1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history Class from hot 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: Holly Fry and I'm Tracy B. Wilson. And this was 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:19,720 Speaker 1: the continuing story of the attempts to bring hippos to 5 00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:23,080 Speaker 1: the US as a livestock animal. And in the first 6 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: part of this two parter, we talked about the meat 7 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: shortage in the US in the early nineteen hundreds that 8 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:32,480 Speaker 1: initiated this desire to brainstorm new animals that might fill 9 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:34,880 Speaker 1: in that meat gap. And we talked a lot about 10 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:36,519 Speaker 1: one of the men in particular who worked to bring 11 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:40,199 Speaker 1: hippos from Africa, who was Frederick Burnham. And today we're 12 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,440 Speaker 1: going to pick up with another man who was brought 13 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:46,960 Speaker 1: onto the project by Louisiana representative Robert Broussard, and then 14 00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: we will discuss how all these men work together and 15 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,520 Speaker 1: what happened to this hippo plan. So there's a little 16 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: uncertainty about exactly when Frederick Duquine was born. Allegedly it 17 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: was December one, seventy seven in the Cape Colony in 18 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:08,480 Speaker 1: South Africa. There's some confusion, in part because his life 19 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:14,440 Speaker 1: was more like a series of concocted details and varying identities. 20 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:19,199 Speaker 1: Almost all of his biography comes with question marks. Even 21 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:23,040 Speaker 1: his physical description shifts depending on the source. His hair 22 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:27,839 Speaker 1: color is pretty universally described as dark, although sometimes dark 23 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:31,679 Speaker 1: means black and sometimes it means brown. Likewise, his eye 24 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:35,800 Speaker 1: color is sometimes brown and sometimes blue and sometimes hazel, 25 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: depending on who's doing the telling. Yeah, he's We've talked 26 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,200 Speaker 1: about conmon before and how it's often difficult to pin 27 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:46,120 Speaker 1: down their biographical details, and he definitely falls in line 28 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: with that whole system. Um. His father was a hunter 29 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:53,040 Speaker 1: and he was often away from the family, and so 30 00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:56,040 Speaker 1: his mother and his blind uncle John raised him for 31 00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: the most part, and during his youth he watched his 32 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: hippocarcus is were butchered for meat, uh, and he and 33 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: the other kids would collect the unused fat to sell 34 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:10,399 Speaker 1: to soap makers from France. See how everything's connected again. 35 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:12,880 Speaker 1: I didn't mean to connect to our bodies turning to 36 00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:14,840 Speaker 1: soap episode, but I kind of do on that one. 37 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:18,960 Speaker 1: By accident, Duquesne was in Belgium and military school in 38 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 1: his family sent for him to come home. He was 39 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 1: needed to serve in the Boor military in the second 40 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: Boorer war, so at this point the Boars were being 41 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:31,720 Speaker 1: run into prison camps by British forces, and the homes 42 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: that they were forced out of were being destroyed. It's 43 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:37,799 Speaker 1: estimated that at their fullest, these prison camps contained a 44 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: hundred and sixty thousand Boars, thousand of whom did not 45 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: survive the ordeal. To deal with being vastly outnumbered by 46 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,679 Speaker 1: the British forces, the Boor military, which was pretty rag tag, 47 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: takes to a more guerrilla approach to warfare. Ducane really 48 00:02:56,240 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: excelled at this looser, more stealthy style, and he wound 49 00:03:00,639 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: up working as a military courier. This conflict could be 50 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: its own episode easily. But during this conflict, the British 51 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:11,320 Speaker 1: warfare tactics against the Boers were brutal and horrifying, and 52 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,960 Speaker 1: Ducane's family was not immune. His father had died not 53 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:17,640 Speaker 1: long after Fritz had been called to war, and Ducine 54 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 1: eventually learned that British troops had brutalized and murdered his 55 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:23,920 Speaker 1: uncle that had helped raised him and his sister as well, 56 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:28,280 Speaker 1: and that they had brutalized and kidnapped his mother disguised 57 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:30,960 Speaker 1: as a British soldier. Ducane found his mother in a 58 