WEBVTT - Short Stuff: Horseshoe Crab Blood

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<v Speaker 1>Hey, and welcome to short Stuff. I'm Josh, and there's

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<v Speaker 1>Chuck and there's Jerry over there, and this is short stuff,

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<v Speaker 1>so we should probably get talking about this right away.

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<v Speaker 1>What are we talking about right now, Chuck? We're talking

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<v Speaker 1>about an ancient primitive animal, a beast that was around

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<v Speaker 1>before dinosaurs, that survived ice ages, and that has been

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<v Speaker 1>virtually unchanged since they made their way onto the scene.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a little horseshoe crabs. Little horseshoe crabs still around,

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<v Speaker 1>still kicking, still virtually unchanged after I think I saw

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<v Speaker 1>about four hundred and fifty million years. Yeah, and still

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<v Speaker 1>when you're when you have a child or when you

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<v Speaker 1>were a child, when you go to the beach and

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<v Speaker 1>you see one for the first time, the question what

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<v Speaker 1>in the world is that? To your parents? Yeah, and

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<v Speaker 1>they say stop asking questions. They're crazy looking. They really

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<v Speaker 1>are crazy looking. It looks like, um, how do you

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<v Speaker 1>how do you describe a horseshoe crab? Do you think

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<v Speaker 1>it looks over a wooden bowl and gave it a tail? Okay, great,

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<v Speaker 1>we'll go with that. But it also has like a

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<v Speaker 1>it's really tough exoskeleton. It's got six legs. If it's

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<v Speaker 1>a male. The front two legs or hooks, because it

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<v Speaker 1>uses those for mating, and the legs look like, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>little crab claws. Yeah, And so it looks like a freaky,

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<v Speaker 1>scary little thing. Even though it's called the horseshoe crab,

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<v Speaker 1>it's actually much more closely related to spiders and scorpions.

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<v Speaker 1>And once you realize that number one, what it looks

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<v Speaker 1>like makes sense number two, it becomes maybe the most

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<v Speaker 1>terrifying thing you've ever seen in your life in person.

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<v Speaker 1>They're not gonna hurt you, though they're friendly. They are,

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<v Speaker 1>they're fine. They don't want anything to do with you.

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<v Speaker 1>There too, they're they're old souls. They've been around too

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<v Speaker 1>long to mess with you. But we humans like to

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<v Speaker 1>mess with them. And there's a reason why. The reason

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<v Speaker 1>is because they have a very peculiar kind of blood.

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<v Speaker 1>It's copper based actually, so it's blue. And back in

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<v Speaker 1>the fifties a guy named fred Bang. Frederick Bang figured

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<v Speaker 1>out at you can use horseshoe crab blood to identify

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<v Speaker 1>whether there's harmful bacteria is present, and say like a

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<v Speaker 1>biological sample, a medical device, UM, a vaccine, a new drug,

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<v Speaker 1>and UM. With that I think twenty years later it

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<v Speaker 1>got FDA approval to use it for that use. It

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<v Speaker 1>just began a horseshoe crab harvesting bananza. All right, so

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<v Speaker 1>we'll explain how that all works here in a sec.

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<v Speaker 1>But um, let's talk a little bit more about the

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<v Speaker 1>body of these guys and gals. Like we said, they

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<v Speaker 1>have a big head. It's called a prosoma, and in

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<v Speaker 1>that head is the brain in the heart, which is

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<v Speaker 1>super cool. You already mentioned the six little claw legs. Uh.

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<v Speaker 1>And in the males, the very first pair are like hooks,

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<v Speaker 1>and they used to clamp onto the female during mating.

