1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,319 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 1: part two of our autumn installment of Unearthed. We have 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: lots of many folks favorite things. Today we are going 6 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,920 Speaker 1: to kick off, as we so often do, with things 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,320 Speaker 1: that were interesting but hard to categorize. So I threw 8 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: them together and called it potpourri. And Potpourri starts with controversy. 9 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:42,000 Speaker 1: In September, a paper called a tunguskas sized air burst 10 00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:45,280 Speaker 1: destroyed Tall el ha Mom, a Middle Bronze Age city 11 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 1: in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea, that was 12 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 1: published in the journal Scientific Reports. This paper makes the 13 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: case that a cosmic air burst caused by a comment 14 00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:01,000 Speaker 1: or meteorite destroyed the city around sixteen fifty BC. It 15 00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:04,080 Speaker 1: also notes debate about whether Tall el ham Mom may 16 00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: have been the biblical city of Sodom, and the papers 17 00:01:06,959 --> 00:01:10,039 Speaker 1: authors considered whether the Biblical account of the destruction of 18 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 1: the city of Sodom may have come from oral traditions 19 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:17,280 Speaker 1: about the destruction of Tall el Hammam. So this paper 20 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: argues that this was a massive incredibly destructive high temperature event, 21 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,759 Speaker 1: shattering the bones of the people who were killed, melting 22 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:30,479 Speaker 1: pottery and mud bricks, and creating a destruction layer really 23 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: rich in charcoal in the archaeological record. There have been 24 00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:40,640 Speaker 1: multiple Twitter threads by physicists, bioarchaeologists, and other experts questioning 25 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: or criticizing various aspects of this paper, like that there 26 00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 1: really wasn't a lot of bone used in the research, 27 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: and that the researchers were not sure whether the bones 28 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: that were studied were human or animal, or that the 29 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: way the mud brick had fragmented is really typical in 30 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:01,480 Speaker 1: other excavations of similar structures are not suggested to have 31 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:05,280 Speaker 1: been destroyed in a massive air blast, or that pottery 32 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 1: being intermingled with mud brick isn't evidence that pottery was 33 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,639 Speaker 1: violently blasted into the walls. Pottery pieces were commonly used 34 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,880 Speaker 1: to help bind the brick. There's really a lot going 35 00:02:16,919 --> 00:02:20,440 Speaker 1: on here, and some of the people involved with writing 36 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 1: this paper definitely do believe that tal el Hamm is 37 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:27,120 Speaker 1: the biblical city of Sodom, while a lot of the 38 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:32,000 Speaker 1: papers critics definitely do not like. People were definitely coming 39 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:34,600 Speaker 1: from a perspective in both the paper and the criticism, 40 00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:38,040 Speaker 1: and some of the critics have also concluded that this 41 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 1: paper was written specifically to support the idea that tal 42 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:46,600 Speaker 1: el hamm was the city of Sodom, rather than drawing 43 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 1: conclusions based on where the evidence actually lad. There has 44 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 1: even been criticism of this paper from Biblical scholars and 45 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:58,960 Speaker 1: archaeologists who focus specifically on the Bible, because if tal 46 00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: el Hammam really was destroyed in an air blast that 47 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: happened as many as four hundred years after the destruction 48 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,520 Speaker 1: of the city of Sodom is supposed to have happened. Uh. 49 00:03:10,120 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: This paper made a whole lot of headlines, and then 50 00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: I kept finding more and more Twitter threads from people 51 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:22,600 Speaker 1: who were like, Nah, it's honestly a level of uh 52 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: like criticism that I have more often seen associated with 53 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:32,359 Speaker 1: like a television show that's purportedly about archaeology, rather than 54 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: about a paper published in a peer reviewed journal. Trauma 55 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: that should actually be the television show, is the argument 56 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: among experts. Moving on, archaeologists in Gloucestershire, working ahead of 57 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:52,160 Speaker 1: a new development, have unearthed a number of objects, many 58 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:56,080 Speaker 1: of them dating back to Roman times, including a statuette 59 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: believed to depict the goddess Venus. This piece is small, 60 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:03,200 Speaker 1: it's just about seventeen centimeters tall and it's made of 61 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:06,640 Speaker 1: pipe clay and it's in very good condition. It was 62 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 1: most likely worshiped as a religious icon, possibly at someone's 63 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 1: home altar. Other finds at the area include the foundations 64 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 1: of Roman era buildings. Archaeologists in the Orkney Archipelago have 65 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: unearthed two stone balls, each of them about the size 66 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:26,840 Speaker 1: of a cricket ball, from a tomb there. This tomb 67 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:30,200 Speaker 1: dates back to about thirty b C and it's currently 68 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: being lost to erosion and sea level rise. Earlier excavations 69 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:37,920 Speaker 1: were carried out in the surrounding area back in the 70 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:41,040 Speaker 1: nineteen eighties, but archaeologists have gone back to try to 71 00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:44,320 Speaker 1: find as much as they can before this whole area 72 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 1: is underwater. About five hundred similar balls have been discovered 73 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,160 Speaker 1: in Scotland and they seem to be unique to Scotland. 74 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,479 Speaker 1: Although there are several possibilities for how they were used, 75 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:58,840 Speaker 1: the most common is that they were throwing weapons. In 76 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: terms of these two specific balls, one is intact, spherical 77 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 1: and polished and the other has split. Moving on, when 78 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: Europeans started arriving in North America in the fifteenth and 79 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:13,680 Speaker 1: sixteenth centuries. They of course brought lots of European goods 80 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:16,560 Speaker 1: with them. They brought their own supplies as well as 81 00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: trade goods and gifts, but for the most part, these 82 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 1: goods were not evenly dispersed through the indigenous communities that 83 00:05:25,320 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: Europeans came into contact with. Especially at first, Europeans tended 84 00:05:30,040 --> 00:05:32,800 Speaker 1: to give them to or trade them with people they 85 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: saw as being more elite. So today archaeologists tend to 86 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:41,320 Speaker 1: find smaller numbers of European goods kind of clustered together 87 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:45,919 Speaker 1: in context that are associated with indigenous people of higher status, 88 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:50,279 Speaker 1: or at least indigenous people that Europeans would have interpreted 89 00:05:50,360 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: as being of a higher status. That's not always the case, though. 