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,359 Speaker 1: concentration camp. She was at this point barely clinging to life. 59 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: She had an infant with her that was conceived with 60 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:40,360 Speaker 1: one of her captors who had raped her. Both of 61 00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: them were suffering from syphilis to a point that they 62 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: were too far gone to be saved, so they were 63 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: basically dying the most horrible way imaginable, and this, not surprisingly, 64 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:54,080 Speaker 1: is believed to have significantly hardened Duquesne. This event really 65 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:57,520 Speaker 1: is always pointed out as like the moment where he 66 00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,520 Speaker 1: shut down a little bit. He became a much colder 67 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: human being at this point. Despite being captured on several 68 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: occasions they were too documented and then more were suspected, 69 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 1: he always managed to escape, although one of his escape 70 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:14,320 Speaker 1: attempts involved using a spoon to dig a tunnel in 71 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:17,880 Speaker 1: a wall, only to have the wall collapse and pin 72 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 1: him there when he tried to go out the tunnel 73 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,960 Speaker 1: he had dug. There's also a tale that during one 74 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:25,360 Speaker 1: of his stints as a captive, he managed to seduce 75 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: the jailor's daughter. Yeah, basically everything you might read and 76 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: like a penny novel of the time, happened to him. 77 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:36,840 Speaker 1: So again, we don't these are largely his accounts, so 78 00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: we don't know how much of it's true and how 79 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:40,279 Speaker 1: much of it isn't, But both of those are fun 80 00:04:40,279 --> 00:04:43,600 Speaker 1: to think about. Uh. Decane's biggest escape, though, which is 81 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:46,120 Speaker 1: said to have happened after he was captured while plotting 82 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:50,480 Speaker 1: a particularly massive explosion, was actually orchestrated through Morse code. 83 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 1: He collaborated using the code with prisoners that were in 84 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 1: other cells. These men, there were three of them all together, 85 00:04:57,520 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 1: jumped into the sea. They were still bound at this 86 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 1: point point, and they managed to live on the run 87 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:04,880 Speaker 1: for several weeks before they reached a port town where 88 00:05:04,960 --> 00:05:09,400 Speaker 1: Duquesne actually became a pimp for a brief while. Again 89 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:12,480 Speaker 1: his story is so wacky. Uh. He only had that 90 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: job for about a week, just long enough so that 91 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,719 Speaker 1: he could steal the identity of one of the John's 92 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:21,800 Speaker 1: involved in this prostitution plan and set sail for the 93 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:25,880 Speaker 1: US under that assumed name. Decane's charm was so effective 94 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:28,520 Speaker 1: that he ended up after a time, becoming an advisor 95 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,599 Speaker 1: to President Theodore Roosevelt on a plan to travel to 96 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: Africa and hunt wild game. Once he had rubbed elbows 97 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: at the White House, he used that credential to bolster 98 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,359 Speaker 1: his image in his career. At first he wrote newspaper 99 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: columns about the president's trip, and then he turned his 100 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:47,599 Speaker 1: position and started writing smear pieces about how Roosevelt was 101 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:51,040 Speaker 1: actually a pampered tourist. He even went so far as 102 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: to try to have the President prevented from returning to 103 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: the United States by suggesting that he was going to 104 00:05:56,520 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: bring back a deadly contagious disease. Yeah, it seems like 105 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:02,880 Speaker 1: Ducane was not so much about loyalty as he was 106 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:06,800 Speaker 1: about maximizing his own benefit in any given situation. And 107 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:10,599 Speaker 1: this is just one example. Uh. And around this same time, 108 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: con Man Fritz had also started up a one man 109 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: touring stage show, and this was called East Africa, The 110 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,919 Speaker 1: Wonderland of Roosevelt's Hunt. So he was still trying to 111 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:22,840 Speaker 1: capitalize on kind of the fervor and excitement around this 112 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 1: trip Roosevelt was taking. And it's actually because of this 113 00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:31,160 Speaker 1: one man showed that Louisiana representative Broussard found him. So 114 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: at this point, as you may recall from our first 115 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:38,360 