1 00:00:11,280 --> 00:00:16,360 Speaker 1: Lessons from the world's top professors anytime, anyplace, world history 2 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:22,080 Speaker 1: examined and science explained. This is one day university Welcome. 3 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:34,880 Speaker 1: This is half hour history Secrets of the Medieval World. 4 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:39,680 Speaker 1: I'm your host, Mike Coscarelli. Last episode we explored life 5 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:44,199 Speaker 1: in the medieval city. This week the rise of monarchies 6 00:00:44,239 --> 00:00:46,800 Speaker 1: and the election of popes and even a time of 7 00:00:46,839 --> 00:00:50,559 Speaker 1: papal monarchs. All this power leads to a lot of 8 00:00:50,559 --> 00:00:55,160 Speaker 1: fighting over who was the ultimate authority in Europe. I'll 9 00:00:55,320 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: Chris Filia. So our next two topics kind of fitty together, 10 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 1: and they fit together because what we have in this 11 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:12,920 Speaker 1: high medieval period of about ten fifty to about thirteen 12 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 1: hundred is the creation, not out of nothing, the development 13 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:21,720 Speaker 1: is a better way of putting it. Of monarchies. We've 14 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 1: had monarchies in the past. Obviously, certainly the Roman emperors 15 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:29,640 Speaker 1: were monarchs. We've had monarchs called pharaohs in Egypt, and 16 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:34,760 Speaker 1: monarchs called kings and other things in ancients Mesopotamian civilizations. 17 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:39,760 Speaker 1: But this creation of a monarchy, a whole culture around 18 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: a king and a court really gets going in the 19 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:45,520 Speaker 1: Middle Ages in a way that we haven't seen since 20 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:49,320 Speaker 1: the time of Charlemagne, and that was shortlived, an important precedent, 21 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:53,600 Speaker 1: but short lived. And it's important to remember that monarchies 22 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: are being built, let's use that word built, in both 23 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: the papacy and in these things that we're going to 24 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: call nations. They're not nations in any modern sense. But 25 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: there's this thing called France coming together, something called England, 26 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: and Germany and Spain coming together in a form that 27 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:20,280 Speaker 1: we haven't seen earlier. The relationship between different powers is 28 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:24,680 Speaker 1: the key to the story, because one, what's the relationship 29 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,360 Speaker 1: between religious power and political or civil power in a 30 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: context that wouldn't separate them when we come at them 31 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: from a context where we would separate them. Two which 32 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:42,080 Speaker 1: is the higher authority? And where does that authority come from? 33 00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: And three how does it really play out in real life? 34 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,720 Speaker 1: So one of the interesting things is that these relationships 35 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:55,680 Speaker 1: among so called church and so called state phrases that 36 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:59,399 Speaker 1: wouldn't mean anything to medieval people. What is the context 37 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:03,360 Speaker 1: and where does that come from? It actually comes from feudalism, 38 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:07,359 Speaker 1: that rural structure we saw, that hierarchy that we saw 39 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:11,520 Speaker 1: several topics ago. And so let's go back to a 40 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: particular aspect of feudalism. That's very important, that's very key 41 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:21,480 Speaker 1: to this story, and that's full of competition and conflict 42 00:03:21,640 --> 00:03:25,200 Speaker 1: and controversy, and it's this thing called invested chair. So 43 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: let's go back to the feudal oath. If you remember, 44 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:33,079 Speaker 1: the feudal oath took place when a man knelt down 45 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: and put his hands like this, and his superior put 46 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: his hands around those praying hands, and the kneeling person 47 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:50,120 Speaker 1: pledged his oath of fealty inferior to his superior. Now 48 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: to an illiterate audience looking at that, if I'm kneeling 49 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: in front of you and my hands are like this 50 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: and you put your hands around mine, it's pretty clear 51 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:03,040 Speaker 1: that you're the boss and I'm the worker. But remember 52 