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<v Speaker 1>And uh, this is how that happens. The ladies dig

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<v Speaker 1>a hole in the sand lay had several thousand eggs,

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<v Speaker 1>and the ale hooks in clings to her back and

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<v Speaker 1>fertilizes these eggs. And the coolest thing about all this

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<v Speaker 1>is there are other males sort of in the area,

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<v Speaker 1>kind of hanging around, and they're like, hey, if you know,

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<v Speaker 1>if you've done, if you've done your thing, maybe give

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<v Speaker 1>me a shot. Right that guy he was he was

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<v Speaker 1>a real jerk, wasn't he. I'm a nice guy. They're

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<v Speaker 1>called satellite males. Yeah, but this you know, the females

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<v Speaker 1>can do this a few times per night for several

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<v Speaker 1>nights in a row, and all in all, a breeding

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<v Speaker 1>female can lay out about a hundred thousand eggs a season,

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<v Speaker 1>which is great to be like, great, we're in the

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<v Speaker 1>horseshoe crabs the world, is say, fantastic, But they also

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<v Speaker 1>um are a delicacy for shore birds who fly up

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<v Speaker 1>and down the the eastern coast to the of North

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<v Speaker 1>America of the Iraq, and they eat tons of these eggs.

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<v Speaker 1>So even though a female might might um have like

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<v Speaker 1>ten thousands of these and there might be a million

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<v Speaker 1>mating pairs of horseshoe crabs in a single place, a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of the get eaten by birds. Yeah. I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>if you've ever been to Delaware Bay or seen pictures

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<v Speaker 1>of just type in Delaware Bay horseshoe crabs, it's like

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<v Speaker 1>a beach made of horseshoe crabs during mating season, right,

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<v Speaker 1>so remarkable. So the horseshoe crabs can deal with the

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<v Speaker 1>shore birds. It's fine. They've they've been around for a

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<v Speaker 1>very long time um and shorebirds have to so they've

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<v Speaker 1>learned to just kind of live with it. The problem

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<v Speaker 1>is is we humans have a big impact on horseshoe

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<v Speaker 1>crabs as well. We like to catch them and use

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<v Speaker 1>them for bait, and we also develop in the areas

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<v Speaker 1>where they mate and reproduce, and so we eat up

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<v Speaker 1>their habitat. So when you put those together with shore

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<v Speaker 1>birds eating thousands and thousands and thousands of of eggs

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<v Speaker 1>that could have been a little tiny new horseshoe crabs,

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<v Speaker 1>their population has um. It's under strain. And that's just

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<v Speaker 1>the population of the United States. It's actually far worse

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<v Speaker 1>in Asia. Yeah, and you know what, let's take a break.

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<v Speaker 1>We'll talk a little bit about how they benefit the

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<v Speaker 1>humans and what's going on in America with this research

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<v Speaker 1>and in Asia. Right after this m m okay choke,

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<v Speaker 1>we're back. So I think I mentioned that you can

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<v Speaker 1>actually use horseshoe crab blood to um in the biomedical industry.

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<v Speaker 1>It's it's virtually priceless, although there is a price for it.

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<v Speaker 1>It's just really expensive. It's dollars a court, making it

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<v Speaker 1>one of the most valuable fluids on Earth. And this

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<v Speaker 1>is specifically the clotting agent that's that expensive. It's called

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<v Speaker 1>l A l uh limitless or lime less amba site

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<v Speaker 1>LI sate and it is in their blue blood, and

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<v Speaker 1>it is a preme clouding agent, as it turns out. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>And the reason why it's a great clouding agent is

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<v Speaker 1>because that's how horseshoe crabs fend off infection on their

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<v Speaker 1>own um and your body. You have white blood cells,

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<v Speaker 1>and you have all sorts of veins that your body

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<v Speaker 1>can kind of close off and surround a foreign invader

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<v Speaker 1>or pathogen in right, Well, blood just flows freely all

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<v Speaker 1>throughout the horseshoe crab. The blood vessels, they don't. It's

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<v Speaker 1>just kind of moves through their tissues and their organs

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<v Speaker 1>and everything. It's just it just slashes around everywhere and

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<v Speaker 1>they're pick one up and shake it. You'll hear it

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<v Speaker 1>just plain Now. I don't do that. But the the

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<v Speaker 1>fact that the blood can just move around very easily

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<v Speaker 1>means that they have to have a very specialized type

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<v Speaker 1>of blood cell that can do everything. So I guess

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<v Speaker 1>it's a generalized type of blood cell if you think

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<v Speaker 1>about it. And that's what they have. And these blood cells,

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<v Speaker 1>when they encounter a pathogen, they clock like crazy around

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<v Speaker 1>that thing because that is their immune response. They basically

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<v Speaker 1>sequester it in a big gob of goog a gobba goom. Right,

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<v Speaker 1>So we figured out that we could use this l

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<v Speaker 1>a l. And the way that we originally um started

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<v Speaker 1>harvesting this was from rabbits, because I guess rabbits have

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<v Speaker 1>I don't think as much, right, Well, they don't have

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<v Speaker 1>specifically the same thing, and we didn't harvest it from him.