Speaker 1: episode in this two parter, at this point, the US 116 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: was dealing with what they called the meat question, which 117 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:42,800 Speaker 1: was how were they going to feed all of these 118 00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:46,600 Speaker 1: people that had immigrated into the US and the bolstering 119 00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: population as they were running out of meat. And this 120 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:52,960 Speaker 1: meat question, as it was called in the press, really 121 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: threatened to chip away at the idea that the U 122 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:58,520 Speaker 1: s could sustain its own people and continue to grow. Uh. 123 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:00,040 Speaker 1: You know, it was kind of a point of it 124 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:02,919 Speaker 1: as well as being an issue just a survival for 125 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,720 Speaker 1: a lot of people, and so Representative Broussard, like many 126 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 1: other politicians, really wanted to solve this food gap problem. 127 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:15,720 Speaker 1: Once the idea of introducing hippos to the South came 128 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:20,160 Speaker 1: Upstired sent a field agent to survey the Louisiana swamp 129 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: land and give an assessment about how viable it was 130 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: going to be to introduce hippos into that environment. The 131 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: report was titled Why and How to Place Hippopotamus in 132 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:34,360 Speaker 1: the Louisiana Lowlands, and it indicated that the swamps would 133 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: provide a great environment for hippos. It was actually estimated 134 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: by an official at the Agricultural Department that a herd 135 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:45,880 Speaker 1: of hippos eating through the swamps free range would produce 136 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:50,320 Speaker 1: an estimated million tons of meat each year. Word also 137 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:54,160 Speaker 1: circulated that hippo meat was delicious as well as potentially plentiful, 138 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:58,240 Speaker 1: particularly the brisket area. So, just in case anyone doesn't 139 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:01,880 Speaker 1: know cuts of meat, the brisket is normally a cut 140 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:04,720 Speaker 1: of meat from the lower chest of an animal, and 141 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:08,080 Speaker 1: The New York Times dubbed these proposed cuts of hippo 142 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 1: meat from this brisket area as Lake cow Bacon. So 143 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 1: Representative Broussard was winning people over with this idea. His 144 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: supporters really thought it was an ingenious solution to the 145 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: multiple problems it was set out to address. A lot 146 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:28,280 Speaker 1: of them volunteered to help with capture and transport of 147 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: these beasts. He had not only come up with a 148 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 1: plan that seemed like it could solve the meat shortage 149 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:36,520 Speaker 1: and the water hyacinth problem, but it also appealed to 150 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: the sense of American pride and problem solving. The whole 151 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 1: candy attitude of this hippo plan, Lippincott's Monthly magazine wrote, quote, 152 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:50,199 Speaker 1: this animal homely as a steam roller, is the embodiment 153 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: of salvation. Peace, plenty and contentment lie before us, and 154 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 1: a new life with new experiences, new opportunities, new vigor, 155 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: new romance. It's folded in that golden future, when the 156 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:06,199 Speaker 1: meadows and the bayous of our southern lands shall swarm 157 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:10,239 Speaker 1: with herds of hippopotami. Like, have you seen a hippopotami? 158 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 1: It sounds so idyllic, But if it does, it's homely 159 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,079 Speaker 1: as a steam roller that is going to charge your 160 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:22,280 Speaker 1: face and trample your Yeah, they were under the mistaken 161 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: impression that they were very docile, because they're big and lumbering. 162 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:29,480 Speaker 1: In most depictions. If you've ever seen a hippo run, 163 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,559 Speaker 1: it's terrifying, But in most depictions you see them kind 164 00:09:32,559 --> 00:09:35,319 Speaker 1: of floating in the water, looking very chill. I think 165 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: that led people to believe, Yeah, if there was some 166 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:40,920 Speaker 1: false testimony along the way, that they were going to 167 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 1: be completely easy to handle. If there were an award 168 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: for like the most angry dangerous herbivores, I think it 169 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: might go to two hippo's. So in March, a bill 170 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:58,080 Speaker 1: was introduced in the U. S. House of Representatives called 171 00:09:58,240 --> 00:10:03,679 Speaker 1: H one by Brussard. This bill proposed that two d 172 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: and fifty thousand dollars be appropriated to import animals into 173 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: United States for useful purposes. That came to be known 174 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 1: as the Hippo Bill, with Burnham's influence. The bill was 175 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: endorsed by former President Teddy Roosevelt, and prominent news outlets, 176 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:22,560 Speaker 1: which included The New York Times, were praising the hippo concept. 