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:07,600 Speaker 1: that I, in turn down the line would have replicated 53 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:13,360 Speaker 1: that ritual, and now I would be the superior and 54 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:17,359 Speaker 1: I would have an inferior below me. Well, this thing 55 00:04:17,599 --> 00:04:22,680 Speaker 1: is called investiture. This process by which I give authority 56 00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:26,760 Speaker 1: to you, you hand authority down, you owe me certain 57 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:32,760 Speaker 1: actions is called investiture. And the investiture controversy with a 58 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: capital LIE and a capital C is something some of 59 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:39,120 Speaker 1: you may remember from medieval history courses, but I think 60 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:41,400 Speaker 1: it's more helpful to look at it in terms of 61 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:44,600 Speaker 1: invested your controversies, because the big one that you know, 62 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: we'll be looking at in a little while is this 63 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:50,719 Speaker 1: big battle between a pope named Gregory and a holy 64 00:04:50,840 --> 00:04:54,520 Speaker 1: Roman emperor named Henry. And that's sometimes called the invested 65 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,720 Speaker 1: your controversy, Da da dada, and it really played out 66 00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:02,280 Speaker 1: all across the map of medieval Europe. Now, what are 67 00:05:02,280 --> 00:05:06,039 Speaker 1: the issues, So that kind of high level of the 68 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:12,400 Speaker 1: feudal structure. When a bishop or an abbot received his 69 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: beneficium or his office or his benefice from a superior 70 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:24,000 Speaker 1: he received two sets of symbols. One are the symbols 71 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:28,160 Speaker 1: representing his temporal authority, and that might be some form 72 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: of a scepter or a crown or earth itself symbolizing 73 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:35,880 Speaker 1: his authority over the land. It was typically a bowl 74 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: with some soil in it. And then he would receive 75 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 1: symbols of his spiritual authority. Now this might be more 76 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: familiar to us if you've ever seen an image of 77 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:48,599 Speaker 1: a bishop. Right, So there's a crozier, which is a 78 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:52,440 Speaker 1: shepherd's crook, a miter what a lot of people call 79 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:55,480 Speaker 1: the pointy hat, and then a ring which is worn 80 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: here on the ring finger on the right hand. And 81 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:05,440 Speaker 1: as part of this ritual, the superior, who was a 82 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:10,840 Speaker 1: lay lord, would say to the inferior, a bishop or 83 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:16,240 Speaker 1: an abbot, a cheap a ecclesiam, accept the church, sometimes 84 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: translated as received the church. Now, if I'm looking at that, 85 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:22,400 Speaker 1: it sure looks to me like the bishop or the 86 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 1: abbot is below the local lay lord. And that might 87 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: be true in his temporal relationship, his vassal relationship, but 88 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: it certainly isn't true in terms of his religious relationship, 89 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:38,240 Speaker 1: because the bishop does not report to the local duke. 90 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:41,159 Speaker 1: If he's got a theological question, he's going to go 91 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:45,000 Speaker 1: to an archbishop or the pope himself. So you can 92 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: see that there's some ambiguity built in here that's not 93 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: going to help the church. And on the largest scale, 94 00:06:54,200 --> 00:06:57,240 Speaker 1: the biggest question as to which is the higher authority. 95 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:02,320 Speaker 1: We have examples of emperor's vetoing papal elections or certain 96 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:04,760 Speaker 1: papal actions, because the emperor is going to say, Hey, 97 00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: I'm Constantine, I'm Charlemagne, I'm Charles Martel, I'm the defender 98 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:11,960 Speaker 1: of the faith. On the other hand, pope, so they're 99 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: gonna sometimes veto the action or the election or the 100 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: appointment of an emperor, because emperor has kind of needed 101 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,240 Speaker 1: the support of people. They're kind of a first among equals, 102 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:24,920 Speaker 1: And so the pope might say, well, that person looks 103 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: suited for the government job, but morally no way. That 104 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: person is certainly not suited in order to be an emperor, 105 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: and I don't want him battling me for ultimate power. 