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<v Speaker 1>We would just inject them with a drug that we

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<v Speaker 1>were testing and see if they got an infection, and

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<v Speaker 1>then whether they did or not, we just kill them

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<v Speaker 1>when we were done with them anyway, gotchas. So the

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<v Speaker 1>fact that we are able to use horseshoe crabs has

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<v Speaker 1>saved rabbit lives. Yes, we can feel good about that

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<v Speaker 1>on one hand, Um, but here's the deal. Horshoe crabs

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<v Speaker 1>can survive about four days out of the water. So

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<v Speaker 1>if you want to harvest this crab blood or this

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<v Speaker 1>spider scorpion blood, you pick one of these horseshoe crabs up.

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<v Speaker 1>They like females because they're much bigger. I don't think

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<v Speaker 1>we said they can be UM much much larger than

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<v Speaker 1>the males, like by half I think, yeah, larger. And

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<v Speaker 1>so they bring them out, they bring them to the lab,

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<v Speaker 1>they chill them for an hour, put them on ice.

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<v Speaker 1>Then they mount them to Iraq and keep in mind

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<v Speaker 1>they're alive this whole time, and they insert a needle

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<v Speaker 1>around the heart into that tissue and they drain about

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<v Speaker 1>thirty of the blood from these horseshoe crabs and try

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<v Speaker 1>and get them back in time to survive. Um, it

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<v Speaker 1>looks like, like I said, four days out, they can

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<v Speaker 1>survive I imagine, probably less in a traumatic situation like this,

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<v Speaker 1>But they like to get about a what survival rate,

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, they want even higher than that. But what

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<v Speaker 1>it washes out too, is that they have about about

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<v Speaker 1>a third, about thirty of the horseshoe crabs that they

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<v Speaker 1>harvest and put back end up dying. And they think

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<v Speaker 1>that it's not the blood lighting process. They've got the

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<v Speaker 1>blood the bleeding process down pretty well down to a science. Basically,

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<v Speaker 1>it's how how they're caught, transported and handled during this

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<v Speaker 1>process that can kill them. That they think that that's

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<v Speaker 1>usually what kills them. UM. So, if you're if you're

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<v Speaker 1>talking about like six hundred thousand horseshoe crabs being harvested

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<v Speaker 1>every year in the United States alone, of that, that's

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of dead horseshoe crabs that would otherwise still

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<v Speaker 1>be alive. That and this is the point I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>aside from the fact that we're killing horseshoe crabs for

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<v Speaker 1>our own purposes. Um, if we if those things survived,

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<v Speaker 1>they regenerate their blood and we can bleed them again.

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<v Speaker 1>It's not like a once in a lifetime thing. And

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<v Speaker 1>they tag them so that they don't over bled them

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<v Speaker 1>too much. But um, the you know, thirty percent of

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<v Speaker 1>them dying, that's a that's a big problem because that's

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<v Speaker 1>just a big loss of that blood market down the line. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>that's about a hundred and eighty thousand a year in

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<v Speaker 1>the US that are not surviving. Uh. And we mentioned

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<v Speaker 1>before the break that it's worse in Asia, and that's

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<v Speaker 1>because in places like Singapore they do the same thing,

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<v Speaker 1>except when they bleed them out, they then sell them

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<v Speaker 1>as food, so they don't return them to the ocean

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<v Speaker 1>at all at all. They eat. Um. There was an

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<v Speaker 1>expert on this who said that at this rate, in

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<v Speaker 1>a decade, the other three. That's so North America has

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<v Speaker 1>one species of horseshoe crab. The other three on Earth

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<v Speaker 1>all live in Asia, and those species may be extinct

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<v Speaker 1>within a decade because of those practices. Yeah, and this