177 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,920 Speaker 1: Plans for hippo ranching, We're starting to gain serious support. 178 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:33,679 Speaker 1: Mutual friends connected Broussard, who was called cousin Bob by 179 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: his constituents with Burnham, and the men first met the 180 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: morning that the bill was introduced for discussion. And Burnham 181 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: had previously attempted to secure funding for an animal import 182 00:10:43,320 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: project of his own, like completely separate from this, but 183 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: it actually got bogged down by politicking in Washington. But 184 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:52,920 Speaker 1: now Burnham felt like with Brussard he had a political 185 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 1: ally and they might actually get some traction. When Burnham 186 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: spoke to the Congressional Committee, he urged them to consider 187 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:02,640 Speaker 1: the fact that most of the animals Americans eat were 188 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:05,600 Speaker 1: imported from Europe, with the exception of the Turkey, So 189 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:09,240 Speaker 1: why should hippos be seen any differently. He felt like 190 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: after the initial adjustment, hippo meat would come to seem 191 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:15,200 Speaker 1: just as natural a part of the North American diet 192 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: as beef or chicken. I have to admit when I 193 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:21,280 Speaker 1: read that very my research. It gave me such a giggle, 194 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: like just the thought of, of course, hippos are a 195 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:28,200 Speaker 1: natural part of our lives, because they're so not. Additionally, 196 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: Burnham pointed out that other seemingly exotic animals had been 197 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:35,400 Speaker 1: imported in more recent times, such as ostriches. He actually 198 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:37,920 Speaker 1: brought up the camels that we talked about in our 199 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 1: US camel Core episode, and to bolster the argument that 200 00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: imported animals, no matter how alien they may initially seem 201 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:48,160 Speaker 1: to the US, often fared well once they were imported. 202 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:51,680 Speaker 1: Uh he mentioned that he himself had seen camels. These 203 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:54,080 Speaker 1: were the offspring of those that had been part of 204 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:57,640 Speaker 1: the abandoned military plan to use them, thriving on their 205 00:11:57,679 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: own in the American Southwest. So to Burnham has absolutely 206 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: sealed the case. It provided clear evidence that adaptation of 207 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:08,560 Speaker 1: imported animals was absolutely possible and even highly likely beyond 208 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,960 Speaker 1: what we expected. I guess they were not really aware 209 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 1: of what was happening with rabbits in Australia. So Docane's 210 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: testimony before the committee was more theatrical. Here's how it opened. 211 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:25,720 Speaker 1: I am as much one of the African animals as 212 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:30,920 Speaker 1: the hippopotamus end quote. He told the hearing that hippo's 213 00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:33,559 Speaker 1: were easy to raise and domesticate, and that they were 214 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:37,760 Speaker 1: perfect animals for livestock, and that the meat was delicious. 215 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,800 Speaker 1: So obviously we know that this is a lot of 216 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 1: it is false. Hippos are widely regarded as one of 217 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:50,080 Speaker 1: the most dangerous species in Africa. He also suggested numerous 218 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:53,679 Speaker 1: other animals they could consider importing from Africa and including 219 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:59,080 Speaker 1: to rafts and elephants. So, between Burnham's confident, logical approach 220 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:02,760 Speaker 1: to the issue at hand and Ducane's enthusiastic flare and 221 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:07,280 Speaker 1: alleged expertise in handling wild animals, the hearing really convinced 222 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:09,679 Speaker 1: a lot of people that hippo ranching had a very 223 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:12,559 Speaker 1: real future in the United States. So the two men 224 00:13:12,640 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: traveled to Louisiana with Brussar to discuss next steps so 225 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:20,320 Speaker 1: that they could set up the new Food Society. Despite 226 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 1: having been enemies literally assigned with killing