90 00:05:55,320 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 1: Researchers in Mississippi have found a trove of more than 91 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:01,520 Speaker 1: eighty middle objects that likely date back to Hernando de 92 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 1: Soto's expedition through what is now the southeastern United States 93 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: in the sixteenth century. In early fifteen forty one, De 94 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:12,840 Speaker 1: Soto demanded that the Chickasaw Nation provide him with hundreds 95 00:06:12,839 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: of porters to help carry his expedition supplies. He also 96 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:20,479 Speaker 1: demanded they supply him with women. This followed months of 97 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: escalating tensions between De Soto's expedition and the Chickasaw nation, 98 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: including De Soto's execution of two Chickasaw people. So on 99 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:34,720 Speaker 1: March fourth, fifty one, Chickasaw archers attacked De Soto's encampment. 100 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: De Soto retreated and regrouped, but the Chickasaw attacked a 101 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:42,880 Speaker 1: second time, ultimately driving De Soto out of the area 102 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 1: entirely in spite of the Chickasaw being heavily outnumbered. As 103 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: de Soto's force fled, they left behind all kinds of supplies, 104 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: including metal chains that De Soto had brought to shackle 105 00:06:55,720 --> 00:07:00,919 Speaker 1: indigenous people with, including captives and people that the Spanish enslaved. 106 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,960 Speaker 1: There were also objects like axe heads, nails, and blades 107 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,560 Speaker 1: which the Chickasaw recovered from the battlefield and repurposed for 108 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:12,280 Speaker 1: their own use, including reshaping metal objects and tools to 109 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:16,400 Speaker 1: more closely resemble their Chickasaw made counterparts. Those were often 110 00:07:16,440 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: made of bone, stone, or cane. In the words of 111 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 1: lead author Charles Cobb, quote, one of the most stunning 112 00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:25,400 Speaker 1: things we found is an exact iron replica of a 113 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,240 Speaker 1: Native American stone selt or axe head. I've never seen 114 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:33,640 Speaker 1: anything like this in the Southeast before the US government 115 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: removed the Chickasaw Nation from its traditional homeland to what's 116 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:41,640 Speaker 1: now Oklahoma in eighteen thirty seven. This find was part 117 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:45,800 Speaker 1: of archaeological work that started in Mississippi and twif at 118 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 1: a site called Stark Farms, and the research was co 119 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: funded by the Chickasaw Nation and it's Chickasaw Explorers Program. 120 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: Field work at Stark Farms was initially started in part 121 00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 1: to provide an archaeology field work program for Chickasaw University students. 122 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 1: The objects that were described in this paper, which was 123 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: published in the journal American Antiquity in July, are being 124 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:13,120 Speaker 1: repatriated to the Chickasaw Nation. All right, let's move on 125 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 1: to some more repatriations. In September, the Metropolitan Museum of 126 00:08:17,560 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: Art announced that it would be returning a tenth century 127 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:25,600 Speaker 1: religious sculpture depicting Lord Shiva to Nepal. Researchers at the 128 00:08:25,640 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: ment realized there were some holes in the sculptures providence 129 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: and concluded that it had probably been stolen from Nepal 130 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:37,679 Speaker 1: about fifty years ago. A collection of sixteenth century manuscripts 131 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:41,320 Speaker 1: is being returned to Mexico from the United States after 132 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:46,559 Speaker 1: researchers in Mexico noticed a pattern of colonial era documents 133 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:50,360 Speaker 1: being offered up for sale at US auction houses. Of 134 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:55,240 Speaker 1: Mexican authorities started an investigation after seeing this pattern. These 135 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:59,720 Speaker 1: documents were stolen from Mexico's national archive, possibly in a 136 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 1: a stematic series of thefts. An investigation and repatriation process 137 00:09:05,400 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: was a joint effort involving the Mexican government, the U. S. 138 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: Attorney's Office in New York, and homeland security investigations. There 139 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: was a formal repatriation ceremony for these documents in September. 140 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,840 Speaker 1: A pair of eighteenth century church doors was repatriated from 141 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: Japan to Cyprus in September. The panel doors featured paintings 142 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:29,560 Speaker 1: of saints and religious scenes, and they were looted after 143 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:34,120 Speaker 1: Turkey invaded Cyprus in nineteen seventy four. Legal efforts to 144 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,079 Speaker 1: have the doors returned had started in the nineteen nineties, 145 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: but at first Japanese authorities maintained that they had been 146 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 1: bought in good faith and in our last repatriation before 147 00:09:44,559 --> 00:09:48,480 Speaker 1: we take a quick break, the Brooklyn Museum is repatriating 148 00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:53,679 Speaker 1: more than thirteen hundred pre Columbian artifacts to Costa Rica. 149 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:57,000 Speaker 1: These have been part of a collection belonging to railroad 150 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: magnate Minor Keith, who owned banana plantations in Costa Rica. 151 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:07,160 Speaker 1: When workers on the plantations found artifacts, Keith just kept them. 152 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:11,320 Speaker 1: The museum bought some of the collection. In another part 153 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: of the collection was given to the museum as a gift. 154 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: Some of these repatriated objects are more than two thousand 155 00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: years old. And now we'll pause for a quick sponsor break. 