected to the zinc 221 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 1: plate served as the negative terminal. The wire attached to 222 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 1: the copper plate at the bottom of the jar was 223 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: the positive terminal. And the cell worked really well. But 224 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:01,360 Speaker 1: because we're talking about liquid components here, it couldn't really 225 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 1: be used in any sort of application that the thing 226 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:07,480 Speaker 1: would be moved around because it would just be slashing everywhere, right, 227 00:14:07,480 --> 00:14:11,160 Speaker 1: So it had to be stationary, and that really limited 228 00:14:11,640 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: what you could do with this kind of battery. A 229 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,600 Speaker 1: few decades later brings us up to the eighteen sixties. 230 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 1: That's when George Leshan switched things up by making a 231 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: battery out of a porous pot. He took some crushed 232 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: manganese dioxide with a little bit of carbon in it, 233 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: and he used that as the cathode. He packed that 234 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:37,000 Speaker 1: onto the inside of the porous pot. The annode was 235 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 1: a zinc rod that was actually kept separate from the pot. 236 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: So you had a pot on the inside of which 237 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:46,600 Speaker 1: was this mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon, and then 238 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 1: you have this zinc rod. Then he leant put both 239 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: the pot and the zinc rod into another container filled 240 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:58,640 Speaker 1: with ammonium chloride that acted as the electrolyte. Now, this 241 00:14:59,280 --> 00:15:03,840 Speaker 1: solution of amonium chloride seeped through the porous pot to 242 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:06,920 Speaker 1: make contact with the cathode and that allowed the electrochemical 243 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:10,360 Speaker 1: process to begin and the carbon rod that would also 244 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:15,640 Speaker 1: be inserted into this Uh, this pot acted as a 245 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,080 Speaker 1: collector for the electrons. So that's what you would use 246 00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:23,560 Speaker 1: to you know, direct the electrons outward to whatever circuit. 247 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:26,840 Speaker 1: This type of battery saw widespread use in telegraph stations, 248 00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:30,920 Speaker 1: but still relied on a liquid electrolyte, and UH that 249 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:34,120 Speaker 1: really made it unsuitable for stuff what moved around a lot, 250 00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:38,480 Speaker 1: so still not ideal. We would see all that change 251 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:43,000 Speaker 1: thanks to the work of inventor Carl Gossner from Germany. 252 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:45,440 Speaker 1: I originally put in my notes that he was a 253 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:49,560 Speaker 1: German inventor, But now that I read that, it sounds 254 00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:52,280 Speaker 1: like he invented Germans, and I'm pretty sure they were 255 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: around before him. Anyway, Gassner made several improvements to batteries, 256 00:15:57,720 --> 00:15:59,760 Speaker 1: and that meant that they would be practical in many 257 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,720 Speaker 1: of our applications. For one thing, Gastner had the bright 258 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: idea to use zinc as the container material for the 259 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 1: battery itself. So the body of the battery was made 260 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: out of zinc and it also served as the negative electrode, 261 00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:15,120 Speaker 1: so it was doing double duty. It was the container 262 00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:18,440 Speaker 1: and the negative electrode, so the actual body of the 263 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: battery served as one of the two electrodes the anode. 264 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:24,160 Speaker 1: In case you're trying to keep these things straight. Inside 265 00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:27,720 Speaker 1: the battery, he put in a folded paper sack which 266 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 1: served as the separator, which kept the interior of the 267 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:34,240 Speaker 1: zinc case separate from the electrolyte. For the cathode, he 268 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:37,040 Speaker 1: used a mixture of manganese ox side and in the 269 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 1: middle of this he suspended a carbon rod, which again 270 00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:43,600 Speaker 1: acted as the electron collector. And later he would add 271 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:47,640 Speaker 1: zinc chloride to the electrolyte because it reduced the rate 272 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:51,120 Speaker 1: at which the electro light would corrode the zinc uh 273 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: of the case. It would It would then extend the 274 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: batteries useful life by slowing down that that process. But 275 00:16:59,160 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 1: the most important part of this invention was that Gasner's 276 00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: battery is what we call a dry cell battery. It 277 00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:09,160 Speaker 1: was not full of sloshy liquid. Even though the electrolyte 278 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 1: was sort of a jelly liquid e kind of thing, 279 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:13,960 Speaker 1: the rest of it was all dry. I meant that 280 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:16,439 Speaker 1: you didn't have to worry about the battery components slash 281 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:18,880 Speaker 1: galt all over the place, admit that you could invert 282 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:20,639 Speaker 1: it and it would still work. It opened up a 283 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:24,080 Speaker 1: lot of applications for batteries. In the eighteen nineties, the 284 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: National Carbon Company, a US based organization, developed the Columbia 285 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:34,160 Speaker 1: dry cell battery, which was another improvement. They first started 286 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 1: making La Sanche batteries in the eighteen nineties, but again 287 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:40,879 Speaker 1: those were wet cell batteries. An engineer at the company 288 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,440 Speaker 1: named E. M. Jewitt created a one point five volt 289 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:47,359 Speaker 1: dry cell battery and got the blessing from the company 290 00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:50,080 Speaker 1: to make a commercial version that they could actually sell. 291 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:54,000 Speaker 1: So in eighteen nine six NCC began selling a one 292 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:58,600 Speaker 1: and a half volt six inch long dry cell battery. Interestingly, 293 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:02,160 Speaker 1: the National Car been Company would buy a fifty steak 294 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: in another company called the American Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company. 