one another during wartime, 227 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:28,760 Speaker 1: the pair of them seemed to have a lot of 228 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:31,760 Speaker 1: respect for one another and they were really united by 229 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: this one common hippo goal. Yeah, a lot of a 230 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:40,800 Speaker 1: councils say that Um Burnham really felt like Ducane had 231 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,560 Speaker 1: gotten kind of a raw deal out of life, and 232 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:45,480 Speaker 1: that if he could kind of help him along this 233 00:13:45,640 --> 00:13:48,800 Speaker 1: path of kind of like legitimate enterprise, that he would 234 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:50,559 Speaker 1: help make a better man out of him, and he 235 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: could really help him turn his life around. But of 236 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 1: course he was a flim flamm even during this um, 237 00:13:58,200 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: as evidenced by the fact that he was talking about 238 00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:04,439 Speaker 1: how incredibly easy it is to domesticate hip Bo's UH. 239 00:14:04,559 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: At some point while they were forming this new society UH, 240 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: an inventor named Elliott Lord joined the group. It's unclear 241 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,120 Speaker 1: how this exactly happened, how he became part of it, 242 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:19,000 Speaker 1: and there's some speculation that he kind of just managed 243 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:22,400 Speaker 1: to insert himself into what had been a trio with 244 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,560 Speaker 1: no invite at all. He does seem to have rubbed 245 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 1: Burnham the wrong way, in part because he wanted to 246 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: go immediately to potential financial backers asking for money, whereas 247 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,160 Speaker 1: Burnham wanted to take a little time before doing that 248 00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:38,480 Speaker 1: and put together a full detailed plan for what they 249 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: were then calling the New Food Supply Society before they 250 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: started asking people to donate. He did not want his 251 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:47,280 Speaker 1: friends and associates because it was a lot of people 252 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: that Burnham knew that they were going to be approaching 253 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:52,640 Speaker 1: to feel pressured to buy into something that wasn't thought 254 00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:55,600 Speaker 1: through and could potentially cave in its infancy, and basically 255 00:14:55,600 --> 00:15:00,520 Speaker 1: be throwing their money away. During a lecture at the 256 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: Humane Association of California, Burnham's desire for a clear plan 257 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 1: was really apparent. He said, quote, let us not make 258 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: the same mistakes again. This nation has reached a stage 259 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:13,440 Speaker 1: in its development where we should take stock of our 260 00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:17,200 Speaker 1: assets and make full use of them in an intelligent manner. 261 00:15:18,280 --> 00:15:21,120 Speaker 1: The country had really overused its resources, that is, as 262 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 1: it established and then overthrottled the beef industry. So with 263 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:29,440 Speaker 1: the Hippo Plan, Burnham was insistent that a more careful 264 00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 1: strategy should be established from the very outset. Now, if 265 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: you have ever been part of a startup or a 266 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:40,040 Speaker 1: fledgling project that had difficulty getting off the ground, the 267 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:42,520 Speaker 1: way things start to play out at this point may 268 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: sound very familiar. These four men all had very different 269 00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: approaches to this new venture, and it caused a lot 270 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:53,000 Speaker 1: of problems. Elliott Lord seemed to want to do a 271 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:56,600 Speaker 1: lot of glad handing and hustling for backers, without much 272 00:15:56,600 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: in the way of actual money materializing from these words. 273 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: Duquesne was writing article after article about African animals and 274 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:07,520 Speaker 1: their adaptability, and he felt like he was the only 275 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,120 Speaker 1: one doing any real work, and he was doing it 276 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: at his own expense. So he started to feel put 277 00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: upon about it, which is very funny to me, because 278 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 1: he was making things up. Yeah, it wasn't like he 279 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: was spending a lot of time on research. No. He 280 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: also grew frustrated that some papers were crediting other men 281 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:28,800 Speaker 1: for this idea, and he wanted to get the attribution, 282 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,840 Speaker 1: especially because he felt like it was his personality that 283 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:37,160 Speaker 1: had given the Hippo plan real credibility. He yeah, he 284 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,920 Speaker 1: wanted pretty much all of the credit, even though really 285 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: he was just kind of a jazz hander in that 286 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: whole group. H Burnham meanwhile, was speaking with colleagues. He 287 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:50,800 Speaker 1: was giving occasional talks about organizing the New Food Supply Society, 288 00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: and he kept trying to stay positive, but he was 289 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:56,520 Speaker 1: really getting frustrated at the lack of real progress as well, 290 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 1: and he even kind of sympathized with Duchane. It was like, 291 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:01,440 Speaker 1: I know, this is not going the way we thought. 