106 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,200 Speaker 1: It takes us back to this notion that we saw 107 00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: with Justinian, of sacred kingship and the iconography of political 108 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:50,360 Speaker 1: theology in this blurred context of civil and state claims. 109 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:55,480 Speaker 1: So certainly one of those kings or emperors would say, hey, 110 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: I got lots of precedents. I have my own authority. 111 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:01,040 Speaker 1: Look at me. I'm in charge, I have an army. 112 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: You don't. But I'm the heir of constant Seen and 113 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:11,040 Speaker 1: Charlemagne and Justinian, and certainly we have examples of you, 114 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: the church authority, giving me authority, giving my mandate by 115 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: an anointing or a crowning. Remember Pepin the Short had 116 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: been crowned and anointed Charlemagne Christmas Day. So too, a 117 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: series of popes by the name of Otto, Otto the 118 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:33,200 Speaker 1: First and Otto the Second, both crowned in Rome. In fact, 119 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:35,839 Speaker 1: there were even discussions at this time as to whether 120 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: the anointing of a king was a sacrament. And after 121 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: this period of time, nobody talks about it as a sacrament, 122 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:46,640 Speaker 1: because the Church did not want that. The particular problem 123 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:50,000 Speaker 1: it really comes together around the ten forties. There's a 124 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:53,000 Speaker 1: really good emperor by the name of Henry the Third, 125 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:58,320 Speaker 1: and this emperor takes his responsibility as defender of the 126 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: faith very seriously, and he comes from Germany down into 127 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 1: Italy a couple of times, and the papacy is as 128 00:09:05,560 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 1: in the ten forties. There are three or four people 129 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: in the ten forties claiming to be the true pope, 130 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:15,120 Speaker 1: and they are in and out of office. One of 131 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: them is in and out of office three times over 132 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: the course of about twelve years. Nobody knows who's in charge. 133 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:24,439 Speaker 1: And along comes the emperor and Henry the Third by 134 00:09:24,560 --> 00:09:27,959 Speaker 1: dint of being the heir of Constantine, and Charlemagne says, 135 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:30,880 Speaker 1: you know what, it's my job to clean up this mess, 136 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 1: because you obviously are not cleaning up this mess, and 137 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:38,160 Speaker 1: he begins to appoint a engineer. The election of a 138 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:41,800 Speaker 1: series of reform minded popes who happen to be of 139 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:46,680 Speaker 1: German extraction. Perhaps no surprise there. And the interesting thing 140 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:49,480 Speaker 1: is that even though he says I'm fulfilling the role 141 00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: of defense or fidei or defender of the faith, those 142 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:56,280 Speaker 1: reforming popes start to say, thanks a lot for putting 143 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:58,719 Speaker 1: me on the throne. Now leave and I'll tell you 144 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 1: what to do. Henry probably thought that he was faced 145 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:05,319 Speaker 1: with a great deal of ingratitude, but those reform warm 146 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:08,840 Speaker 1: minded popes probably thought, no, they're cleaning up the shop. 147 00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:12,760 Speaker 1: And so we look upon this period of time as 148 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:15,880 Speaker 1: one of Gregorian revolution. Now at this point, having listened 149 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:18,640 Speaker 1: to six topics, you might think I never knew there 150 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:21,319 Speaker 1: were so many revolutions in this period, But there were. 151 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,319 Speaker 1: There were really big changes, and some people used to 152 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:27,480 Speaker 1: call this a Gregorian Reformation. But the papacy before ten 153 00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: fifty and the papacy after ten to fifty they look 154 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:33,320 Speaker 1: entirely different, same sources of authority, but the way they 