156 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:33,280 Speaker 1: Next up, we have a couple of things that aren't 157 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: exactly discoveries, but they are papers that have come out 158 00:10:38,280 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: over the last few months, and they relate to how 159 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:44,319 Speaker 1: researchers approached the kind of work that we talked about 160 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:47,120 Speaker 1: on these episodes and the language that we used to 161 00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 1: talk about it. We've talked about discoveries made through remote 162 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,520 Speaker 1: sensing and noninvasive imaging technologies quite a few times, especially 163 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,400 Speaker 1: in the more recent installments of An Earth. This can 164 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: be a particularly useful method because it allows researchers to 165 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:04,400 Speaker 1: get a sense of what's under the ground or to 166 00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: get a clearer picture of the landscape without actually disturbing 167 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:11,960 Speaker 1: the area. But we haven't really talked about the ethics 168 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:15,079 Speaker 1: of this kind of work, and that's something that's discussed 169 00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: in a paper that was published in the journal Archaeological 170 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 1: Perspection in July. Basically, while it's true that things like 171 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: drone photography, satellite imagery, and light detection and ranging or 172 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: light are those are all considered non invasive, using them 173 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:35,280 Speaker 1: doesn't eliminate the need for researchers to approach their work 174 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:38,440 Speaker 1: and the communities that they're studying in a respectful and 175 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: ethical way. In the words of Penn State doctoral student 176 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: Dylan Davis, quote, remote sensing is a tool, and it 177 00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: can be used for great things, or it can be 178 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: used in ways that are extremely harmful. If you do 179 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:53,439 Speaker 1: not communicate what you are trying to do with these 180 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:58,400 Speaker 1: technologies with local communities, especially indigenous communities who may have 181 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,840 Speaker 1: been there for hundreds or thousands of years, the research 182 00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:04,760 Speaker 1: you put together could tell a narrative that implicates them 183 00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:09,120 Speaker 1: in something they're not responsible for. The papers authors also 184 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:13,080 Speaker 1: note that the use of remote sensing doesn't absolve researchers 185 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,440 Speaker 1: of the need to get permission from indigenous communities to 186 00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: study their sacred spaces, even if they're not physically entering 187 00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 1: those spaces. Researchers using these technologies should also be aware 188 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:28,720 Speaker 1: of how their research could impact communities who are living 189 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: in or connected to the spaces that are being studied 190 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:36,360 Speaker 1: through remote imaging and for the other paper. Something else 191 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:38,920 Speaker 1: that we've talked about in several previous episodes of the 192 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:43,520 Speaker 1: show is that race is socially constructed. Race and racism 193 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 1: have had and continue to have real and dramatic effects 194 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: on the world and on people's lives, but they're not 195 00:12:49,960 --> 00:12:53,960 Speaker 1: actually based on biology. That can make it difficult to 196 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,960 Speaker 1: talk about research in a precise and accurate way, especially 197 00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:00,439 Speaker 1: when that research is on the physical remains of people 198 00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:05,520 Speaker 1: whose identities we don't necessarily know. In some cases, researchers 199 00:13:05,559 --> 00:13:08,360 Speaker 1: have tried to frame their work in terms of people's 200 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:13,080 Speaker 1: places of origin rather than racial categories. So, as a 201 00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:17,280 Speaker 1: hypothetical example, a researcher describing remains that were found in 202 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:20,120 Speaker 1: a burial site might say that they were people of 203 00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:23,680 Speaker 1: African descent rather than saying that they were black, in 204 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:27,679 Speaker 1: an effort to be more precise, but this may not 205 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:32,160 Speaker 1: be accurate either. Research published in the journal Biology examined 206 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:34,680 Speaker 1: the papers that were published in the journal of forensic 207 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:38,640 Speaker 1: sciences between two thousand nine and twenty nineteen. So the 208 00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:42,680 Speaker 1: focus here was on forensic anthropology, but the same concepts 209 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:47,480 Speaker 1: exist in other fields as well. Researchers evaluated papers that 210 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: referenced things like ancestry and race to see if their 211 00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:56,080 Speaker 1: authors were using their terminology consistently, and they weren't. In 212 00:13:56,120 --> 00:13:59,959 Speaker 1: the words of lead author and Ross, quote, inconsistent term 213 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:04,600 Speaker 1: anology opens the door to confusion, misunderstanding, and misuse within 214 00:14:04,640 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: the discipline. And the teape also found that researchers descriptions 215 00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:13,480 Speaker 1: of remains as having an African, European or Asian origin 216 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,640 Speaker 1: also were not always correct, and in some cases these 217 00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: places of origin were basically being used as synonyms for race, 218 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: rather than actually correctly saying where a person had come from. 219 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:30,320 Speaker 1: There aren't necessarily any easy answers here, not within a 220 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,239 Speaker 1: field like forensic anthropology, or even within something like our podcast, 221 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:36,880 Speaker 1: which is meant for a general audience made up of 222 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:40,280 Speaker 1: people from a variety of backgrounds. In the paper itself, 223 00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:43,800 Speaker 1: the authors conclude, quote, we need a fundamental, structural and 224 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: thoughtful shift in our paradigm, beginning with hypotheses driven by 225 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: meaningful questions and careful selection of informative characters for investigation. 