292 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,880 Speaker 1: Um Broussard, who you know, had initially put this whole 293 00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:10,480 Speaker 1: thing together, seemed to be really busy with politics, so 294 00:17:11,240 --> 00:17:14,680 Speaker 1: he would answer queries from Burnham, but he would simply 295 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:16,920 Speaker 1: tell him that nothing was really happening. Yet he was 296 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:21,680 Speaker 1: still laying groundwork. He was no real progress had materialized. 297 00:17:22,359 --> 00:17:25,479 Speaker 1: Burnham went to Washington in early spring of nineteen eleven 298 00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:28,240 Speaker 1: to talk to be Sorde about reintroducing the Hippo Bill. 299 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 1: As part of the plan, Burnham would go to Africa 300 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:34,720 Speaker 1: once again to look for suitable animals and gain additional 301 00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:37,840 Speaker 1: information to help build out the plan, but he never 302 00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: made the trip because the revolution in Mexico and he 303 00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:43,680 Speaker 1: had to drop everything and look after some other business 304 00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 1: dealings there. Yeah, just as Burnham's other work called him 305 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: away from the Hippo Plan, the other men that were 306 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 1: involved in this project eventually got absorbed in their other 307 00:17:55,119 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: activities as well. The Hippo Bill was never like the 308 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:02,159 Speaker 1: entire focus of any of their work or lives. You know, 309 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:04,439 Speaker 1: they all still had other things going on the side. 310 00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 1: So in short, the whole thing just kind of fizzled out. 311 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: I would like to say thank goodness just because based 312 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: on like I don't actually know whether hippos would wind 313 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: up flourishing in the southeastern United States, but based on 314 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:24,879 Speaker 1: other efforts to do things by introducing non native species. 315 00:18:25,240 --> 00:18:30,879 Speaker 1: I just imagine a giant barrier wall walling off all 316 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 1: of what used to be Louisiana and possibly adjacent states, 317 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:39,119 Speaker 1: also with like a big sign saying Louisiana is overrun 318 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:45,280 Speaker 1: with hippos. That will kill you. I feel like you're 319 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: gonna have hippo nightmares after this. I might, but first 320 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:50,439 Speaker 1: we're going to have a break for a word from 321 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:56,240 Speaker 1: a sponsor. So while things kind of fizzled out, that's 322 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:58,760 Speaker 1: not really the end of the story. Um as his 323 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:02,640 Speaker 1: focus on setting up the Food Supply Society waned. Frederick 324 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:05,800 Speaker 1: Burnham worked in Mexico. He was setting up copper mines 325 00:19:05,840 --> 00:19:09,399 Speaker 1: and other projects before he moved to t Lair County, California, 326 00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:12,840 Speaker 1: for a quieter life than Pasadena offered. Pasadena had been 327 00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:15,080 Speaker 1: quiet when he and his wife first moved there, but 328 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,240 Speaker 1: eventually it grew into a bigger town and he didn't 329 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: like that. He wanted to live out in the middle 330 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:22,879 Speaker 1: of nowhere, so he also became heavily involved in the 331 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:27,160 Speaker 1: preparedness movement. Ducaine had been a very busy man both 332 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:31,399 Speaker 1: before and after the Hippo Bill initiative ground to a halt. So, 333 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:34,040 Speaker 1: as we mentioned earlier, he was a con man and 334 00:19:34,119 --> 00:19:38,280 Speaker 1: that kept him busy for a while. Yeah, in addition 335 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:40,920 Speaker 1: to using his connection to the Hippo Bill to get 336 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:44,800 Speaker 1: funding for a variety of ventures, from things like banquet 337 00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: events where he would speak about his knowledge of African animals, 338 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:51,320 Speaker 1: to trying to stage a trip to South America where 339 00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:54,600 Speaker 1: he would film uh and then return to the US 340 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,240 Speaker 1: to make it into a multi media event detailing his trip. 341 00:19:57,440 --> 00:19:59,919 Speaker 1: He basically was just trying to parlay his connection to 342 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: all of these people into more activities and money for himself. 