155 00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:38,400 Speaker 1: operate entirely differently. And they take this title Gregorian off 156 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,520 Speaker 1: of a particular pope named Gregory, you know, top ten 157 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: on everybody's list, And Gregory was Pope ten seventy three 158 00:10:45,560 --> 00:10:48,199 Speaker 1: to ten eighty five, but he was involved in the 159 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:50,880 Speaker 1: resolution of all of these sisms, and he worked for 160 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:54,960 Speaker 1: those reform minded popes before that, so he was there 161 00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:59,240 Speaker 1: for about twenty years before he himself was elected. So 162 00:10:59,320 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: we call the popes before Gregory and after Gregory for 163 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:08,280 Speaker 1: about two hundred years, Gregorian popes. They're part of this revolution. 164 00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: And these Gregorian popes had a couple of goals. One 165 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: was a slogan called the libertasa clasier the freedom of 166 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:20,679 Speaker 1: the Church, and what that meant was the freedom of 167 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:24,800 Speaker 1: the church to name her own leaders. So it used 168 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:27,480 Speaker 1: to be that a bishop died or an abbot died, 169 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:32,280 Speaker 1: and the local lord says, no, Well, that church, that basilica, 170 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: that monastery is in my jurisdiction as a vassal of 171 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:40,400 Speaker 1: the king, and so it's my job, it's my responsibility, 172 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:44,959 Speaker 1: it's my right to name that person. Well, pope says, well, 173 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:49,959 Speaker 1: that's terrific. That person might be your secular vassal, but 174 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 1: that person is certainly not below you in the spiritual 175 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: hierarchy or the spiritual authority. No way, you're not going 176 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:01,520 Speaker 1: to name that person. So libertasa clasier, the freedom of 177 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 1: the church to name her own because what was happening 178 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:06,640 Speaker 1: was that these dukes and counts were naming their brothers 179 00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:08,600 Speaker 1: in law who might have nothing to do with a 180 00:12:08,679 --> 00:12:12,319 Speaker 1: religious vocation. They're cronies. It's cronyism, that's what it is. 181 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: So they were also against something called simony. Simony is 182 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,280 Speaker 1: the buying and selling of church offices. It refers back 183 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: to a passage in Christian Scripture or the New Testament 184 00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:27,480 Speaker 1: where Peter Simon Peter is performing miracles in the name 185 00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:30,800 Speaker 1: of Jesus and Simon magus. The word magus in the 186 00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:34,120 Speaker 1: ancient world meant a magician system. Come on, there's got 187 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:36,360 Speaker 1: to be a trick here. I'll pay you to show 188 00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: me how you do this trick. So that became the 189 00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:43,199 Speaker 1: buying and selling of church offices became called simony. And 190 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: they were also against something called concubinage. No little controversy here. 191 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:50,559 Speaker 1: Sometimes people say, well, priests in the Catholic tradition we 192 00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 1: used to be could be married for a thousand years, 193 00:12:52,880 --> 00:12:55,120 Speaker 1: and that they've only been prohibited from marriage for a 194 00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:57,679 Speaker 1: thousand years. It actually is true. It was on the 195 00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,240 Speaker 1: books as far back as three or four hundred that 196 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: priests should be celibate, but more often than not, they 197 00:13:04,560 --> 00:13:07,319 Speaker 1: had what we would call a common law marriage, a 198 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:12,080 Speaker 1: common law marriage by which a person wasn't illegally married 199 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:15,320 Speaker 1: or sacramentally married in any modern sense, but everybody knew 200 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,600 Speaker 1: who the priest's wife was, and he would hand them 201 00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:21,800 Speaker 1: the parish church, just like the butcher, the baker, or 202 00:13:21,840 --> 00:13:24,719 Speaker 1: the candlestick maker to his son, whether or not the 203 00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:27,400 Speaker 1: son had a religious vocation. So this obviously is a 204 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: problem because again you don't have the integrity of the sacraments. 