1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,600 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:07,720 Speaker 1: events in history. On with the show. Hey guys, welcome 3 00:00:07,840 --> 00:00:10,760 Speaker 1: to this Day in History class, where we bring you 4 00:00:10,880 --> 00:00:22,000 Speaker 1: a new tidbit from history every day. The day was 5 00:00:22,079 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: June nineteen fourteen. The Battle of Zaka Takas, also known 6 00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:31,319 Speaker 1: as Latoma dec Tecas, took place when Ponto Villa and 7 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:34,320 Speaker 1: his Division of the North defeated the troops of General 8 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: Louis Medina Baron at the city of Zaka Takas. It's 9 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:41,839 Speaker 1: considered the bloodiest battle and the struggle to overthrow Mexican 10 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:47,400 Speaker 1: President Dictoriano Huerta. The Mexican Revolution began in nineteen ten 11 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: with a call to overthrow Dictator port Firio Dias, who 12 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 1: had ruled since eighteen eighty four. Dias said that Mexico 13 00:00:55,840 --> 00:01:00,040 Speaker 1: was ready for democracy, and Francisco Madeo campaigned success the 14 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,639 Speaker 1: lead for the presidency, but Diaz had my Datta arrested 15 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:06,840 Speaker 1: before the election, and Diaz was announced as the winner 16 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:10,440 Speaker 1: of the election. My Datto called for a revolt and 17 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: revolutionary leaders began taking action against Dias's government. Soon Dias 18 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:20,200 Speaker 1: abdicated the presidency and in November of nineteen eleven, Madetto 19 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:24,319 Speaker 1: became president, but all was not well. My Datto was 20 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:26,959 Speaker 1: not a great leader, and he did not implement land 21 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:32,039 Speaker 1: reforms he had promised. My data resigned. General Victoriano Huerta 22 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 1: took the presidency in February of nineteen thirteen, and Medetto 23 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: and his vice president were assassinated. Guerta was also a dictator, 24 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:46,399 Speaker 1: and revolutionaries began calling for his resignation. Pancho Villa was 25 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: one of the revolutionaries who opposed Huerta. Da led an 26 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: armed faction of thousands of men known as the Division 27 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,560 Speaker 1: del northde or Division of the North. He allied with 28 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 1: revolutionary Venetiano Carranza and his Constitutionalist Army of Mexico to 29 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: depose the dictator with a force of volunteers and mercenaries. 30 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,920 Speaker 1: He wanted victories against federal forces at Tierra ra Blanca, 31 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:17,080 Speaker 1: so you did. Juarez, Chiahua, oh Naga, Palacio and torrion Zaka. 32 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: Takas was an old mining town and railway junction that 33 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:23,079 Speaker 1: any attacker who came from the north would have to 34 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:26,799 Speaker 1: capture before moving on to Mexico City. The town was 35 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: surrounded by high hills somewhere around twelve thousand Federal forces 36 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:35,639 Speaker 1: were in Zacatecas, but Carranza was resentful of via success 37 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: and he did not want Villa to beat him to 38 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:42,560 Speaker 1: Mexico City. Carrenza ordered Villa to divert his attack, but 39 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:47,400 Speaker 1: Via decided to attack Zaka Takas anyway. General Phelippe A. 40 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: Hiles planned the attack. The Division of the North was 41 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: twenty thousand people strong and they had artillery from US dealers. 42 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,359 Speaker 1: On June nineteen fourteen, Via force captured the hills of 43 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,959 Speaker 1: El Grillo and La Buffa, where the federal commander of 44 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 1: the city, General Louis Madiana Baron, had placed his artillery. 45 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: A federal colonel in charge of an ammunition dump detonated 46 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:17,360 Speaker 1: the arsenal rather than surrendering to federal troops. The morale 47 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: of the federal forces began to falter, and many panicked 48 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: As they attempted to flee the city. Vias cavalry began 49 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:29,160 Speaker 1: killing them. When Baron ordered the remaining troops to evacuate 50 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:32,000 Speaker 1: the city, they ran into seven thousand troops from the 51 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: Division del Norte in the town of Guadalupe. VIA's troops 52 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: executed federal officers and demanded they joined via side or die. 53 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:45,520 Speaker 1: In the end, about seven thousand soldiers had died, five 54 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,119 Speaker 1: thousand were injured, and more civilians were killed or hurt. 55 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:54,040 Speaker 1: Revolutionaries pillaged the city. The chaos ended that night. The 56 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 1: bodies were burned or thrown into mines, but the city 57 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: was soon hit with a typhus epide make an Bamin. 58 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:07,080 Speaker 1: After this devastating defeat, where the support waned, Wheta resigned 59 00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: less than a month later on July fifteenth, and went 60 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:15,520 Speaker 1: into exile. The Nusano Carranza declared himself president in August, 61 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: but Villa and Emiliano Zapata, another revolutionary leader, cut ties 62 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:24,880 Speaker 1: with him. The Constitution of Mexico was created in nineteen seventeen, 63 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: but fighting continued for years after. Historians disagree on the 64 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: exact end date of the revolution. I'm Eve Jeff Coo 65 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,520 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 66 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. Keep up with us on Twitter, 67 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:44,640 Speaker 1: Instagram and Facebook at T D I h C Podcast, 68 00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:47,800 Speaker 1: and if you haven't checked it out yet, you can 69 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:52,040 Speaker 1: listen to a new podcast I host called Unpopular Unpopularized 70 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:56,000 Speaker 1: about people in history who resisted the status quo. Thanks 71 00:04:56,000 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: again for listening and we'll see you tomorrow. Hey, y'all, 72 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to the Standard History Class, a 73 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: podcast for people who can never have enough history knowledge. 