343 00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:08,720 Speaker 1: The start of World War One really shifted Duquesne's alias 344 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:12,400 Speaker 1: work into high gear. He was in South America when 345 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,720 Speaker 1: the war broke out with his wife and he sent 346 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: her home to the States. He still held a firm 347 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,240 Speaker 1: hatred for Britain left over from the Second Border War 348 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:25,119 Speaker 1: and the destruction of his family, so he thought the U. 349 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:28,919 Speaker 1: S should join forces with Germany to crush Britain, and 350 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 1: if the US wouldn't, he would do his part to 351 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,919 Speaker 1: bring his sworn enemy down. It's a whole other story 352 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: that could easily be its own episode, but he basically 353 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,280 Speaker 1: assumed more than a dozen other identities as he attempted 354 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: to sabotage Britain using his explosives knowledge. Yeah, he was busy. 355 00:20:49,119 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: He just had some connections with the Germans. Um was 356 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:57,080 Speaker 1: basically on kind of a uh revenge trip, still based 357 00:20:57,119 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: on that previous Um war that he was part of, 358 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: and his work led him eventually to being wanted for 359 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:05,960 Speaker 1: murder by Great Britain. So he did the only sensible 360 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,880 Speaker 1: thing for a conman, and he faked his own death. 361 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,760 Speaker 1: He basically planted the story in the media, using one 362 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: of his aliases as a byline, and he like sent 363 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:16,920 Speaker 1: this in as a freelance writer, so it got picked 364 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,800 Speaker 1: up and reported. But then he decided pretty quickly after 365 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:23,160 Speaker 1: that that he actually didn't want to be dead, so 366 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:27,199 Speaker 1: he instead made up a crazy story that kind of 367 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,760 Speaker 1: painted him as this hero and that he survived this 368 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: attack and no, no, we thought he was dead, but 369 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:36,639 Speaker 1: really he barely survived. Duchesne was finally arrested in New 370 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:40,439 Speaker 1: York for insurance fraud in late nineteen seventeen. Burnham had 371 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:43,360 Speaker 1: been consulted by police when they realized that the man 372 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:45,920 Speaker 1: they were hunting had worked with him and Broussard on 373 00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:49,960 Speaker 1: the Hippo Bill. There is so much more to both 374 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:52,560 Speaker 1: Burnham and Duquesne stories. Each of these men, as I've 375 00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,560 Speaker 1: said a couple of times, could easily be an episode 376 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:57,439 Speaker 1: on their own, and they very well maybe at some 377 00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:00,360 Speaker 1: point because like seriously, Duchene even ran a I ring 378 00:22:00,359 --> 00:22:02,720 Speaker 1: in World War Two. There is a lot to talk 379 00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:07,240 Speaker 1: about with both of these gents. But back to hippos. Now, 380 00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:09,520 Speaker 1: we have plenty of meat in the United States and 381 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:14,800 Speaker 1: we don't have hippos, So how did that happen? So eventually, 382 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 1: the idea that people have been focusing on for such 383 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:20,639 Speaker 1: a long time of bringing in non native species into 384 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,000 Speaker 1: a space that couldn't be farmed through traditional means i e. 385 00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: These swamp lands, was replaced by the idea of landscape engineering. 386 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:34,160 Speaker 1: So instead of finding uses for seemingly unfarmable land, agricultural 387 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: industry found ways to turn that land into usable pastures 388 00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 1: and feed lots. As for the water highest, since that 389 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:43,800 Speaker 1: the hippos were supposed to be eating, that is still 390 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:47,159 Speaker 1: a problem. Cool temperatures outside of the South keep it 391 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:50,479 Speaker 1: from spreading quite as far, but in the country's more warm, 392 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:53,240 Speaker 1: moist areas in the South. It has to be really 393 00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:58,200 Speaker 1: carefully managed. Frederick Russell Burnham eventually died of a heart 394 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,399 Speaker 1: attack in He was eighty six at the time, and 395 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,880 Speaker 1: Ducane died in ninety six at the age of seventy eight. Yeah, 396 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:08,480 Speaker 1: after he had done a stint in prison. Like I said, 397 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:12,160 Speaker 1: there's there's a lot of interesting tales that go along 398 00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,320 Speaker 1: with those two men, and I actually hope to tell 399 00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:18,440 Speaker 1: them at some point in time. Uh. In the meantime, though, 400 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:21,280 Speaker 1: I will tell you a tale of email. And it 401 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,320 Speaker 1: is another cool connection history that someone has. And this 402 00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:27,800 Speaker 1: is from our listener Haley, and she says, I love 403 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,760 Speaker 1: your show. It helps me through housework and other boring activities. 