295 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:10,400 Speaker 1: The battery making part of that company joined in CC 296 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,160 Speaker 1: and together they became known as ever Ready, and much 297 00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:17,880 Speaker 1: later that company would change its name to Energizer, So 298 00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:19,920 Speaker 1: that one dates all the way back to the early 299 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:23,520 Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds. All the batteries I mentioned so far are 300 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: what we call primary batteries. So a primary battery is 301 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 1: a one use battery. That means once the battery goes dead, 302 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: it's really most sincerely dead. It's not coming back because 303 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:42,080 Speaker 1: we're talking about a different chemical component reacting with another 304 00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 1: chemical component to produce electricity, and then you get by 305 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:49,399 Speaker 1: products as well, and you eventually run low enough on 306 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:53,680 Speaker 1: those initial chemical components that you're not getting enough juice 307 00:18:53,720 --> 00:18:57,520 Speaker 1: and there's no way to reverse that process. Right once 308 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:02,400 Speaker 1: it turns into the byproducts, the battery has become a nert. 309 00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:05,720 Speaker 1: Now a few things that can that can happen to 310 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,000 Speaker 1: make a battery less effective. One is that, as I mentioned, 311 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:12,440 Speaker 1: you could have your chemical agents depleted in the battery, 312 00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: So what you've got now is essentially a container just 313 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,639 Speaker 1: filled with useless goop as a result of all these 314 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:22,640 Speaker 1: electrochemical reactions taking place. Another is that whatever you're using 315 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:26,840 Speaker 1: as an electron collector might get covered in deposits, and 316 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,480 Speaker 1: that blocks the collector's ability to collect electrons. And so 317 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 1: you might still have some viable juice in the battery, 318 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:38,880 Speaker 1: but because of this corrosion coding elements inside the battery, 319 00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:43,800 Speaker 1: it's not able to have that that process go effectively. 320 00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:47,440 Speaker 1: Corrosion is also an issue as well for the electrodes. 321 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:50,520 Speaker 1: If you've ever had an old battery and something and 322 00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: you've just seen this gross kind of build up on it, 323 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,600 Speaker 1: that's often the corrosion I'm talking about. And all of 324 00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: these things lead to a batteries and ability to produce current. 325 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:04,120 Speaker 1: With primary batteries, there's really no way to reverse this process. 326 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,040 Speaker 1: The electrochemical reactions will stop, and then you've got to 327 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: toss the battery. Primary batteries tend to be relatively inexpensive. 328 00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: They also tend to have a fairly long shelf life, 329 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: but they're also wasteful. When we come back, we'll talk 330 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 1: about secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries. But first, 331 00:20:23,359 --> 00:20:34,120 Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. When I was talking earlier 332 00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:37,199 Speaker 1: about the development of the battery, the last inventor I 333 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:40,920 Speaker 1: mentioned was Carl Gassner, who invented the dry cell battery, 334 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:46,159 Speaker 1: which was in but the rechargeable battery actually predates the 335 00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: dry cell battery, and the person who generally gets the 336 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:55,359 Speaker 1: credit for inventing them is Gaston Plante. No one invents 337 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:59,880 Speaker 1: like Gaston or imprints like guests. Okay, I'll never mind. 338 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty nine, he created a lead acid battery 339 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: that you could actually recharge his batteries and ode was 340 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,239 Speaker 1: made of a sheet of lead, and he used a 341 00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: sheet of lead dioxide for the cathode, and he placed 342 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,160 Speaker 1: a linen cloth between those two sheets. Then he rolled 343 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,840 Speaker 1: this into a cone shaped spiral. He immersed this cone 344 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: in a solution of sulfuric acid, which is pretty dangerous stuff, 345 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:29,399 Speaker 1: and the chemical reaction that resulted released electrons and boom, 346 00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: you get yourself a battery. Gaston discovered that if he 347 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: applied a charge to this battery so that current flowed 348 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:40,680 Speaker 1: into the battery, it would actually reverse the electrochemical reaction 349 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: that produced the electrons. This battery then had a way 350 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:48,680 Speaker 1: to discharge and then recharge. In eighteen sixty he presented 351 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:52,439 Speaker 1: a nine cell battery to the French Academy of Sciences, 352 00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:56,840 Speaker 1: and his peer Camille Alphonse for continued to work on 353 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,840 Speaker 1: the invention and saw it actually become a commercial product. 354 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,639 Speaker 1: Camille would later make improvements to this battery, including a 355 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:07,640 Speaker 1: process that would increase the battery's capacity for storing electricity. 356 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:11,560 Speaker 1: And we still use lead acid batteries today. It's the 357 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,520 Speaker 1: type of battery you find in your typical internal combustion 358 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 1: engine vehicle. So your typical car that has an internal 359 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: combustion engine also has a lead acid battery. Now, I 360 00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:24,679 Speaker 1: mentioned that Gaston created a nine cell battery, and that 361 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: is something that we should chat about for just a moment. 362 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:31,960 Speaker 1: Some batteries, like car batteries, consist of multiple cells that 363 00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:35,240 Speaker 1: connect to one another within the battery itself. So a 364 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: typical car battery would have six cells connected in series. 365 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: If you connect batteries in series, you increase the voltage 366 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:48,600 Speaker 1: that those batteries produce. Now, remember, voltage is kind of 367 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 1: like pressure. That's how much umph is behind an electrical current, 368 00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:56,120 Speaker 1: but it's not a measure of the amount of current itself. 369 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:59,760 Speaker 1: So you're not increasing the current by adding batteries or 370 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,119 Speaker 1: mattery cells in series. You're increasing the voltage. If you 371 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:07,200 Speaker 1: add them in parallel, it's different. But we're talking about 372 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,399 Speaker 1: in series one after the other. So your typical lead 373 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:15,119 Speaker 1: acid battery has cells that individually have a voltage of 374 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,520 Speaker 1: two volts, but because they are connected in series, the 375 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:22,240 Speaker 1: battery overall has a voltage of twelve volts. Right, you've 376 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:25,680 Speaker 1: got six cells each two volts. You've got them in series, 377 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:29,000 Speaker 1: so it multiplies the voltage to twelve. Most of your 378 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,800 Speaker 1: typical household batteries, like double as, triple AS, C and 379 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: D batteries, those typically come in at one and a 380 00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,720 Speaker 1: half volts. But again, if you connect them in series, 381 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:42,159 Speaker 1: you get more voltage. So a flashlight that has two 382 00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:46,600 Speaker 1: batteries connected in series is actually relying on three volts 383 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,359 Speaker 1: for the voltage. Another thing we should touch on is 384 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: that because batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy, there's 385 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:58,880 Speaker 1: a fundamental limit as to how much juice a battery 386 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,400 Speaker 1: can hold. That doesn't mean all batteries are equal. Depending 387 00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: on the materials used to create that electrochemical reaction, you 388 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:10,360 Speaker 1: can get more efficient and energy dense batteries. For example, 389 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:14,520 Speaker 1: lead acid batteries don't really have great energy density, which 390 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:17,520 Speaker 1: you typically measure either by comparing how much energy the 391 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:22,160 Speaker 1: battery can store compared to that batteries mass, or how 392 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,400 Speaker 1: much energy it can store compared to that batteries volume. 