74 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 1: M The day was June eight. Christopher Latham Shoals, Samuel Sole, 75 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:36,760 Speaker 1: and Carlos Glidden were awarded patent number seventy nine thousand, 76 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:39,880 Speaker 1: two hundred and sixty five for an invention they called 77 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:44,040 Speaker 1: the typewriter. Shuls worked as an apprentice to a printer 78 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,320 Speaker 1: when he was young. He later became a newspaper editor 79 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 1: and publisher as well as a politician. He and Solo, 80 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,239 Speaker 1: who was a friend of his, also patented a page 81 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:57,480 Speaker 1: numbering device. They worked on the device at Charles F. 82 00:05:57,640 --> 00:06:02,240 Speaker 1: Klein's Toyber's Machine Shop in mel Key, Wisconsin, but Shoals 83 00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 1: and Sole soon shifted focus to work on a mechanical 84 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: writing device. Carlos Glidden joined them on the project. They 85 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:12,240 Speaker 1: weren't the first to try to invent a writing machine. 86 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:16,080 Speaker 1: Many people in history contributed to its design. In the 87 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:21,000 Speaker 1: sixteenth century, Francesco Rampezzeto designed a crude machine that impressed 88 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:24,559 Speaker 1: letters and paper. By the nineteenth century, there were plenty 89 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: of prototypes for the typewriter, people like William Austin, burt, 90 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: Agostino Fontoni, Pellegrino Torre, and Giuseppe Raviza worked on typing machines. 91 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: John Pratt built a machine called the Tarot type, but 92 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:40,400 Speaker 1: he was a Confederate during the U S Civil War 93 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: and had to move to Britain to get his patents. 94 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: His typewriter was exhibited in Britain and was described in 95 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:51,600 Speaker 1: the magazine Scientific American. Glinden Sole and Shoals were granted 96 00:06:51,640 --> 00:06:55,800 Speaker 1: a patent for the typewriter on June sixty eight. The 97 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: typewriter was made of wood and brass. It typed only 98 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:03,039 Speaker 1: in capital letters, and it was an understroke machine, which 99 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: meant that the typist had to lift up the carriage 100 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: to see their work. Rasmus Melling Hansen, an inventor in Denmark, 101 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 1: created a typewriter known as the Writing Ball, which was 102 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:17,400 Speaker 1: patented in eighteen seventy and commercially produced, but it wasn't 103 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:22,120 Speaker 1: as influential as the Shoals and Glidden typewriter. Shoals, Glidden, 104 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: and others worked on the typewriter's design for several more years. 105 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: James Dinsmore provided financing to help get the typewriter manufactured. 106 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 1: Matthias Schwalbach contributed to the design, helping solve issues with 107 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: the type bars and keyboard. They sold the patent and 108 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,160 Speaker 1: began working with E. Remington and Sons, a company known 109 00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 1: for making guns and sewing machines, to commercialize the typewriter mechanics. 110 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: Jefferson Clough and William Jenna led the effort to rework 111 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: the machine and prepare it for mass production, and Remington 112 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: began production on the shoals and glidden typewriter as it 113 00:07:57,600 --> 00:08:01,640 Speaker 1: was called in eighteen seventy three. The first Remington model 114 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:04,920 Speaker 1: entered the market in eighteen seventy four. It was decorated 115 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: with flowers, and it introduced the cordy keyboard. This was 116 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,120 Speaker 1: likely the arrangement so that frequently used type bars were 117 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:16,640 Speaker 1: separated and jamming didn't happen as often. This model had 118 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:20,119 Speaker 1: little success though it was expensive at one and twenty 119 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:23,480 Speaker 1: five dollars, which would be around twenty eight hundred dollars today, 120 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 1: and it wasn't as efficient as intended. But in eighteen 121 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:32,400 Speaker 1: seventy eight, Remington introduced its Model number two. It had 122 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 1: a shift mechanism to produce upper and lower case letters. 123 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: The carriage return was operated by hand rather than by 124 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:43,199 Speaker 1: foot as the previous model was, and the ribbon reversed automatically. 125 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: The Remington Number two has been considered the first successful 126 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:52,120 Speaker 1: commercial typewriter. Some people found the typewriter and practical, or 127 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:55,559 Speaker 1: thought that typed letters lacked a personal touch, but the 128 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: typewriter allowed people to write faster than they could by 129 00:08:58,480 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: hand and contributed to increase efficiency in the workplace. Its 130 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,679 Speaker 1: success led to the creation of many competitor models, and 131 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: as Remington got women to demonstrate the typewriter and put 132 00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 1: them in its promotional images, more women entered the clerical workforce. 133 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:18,280 Speaker 1: The typewriter continued to develop over the next century and 134 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,880 Speaker 1: remained an important tool in the office until the introduction 135 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,439 Speaker 1: of the computer. That said, many people around the world 136 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:28,959 Speaker 1: still use typewriters, like people in prisons and people in 137 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:33,839 Speaker 1: places where electricity isn't reliable. I'm Eve step Coote and 138 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 139 00:09:37,080 --> 00:09:40,520 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you have any comment source suggestions, 140 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,960 Speaker 1: you can send them to us at this day at 141 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: I heeart Media dot com. You can also hit us 142 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: up on social media where at t D I h 143 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,599 Speaker 1: C Podcast. Thanks again for listening to the show, and 144 00:09:51,679 --> 00:10:04,319 Speaker 1: we'll see you tomorrow. M hmm yeah. 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