226 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: We need a return or rather beginning to investigating real 227 00:14:57,720 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: human biological variation. Next up, we have a couple of 228 00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: exhimations to talk about. The body of Father Patrick Ryan 229 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:09,800 Speaker 1: was exhumed in July. Father Ryan was a Catholic priest 230 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:13,080 Speaker 1: who died in eighteen seventy eight after contracting yellow fever 231 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: while caring for people during a yellow fever epidemic. Once 232 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: his coffin was opened, officials detected the presence of arsenic, 233 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:23,560 Speaker 1: which was used pretty often an embalming fluid at the time. 234 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,359 Speaker 1: Hazardous materials specialists had to be brought in to transfer 235 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: the remains to a newly built casket. A processional carried 236 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,160 Speaker 1: the casket to the Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul 237 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:37,880 Speaker 1: in Chattanooga, where it was re entombed. Father Ryan has 238 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:40,280 Speaker 1: been given the title Servant of God and his work 239 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,600 Speaker 1: is being investigated and researched. In the process of his 240 00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:47,720 Speaker 1: possibly being named a saint and our other exhimation this 241 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:52,040 Speaker 1: time around, Historians, history enthusiasts and others in Ireland have 242 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: called for the body of Irish Republican leader Michael Collins 243 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: to be exhumed. Collins was shot and killed in August 244 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,000 Speaker 1: of nineteen two when the convoy he was traveling in 245 00:16:03,080 --> 00:16:07,160 Speaker 1: was ambushed. It's generally known that his assailants opposed the 246 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: Anglo Irish Treaty of December ninety one, which Collins had 247 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:15,760 Speaker 1: helped negotiate, but beyond that there was no formal inquiry, 248 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:19,160 Speaker 1: so very little is known about exactly what happened or 249 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,560 Speaker 1: who actually pulled the trigger. Advocates for exuming his remains 250 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,520 Speaker 1: hope that it would yield some new information about his death. 251 00:16:27,120 --> 00:16:33,520 Speaker 1: All right, lots of favorites here in Shipwrecked time last 252 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: year we talked about a seventeenth century flout discovered in 253 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: the Gulf of Finland. Divers had found this wreck while 254 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: looking for ships from World War One and World War 255 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:46,160 Speaker 1: Two based on markings on its transom, which were a 256 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: picture of a swan and a year. This flout has 257 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:52,960 Speaker 1: now been identified as the Swan built in sixteen thirty six. 258 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: Divers also took measurements and photos to make a photogrametric 259 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 1: three D model of the wreck, and they're hoping to 260 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: use all of this information to track down more about 261 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:05,600 Speaker 1: the ship. In the written record, a shipwreck in the 262 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,760 Speaker 1: Southern Irish Sea, previously believed to be a submarine, has 263 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:12,760 Speaker 1: been identified as the HMS Mercury, which was a mine 264 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,480 Speaker 1: sweeper during World War Two that had originally been a 265 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: ferry and it sank in nineteen forty after being damaged 266 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:23,160 Speaker 1: one of the minds that it was trying to clear exploded. 267 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:26,600 Speaker 1: The mine had gotten caught in the vessel sweeping gear 268 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:30,720 Speaker 1: and exploded underneath the vessel. This work was carried out 269 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: by maritime archaeologists at Bournemouth University and scientists at Bangor 270 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:39,520 Speaker 1: University School of Ocean Sciences. It's part of ongoing work 271 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,960 Speaker 1: to try to identify hundreds of rex in the Irish Sea. 272 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:47,240 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working in the Adriatic Sea have confirmed that a 273 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,560 Speaker 1: shipwreck discovered there a few years ago is both the 274 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,359 Speaker 1: oldest and the best preserved ship in the area, and 275 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: it's a somewhat surprising find as well. It's in water 276 00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: that is only about two and a half meters deep, 277 00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:03,080 Speaker 1: but it was not spotted until just a few years ago. 278 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:09,040 Speaker 1: Slovenian archaeologist Milan Eric found it by accidents while anchoring 279 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: a boat in Croatia and research started on it back 280 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: in This is a wooden merchant vessel that dates back 281 00:18:16,760 --> 00:18:20,639 Speaker 1: to about the second century BC. Research on the vessel 282 00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:24,119 Speaker 1: required the team to dam off the surrounding area because 283 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:27,080 Speaker 1: the sand the vessel was resting in was so loose 284 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:29,880 Speaker 1: that it kept refilming behind them as they were trying 285 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: to dig it out. Once excavation and conservation are complete, 286 00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:36,240 Speaker 1: the wreck is planned to be housed in the Loan 287 00:18:36,320 --> 00:18:41,919 Speaker 1: Museum and our last shipwreck. Authorities in Finland have retrieved 288 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,920 Speaker 1: a carved wooden lion's head from a shipwreck on the seafloor. 289 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 1: This is pretty unusual and Finland shipwrecks are protected. Normally, 290 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 1: artifacts are documented through photography and measurements are taken, but 291 00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: otherwise everything stays underwater, sort of similar to that first 292 00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:02,800 Speaker 1: shipwreck that we talked about, the seventeenth century Flout, but 293 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: in this case, the lion's face had fallen off the 294 00:19:05,960 --> 00:19:08,879 Speaker 1: beam that would have been used to operate the ship's anchors. 295 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: This beam was called a cathead because it was often 296 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:14,879 Speaker 1: decorated with the face of some kind of cat. This 297 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:17,640 Speaker 1: face had been attached back in two thousand five when 298 00:19:17,680 --> 00:19:20,480 Speaker 1: divers visited the site, but when they went back this 299 00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 1: year it had fallen off, and so the decision was 300 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:25,720 Speaker 1: made to bring it up. All right, Now we're going 301 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 1: to move on to some other things that are sunken 302 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,560 Speaker 1: or just otherwise underwater, but for the most part these 303 00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:34,280 Speaker 1: are not shipwrecks. So first up, underwater teams have been 304 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 1: working at the sunken city of Toni's Heracleon. The city 305 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:40,800 Speaker 1: was initially built on the Nile Delta about twenty seven 306 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,320 Speaker 1: hundred years ago, on small pieces of land connected by 307 00:19:44,359 --> 00:19:48,399 Speaker 1: bridges and ferries. At one point, it was Egypt's largest port, 308 00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:51,680 Speaker 1: but it eventually sank due to a combination of factors 309 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:55,359 Speaker 1: including earthquakes, tidal ways, and liquid faction of the land 310 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 1: that it was resting on. Parts of the city disappeared 311 00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 1: around the second century BEAST and then the rest around 312 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:05,120 Speaker 1: the eighth century C. The remains of the city were 313 00:20:05,119 --> 00:20:08,200 Speaker 1: discovered around the year two thousand, and At this point, 314 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:11,280 Speaker 1: only about three percent of the area has been explored. 