393 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,160 Speaker 1: There are two different ways of looking at it. Alkaline batteries, 394 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:31,560 Speaker 1: which make up a lot of the typical batteries we 395 00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:35,760 Speaker 1: use today, the non rechargeable primary batteries that we use today, 396 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: those are better from an energy density metric, meaning, based 397 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:45,040 Speaker 1: on that batteries mass or volume, it can hold more 398 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:47,879 Speaker 1: energy than a lead acid battery. But we also have 399 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:49,760 Speaker 1: to keep in mind that these are much smaller than 400 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: lead acid batteries. The batteries power density and energy density 401 00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:56,800 Speaker 1: depend on the mass and volume of the battery and 402 00:24:56,880 --> 00:24:59,879 Speaker 1: the type of chemical components that make up the anode, 403 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:04,160 Speaker 1: the cathode, and the electrolyte. So we're ultimately talking about 404 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:08,720 Speaker 1: a chemical physical process that relies on a limited amount 405 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: of source material, like a limited amount of fuel, if 406 00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:15,119 Speaker 1: you will. So this means that it's very hard to 407 00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:19,840 Speaker 1: make longer lasting batteries based on what we have today, 408 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 1: unless you're making literally just larger batteries. You can't really 409 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:28,520 Speaker 1: squeeze more out of physics. It's just you're you're hitting 410 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:33,000 Speaker 1: the fundamental limits of what is possible in a chemical reaction. Now, 411 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:37,000 Speaker 1: in tech, we've got Moore's law, which we generally interpret 412 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:40,359 Speaker 1: as meaning that every two years or so, the processing 413 00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:44,760 Speaker 1: power or processing speed of computers tends to double. That's 414 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:48,960 Speaker 1: the very you know, dumbed down version of Moore's law, 415 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:52,040 Speaker 1: but that's kind of how we interpret it today. But 416 00:25:52,119 --> 00:25:55,240 Speaker 1: we do not see batteries on a similar trajectory, right. 417 00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:58,119 Speaker 1: We don't see batteries increase in capacity at the same 418 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,280 Speaker 1: rate as we're seeing processing speed or processing power. This 419 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: is because the laws of physics don't really care if 420 00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:09,760 Speaker 1: we need better batteries, which puts pressure on electronics manufacturers 421 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: too really create ways to limit how much electricity gadgets 422 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:19,040 Speaker 1: actually require as they operate. Not just electronics manufacturers, but 423 00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:22,640 Speaker 1: also you know, the companies that design things like operating systems. 424 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:25,679 Speaker 1: In order to make batteries last longer. You can't just 425 00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:29,879 Speaker 1: build better batteries. That's that's that's a much slower process. 426 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,200 Speaker 1: It means that you have to be smarter with how 427 00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: much energy you try to access so barring some miraculous 428 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:43,600 Speaker 1: alien technology, we're not likely to see astronomical improvements to 429 00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:46,800 Speaker 1: battery life, though there are people who are working on it. 430 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:50,080 Speaker 1: It's just we're not likely to see giant leaps there. 431 00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:52,560 Speaker 1: So that means we just have to be smarter about 432 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:57,480 Speaker 1: how our gadgets access power. Often when we're talking about 433 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:02,440 Speaker 1: rechargeable batteries, we are thinking about bowl devices like smartphones, tablets, 434 00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:05,520 Speaker 1: laptops and handheld gaming systems and that kind of thing. 435 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:12,040 Speaker 1: These devices almost exclusively today rely on lithium ion batteries. Now, 436 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:14,199 Speaker 1: if you were able to look inside a battery, and 437 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,359 Speaker 1: I urge you to never ever ever do this because 438 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,960 Speaker 1: there is dangerous stuff in those batteries, but you would 439 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:25,080 Speaker 1: see that the battery consists of layers of carbon graphite 440 00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: and lithium on the anode side. This is on the 441 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:31,320 Speaker 1: negative terminal side of the battery, and we refer to 442 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:35,439 Speaker 1: the arrangement of lithium that's kind of nestled between lattices 443 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:42,280 Speaker 1: of carbon graphite as intercalation. So they're intercalated between these layers. 444 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:44,400 Speaker 1: You can think of like the carbon graphite as being 445 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,760 Speaker 1: almost like a net and the little lithium atoms are 446 00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: nestled inside between layers of this net. Lithium has three electrons, 447 00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:56,720 Speaker 1: and you might remember from basic science class that electrons 448 00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:00,719 Speaker 1: orbit the nucleus of an atom within certain energy shells, 449 00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:03,960 Speaker 1: and that only a specific number of electrons can inhabit 450 00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:07,800 Speaker 1: each shell. For for the shell that's closest to the nucleus, 451 00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:10,439 Speaker 1: you can only have two electrons. So that means that 452 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:14,440 Speaker 1: each lithium atom has two electrons in that first energy shell, 453 00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:18,960 Speaker 1: and there's a single lonely electron that's orbiting the nucleus 454 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:22,639 Speaker 1: in the next energy shell out from the nucleus. That 455 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: also means it's pretty easy for lithium to give up 456 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: that electron. It's not holding onto its super hard. That 457 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,320 Speaker 1: means the lithium atom, when it lets go of this electron, 458 00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:36,560 Speaker 1: becomes an ion. It's a charged atom of lithium, a 459 00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,160 Speaker 1: positively charged one in this case, because it's given up 460 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:42,480 Speaker 1: an electron which carries a negative charge, but it's held 461 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: onto all of its protons, which have positive charges. So 462 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:49,360 Speaker 1: when a lithium ion battery connects to a circuit and 463 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: that circuit becomes complete, the outermost electrons in the lithium 464 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: atoms go through the pathway of the circuit and leave 465 00:28:56,200 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: the lithium atoms now ions behind and head towards the 466 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:04,640 Speaker 1: positively charged cathode side of the battery. That's because the 467 00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:08,680 Speaker 1: electrons carry that negative charge and negative is attracted to positive, 468 