205 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,240 Speaker 1: It gets caught up in these inheritance issues. And so 206 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:37,959 Speaker 1: how did these Gregorian popes fight back through Peter the 207 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: ideology of Saint Peter and papal supremacy. So Catholics believe 208 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,400 Speaker 1: that the Christians believe at this point Catholics and Protestants 209 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:48,439 Speaker 1: are going to be split on the interpretations of this 210 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: later on, about five hundred years later, that Peter receives 211 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: from Christ the mandate or the commission. You are Peter, 212 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:58,959 Speaker 1: and upon this rock I will build my church. And 213 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:02,079 Speaker 1: so all bishops of Rome later called the popes, will 214 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:05,440 Speaker 1: say that they have a unique commission. All bishops receive 215 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:09,160 Speaker 1: their authority from God. All bishops are equal, but there's 216 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:12,319 Speaker 1: one bishop who's more equal than others. And so what 217 00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:15,520 Speaker 1: these popes begin to do is they use this phrase 218 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: by apostolic succession in their sermons, in their letters, and 219 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:24,560 Speaker 1: so as they're writing to emperors, they say literally as 220 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,320 Speaker 1: some popes had said in the four hundreds, a pope 221 00:14:27,440 --> 00:14:29,920 Speaker 1: name Leo had said in the Foreign when you speak 222 00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: to me, you speak to Peter. When I make a decision, 223 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: I don't make a decision. Peter makes a decision. And 224 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: therefore it's Jesus. Now, if you'd like to come after me, 225 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: you'd have to come after Peter. And if you'd like 226 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: to come after Peter, you'd like to come after Jesus. 227 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:45,280 Speaker 1: Perhaps you'd like to rethink your challenge to my authority. 228 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:49,800 Speaker 1: And so they begin to use this ideology of Peter. 229 00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:52,480 Speaker 1: And they also realize that if you can't meet them, 230 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: join it. It seems like the medieval popes were throwing 231 00:14:58,280 --> 00:15:01,880 Speaker 1: down the gauntlet to establish their authority. We'll find out 232 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:15,840 Speaker 1: how that worked after the break. So, since they're going 233 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:18,600 Speaker 1: against this imperial monarchy and a king in France and 234 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: kings in Spain and a king in England, they need 235 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: to set up a parallel monarchy. So just as there's 236 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:28,160 Speaker 1: a court or a couria among a king, they set 237 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: up the college of cardinals, which had kind of precedence earlier, 238 00:15:30,920 --> 00:15:34,000 Speaker 1: but doesn't cohere. Remember, the papacy doesn't look after eleven 239 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: hundred as it did before. This college of cardinals, which 240 00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,680 Speaker 1: gets a little bit bigger. But in the medieval worlds 241 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: couple of dozen would be a large college of cardinals. 242 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: Now we have about one hundred and twenty. And the 243 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:48,680 Speaker 1: college of cardinals become the ambassadors, become the legates, become 244 00:15:48,720 --> 00:15:52,200 Speaker 1: the representatives, and they are the ones who exclusively elect 245 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 1: the popes. Why because the freedom of the church to 246 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:58,680 Speaker 1: name her own needs an example, and the best example 247 00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,680 Speaker 1: would be the election of a pope to show all 248 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:03,800 Speaker 1: the others this is how it's done. This is the 249 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:07,800 Speaker 1: freedom of the election. And so if I'm creating this 250 00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:11,520 Speaker 1: administrative top down structure, I need to set up to 251 00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,120 Speaker 1: what we would call departments, sometimes called congregations nowadays. And 252 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: so these structures begin to get cohered. They had precedents 253 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,640 Speaker 1: in the past, but now more organized, such as a chancery, 254 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: which is an office for the receiving, recording, copying, sending 255 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:32,640 Speaker 1: out of documents, in a world before printers and copy machines, 256 00:16:33,320 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 1: a financial