315 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 1: Recent finds at the site include a military vessel which 316 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:19,399 Speaker 1: apparently sank while being loaded with huge stone blocks in 317 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:23,359 Speaker 1: the second century b c. E Divers also found wicker 318 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:27,399 Speaker 1: baskets filled with fruits, particularly with doom, which is a 319 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:31,240 Speaker 1: fruit of an African palm tree. These baskets appear to 320 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: date back to the fourth century b c e. And 321 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,359 Speaker 1: they may have been part of a funerary offering. The 322 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: baskets were found in the same general area as a 323 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: large burial mound that was also home to Greek funerary offerings. 324 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:47,680 Speaker 1: A Roman road was found submerged in part of the 325 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: Venice Lagoon known as Traporti Channel. This doesn't just illustrate 326 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: one of the areas of the lagoon that used to 327 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,719 Speaker 1: be accessible by land, it also suggests that there were 328 00:20:56,840 --> 00:20:59,919 Speaker 1: Roman settlements in the area centuries before the city of 329 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: Ennis was established. This research was conducted using sonar and 330 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:07,840 Speaker 1: they found evidence of twelve structures that would have been 331 00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:11,600 Speaker 1: aligned along this road. One of the structures may have 332 00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:14,679 Speaker 1: been a dock, suggesting that this road was situated on 333 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:18,960 Speaker 1: a sandy ridge that lay at the time along the lagoon, 334 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,840 Speaker 1: but now it's under it. Researchers from the University of 335 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 1: Burn have dated underwater piles in Lake Orid in the Balkans, 336 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,440 Speaker 1: believed to be the oldest lake in Europe. This research 337 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:33,920 Speaker 1: involved the underwater remnants of about eight hundred piles, which 338 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:37,199 Speaker 1: would have supported the houses and other structures built on 339 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:41,399 Speaker 1: the lake. These piles are exceptionally well preserved thanks to 340 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: the lack of oxygen at the bottom of the lake, 341 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: and the oldest date back to the middle of the 342 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,719 Speaker 1: fifth millennium BC, but this site seems to have been 343 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 1: used for thousands of years, with settlements essentially being built 344 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,639 Speaker 1: on top of one another. The remains of these pile 345 00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,720 Speaker 1: dwellings are the only ones from the Neolithic period in 346 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,160 Speaker 1: this region to be so well preserved, and research done 347 00:22:04,160 --> 00:22:06,920 Speaker 1: in the area suggests that this was home to Europe's 348 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:11,080 Speaker 1: first farmers. Let's take a real quick sponsor break before 349 00:22:11,119 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: we move on to some royal residences. Like I said 350 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:25,800 Speaker 1: before the break, we've got a couple of fines now 351 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:31,040 Speaker 1: that are related to royal residences. First, the Nara National 352 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:35,919 Speaker 1: Research Institute for Cultural Properties in Japan has excavated a 353 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:39,800 Speaker 1: ruin from the Hejokio Palace that they believed to have 354 00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:44,040 Speaker 1: been the residence of Emperor cocin So, the female emperor 355 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:48,160 Speaker 1: who ruled in the eighth century. They unearthed the footprints 356 00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 1: of a rectangular structure that was dotted with about fifty pits. 357 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:55,879 Speaker 1: These pits would have held the pillars that supported the structure. 358 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,280 Speaker 1: They believe that this structure was in use for about 359 00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:04,119 Speaker 1: twenty years and a team from the Royal Agricultural University 360 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:08,040 Speaker 1: and Wessex Archaeology have found an Early English cave house 361 00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:11,359 Speaker 1: dating back to about the ninth century. The cave is 362 00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:15,440 Speaker 1: cut from sandstone with windows and supporting pillars, and there's 363 00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: some speculation that it belonged to King Ardwolf, who ruled 364 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:23,159 Speaker 1: Northumbria until eight oh six and was later canonized as St. Rdulf. 365 00:23:23,720 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: He was buried not far away from the cave house 366 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:30,120 Speaker 1: after his death. Moving on to some books and documents, 367 00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:35,200 Speaker 1: in ten Michael Richardson from the University of Bristol's Special 368 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:40,360 Speaker 1: Collections Library found seven parchment pieces from a very old 369 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:44,880 Speaker 1: manuscript telling the story of Merlin the Magician. These had 370 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:49,359 Speaker 1: been used as binding materials for four other volumes that 371 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,880 Speaker 1: were published around the turn of the sixteenth century. It's 372 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:57,640 Speaker 1: not clear exactly why these fragments were used as binding material, 373 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: but it was incredibly commend to repurpose parchment and paper 374 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:06,919 Speaker 1: from books and other materials once they were considered old 375 00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:12,840 Speaker 1: or obsolete or otherwise no longer needed, reduced, reused, recycle uh. 376 00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:16,160 Speaker 1: These fragments are from an early thirteenth century Old French 377 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:18,960 Speaker 1: sequence known as the Vulga Cycle or the Lancelot g 378 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,920 Speaker 1: Reel cycle, and it's possible that they were one of 379 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: the inspirations for Sir Thomas Mallory's Lemore d'artur. It's also 380 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,000 Speaker 1: possible that Mallory's work is what led to these pieces 381 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,480 Speaker 1: of parchment being thought of as better suited for the 382 00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:34,760 Speaker 1: scrap pile than for reading. Anymore, they may have been 383 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,440 Speaker 1: seen as more or less obsolete in light of Mallory's 384 00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 1: work being available. These fragments were dated to the early hundreds, 385 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,119 Speaker 1: and the text itself was probably written between twelve twenty 386 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:48,879 Speaker 1: and twelve twenty five, so this is one of the 387 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: earliest known copies of this text. In July, an English 388 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,560 Speaker 1: translation of this material was published as The Bristol Merlin 389 00:24:57,720 --> 00:25:01,240 Speaker 1: Revealing the Secrets of a Medieval Fragment. In addition to 390 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,679 Speaker 1: the translation, this book includes full color images of the 391 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,840 Speaker 1: seven parchment fragments. According to researchers at Yale University, a 392 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,320 Speaker 1: map known as the Vinland Map, which is supposedly a 393 00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: fifteenth century map detailing the northeastern coast of North America, 394 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:21,440 Speaker 1: it's really a twentieth century fake. Yale first announced the 395 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:24,640 Speaker 1: discovery of the map in nineteen sixty five, and from 396 00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:27,320 Speaker 1: there people started pointing to it as evidence that the 397 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:33,240 Speaker 1: Norse arrived in North America well before Christopher Columbus's two voyage. 