00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:12,160 Speaker 1: and the lithium ions left behind they do have that 469 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:15,760 Speaker 1: positive charge to them. That will become important in a second. Now, 470 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:20,600 Speaker 1: the cathode is positively charged because there is cobalt there 471 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:24,840 Speaker 1: that has given up electrons to oxygen. So that means 472 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:28,560 Speaker 1: that you have cobalt ions in a lattice like structure 473 00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:32,240 Speaker 1: on the cathode side. So that's the positive side of 474 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:35,360 Speaker 1: your battery. Ah. But I hear you say. If electrons 475 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:38,960 Speaker 1: are ditching lithium and they're heading over to the cobalt 476 00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: side and joining cobalt ions, they are leaving behind lithium ions, 477 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 1: doesn't that ultimately become unsustainable because of the electric charges involved, 478 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:55,200 Speaker 1: Because if electrons are joining positively charged cobalt ions, they're 479 00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:58,200 Speaker 1: eventually balancing out that charge. Right the electrons joined the 480 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:02,240 Speaker 1: cobalt ion, they can't allout that positive charge. Meanwhile, you've 481 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:05,400 Speaker 1: got lithium ions back behind on the anode side and 482 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:07,600 Speaker 1: they have a positive charge wouldn't that just mean that 483 00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:10,840 Speaker 1: eventually the electrons would stop and feel less of a 484 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,760 Speaker 1: pull towards the cobalt side and be pulled back towards 485 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:18,600 Speaker 1: the lithium side. Well, that would happen, except the electrolyte 486 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:23,520 Speaker 1: in between the anode and the cathode allows the lithium ions, 487 00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:27,520 Speaker 1: the possibly charged lithium ions, to cross over from the 488 00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:32,120 Speaker 1: anode side to the cathode side, and essentially the lithium 489 00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:36,440 Speaker 1: ions settle in between the layers of cobalt very much 490 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 1: in the same way that they had done when they 491 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: were lithium atoms over on the carbon side. The electrolyte 492 00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:48,040 Speaker 1: also prevents electrons from passing through it, Otherwise, again, batteries 493 00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:50,440 Speaker 1: would be useless because we would never convince those little 494 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: electron suckers to go through a circuit and do work 495 00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:56,400 Speaker 1: for us. In addition to the electrolyte, there's a non 496 00:30:56,480 --> 00:31:00,640 Speaker 1: conductive separator between the anode and the cathode because again, 497 00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:02,840 Speaker 1: you don't want them to come into contact with one another. 498 00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:05,760 Speaker 1: Uh So, there is a real good reason for this, 499 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,840 Speaker 1: And just as a spoiler alert, I'll just say, boom 500 00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:13,640 Speaker 1: on the carbon side of the battery. You know, the 501 00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:16,320 Speaker 1: the anode side, you have a sheet of copper that 502 00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,080 Speaker 1: acts as a collector. On the cobalt side, you have 503 00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:23,000 Speaker 1: a sheet of aluminum to serve as the collector. The 504 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 1: positively charged lithium ions don't regain electrons in this process 505 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:30,440 Speaker 1: when they come over to the cobalt side, so they 506 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: remain positively charged and they stay over there nestled in 507 00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: the cobalt nets. But by moving the positive charge from 508 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:40,640 Speaker 1: the annode to the cathode, the poll for the electrons 509 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,520 Speaker 1: remains steady and the electron flow or electricity can continue 510 00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:46,920 Speaker 1: for as long as there are a sufficient number of 511 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:51,040 Speaker 1: lithium atoms left on the anode side to give up electrons. 512 00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:54,320 Speaker 1: But once that amount gets depleted enough, then the battery 513 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:57,080 Speaker 1: no longer has enough charge to allow electricity to flow. 514 00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: During the recharging process, the source of electricity, whether it's 515 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:05,240 Speaker 1: from a charging cable or docking station or wireless recharge 516 00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 1: or whatever, it applies a voltage that's high enough to 517 00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:12,400 Speaker 1: reverse the flow of electrons so that now they will 518 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,960 Speaker 1: move from the cathode side back over to the anode side. 519 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: The recharging process strips the electrons away from the cobalt, 520 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:24,720 Speaker 1: so once again you have cobalt ions left behind. Sends 521 00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:27,120 Speaker 1: the electrons back over to the anode side, and the 522 00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:32,560 Speaker 1: positively charged lithium ions escape their intercalation with the cobalt 523 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:36,320 Speaker 1: sheets they move back through the electrolyte over to the 524 00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:40,200 Speaker 1: anode side. This happens because the positively charged cobalt ions 525 00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 1: and the positively charged lithium ions repel each other, but 526 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: the cobalts locked into place right, It's like a lattice, 527 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: so it can't really it can't move through the electrolyte. 528 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,840 Speaker 1: The lithium ions are free to move across to the 529 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:57,480 Speaker 1: other side, so they make the journey through the electrolyte 530 00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:00,280 Speaker 1: back over to the anode and they are reunite with 531 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:04,280 Speaker 1: the electrons, and the lithium ions become lithium atoms, you know, 532 00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:08,760 Speaker 1: neutral charge. They rejoined with the electrons through the charging process. 533 00:33:09,480 --> 00:33:11,840 Speaker 1: Eventually you get to a point where you're back to 534 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:15,560 Speaker 1: where you started, with an anode side filled with lithium 535 00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:19,640 Speaker 1: atoms and a cathode side filled with positively charged cobalt ions, 536 00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:23,040 Speaker 1: and then you can use the battery all over again. Now, 537 00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:25,800 Speaker 1: the layers I just described are not in a flat 538 00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:29,400 Speaker 1: plane in your typical lithium ion battery like it doesn't 539 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: look like a flat sandwich with a cobalt layer on 540 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,560 Speaker 1: one side and a carbon layer on the other side 541 00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: and electro light in the middle. No, Instead, these are 542 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:42,960 Speaker 1: layers that then get folded over and over and over 543 00:33:43,040 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 1: again many times to maximize the energy density of the battery. 