department called the camera. A camera is a room, 257 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:40,520 Speaker 1: and they would count the money in a sealed room. 258 00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:44,560 Speaker 1: Court systems as well, and cardinals would be in charge 259 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: of all of these and work their way up to 260 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:51,000 Speaker 1: pope usually. So now let's look at, you know, the 261 00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:55,000 Speaker 1: movie version of this, right, the case study, the big scene, 262 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:57,440 Speaker 1: and it's spread out of Hollywood. Somebody really needs to 263 00:16:57,480 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: make a movie out of this. Between Gregory the seventh 264 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,840 Speaker 1: and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry the Fourth, Henry the 265 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 1: Fourth is a very, very long reign. Henry the Fourth 266 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:11,639 Speaker 1: likely knew Gregory the seventh before he was made pope. 267 00:17:11,719 --> 00:17:14,400 Speaker 1: His name was Hildebrand and some German blood, some Italian 268 00:17:14,439 --> 00:17:17,399 Speaker 1: blood as well. Gregory the seventh involved in all of 269 00:17:17,479 --> 00:17:20,719 Speaker 1: these reform minds and popes. And now the question is 270 00:17:20,879 --> 00:17:25,520 Speaker 1: who's in charge. This is a battle royal. The flashpoint 271 00:17:26,040 --> 00:17:28,399 Speaker 1: is Milan. Now I think of where Milan is right, 272 00:17:28,439 --> 00:17:30,239 Speaker 1: It's at the top of Italy. So it's kind of 273 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:34,480 Speaker 1: like a connection between the Empire. Most of the most 274 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:36,959 Speaker 1: of the territory of the Empire is modern day Germany 275 00:17:37,359 --> 00:17:41,159 Speaker 1: and Italy, so that Archbishop of Milan is a pretty 276 00:17:41,239 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: key person if you're the Emperor looking to come down 277 00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:46,479 Speaker 1: or the Pope looking to extend your authority north. And 278 00:17:46,639 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 1: so each appoints his own man, claiming that he emperor 279 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:57,119 Speaker 1: or Pope has the ultimate authority, and that is the 280 00:17:57,239 --> 00:18:00,520 Speaker 1: trigger and what happens, or like the series of acts 281 00:18:00,719 --> 00:18:07,080 Speaker 1: in a play, it's Henry versus. But the big problem 282 00:18:07,239 --> 00:18:10,639 Speaker 1: for Gregory is you have these bishops who are in 283 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: Germany who owe their secular power and their wealth and 284 00:18:15,439 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: in some cases their jobs, their appointments to the king, 285 00:18:20,679 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: the emperor. We call these the prince bishops. The prince 286 00:18:23,679 --> 00:18:28,119 Speaker 1: bishops are going to give Luther paroxysms of anger five 287 00:18:28,239 --> 00:18:32,600 Speaker 1: hundred years later. And these prince bishops line up with 288 00:18:32,879 --> 00:18:37,799 Speaker 1: Henry Gulp, not with Gregory their religious authority. So now 289 00:18:37,919 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 1: Gregory is facing a revolt from his own men as well. 290 00:18:42,199 --> 00:18:44,479 Speaker 1: And so Gregory says, you know what I'm going to 291 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:47,679 Speaker 1: do it. In his letters he writes by apostolic succession. 292 00:18:47,959 --> 00:18:50,480 Speaker 1: At one point he sends him it was the formula 293 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,719 Speaker 1: to send someone an apostolic blessing, the blessing of Peter, 294 00:18:54,159 --> 00:18:56,639 Speaker 1: and Gregory sends of Henry a letter and says, I 295 00:18:56,760 --> 00:19:00,439 Speaker 1: send you an apostolic blessing, provided that you are an 296 00:19:00,479 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: obedient son, kind of like raising your hands and giving 297 00:19:03,239 --> 00:19:05,919 Speaker 1: a blessing and then stopping say I won't do this 298 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:11,479 Speaker 1: unless you clean up your toys. And Gregory excommunicates and 299 00:19:11,719 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: deposes Henry. Well, there is no greater exercise of your 300 00:19:15,879 --> 00:19:19,879 Speaker 1: authority than to say you're out right. Someone can say 301 00:19:19,919 --> 00:19:22,639 Speaker 1: to me, you know you are you have no authority 302 00:19:22,719 --> 00:19:24,879 Speaker 1: to teach, and I would say, well, by what authority 303 00:19:24,959 --> 00:19:26,840 Speaker 1: do you say? I have no authority to teach. You 304 00:19:26,919 --> 00:19:29,040 Speaker 1: don't like my class, you didn't like your grade. You 305 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:31,839 Speaker 1: know that's not how it works. Everybody has got a boss, right, 306 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,119 Speaker 1: So Gregory is saying, I'm your ultimate boss. I don't 307 00:19:35,159 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 1: really care that your Holy Roman Emperor. My boss is 308 00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:41,679 Speaker 1: bigger than your boss. And so he excommunicates and deposes Henry, 309 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: and then he turns the feudal system on its head. 310 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:47,719 Speaker 1: He says, to all of the vassals who had taken 311 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:51,080 