1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,600 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 1: events in history. On with the show. Hi again, Welcome 3 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: to this day in history class where history waits for 4 00:00:12,560 --> 00:00:26,520 Speaker 1: no one. The day was June nine. Baroness Bretta Felicia 5 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:33,200 Speaker 1: Zophie von Sutna was born Countess Kinsky von Tao in Prague, Bohemia. 6 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: Sutner wrote many novels and was a leader in the 7 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:40,159 Speaker 1: Austrian peace movement, and her work earned her a Nobel 8 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:45,240 Speaker 1: Peace Prize, the first ever awarded to a woman. Berta's father, 9 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: Count Franz Joseph Kinsky, died just before she was born. 10 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: He was a retired high ranking officer in the army. 11 00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: Her mother was named Sophie Velamina von Corner. She was 12 00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: about fifty years younger than her deceased husband, and she 13 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:05,280 Speaker 1: did not get married again after her husband died and 14 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 1: used the family's inheritance to raise Berta and her brother. 15 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,399 Speaker 1: Berta was a member of the aristocracy, but she was 16 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:16,760 Speaker 1: also shunned by the high aristocracy because of her parents 17 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: mixed social status. Is In her younger years, she studied 18 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:24,959 Speaker 1: music and she read a bunch of books through her 19 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:29,959 Speaker 1: governesses tutors and travels throughout Europe. Berta became fluent in 20 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:34,880 Speaker 1: French and English, in addition to German. In eighteen seventy three, 21 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,360 Speaker 1: she became a governess for the Baron von Sutner family 22 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: in Lower Austria. While there, she fell in love with 23 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: the youngest son of the family, Baron Artur Gundakar von Sutner. 24 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy six, Bertel went to Paris to apply 25 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: for a job as Alfred Noble's secretary. Alfred Nobele was 26 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 1: a Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite and founded 27 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 1: the Nobel Prizes. But she soon returned to Austria and 28 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: eloped with Sutner, acquiring the title of Baroness. Though she 29 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,680 Speaker 1: left within weeks of arriving in Paris, Rta kindled a 30 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: friendship with Nobel that lasted until his death in eighteen 31 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:18,639 Speaker 1: ninety six. The suitors were not too happy with our 32 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: tour and Arta's marriage, so the couple went off to 33 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:25,520 Speaker 1: the Caucusus to live for nine years. They earned a 34 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: living there by teaching language and music as well as writing. 35 00:02:30,680 --> 00:02:34,760 Speaker 1: Berta wrote for literary papers using a pseudonym, and she 36 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: wrote several books during this time, including Inventory of a Soul, 37 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:42,160 Speaker 1: in which she argued for peace through technological progress and 38 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: advocated for disarmament. Never having lost her love for reading, 39 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: she studied Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, Henry Thomas Buckle, and 40 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:56,400 Speaker 1: Emmanuel Kant. In eighty five, the couple went back to Austria, 41 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:00,120 Speaker 1: where they kept writing, but having already been close to 42 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,959 Speaker 1: the Russell Turkish War of eighteen seventy seven eighteen seventy eight, 43 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: she was familiar with how devastating war could be. Two 44 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,840 Speaker 1: years after they returned home, Bear to begin working with 45 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:17,320 Speaker 1: the International Arbitration and Peace Association. After learning about pacifism 46 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 1: and employing peace arbitration rather than armed force, she began 47 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 1: including her ideals of peace in her writing. Her book 48 00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: The Machine Age, originally published in eighteen eighty nine under 49 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:34,359 Speaker 1: the pseudonym Yemond meaning Someone, she wrote about how technological 50 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 1: and economic progress would end war. Lay Down Your Arms, 51 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:42,119 Speaker 1: another book she published in eighteen eighty nine, was more 52 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:46,840 Speaker 1: successful than the first Russian author. Leo Tolstoy even compared 53 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:50,760 Speaker 1: it to Harriet Beetristoe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and anti slavery 54 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: novel that is known for inspiring abolitionism and its stereotypes 55 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: of black people. The book garnered her considerable attention in 56 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: the peace movement. Bart started an Austrian branch of the 57 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: international peace movement, called the Austrian Peace Society in eighteen 58 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: ninety one. Around this time, she went to her first 59 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: international peace congress, the Universal Peace Conference in Rome, and 60 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: started a fund to establish the Burned Peace Bureau. She 61 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:23,840 Speaker 1: wanted to encourage a unified Europe and warn't against the 62 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: ills of nationalism. Bear To also co edited and published 63 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: Die Vafanta, a peace journal with Alfred Harman Freed. Her 64 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: husband co founded an organization that fought against anti Semitism 65 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,719 Speaker 1: in Austria. Bearta continued on this same path for the 66 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:44,359 Speaker 1: rest of her life. She wrote articles denouncing war and 67 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: war mongering. After her husband died in nineteen o two, 68 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:52,719 Speaker 1: she carried on their work of social activism. In nineteen 69 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: oh five, Berta became the first woman to receive the 70 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: Nobel Peace Prize. She had played a part in convincing 71 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:03,039 Speaker 1: al Written Nobile of the peace movement, and he wrote 72 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:06,040 Speaker 1: her a letter in eighteen ninety three, three years before 73 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:09,520 Speaker 1: his death, saying he hoped to establish a Peace Prize. 