544 00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:50,520 Speaker 1: So if you could see through a battery case, you 545 00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:53,479 Speaker 1: would see what looks like tons of layers, it's actually 546 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:57,000 Speaker 1: just really a very long series of layers that's just 547 00:33:57,040 --> 00:34:01,480 Speaker 1: been folded over itself many times. Now, if the anode 548 00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 1: and cathode could touch one another, the chemical reaction would 549 00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 1: accelerate rapidly and it would generate a lot of heat 550 00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: in the process. This is what can lead to a 551 00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:14,400 Speaker 1: fire or an explosion, and it's why we have strict 552 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:18,080 Speaker 1: rules about bringing lithium ion batteries on board planes. So 553 00:34:18,120 --> 00:34:21,360 Speaker 1: you might remember a few years ago when Samsung released 554 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,520 Speaker 1: the Note seven smartphone, there were a few incidents of 555 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:27,840 Speaker 1: batteries catching fire or even exploding, and it was a 556 00:34:27,840 --> 00:34:30,880 Speaker 1: big enough problem that Samsung recalled the Note seven on 557 00:34:31,040 --> 00:34:36,239 Speaker 1: two separate occasions, attempting to address the issue. According to Samsung, 558 00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:39,600 Speaker 1: there were two flaws in battery design that led to 559 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: this issue. The first battery, which came out from one manufacturer, 560 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,680 Speaker 1: had two electrodes that were somewhat weak and prone to bending, 561 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:52,280 Speaker 1: and that meant that if they bent in a certain way, 562 00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:55,080 Speaker 1: they might actually be in close proximity, in fact, close 563 00:34:55,200 --> 00:34:57,800 Speaker 1: enough to come in contact with one another, which created 564 00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:00,759 Speaker 1: a short circuit, which means the alli trunks could flow 565 00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: through this shortcut rather than through and you know whatever 566 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:05,840 Speaker 1: circuit they were supposed to go through, this being the 567 00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:08,880 Speaker 1: Note seven, and they would do so really quickly, and 568 00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,719 Speaker 1: that would heat the battery up beyond the failed point, 569 00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:15,040 Speaker 1: and you would have a fire or explosion. Now, the 570 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:18,800 Speaker 1: second problem came after Samsung first recalled the Note seven 571 00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:21,400 Speaker 1: and replaced the batteries with a new one from a 572 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:25,560 Speaker 1: totally different manufacturer. But this battery also had a design flaw, 573 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:29,520 Speaker 1: a different one. Apparently, the welding on the new batteries 574 00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,920 Speaker 1: was defective and allowed for a similar short circuit issue 575 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,200 Speaker 1: in the replacement batteries, So the Note seven handsets that 576 00:35:36,239 --> 00:35:39,680 Speaker 1: were supposedly fixed could still have a similar issue with 577 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:44,080 Speaker 1: catching on fire or even exploding. These defects gave Samsung 578 00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,200 Speaker 1: a bit of a black eye. And it really spelled 579 00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:49,680 Speaker 1: doom for the Notes seven hand set. Those Samsung stressed 580 00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:51,880 Speaker 1: that the phone design itself was not at fault, it 581 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,120 Speaker 1: was just really super bad luck with two different battery manufacturers. 582 00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:59,160 Speaker 1: You know, when we come back, I'm going to dive 583 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:02,759 Speaker 1: into how fast charging works. But before I do that, 584 00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:12,880 Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. You know, one thing I 585 00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:16,840 Speaker 1: didn't cover before the break with lithium ion batteries is 586 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:20,920 Speaker 1: that attached to the battery is special circuitry that can 587 00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:26,000 Speaker 1: control how much electricity flows into the battery during recharging. Uh. 588 00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:28,400 Speaker 1: It's sort as safety measure really and and this is 589 00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:31,799 Speaker 1: important that you can prevent a battery from overcharging, which 590 00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:34,319 Speaker 1: could damage the battery that could lead to one of 591 00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,319 Speaker 1: those short circuit scenarios and talked about. So you want 592 00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:41,040 Speaker 1: everything to be really controlled when you're recharging, to make 593 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:45,160 Speaker 1: sure that the battery remains intact and you don't create 594 00:36:45,160 --> 00:36:48,560 Speaker 1: a dangerous situation or you know, just cause damage to 595 00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,200 Speaker 1: the battery which reduces its useful lifespan. So let's talk 596 00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:57,280 Speaker 1: a moment about USB cables only a little bit, because 597 00:36:57,320 --> 00:36:59,520 Speaker 1: that's just one of the ways that we can use 598 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,239 Speaker 1: to charge a lot of electronics and it's one of 599 00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:07,240 Speaker 1: the ways that's compatible with some of the fast charging technologies. 600 00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:10,759 Speaker 1: If you listen to my recent tech glossary episodes, you 601 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,319 Speaker 1: know that USB stands for Universal Serial Bus and it's 602 00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,920 Speaker 1: a type of connector and cable system, you know, ports 603 00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:21,440 Speaker 1: and connectors and cables that replaces a lot of other 604 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:24,040 Speaker 1: ports and connectors and cables that we used to have 605 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:27,080 Speaker 1: to rely on all the time to connect anything from 606 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:32,560 Speaker 1: keyboards or computer amounts to computers or printers, all these 607 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,239 Speaker 1: sort of things that we need to have all these 608 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:38,040 Speaker 1: different proprietary cables for. It effectively helped replace those and 609 00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:40,640 Speaker 1: of course we find USB ports on all sorts of 610 00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:45,120 Speaker 1: gadgets beyond computers and smartphones. I've got a little shower 611 00:37:45,239 --> 00:37:50,280 Speaker 1: radio that recharges via USB, so it's on all sorts 612 00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:53,160 Speaker 1: of stuff, and the USB standard allows for the transmission 613 00:37:53,239 --> 00:37:56,840 Speaker 1: both of data and of power. But how much power 614 00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:00,960 Speaker 1: the USB cable can carry depend upon the type of 615 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,160 Speaker 1: USB port and the type of cable itself, So you're 616 00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:08,160 Speaker 1: going to find that the amount of wattage or power 617 00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:11,440 Speaker 1: that a USB connection can carry is going to depend 618 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:15,080 Speaker 1: on those ports and the cable being used. Essentially, you're 619 00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:18,880 Speaker 1: limited to whichever is capable of carrying the lowest amount 620 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:23,920 Speaker 1: of power. So, while USB cables are largely backwards compatible 621 00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:27,759 Speaker 1: and USB ports are largely backwards compatible with cables, if 622 00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:32,320 Speaker 1: you're using an older cable connected to a later port, 623 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: you're gonna be limited to what that older cable can do, 624 00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,480 Speaker 1: even if the port is capable of greater things. That's 625 00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:40,640 Speaker 1: what I'm trying to get at here. So let's say 626 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,680 Speaker 1: you're using a USB two point oh cable to connect 627 00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,560 Speaker 1: your phone to a charging block. Uh, the two point 628 00:38:46,560 --> 00:38:49,319 Speaker 1: oh standard has a maximum power output of two and 629 00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:53,719 Speaker 1: a half watts. That's five milliamps of current and five 630 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,120 Speaker 1: volts of voltage, and you multiply those together you get 631 00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:01,520 Speaker 1: two point five watts. Fast charging technologs can recharge batteries 632 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:06,799 Speaker 1: faster by allowing for greater wattage