398 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:37,159 Speaker 1: There were definitely Norse settlements on what's now Newfoundland that 399 00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:41,040 Speaker 1: predated Columbus's voyage, so the maps in authenticity does not 400 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,800 Speaker 1: undo all of that. It also appears that this map 401 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 1: was intentionally created to be deceptive. It was made from 402 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:52,760 Speaker 1: pages that were repurposed from a fifteenth century volume called 403 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:57,600 Speaker 1: the Speculum Historiale and had a Latin inscription on the 404 00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:00,760 Speaker 1: back written over book binders and stractions about how to 405 00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:05,600 Speaker 1: bind that volume. This overwritten note contained some instructions for 406 00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:10,479 Speaker 1: binding the map into the Speculum Historiale. It's likely that 407 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: the forged map was drawn on the Speculum Historiale's blank 408 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:17,880 Speaker 1: in sheets, and then those were removed and bound into 409 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,960 Speaker 1: another volume that was a copy of the Tartar Relation. 410 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:25,160 Speaker 1: Both of these volumes were ultimately in the Yale collection, 411 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 1: and researchers had access to both of them for as 412 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,800 Speaker 1: long as they needed to do this research. There were 413 00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:34,320 Speaker 1: already questions about the maps authenticity Before this point, and 414 00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:37,840 Speaker 1: earlier research had suggested that modern inks were present in 415 00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: at least some parts of the map, but this research 416 00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:43,720 Speaker 1: examined all of the inc used on the map, finding 417 00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,080 Speaker 1: that it contained a form of titanium dioxide that was 418 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:51,480 Speaker 1: not used commercially until the nineteen twenties. They didn't find 419 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,320 Speaker 1: evidence of the substances that would have been in fifteen 420 00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:58,920 Speaker 1: century inks like iron, sulfur or copper, and last up 421 00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: in the documents and books. A signer's copy of the 422 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:07,040 Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence, which was found in an attic in Scotland, 423 00:27:07,280 --> 00:27:10,679 Speaker 1: was sold at auction in July, with the buyer paying 424 00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:14,080 Speaker 1: more than four million dollars for it. This copy had 425 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:18,160 Speaker 1: originally been presented to signer Charles Carroll, and from there 426 00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 1: it was passed down through family in Scotland before being 427 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:26,000 Speaker 1: found by Edinburgh based auctioneers Lion in Turnbull. This is 428 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,879 Speaker 1: one of two hundred and one copies that were commissioned 429 00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:32,159 Speaker 1: by John Quincy Adams, who at the time was Secretary 430 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,520 Speaker 1: of State, and printed by William Stone, with only forty 431 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:38,600 Speaker 1: eight of them known to still exist today. It is 432 00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:41,840 Speaker 1: the last copy known to be in private hands. The 433 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,960 Speaker 1: buyer was the family of George E. Norcross, the Third, 434 00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:47,760 Speaker 1: who planned to preserve the document before putting it on 435 00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:53,000 Speaker 1: display at Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia. Next up, 436 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:57,040 Speaker 1: we have three different fines, all of which are trees 437 00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:01,960 Speaker 1: that they are three completely different types of trees. First, 438 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: research into the family tree of Leonardo da Vinci has 439 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: traced twenty one generations of the family, including five family 440 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:17,159 Speaker 1: branches and fourteen living descendants. The tree begins with Leonardo's ancestor, Michelle, 441 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,520 Speaker 1: born in thirteen thirty one, and traces the family's lineage 442 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,160 Speaker 1: through nearly seven hundred years. This work has been going 443 00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:28,119 Speaker 1: on for the last decade. This research contributes to an 444 00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:32,399 Speaker 1: affiliated project, the Leonardo da Vinci DNA Project, which is 445 00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,480 Speaker 1: an international project with a goal of determining whether remains 446 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: reported to be Leonardo's really are his. This work could 447 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:43,720 Speaker 1: also help confirm whether artwork attributed to Leonardo really was 448 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,720 Speaker 1: his creation by evaluating any DNA the artist left behind 449 00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:52,080 Speaker 1: while working on it. And our second tree, an excavation 450 00:28:52,240 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 1: in China's Sichuan Province has unearthed a shoe culture sacred 451 00:28:56,680 --> 00:29:00,160 Speaker 1: tree made of bronze. This tree is truly a shin 452 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:03,000 Speaker 1: dating back to the eleventh or twelfth century BC, and 453 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: it's also really really intricate. There are flowers, fruits, and 454 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 1: a solar wheel ornament branching off of a trunk that 455 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,120 Speaker 1: is held up by a three legged base. It is 456 00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:16,800 Speaker 1: so large and complex, and there were so many other 457 00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:20,720 Speaker 1: ivory artifacts and other items in the same area that 458 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:24,760 Speaker 1: it took four months to fully excavate it. At some 459 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,480 Speaker 1: point experts will probably try to reassemble it, but right 460 00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:32,200 Speaker 1: now the priority is excavating the other sacrificial pits that 461 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: are part of this complex. There have also been other 462 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: bronze sacred trees excavated from these pits, and it is 463 00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:42,160 Speaker 1: possible that they all belong to one connected piece and 464 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:47,040 Speaker 1: our third tree find Researchers at the Tree Ring Laboratory 465 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 1: at Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory are studying the 466 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:56,920 Speaker 1: United States old growth forests by examining the joists and 467 00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:00,240 Speaker 1: beams that were cut from those old growth for pists 468 00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:03,560 Speaker 1: and used to build New York City. In this case, 469 