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<v Speaker 1>is interesting. I don't know anything about these kind of processes,

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<v Speaker 1>but um, they are making synthetic L A L. They've

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<v Speaker 1>been doing it for about fifteen years. But there's only

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<v Speaker 1>one company and one facility that was doing this. And

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<v Speaker 1>I never knew that that was a big deal, but

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<v Speaker 1>it makes sense now if you're if you're a biomedic company,

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<v Speaker 1>and there's only one facility producing this, you can't just say,

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<v Speaker 1>all right, we're scrapping all of the harvesting because we're

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<v Speaker 1>gonna use some synthetic L A L. Only what if

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<v Speaker 1>something happens to that company, you're back to square one

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<v Speaker 1>exactly well exactly for sure. And I think that's that's

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<v Speaker 1>wise because from what I understand, if if L A

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<v Speaker 1>L just the supply of L A L right now,

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<v Speaker 1>like the biomedical industry would just stop because they have

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<v Speaker 1>to test this stuff. You can't put like a pacemaker

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<v Speaker 1>inside a human being with it potentially covered or infected

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<v Speaker 1>with some sort of bacteria that could kill the person

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<v Speaker 1>who received the pacemaker. So you have to test some

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<v Speaker 1>of this stuff in the way that they tested by

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<v Speaker 1>exposing it to this L A L. So if you

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<v Speaker 1>don't have the L A L, people don't get their pacemakers,

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<v Speaker 1>and the whole industry is grinds to a hall. So

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<v Speaker 1>it would definitely make sense because if you have one

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<v Speaker 1>factory producing this stuff and the thing gets hit by

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<v Speaker 1>a hurricane or tornado or something like that, that's it.

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<v Speaker 1>But more and more people are starting to make the

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<v Speaker 1>synthetic L A L. So it looks like within just

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<v Speaker 1>a few years the horseshoe crabs might start to be

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<v Speaker 1>left alone. Yeah, which is good for them. That'd be great,

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<v Speaker 1>I think so too. Let's push for it, Chuck, we'll

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<v Speaker 1>make it an s Y s K initiative. Let's create

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<v Speaker 1>a hashtago save the horseshoe crab. That's a long hashtag. Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>but you two can save a horseshoe crab. If you're

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<v Speaker 1>ever walking along the beach. They have something called a tellson.

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<v Speaker 1>That's our little spiky tail that they use to flip

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<v Speaker 1>themselves over if they have flipped over the wrong way,

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<v Speaker 1>which would be legs up. If you happen to see

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<v Speaker 1>a horseshoe crab alive though, and their little arms are

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<v Speaker 1>wiggling and there Tellson's not flipping them over. Do so yourself.

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<v Speaker 1>Don't grab him by the telson that should be a

0:12:23.600 --> 0:12:28.199
<v Speaker 1>stuffs in that t shirt. Grab him on the sides.

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<v Speaker 1>Just pick them up on the sides, flip them over.

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<v Speaker 1>Uh maybe in the water, and they will be eternally grateful.

0:12:38.880 --> 0:12:41.560
<v Speaker 1>I couldn't imagine they would be. They'd be like, thank

0:12:41.600 --> 0:12:44.160
<v Speaker 1>you so much. And then they swim about five ft

0:12:44.200 --> 0:12:46.280
<v Speaker 1>and someone grabs them and takes them to the horror

0:12:46.280 --> 0:12:48.360
<v Speaker 1>show for the blood lighting. Well, maybe at least you

0:12:48.360 --> 0:12:52.160
<v Speaker 1>did your part. Yeah, that's good advice, Chuck. And since

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<v Speaker 1>we don't have anything else to say about horseshoe crabs,

0:12:55.000 --> 0:13:01.120
<v Speaker 1>then this short stuff is out Adios. Stuff you Should

0:13:01.120 --> 0:13:03.480
<v Speaker 1>Know is a production of iHeart Radio's How Stuff Works.

0:13:03.800 --> 0:13:06.160
<v Speaker 1>For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart

0:13:06.240 --> 0:13:08.920
<v Speaker 1>Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

0:13:08.920 --> 0:13:12.640
<v Speaker 1>favorite shows. H