to flow into the battery. So, 633 00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:10,959 Speaker 1: for example, USB three point oh keeps the same five 634 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:13,759 Speaker 1: volts as USB two point oh. All right, so the 635 00:39:13,840 --> 00:39:16,400 Speaker 1: voltage is the same from USB three point oh to 636 00:39:16,560 --> 00:39:19,879 Speaker 1: USB two point oh. However, USB three point oh can 637 00:39:19,880 --> 00:39:22,719 Speaker 1: carry a current of up to point nine apps. That 638 00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:25,560 Speaker 1: means you get a max power output of four and 639 00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:29,200 Speaker 1: a half watt's with USB three point oh. This tends 640 00:39:29,239 --> 00:39:32,880 Speaker 1: to be kind of the default wattage that gets delivered 641 00:39:33,360 --> 00:39:38,319 Speaker 1: via charging by USB USB three point one and three 642 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:42,680 Speaker 1: point two. They include us B p D. P D 643 00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:48,000 Speaker 1: stands for power delivery that can support up to forty 644 00:39:48,080 --> 00:39:51,600 Speaker 1: eight volts, so a much higher voltage and up to 645 00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:54,920 Speaker 1: five amps, So that means you can have a maximum 646 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:59,880 Speaker 1: power delivery of two forty watts. That's a huge leap 647 00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:02,320 Speaker 1: from four and a half what's obviously four and a 648 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:06,680 Speaker 1: half to two forty UM USB four which is right 649 00:40:06,719 --> 00:40:09,560 Speaker 1: around the corner now, it will similarly support up to 650 00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:13,400 Speaker 1: two d forty watts of max power, but most devices 651 00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:19,399 Speaker 1: do not take advantage of this um, especially fast chargers, don't. Uh. 652 00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:22,320 Speaker 1: The max you see with fast charging right now tends 653 00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:26,799 Speaker 1: to be right around one hundred what's so not all 654 00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:30,200 Speaker 1: the way up to two forty What's like It's kind 655 00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:34,360 Speaker 1: of like anything where you think about about pressure, uh 656 00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,280 Speaker 1: and output, you get to a point where the pressure 657 00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:41,040 Speaker 1: and output will be too much to benefit from. It 658 00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:45,240 Speaker 1: would only be overwhelming or dangerous. So we don't see 659 00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:49,400 Speaker 1: fast charging really hitting that two forty what maximum at 660 00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:51,680 Speaker 1: least I'm not aware of one the ones I'm aware 661 00:40:51,719 --> 00:40:55,280 Speaker 1: of the fastest ones top out at one hundred watts. 662 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:59,160 Speaker 1: So the USB C cables those are the ones that 663 00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:03,520 Speaker 1: have the well shaped reversible plug at the end, which 664 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,399 Speaker 1: removes that annoying trade of having to figure out which 665 00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,719 Speaker 1: way is the right way up for your USB cable. Uh, 666 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:12,160 Speaker 1: those are great if you happen to have stuff that 667 00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:16,400 Speaker 1: has USB ports on them, USB C ports on them, 668 00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:19,319 Speaker 1: and they have us B p D built into them. 669 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,400 Speaker 1: So by default, most USB three point o ports just 670 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,319 Speaker 1: push out that four and a half. What's so, even 671 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:26,759 Speaker 1: if you do have a USB C cable the uh 672 00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:29,840 Speaker 1: it's you know, technically capable of delivering more power to 673 00:41:29,880 --> 00:41:32,480 Speaker 1: a device than four and a half. What's that's all 674 00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:35,880 Speaker 1: the juice you're gonna get if you have that cable 675 00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:38,319 Speaker 1: plugged into a standard USB three point o ports. So 676 00:41:38,360 --> 00:41:43,400 Speaker 1: again you're limited by the lowest output of whatever component 677 00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:46,399 Speaker 1: you're using as part of your setup. Now, if you're 678 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:50,080 Speaker 1: curious about what kind of ports your computer has or 679 00:41:50,120 --> 00:41:53,400 Speaker 1: what kind of USB cables you have, you can always 680 00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:57,200 Speaker 1: look at the color inside the ports or inside the 681 00:41:57,239 --> 00:42:01,640 Speaker 1: connectors of those cables. If it's why eight, Well, you've 682 00:42:01,640 --> 00:42:04,520 Speaker 1: got yourself a relic that supports the old USB one 683 00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:09,120 Speaker 1: point oh standard. If it's black, it's USB two point oh. 684 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:13,719 Speaker 1: A blue port is USB three point oh superspeed, and 685 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:17,080 Speaker 1: if it's teal, that means you've got a USB three 686 00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:22,719 Speaker 1: point one superspeed or superspeed plush. And so that's true 687 00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,000 Speaker 1: with both cables and ports. If you've got both the 688 00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:27,120 Speaker 1: same color, then you know, all right, well, this is 689 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:31,360 Speaker 1: at the highest that these two can support. Complicating matters 690 00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:35,160 Speaker 1: is that there are numerous fast charging technologies on the market, 691 00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:38,160 Speaker 1: and each of them has a different maximum power delivery rating. 692 00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:42,200 Speaker 1: Apple's fast charging tech is built on USB p D 693 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:47,400 Speaker 1: and has a one what maximum power delivery So typically 694 00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:50,680 Speaker 1: you actually have to buy a fast charging cable and 695 00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:54,680 Speaker 1: charger because Apple does not usually include these in the 696 00:42:54,719 --> 00:42:58,240 Speaker 1: box with its products. Similarly, if you want to connect 697 00:42:58,360 --> 00:43:00,919 Speaker 1: via a lightning cable, you would need to make sure 698 00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,160 Speaker 1: that you had a lightning to USBC cable and that 699 00:43:04,239 --> 00:43:07,719 Speaker 1: it had USB p D compatibility built into it in 700 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:13,920 Speaker 1: order to enjoy that fast charging capability. Apple's circuitry in 701 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:18,680 Speaker 1: their devices like iPhones it monitors battery charge, so the 702 00:43:18,719 --> 00:43:22,120 Speaker 1: fast charging ability kicks in as long as the battery 703 00:43:22,120 --> 00:43:26,680 Speaker 1: capacity is measured at being below eight. Once the battery 704 00:43:26,719 --> 00:43:30,640 Speaker 1: reaches an eight charge, fast charging switches off and the 705 00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:34,959 Speaker 1: device will charge at the slower standard rate to avoid overcharging. 706 00:43:35,360 --> 00:43:37,640 Speaker 1: So this means if you run your iPhone until the 707 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:40,960 Speaker 1: battery dies and then you use a fast charger, you 708 00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,560 Speaker 1: won't have to wait too long before you're at but 709 00:43:43,640 --> 00:43:46,799 Speaker 1: beyond that you'll see that charging has slowed down significantly. 