74 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:14,159 Speaker 1: She lectured on the progress necessary to achieve peace, and 75 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: she attended the first and second International Peace Conference in 76 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:22,279 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety nine. In nineteen oh seven, she also made 77 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: a couple of trips to the United States. Her nineteen 78 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:29,159 Speaker 1: twelve trip was a six month lecture tour. Barita faced 79 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:33,360 Speaker 1: ridicule from people who supported war or anti Semitism, and 80 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:36,800 Speaker 1: she was often perceived as naive for her goals of peace, 81 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 1: but she was prominent among pacifist circles, which mainly consisted 82 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:44,960 Speaker 1: of men, and she became known as the Generalissimo of 83 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:49,800 Speaker 1: the peace movement. She died on June one, nineteen fourteen, 84 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 1: of suspected cancer. Vienna's first hosting of the Universal Peace Congress, 85 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: to be held in September, was canceled because of the 86 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:01,640 Speaker 1: July crisis, a calm like that began with an assassination 87 00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:06,400 Speaker 1: of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sarajevo. I'm Eves Jeff Coote 88 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:09,159 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 89 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,200 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. You can follow us on Twitter, 90 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:19,039 Speaker 1: Instagram and Facebook at T d I h C podcast, 91 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: and if you haven't already, you can listen to a 92 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 1: new podcast that I host called Unpopular. Unpopular as a 93 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,679 Speaker 1: show about people in history who challenge the status quo 94 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: and we're sometimes persecuted for it. Thanks again for listening, 95 00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:40,600 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. Hey y'all, I'm Eves and 96 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,240 Speaker 1: welcome to this Day in History Class, a podcast that 97 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: proves history weights for no One. The day was June four. 98 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:57,600 Speaker 1: The cartoon character Donald Duck made his debut in the 99 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:02,120 Speaker 1: animated film The Wise Little Hymn. It was Donald Duck's 100 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:05,280 Speaker 1: first appearance, but his name was mentioned in the nineteen 101 00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:08,880 Speaker 1: thirty one book The Adventures of Mickey Mouse. Donald Duck 102 00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: has since appeared in many other films, television series, and comics. 103 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:17,480 Speaker 1: In the Adventures of Mickey Mouse, donald Duck's name appeared 104 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: alongside the names of Mickey Mouse's other friends, including Caroline Cow, 105 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:26,000 Speaker 1: Patricia Pig, and Robert Rooster. On the cover of the book, 106 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,720 Speaker 1: Donald Duck appeared as a white duck with a green 107 00:07:28,760 --> 00:07:34,200 Speaker 1: hat and pants. The Wise Little hen released on June nine, four, 108 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:38,600 Speaker 1: was one of Walt Disney's Silly Symphony cartoons. Silly Symphony 109 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:41,640 Speaker 1: was a series of animated short films that Walt Disney 110 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: productions released between nineteen twenty nine and nineteen thirty nine. 111 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,640 Speaker 1: The Wise Little Hen was directed by Wilfred Jackson and 112 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 1: based on the fairy tale The Little Red Hen. The 113 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: film was animated by Art Babbitt, Clyde Deeronomy, Dick Humor, 114 00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: and others. Clarence Nash was the voice of Donald Duck 115 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: and Pete Your Pig. Nash went on to voice the 116 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: Duck in many other feature films and short films. In 117 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: the seven minute long The Wise Little Hen, Donald Duck 118 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,640 Speaker 1: looks more like his modern character, wearing a blue sailor 119 00:08:12,680 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: shirt and hat, and the short a hen needs help 120 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: planting corn and harvesting it. Donald Duck and his friend 121 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: Peter Pig refused to help her work, pretending they have 122 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 1: a stomach ache, so the hen's chicks help her plant 123 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:29,040 Speaker 1: the corn. Once the corn is harvested, the handcooks a 124 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: table full of dishes with corn in them. Peter Pig 125 00:08:32,320 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 1: and Donald Duck once again pretend to have stomach aches 126 00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: when they see the hen, but they soon realized that 127 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,400 Speaker 1: she is asking them to help her eat the corn. 128 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 1: She hands them a bowl, but instead of being filled 129 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: with food, it contains a bottle of castor oil for 130 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:49,720 Speaker 1: stomach aches. The hen and her chicks eat all of 131 00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: the food. Donald Duck's personality wasn't developed much in his debut, 132 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,839 Speaker 1: but it was later developed to make him more mischievous 133 00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:02,679 Speaker 1: and temperamental. After the wise Little Hen, Donald Duck appeared 134 00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: in Orphans Benefit, an animated Disney short that was released 135 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:09,800 Speaker 1: in August of nineteen thirty four. The short features Mickey 136 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: Mouse and other characters, including Donald Duck, putting on a 137 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,720 Speaker 1: show for children. Donald recites Mary had a little Lamb 138 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: and little Boy Blue, but he loses his temper when 139 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:22,280 Speaker 1: the children blow their noses at him and it's dragged 140 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: off the stage. Orphans Benefit marked Donald Duck's first time 141 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 1: appearing alongside Mickey. It also set the stage for Donald's 142 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,800 Speaker 1: character traits, as Donald hopped on one foot and shook 143 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:36,120 Speaker 1: his fist at the audience when he got angry at 144 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: their mockery. By the late nineteen thirties, Donald Duck was 145 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: starring in his own cartoons. In the early nineteen forties, 146 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:47,760 Speaker 1: Disney released a series of war propaganda films featuring Donald 147 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: Duck as a U. S. Army member. In later years, 148 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: Donald appeared in educational films and other Disney productions, and 149 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:59,840 Speaker 1: he gained recognition outside of the US. I'm each def 150 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 151 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. And if you have any comments 152 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:08,520 Speaker 1: our suggestions, you can hit us up on social media 153 00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: where at T d I h C podcast. You can 154 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: also send us an email at this day at I 155 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:18,440 Speaker 1: heeart media dot com. Thanks again for listening to the 156 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: show and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from 157 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:27,319 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 158 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.