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,200 Speaker 1: they're the ones that were used to build Terminal Warehouse 470 00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:10,560 Speaker 1: in Chelsea in eight one, which were removed during renovations 471 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:14,320 Speaker 1: in twenty nineteen. This work has been spearheaded by Edward Cook, 472 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:17,960 Speaker 1: head of the Tree Ring Lab, whose other research included 473 00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:22,080 Speaker 1: studying the timber used to make old houses and a 474 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,920 Speaker 1: wooden sloop. The timbers they found at Terminal Warehouse include 475 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,840 Speaker 1: long leaf pine that was at least one fifty years 476 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:31,720 Speaker 1: old when it was cut, with most of the trees 477 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:34,920 Speaker 1: having been cut down in eight when the warehouse was built, 478 00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:38,600 Speaker 1: or not long before then. The oldest of the trees 479 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,000 Speaker 1: had sprouted all the way back in fifteen twelve, and 480 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:44,720 Speaker 1: most of them had started growing sometime in the early 481 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:50,080 Speaker 1: seventeenth to mid eighteenth century. The team compared these timbers 482 00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:53,920 Speaker 1: to previous research into long leaf pines they're growing today, 483 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: including stands in the southeastern United States, and they found 484 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:02,640 Speaker 1: that the likely source for these specific timbers was eastern Alabama, 485 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,960 Speaker 1: not far from the Georgia border, maybe even into Georgia. 486 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,520 Speaker 1: Of course, the oldest would frame buildings in New York 487 00:31:09,720 --> 00:31:12,720 Speaker 1: used timber that was way closer to New York, but 488 00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:15,760 Speaker 1: by the nineteenth century most of those forests had been 489 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:19,040 Speaker 1: cut down and New York builders were using wood that 490 00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:22,440 Speaker 1: came from a lot farther south. They might have even 491 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:27,160 Speaker 1: figured out exactly where this lumber came from, suggesting that 492 00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:32,160 Speaker 1: sample lumber company near Holland's, Alabama was a candidate. Alright, 493 00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: we're ending this installment of uneartht on the edibles and potables. 494 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:39,280 Speaker 1: First to find near Newport, Pembrokeshire suggests that people in 495 00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:42,640 Speaker 1: Wales we're farming dairy as long ago as thirty one 496 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:47,120 Speaker 1: b c e. Decorated pieces of pottery found there contain 497 00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 1: residues of dairy fat, possibly buttered or cheese, but researchers 498 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,200 Speaker 1: suggested the most likely source is yogurt. This is the 499 00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:59,080 Speaker 1: earliest evidence of dairy farming in Wales. I find this 500 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: next one both fascinating and kind of gross. Researchers in 501 00:32:06,160 --> 00:32:10,440 Speaker 1: Denmark have analyzed the gut contents of a bog body 502 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:15,360 Speaker 1: known as Tall and Man. They found barley, porridge, flax seeds, 503 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:17,760 Speaker 1: and a small amount of fish which had been cooked 504 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:20,960 Speaker 1: in a clay pot to the point of being slightly burned. 505 00:32:22,120 --> 00:32:24,800 Speaker 1: I feel kind of and unless this was you know, 506 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: what folks actually liked eating, I feel kind of sad 507 00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:30,959 Speaker 1: that Tall and Man's last meal was kind of burned. 508 00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 1: The team, though, so that these gut contents were so 509 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:38,960 Speaker 1: well preserved that they could probably recreate the recipe for 510 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:42,840 Speaker 1: this meal if they wanted. Isotope studies into the remains 511 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:45,640 Speaker 1: of people who died in the seaside town of Herculaneum 512 00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:50,120 Speaker 1: when Vesuvius erupted in sevent have added more detail to 513 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:54,880 Speaker 1: what researchers already knew about their diets. Earlier archaeological work 514 00:32:54,920 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 1: had uncovered evidence of fish, shellfish, olives, cherries, peaches, lentils, 515 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: and beans, but these isotopic studies suggested that nearly a 516 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: quarter of the protein in these people's diets came from fish. 517 00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:10,640 Speaker 1: That's about three times more than the typical diet of 518 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:13,960 Speaker 1: people living in the area today, and more than ten 519 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:17,520 Speaker 1: percent of their calories came from olive oil. That lined 520 00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: up with previous estimates that Romans diets contained about twenty 521 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 1: liters of olive oil annually. Some of the news coverage 522 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:30,960 Speaker 1: of this research made me laugh really hard, because instead 523 00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: of framing it like what we just said, it was 524 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:38,480 Speaker 1: more like, Uh, people in the ancient Roman town of 525 00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:42,000 Speaker 1: Herculaneum ate a lot of fish in olive oil. And 526 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:45,800 Speaker 1: I was like, no, really, really, are you telling me 527 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:48,880 Speaker 1: people on a coastal town in a place that is 528 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:51,640 Speaker 1: known for its olives, or eating fish and olive oil. 529 00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:55,560 Speaker 1: What uh any the reasons was a lot more specific 530 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 1: and interesting than that, And also there was some suggestion 531 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 1: that people diets varied according to their gender, with men 532 00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:07,800 Speaker 1: generally eating more cereals and seafood than women did. This 533 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,760 Speaker 1: was not universally true among every single set of remains 534 00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,160 Speaker 1: that they studied, and it's also not clear exactly what 535 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: might have led to this difference. It could have been 536 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,440 Speaker 1: something as simple as men being more directly involved in 537 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:25,080 Speaker 1: fishing and eating some of their catch to sustain themselves 538 00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:27,759 Speaker 1: while they were at it. Moving on to a potable 539 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:30,880 Speaker 1: researchers in China have found evidence of some of the 540 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:35,200 Speaker 1: earliest known beer consumption, probably done as part of rituals 541 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:38,000 Speaker 1: to honor the dead. This came from a study of 542 00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:40,880 Speaker 1: nine thousand year old pots from a mound that contained 543 00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:45,759 Speaker 1: two human skeletons, as well as pits containing pottery vessels. 544 00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:48,160 Speaker 1: Some of the vessels were painted and may also be 545 00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:51,040 Speaker 1: some of the earliest known painted pottery in the world. 