710 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:51,800 Speaker 1: Google also uses USB p D for its fast charging solution, 711 00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:56,920 Speaker 1: but Google's max power is significantly lower than Apples. The 712 00:43:57,040 --> 00:44:00,440 Speaker 1: Google fast charging tech maxes out at just a teen 713 00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:05,080 Speaker 1: what's compared to Apple's one hundred, so it delivers electricity 714 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:08,839 Speaker 1: to devices with two amps of current at nine volts 715 00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:12,480 Speaker 1: of voltage. Like Apple, Google also limits fast charging two 716 00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:16,719 Speaker 1: devices that are below battery capacity. So if you have 717 00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:21,360 Speaker 1: a Google phone and an iPhone and they have comparable 718 00:44:21,400 --> 00:44:25,680 Speaker 1: battery capacities and you've both run them down to like power, 719 00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:28,840 Speaker 1: you plug your Apple phone into a fast charging Apple 720 00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:31,839 Speaker 1: station and your Google phone into a fast charging Google one, 721 00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:37,239 Speaker 1: you're going to see the iPhone recharge way faster, way earlier. Uh. 722 00:44:37,280 --> 00:44:41,760 Speaker 1: And so that's just how that works. Qualcom Quick Charge 723 00:44:41,840 --> 00:44:45,480 Speaker 1: is another popular fast charging standard and it has several 724 00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:49,960 Speaker 1: generations of that standard. So there's you know, quick Charge 725 00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,120 Speaker 1: one point oh, two point oh, three point oh, all 726 00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:53,960 Speaker 1: the way up to five point oh. If you were 727 00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,759 Speaker 1: recharging a device with first generation quick Charge, that being 728 00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:00,200 Speaker 1: quick Charge one point oh, you would be limited to 729 00:45:00,280 --> 00:45:04,200 Speaker 1: a maximum of ten watts of power. Quick Charge five 730 00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:08,840 Speaker 1: point oh, by contrast, can deliver one watts or more. However, 731 00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,080 Speaker 1: newer versions of quick charger really only found on a 732 00:45:12,120 --> 00:45:17,399 Speaker 1: few devices. Uh so it's you again. You're limited by 733 00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:21,080 Speaker 1: whatever the slowest component is. If that component is your 734 00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:24,359 Speaker 1: actual device, it doesn't matter how good a charger you 735 00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:26,600 Speaker 1: have or what cable you're using, You're going to be 736 00:45:26,680 --> 00:45:30,359 Speaker 1: limited by the max that device allows for. And in 737 00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:33,240 Speaker 1: this case, there just aren't that many devices out there 738 00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:36,239 Speaker 1: with quick Charge five point oh built into them. Quick 739 00:45:36,320 --> 00:45:39,000 Speaker 1: charge really does up the voltage. So, in other words, 740 00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,080 Speaker 1: this approach is all about increasing the pressure in the 741 00:45:42,160 --> 00:45:46,000 Speaker 1: system to charge batteries faster. Quick Charge five can allegedly 742 00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:51,400 Speaker 1: charge most phones from zero to capacity in just five minutes. Now, 743 00:45:51,440 --> 00:45:55,040 Speaker 1: I don't have a device that uses quick charge or 744 00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:57,319 Speaker 1: you know, the charging accessories I would need to do this, 745 00:45:57,400 --> 00:45:59,600 Speaker 1: so I can't test it. Myself, but that's what I've read. 746 00:46:00,239 --> 00:46:02,520 Speaker 1: If you go back to quick Charge three point oh 747 00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:06,120 Speaker 1: or earlier, you run into incompatibilities with us B p D. 748 00:46:06,760 --> 00:46:10,319 Speaker 1: But since quick Charge four point oh, quick charge accessories 749 00:46:10,360 --> 00:46:13,399 Speaker 1: work with USB p D accessories, so you can mix 750 00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:17,319 Speaker 1: and match cables and chargers from that point forward. Quick 751 00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:21,520 Speaker 1: Charge also includes circuitry that monitors the batteries temperature, and 752 00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:25,799 Speaker 1: it has automatic thermal balancing. Essentially, that means it's going 753 00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:29,279 Speaker 1: to use whichever charging method is going to keep the 754 00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:33,799 Speaker 1: coolest pathway to the battery to avoid overheating. Next, we've 755 00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:38,000 Speaker 1: got Samsung Adaptive Fast Charging. The latest version of this 756 00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:41,640 Speaker 1: supports max power of up to forty five watts in theory, 757 00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:45,080 Speaker 1: though in practice it appears that Samsung nerves this a 758 00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:47,600 Speaker 1: little bit. It tends to be a little under whatever 759 00:46:47,719 --> 00:46:51,520 Speaker 1: the max would be. Their version is also compatible with 760 00:46:51,640 --> 00:46:54,880 Speaker 1: us B p D, but limited again to forty five watts. 761 00:46:54,880 --> 00:46:59,200 Speaker 1: This fast charging tech is exclusive to Galaxy devices. Then 762 00:46:59,239 --> 00:47:02,640 Speaker 1: you've got mo roll a turbo Power. The most recent 763 00:47:02,680 --> 00:47:06,160 Speaker 1: turbo Power thirty product achieves a max power of twenty 764 00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:09,279 Speaker 1: eight and a half. What's that's built on top of 765 00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:11,640 Speaker 1: Quick Charge three point oh so you can kind of 766 00:47:11,680 --> 00:47:16,200 Speaker 1: think of this as a forked variation of quick charge technology. 767 00:47:16,280 --> 00:47:19,040 Speaker 1: Then you've got one plus warp charge, which is the 768 00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:22,480 Speaker 1: most recent version, supporting a max power of fifty what's 769 00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:26,279 Speaker 1: and the list goes on, and really all of these 770 00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:30,239 Speaker 1: different name brands and numbers gets confusing, and the fact 771 00:47:30,320 --> 00:47:33,040 Speaker 1: that there are so many different competing technologies for fast 772 00:47:33,120 --> 00:47:36,280 Speaker 1: charging means it's really hard to compare apples to apples, 773 00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:39,759 Speaker 1: and I don't mean technology that's coming from Apple in 774 00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:42,960 Speaker 1: this case. If you want to get really really basic, 775 00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:47,120 Speaker 1: you could argue that systems that supply a higher wattage 776 00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:52,319 Speaker 1: to batteries recharge those batteries more quickly. But that is 777 00:47:52,360 --> 00:47:55,040 Speaker 1: being a bit reductive because you have to consider all 778 00:47:55,080 --> 00:47:58,120 Speaker 1: the elements at play here. What are the limitations of 779 00:47:58,160 --> 00:48:02,719 Speaker 1: the accessories? What is the battery capable of accepting? Batteries 780 00:48:02,719 --> 00:48:04,920 Speaker 1: that have special circuitry in them to prevent them from 781 00:48:04,920 --> 00:48:08,640 Speaker 1: being damaged due to overcharging or voltage spikes? Are not 782 00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:12,359 Speaker 1: going to just allow unfettered recharging, So it's not like 783 00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:17,200 Speaker 1: you can just consistently up the wattage and decrease charging times. 784 00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:19,719 Speaker 1: It's not like you could Jerry rig A you know 785 00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:22,760 Speaker 1: five hundred what delivery system, and you recharge your phone 786 00:48:22,760 --> 00:48:25,680 Speaker 1: in a minute and a half, that would just most 787 00:48:25,719 --> 00:48:30,000 Speaker 1: likely lead to overcharging a battery and destroying it, or 788 00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:33,040 Speaker 1: the phone would just shut it down and limit how 789 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:34,880 Speaker 1: much wattage could actually go to the battery in the 790 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:38,120 Speaker 1: first place. So the process really has to be controlled 791 00:48:38,120 --> 00:48:41,800 Speaker 1: where else things get really dangerous really quickly. That being said, 792 00:48:42,120 --> 00:48:45,040 Speaker 1: the fact that there are so many different fast charging solutions, 793 00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:48,440 Speaker 1: and the fact that each of these continues to evolve separately, 794 00:48:49,080 --> 00:48:51,520 Speaker 1: means that it's really tricky to talk about fast charging 795 00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,360 Speaker 1: at all. If your phone is a couple of years old, 796 00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:56,879 Speaker 1: like mine is, it might be that you're maxed out 797 00:48:57,040 --> 00:49:00,399 Speaker 1: and an older version of whatever fast charge in tech 798 00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:03,319 Speaker 1: applies to your gadget, and that means that you would 799 00:49:03,320 --> 00:49:05,360 Speaker 1: have to upgrade to a newer device if you wanted 800 00:49:05,400 --> 00:49:08,640 Speaker 1: something that charged more quickly. And one other thing I 801 00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:11,960 Speaker 1: should mention. As your technology ages, you might notice that 802 00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:15,640 Speaker 1: it seems to drain battery life faster, that the battery 803 00:49:15,719 --> 00:49:18,000 Speaker 1: just doesn't last as long as it used to. There 804 00:49:18,040 --> 00:49:20,440 Speaker 1: are actually a few different reasons for this, some of 805 00:49:20,480 --> 00:49:24,600 Speaker 1: which play into the concept of planned obsolescence. That's a 806 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:28,160 Speaker 1: strategy that companies use to create a planned life cycle 807 00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:30,680 Speaker 1: for products, partly in an effort to get you to 808 00:49:30,760 --> 00:49:34,359 Speaker 1: buy the next one of those