Speaker 1: an oath of fealty to Henry, who had notes before Henry, 312 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:56,240 Speaker 1: he says, no deal, that oath is dissolved. You owe 313 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:59,199 Speaker 1: this man nothing, and if you follow this man, you 314 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,639 Speaker 1: will be excommunicated and deposed because you are following somebody 315 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 1: who is out of the body of the church, and 316 00:20:05,159 --> 00:20:06,999 Speaker 1: that's a bad scene. Now you have a lot of 317 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:09,519 Speaker 1: people who are gonna say, oh, this is terrific. Henry 318 00:20:09,639 --> 00:20:11,399 Speaker 1: has not been a great emperor to me. Yeah, he 319 00:20:11,479 --> 00:20:13,519 Speaker 1: gave me a job. That's terrific, but he taxes me. 320 00:20:13,959 --> 00:20:16,879 Speaker 1: Let's get rid of Henry. Henry's in a tough situation. 321 00:20:17,199 --> 00:20:20,159 Speaker 1: So in this dramatic scene known as the Snows of Knasa, 322 00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:25,199 Speaker 1: this is the drama. Apparently, we're told that Henry stood 323 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: barefoot as a penitent in the snow outside of a 324 00:20:28,959 --> 00:20:33,879 Speaker 1: monastery at Kanasa, begging Gregory the Seventh for forgiveness for 325 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,399 Speaker 1: three days. Likely that meant five minutes over the course 326 00:20:37,479 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: of three days as a symbolic action, and Gregory is persuaded, well, 327 00:20:43,879 --> 00:20:47,519 Speaker 1: let me show some mercy here, and he forgives Henry. 328 00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:50,759 Speaker 1: He puts him back on the throne, and he brings 329 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,080 Speaker 1: him back into the body of the church. But the 330 00:20:53,159 --> 00:20:55,159 Speaker 1: damage has really been done for a couple of years 331 00:20:55,239 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 1: back home, and Henry can't fight Gregory for a while 332 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:03,199 Speaker 1: because he's got all these people who are now risen 333 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:05,279 Speaker 1: up against him. In a civil war. So it's not 334 00:21:05,359 --> 00:21:08,199 Speaker 1: until a few years later that Henry gathers himself again 335 00:21:08,479 --> 00:21:12,519 Speaker 1: at attacks Rome. Gregory flees, and in fact Gregory dies 336 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,919 Speaker 1: in exile a few years later. So it looks like 337 00:21:16,399 --> 00:21:24,119 Speaker 1: Henry's one hell, let's step away from the drama. Cooler 338 00:21:24,199 --> 00:21:26,639 Speaker 1: heads are going to prevail. People are going to say, listen, 339 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:31,080 Speaker 1: we have to coexist. This is a difficult question. We're 340 00:21:31,159 --> 00:21:33,800 Speaker 1: not going to resolve the question. We need to do 341 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,999 Speaker 1: business with each other. Let's come to an arbitration. And 342 00:21:38,239 --> 00:21:44,399 Speaker 1: about forty years later, that arbitration produces a truce. It's 343 00:21:44,439 --> 00:21:48,239 Speaker 1: called the Concordat of Vorms in eleven twenty two, and 344 00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:50,679 Speaker 1: a later pope in this case by the name of 345 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:54,919 Speaker 1: Calixtus and a later emperor, in this case an emperor 346 00:21:54,959 --> 00:21:58,879 Speaker 1: by the name of Henry the Fifth decide we're going 347 00:21:58,919 --> 00:22:01,600 Speaker 1: to find a middle ground. And this is the middle ground. 348 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 1: Henry the Fifth says, I'm going to renounce my rights 349 00:22:06,639 --> 00:22:10,239 Speaker 1: to give you the spiritual symbols, not my place. A 350 00:22:10,399 --> 00:22:14,800 Speaker 1: religious representative will give you the crozier, the miter, and 351 00:22:14,959 --> 00:22:21,199 Speaker 1: the ring and collects. That says fair enough. Therefore, I 352 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,359 Speaker 1: am going to renounce any right that I claimed, or 353 00:22:24,439 --> 00:22:27,200 Speaker 1: my predecessors claimed that I had, and I am going 354 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:30,479 Speaker 1: to concede that you have the right to invest with 355 00:22:30,639 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 1: the temporal symbols, the scepter, the crown, the clod of earth. 356 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:41,320 Speaker 1: So now we've kind of separated these two, this one 357 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,839 Speaker 1: ritual into two separate rituals. So let's look at how 358 00:22:44,919 --> 00:22:47,679 Speaker 1: that actually would have worked. So a bishop or an 359 00:22:47,879 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 1: abbot now typically appointed by the pope or elected among 360 00:22:58,639 --> 00:23:02,960 Speaker 1: his own monks or local priests, is going to kneel 361 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: before a representative of the pope, likely a cardinal, and 362 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:14,639 Speaker 1: receive miter, crozier and ring. Then he's going to move 363 00:23:14,719 --> 00:23:17,520 Speaker 1: to another spot. Typically this is done in a church, 364 00:23:17,959 --> 00:23:20,200 Speaker 1: might be done in the same ceremony, might be done 365 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:23,320 Speaker 1: later on in a castle, and that bishop or abbot 366 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:28,680 Speaker 1: will kneel before a representative of the emperor, maybe Henry himself, 367 00:23:29,399 --> 00:23:35,599 Speaker 1: and receive this temporal symbols scepter, crown, bowl of soil 368 00:23:35,919 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: or earth. But there's a catch. There's always a catch, right. 