546 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,840 Speaker 1: Seven of the vessels found at the site were long 547 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,800 Speaker 1: necked pots that were known to be used to drink 548 00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:02,120 Speaker 1: alcohol in later eras. So to confirm that these earlier 549 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 1: pots were also used for the same purpose, researchers tested 550 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: the residues inside them. They found starches, molds, and yeast 551 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:14,600 Speaker 1: which lined up with residues from fermenting beer. In this case, 552 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:18,520 Speaker 1: the beer was probably made from fermenting rice, grain and tours. 553 00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:22,520 Speaker 1: And for our last food find and our last find 554 00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 1: for this installment of Unearthed, remember that Thermapoleon we talked 555 00:35:26,719 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: about last year, that hot food Kiosk and Pompeii that 556 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,080 Speaker 1: was decorated with pictures of mallards, a rooster and a 557 00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:35,360 Speaker 1: dog and a dog that I was worried about, but 558 00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:38,239 Speaker 1: everybody said it was okay. Well, it opened to the 559 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:42,160 Speaker 1: public for viewing in August, so we can all go 560 00:35:42,239 --> 00:35:46,160 Speaker 1: see the dog and know that he was protecting the food. Yes, 561 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,640 Speaker 1: once international travel is a little safer than it seems 562 00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:56,759 Speaker 1: to be right now. Uh So that's our Unearthed for October. 563 00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:58,640 Speaker 1: We'll be back with some more of this. I am 564 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:03,640 Speaker 1: anticipating that the Year and Unearthed will probably not be 565 00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:06,840 Speaker 1: the very very first two episodes in January, just because 566 00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:10,640 Speaker 1: of how at this moment it looks like our year 567 00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:14,800 Speaker 1: end time off is going to fall, so same thing happened. 568 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,359 Speaker 1: I feel like this year probably happened again. So do 569 00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,040 Speaker 1: not fret if the very first episode of January is 570 00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:22,960 Speaker 1: not unearthed and you're really looking forward to it, it 571 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:27,600 Speaker 1: will be along there coming it is uh. And I 572 00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 1: have an email from Lizzie uh. And this is another 573 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:37,120 Speaker 1: email about Alistair Crowley. Uh. Lizzie wrote to say, hello, 574 00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,320 Speaker 1: my dear historians, always delighted to have a new episode. 575 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:42,399 Speaker 1: And I had my finger on the trigger to write 576 00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:46,040 Speaker 1: you over bodium, but then you went even more local 577 00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:49,320 Speaker 1: to me. And this is something I know from local lore. 578 00:36:49,960 --> 00:36:53,840 Speaker 1: Mr Alistair Crowley is said to have cursed our dear 579 00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:57,160 Speaker 1: town of Hastings. I believe he was educated here for 580 00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,319 Speaker 1: a while, and this might have even been where he 581 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,480 Speaker 1: was ill as a child. In any case, just to 582 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:04,680 Speaker 1: go with the way it's told, and not to site 583 00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:07,600 Speaker 1: sources or look anything up, just to serve up oral 584 00:37:07,719 --> 00:37:12,440 Speaker 1: history folklore to you direct from Hastings. He left, traveled 585 00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:15,959 Speaker 1: all over the world, had all of his hedonistic adventures 586 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:19,359 Speaker 1: and wizard battles and what have you, only to end 587 00:37:19,520 --> 00:37:23,359 Speaker 1: up back in dear old Hastings, an old and sick man. 588 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:27,000 Speaker 1: When he died here he declared something to the effect 589 00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:30,520 Speaker 1: of once you stay in Hastings, you die there. I 590 00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:33,279 Speaker 1: interpret it as something more akin to talking about his 591 00:37:33,320 --> 00:37:36,759 Speaker 1: own condition, But he was so frightening to people. I 592 00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:40,080 Speaker 1: can imagine talking of this curse could easily go from 593 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,840 Speaker 1: talking about himself feeling cursed, maybe as a result of 594 00:37:43,880 --> 00:37:46,680 Speaker 1: one of those magic battles. Who knows or what have 595 00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:49,680 Speaker 1: you too. It's seeming to be a declaration on the 596 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:52,400 Speaker 1: town itself. The town is really lovely, and I can 597 00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:55,239 Speaker 1: imagine people would return here to live in retirement, so 598 00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:58,919 Speaker 1: who knows. I certainly haven't escaped it yet. The sad 599 00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:00,840 Speaker 1: thing is there was a pub on the site of 600 00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,839 Speaker 1: the home he died in, but it was recently demolished 601 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:07,080 Speaker 1: and leave a small gatehouse building remains and maybe the 602 00:38:07,120 --> 00:38:09,000 Speaker 1: side of his death, and the pub was in the 603 00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,759 Speaker 1: main house, set further back from the road, and just 604 00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:15,239 Speaker 1: enjoyed the notoriety for its marketing. I've heard a lot 605 00:38:15,239 --> 00:38:17,480 Speaker 1: of accounts of it, and despite being something of a 606 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,200 Speaker 1: folklore scholar and really enjoying digging into the history of 607 00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,359 Speaker 1: other places and stories, this one is so close to home, 608 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,960 Speaker 1: as in my roots to and from places I will 609 00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:29,240 Speaker 1: literally go past that building very regularly. I rather enjoy 610 00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:32,800 Speaker 1: keeping it all a mystery and living in this folkloric moment. Anyway, 611 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:34,320 Speaker 1: I thought this might give you a smile to the 612 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:37,279 Speaker 1: people of Hastings still talk about his curse regularly, and 613 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:40,919 Speaker 1: his memory very much lives on here. Lizzie, I love 614 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:47,640 Speaker 1: this story. I would also probably be reluctant to go 615 00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:51,200 Speaker 1: try to dig up whether a particular piece of local 616 00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:55,239 Speaker 1: lore was really a true thing or not. Uh if 617 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:57,040 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us about this or 618 00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:01,600 Speaker 1: any other podcast where History podcast i heart radio dot com. 619 00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,080 Speaker 1: We're also all over social media at Missed in History. 620 00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:08,319 Speaker 1: That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 621 00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:09,920 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on the I 622 00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:12,040 Speaker 1: heart Radio app and wherever else you like to get 623 00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:19,400 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff You Missed in History Class is a 624 00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:22,640 Speaker 1: production of I heart Radio. 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