things. But there are 809 00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:37,759 Speaker 1: some other things that play beyond just corporate strategy, and 810 00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:41,359 Speaker 1: one is that when you buy, say a smartphone, you're 811 00:49:41,360 --> 00:49:44,520 Speaker 1: locked into that hardware. You know, unless you are a 812 00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:47,360 Speaker 1: real d I Y tech head, your phone is pretty 813 00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:49,920 Speaker 1: much gonna stay exactly how it was when you bought it. 814 00:49:50,360 --> 00:49:53,400 Speaker 1: And yet the companies that created the operating systems, you know, 815 00:49:53,480 --> 00:49:57,320 Speaker 1: like Apple and Google, they're gonna keep evolving those systems 816 00:49:57,360 --> 00:50:01,000 Speaker 1: and releasing updates to the operating system them that allow 817 00:50:01,080 --> 00:50:05,879 Speaker 1: for more sophisticated and complicated apps. And these updates might 818 00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:09,799 Speaker 1: place a greater demand on older hardware, hardware that you know, 819 00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:14,480 Speaker 1: wasn't optimized for these newer versions of the operating system, 820 00:50:14,520 --> 00:50:18,040 Speaker 1: and as such, older handsets will see battery life suffer 821 00:50:18,320 --> 00:50:21,600 Speaker 1: because they're not optimized to handle that. In some cases, 822 00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:25,200 Speaker 1: companies will actually throttle processor speeds in an effort to 823 00:50:25,360 --> 00:50:29,000 Speaker 1: offset battery drain. The users tend to hate that too. 824 00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:31,480 Speaker 1: Write there's nothing like finding out the reason your phone 825 00:50:31,520 --> 00:50:34,879 Speaker 1: seems to be slower now is because the company that 826 00:50:35,080 --> 00:50:39,160 Speaker 1: makes your phone made it slower on purpose, Even if 827 00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:41,800 Speaker 1: that purpose was to give you more hours of battery life, 828 00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:46,560 Speaker 1: people hate that. Another reason battery performance declines over time 829 00:50:47,080 --> 00:50:50,880 Speaker 1: is that in the discharge and recharge cycles, there's typically 830 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:54,359 Speaker 1: some build up of what's called solid electro light interphase. 831 00:50:54,880 --> 00:50:58,960 Speaker 1: This happens as lithium electrons and the electrolyte as well 832 00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,760 Speaker 1: as some organic so events react during the recharging phase 833 00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:06,480 Speaker 1: and it creates little build up deposits on the anode 834 00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:09,680 Speaker 1: side of the battery, which effectively locks down some of 835 00:51:09,719 --> 00:51:12,840 Speaker 1: the lithium in the battery. And because that lithium is 836 00:51:12,840 --> 00:51:16,959 Speaker 1: locked down, it means there's less lithium atoms to release electrons, 837 00:51:17,239 --> 00:51:20,200 Speaker 1: so it means your batteries max charge has diminished because 838 00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:22,279 Speaker 1: you don't have as much of the active ingredients if 839 00:51:22,320 --> 00:51:26,120 Speaker 1: you will. In addition, if you fully discharge a lithium 840 00:51:26,160 --> 00:51:30,239 Speaker 1: ion battery, some of that lithium will end up on 841 00:51:30,280 --> 00:51:33,160 Speaker 1: the cobalt side and form lithium oxide. Some of the 842 00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:37,360 Speaker 1: cobalt will form cobalt oxide, and effectively that removes the 843 00:51:37,440 --> 00:51:40,640 Speaker 1: lithium from the process and it locks it in at 844 00:51:40,680 --> 00:51:43,239 Speaker 1: that point, so you have reduced capacity because of that 845 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:45,960 Speaker 1: as well, So you don't want to drain a lithium 846 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:48,040 Speaker 1: ion battery all the way down to zero if you 847 00:51:48,040 --> 00:51:52,320 Speaker 1: can help it. Older rechargeable batteries had a similar issue 848 00:51:52,360 --> 00:51:55,160 Speaker 1: called the memory effect. This was prevalent back in the 849 00:51:55,239 --> 00:51:59,280 Speaker 1: nickel cadmium battery days. While it's generally a good idea 850 00:51:59,320 --> 00:52:04,560 Speaker 1: to recharge lithium ion batteries before they drop below say charge, 851 00:52:04,840 --> 00:52:07,359 Speaker 1: in order to avoid those lithium oxide build ups at 852 00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:11,239 Speaker 1: the cathode side, if it's a nickel cadmium battery, it 853 00:52:11,360 --> 00:52:13,520 Speaker 1: was a good idea to actually use them until they 854 00:52:13,520 --> 00:52:16,760 Speaker 1: were fully discharged. So of course that's led to some confusion, 855 00:52:16,880 --> 00:52:20,120 Speaker 1: right Some people are saying, well, should I wait until 856 00:52:20,120 --> 00:52:22,360 Speaker 1: my batteries all the way to zero before I recharge it? 857 00:52:22,960 --> 00:52:25,840 Speaker 1: Or do I wait until it's like at thirty and 858 00:52:25,880 --> 00:52:29,000 Speaker 1: recharge it. Well, with lithium ion, it's better to do 859 00:52:29,040 --> 00:52:32,120 Speaker 1: it and around thirty, but with nickel cadmium you wanted 860 00:52:32,160 --> 00:52:35,920 Speaker 1: to use that battery as much as possible because if 861 00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:39,480 Speaker 1: the batteries were not fully discharged before recharging, you could 862 00:52:39,480 --> 00:52:43,640 Speaker 1: see your battery capacity decrease. This is easier to understand 863 00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:45,840 Speaker 1: with an example So let's say I have an old 864 00:52:45,920 --> 00:52:50,520 Speaker 1: nickel cadmium battery and it's charged up to and I 865 00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:53,920 Speaker 1: run my electric podcast pruner until the battery gets down 866 00:52:53,960 --> 00:52:58,799 Speaker 1: to and then I recharged the battery back up to one. Well, 867 00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:03,000 Speaker 1: there's a chance that my nickel cadmium battery will behave 868 00:53:03,080 --> 00:53:07,680 Speaker 1: as if that charge was actually zero percent, and now 869 00:53:07,719 --> 00:53:12,600 Speaker 1: it will remember is really zero. So instead of having 870 00:53:12,640 --> 00:53:17,400 Speaker 1: a charge, I effectively have a seventy charge because it 871 00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:19,279 Speaker 1: will never go all the way down to zero again, 872 00:53:19,320 --> 00:53:20,960 Speaker 1: and it will get down to twenty five and then 873 00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:23,880 Speaker 1: the battery goes dead as if there were no charge 874 00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:27,800 Speaker 1: left in it. That was a problem with nickel cadmium batteries, 875 00:53:27,840 --> 00:53:30,439 Speaker 1: and it meant that you know, your battery charge would 876 00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:36,000 Speaker 1: severely decrease after a relatively short amount of time. Now, 877 00:53:36,040 --> 00:53:38,080 Speaker 1: as I said, that's not really the case with lithium 878 00:53:38,120 --> 00:53:41,759 Speaker 1: ion batteries, which tendency capacity reduce if you do run 879 00:53:41,760 --> 00:53:45,239 Speaker 1: the battery until it dies and then recharge. But even 880 00:53:45,280 --> 00:53:47,560 Speaker 1: if you use best practices, there will come a point 881 00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:51,080 Speaker 1: where a rechargeable battery will just outlive its usefulness. It 882 00:53:51,160 --> 00:53:54,600 Speaker 1: might take thousands and thousands of charge cycles before that happens, 883 00:53:55,320 --> 00:53:58,279 Speaker 1: but it will eventually happen. It's just a good idea 884 00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:01,440 Speaker 1: to practice good behaviors because that helps extend the useful 885 00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:03,600 Speaker 1: life of batteries as much as possible, which is a 886 00:54:03,640 --> 00:54:07,480 Speaker 1: good thing, just to avoid being wasteful. All right, that 887 00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:11,120 Speaker 1: wraps up this episode about batteries and fast recharging. I 888 00:54:11,160 --> 00:54:13,359 Speaker 1: know it's a big mess. I didn't get into too 889 00:54:13,440 --> 00:54:16,839 Speaker 1: much technical detail because really, when you boil it down, 890 00:54:16,960 --> 00:54:19,839 Speaker 1: it does get down to how much wattage do these 891 00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:23,840 Speaker 1: different methods apply to batteries and how fast can batteries 892 00:54:23,840 --> 00:54:27,080 Speaker 1: accept that? And at what point do these systems cut 893 00:54:27,120 --> 00:54:31,839 Speaker 1: off fast recharging to avoid overcharging a battery. That's really 894 00:54:31,880 --> 00:54:35,440 Speaker 1: what it it gets down to when you really dig down. 895 00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,360 Speaker 1: If you have any suggestions, like Perez did, thank you 896 00:54:39,440 --> 00:54:42,640 Speaker 1: again for your suggestion, you can send them to me 897 00:54:43,239 --> 00:54:46,440 Speaker 1: on Twitter. The handle for the show is text Stuff 898 00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:51,479 Speaker 1: H s W and I'll talk to you again really soon. 899 00:54:56,880 --> 00:54:59,879 Speaker 1: Text Stuff is an I Heart Radio production. For more 900 00:55:00,040 --> 00:55:03,360 Speaker 1: podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 901 00:55:03,480 --> 00:55:06,640 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 902 00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:11,000 Speaker 1: H