369 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:46,399 Speaker 1: The catch is Henry has said I agree to a 370 00:23:46,639 --> 00:23:52,359 Speaker 1: free election. If there's a bishop who dies and the 371 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,559 Speaker 1: priests are going to elect him or an abbot who 372 00:23:55,679 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: dies or an abbess who dies, and the monks or 373 00:23:58,439 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: nuns are going to elect him. I claim a right 374 00:24:05,239 --> 00:24:08,679 Speaker 1: that my legate can be present. Now you can see 375 00:24:08,719 --> 00:24:11,159 Speaker 1: here what's going on. Right, You could see a situation 376 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,199 Speaker 1: where all of a bunch of priests are in a 377 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:16,719 Speaker 1: diocese are gathered together. They're talking and they're thinking, they're politicking, 378 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:21,879 Speaker 1: they're praying, and they say, we settle on Father Max, 379 00:24:22,719 --> 00:24:25,879 Speaker 1: and Father Max is going to be Bishop Max. And 380 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:33,919 Speaker 1: the legate of the emperor does this, and everyone says, 381 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,239 Speaker 1: you know, maybe Father Max isn't such a good idea, 382 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,240 Speaker 1: and so they'll go to Father Michael or the next 383 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:44,119 Speaker 1: person in line. So it's an uneasy truce. I mentioned 384 00:24:44,159 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: earlier that it's a truce, but it is in fact 385 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,999 Speaker 1: an uneasy truce. But you know, half a loaf is 386 00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,720 Speaker 1: better than none. That's at least how the popes see it. Now, 387 00:24:53,919 --> 00:24:56,080 Speaker 1: this thing about election, let me just say very quickly, 388 00:24:56,239 --> 00:25:00,199 Speaker 1: is nowadays, if a bishop dies, in the Catholic tradition, 389 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,119 Speaker 1: nobody looks to the mayor or the governor to appoint 390 00:25:03,159 --> 00:25:06,160 Speaker 1: the bishop. The pope appoints the bishop. But Protestant churches 391 00:25:06,879 --> 00:25:10,399 Speaker 1: sometimes there's an appointment, and sometimes there's an election, whether 392 00:25:10,479 --> 00:25:13,199 Speaker 1: it's an appointment or an election, an appointment from the 393 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 1: top or an election from below. The church is still 394 00:25:16,199 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: asserting this principle of freedom, the freedom of the church 395 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,759 Speaker 1: without inside interference, although as we've seen, the cleared throat 396 00:25:24,119 --> 00:25:26,999 Speaker 1: clause as it's sometimes called in the Concord out of Worms, 397 00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:30,879 Speaker 1: gives the legate an opportunity to make his boss's name known. 398 00:25:32,199 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: So what we really have through about thirteen hundred are 399 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,919 Speaker 1: a series of papal monarchs, all gregorian in terms of 400 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: their goals, some more successful than others, some stronger than others, 401 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:49,199 Speaker 1: and some who really tried to be the ultimate authority 402 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,759 Speaker 1: in Europe, which in that time would be the world. 403 00:25:52,119 --> 00:25:54,119 Speaker 1: And the most important one of those would be Innocent 404 00:25:54,199 --> 00:25:56,439 Speaker 1: the Third. Someone once said that Innocent the Third the 405 00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,519 Speaker 1: cannon lawyer pope elected at thirty seven, but dies at 406 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:01,719 Speaker 1: fifty one. What if he had lived another thirty or 407 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,239 Speaker 1: forty years, That Innocent the Third was the last pope 408 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,479 Speaker 1: who could have aims to have been the emperor of 409 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:14,639 Speaker 1: the world. What a note to end on. Thanks for 410 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: listening to another episode of half hour History Secrets of 411 00:26:18,239 --> 00:26:21,999 Speaker 1: the Medieval World. Next time, The beginnings of the modern 412 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:25,639 Speaker 1: nation state. We're a long way from the un but 413 00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:32,279 Speaker 1: every idea has to start somewhere right Half Hour History 414 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: Secrets of the Medieval World from One Day University is 415 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:39,959 Speaker 1: a production of iHeart Podcasts and School of Humans. If 416 00:26:39,959 --> 00:26:42,679 Speaker 1: you're enjoying the show, leave a review in your favorite 417 00:26:42,719 --> 00:26:45,840 Speaker 1: podcast app, and check out the Curiosity Audio Network for 418 00:26:45,959 --> 00:26:59,519 Speaker 1: podcasts covering history, pop culture, true crime, enmore School of 419 00:26:59,639 --> 00:26:59,999 Speaker 1: Humans