404 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:33,000 Speaker 1: And I super love that you did an episode on 405 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:35,400 Speaker 1: Filo T. Farnsworth. So that one was a while back, 406 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:38,359 Speaker 1: but she just recently wrote us. She says, Filo as 407 00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,159 Speaker 1: my great grandmother's cousin. I actually found that out by 408 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:44,280 Speaker 1: accident one day in fourth grade when we lived in Idaho. 409 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: I read his name in a textbook and saw that 410 00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:48,399 Speaker 1: he was in the same area of Idaho as my 411 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:53,160 Speaker 1: great grandma. My great grandma's name was Vonda Farnworth. There 412 00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:55,480 Speaker 1: was a long standing story in the family that three 413 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:59,399 Speaker 1: Farnsworth brothers arrived in America together, and however, at Ellis Island, 414 00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,760 Speaker 1: one brother, my great great great question Mark Grandpa, accidentally 415 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: had his s dropped. With this story and other evidence, 416 00:24:07,119 --> 00:24:09,199 Speaker 1: I approached my mom and when we looked at our 417 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:12,320 Speaker 1: family trees, lo and behold there is Filo T. Farnsworth, 418 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:14,680 Speaker 1: a cousin. I didn't know a whole lot about him, 419 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: so I appreciated your podcast on him. I was super 420 00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:19,440 Speaker 1: excited to realize that he went to bring hup Young 421 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 1: University since I graduated from their last year. Hey, Lee, 422 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 1: that's so cool. It's such a cool connection to history. 423 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,480 Speaker 1: I always love when people realize that they are related 424 00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:30,119 Speaker 1: to or otherwise connected to someone we've talked about. I 425 00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:31,760 Speaker 1: sort of feel like it's that thing that I never 426 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:33,439 Speaker 1: let go of talking about, but like we are all 427 00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:35,080 Speaker 1: connected to history and we're all part of it, and 428 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: that's why I love it. So if you would like 429 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:39,919 Speaker 1: to write to us, you can do so at History 430 00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:43,080 Speaker 1: Podcast at how Stuff Works dot com. We're on Facebook 431 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:46,200 Speaker 1: dot com slash Misston History. We're on Twitter at misst 432 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,240 Speaker 1: in History. We're at Misston History dot temller dot com, 433 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: and we're on pinterest dot com slash missed in History. 434 00:24:52,520 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: You can purchase stuff you missed in history class goodies 435 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: for yourself or your friends or loved ones at Misston 436 00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:00,720 Speaker 1: History dot spreadshirt dot com. If you would like to 437 00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:02,879 Speaker 1: learn a little bit more about what we talked about today, 438 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:04,879 Speaker 1: you can go to our parents site how stuff works. 439 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:07,119 Speaker 1: Type in the word hippo in the search bar, and 440 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:09,160 Speaker 1: one of the fun things that comes up is amazing 441 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:14,080 Speaker 1: animals the Hippopotamus quiz, and they are quite amazing, if deadly. Uh. 442 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: You would like to research that, you can do that 443 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:20,679 Speaker 1: at our parents site. As I said, howso work dot com. 444 00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 1: If you would like to connect more with us, you 445 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:25,080 Speaker 1: can do so at missed in history dot com, where 446 00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:27,959 Speaker 1: Tracy and I have put together show notes for all 447 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,440 Speaker 1: of the episodes we've worked on together, as well as 448 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,440 Speaker 1: uh an archive of all of the episodes of the 449 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:36,600 Speaker 1: show ever and at the occasional blog post, and you 450 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:45,399 Speaker 1: can check that out at missed in history dot com 451 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:47,879 Speaker 1: for more on this and thousands of other topics. Because 452 00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:48,760 Speaker 1: it has to work st