1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It's time 4 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 1: for some Unearthed in July. So, as has been the 5 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:25,639 Speaker 1: case every year since we started doing this podcast, we 6 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: have even more pins on our Unearthed pin board on 7 00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: Pinterest than we did this time last year. So we 8 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:36,680 Speaker 1: have gone from having an Unearthed episode to two of them, 9 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: to two and one in July, and now we're going 10 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: to have two in July, and we're breaking with tradition 11 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,000 Speaker 1: a little bit this time, and since we have the 12 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:47,520 Speaker 1: luxury of doing two episodes, we're starting with a few 13 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:50,680 Speaker 1: things that happened at the very end of seventeen but 14 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,199 Speaker 1: for whatever reason, they just missed the cut off for 15 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: our seventeen Unearthed episodes. We also have some things that 16 00:00:57,680 --> 00:01:01,240 Speaker 1: institutions found in their own collection ends, along with some 17 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: fines about books and letters and beads and some other things. 18 00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:07,160 Speaker 1: And then in part two, we're going to get into 19 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: a lot of other listener favorites, including the shipwrecks, the exhumations, 20 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,840 Speaker 1: the repatriations, and the stuff that is in theory at 21 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: least edible or potable, along with some other tidbits as well. 22 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:24,319 Speaker 1: So starting off with that bit of un earthing from 23 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: the end of Tween, Egyptologists at University College London announced 24 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:32,920 Speaker 1: that they have started working with new scanning techniques to 25 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:35,560 Speaker 1: read what's on waste papyrus that was used to make 26 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: mummy cases. These cases were essentially decorative boxes and they 27 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,320 Speaker 1: were made from scraps, sort of like when you tore 28 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:45,920 Speaker 1: up newspaper as a kid to do art projects making 29 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:48,280 Speaker 1: paper machee, or maybe you do it as an adult, 30 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: but I associate that was a childhood craft. But in 31 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 1: ancient Egypt, instead of old newspaper, it was things like 32 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: to do lists and tax information. And since these mummy 33 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: cases were part of funeral rituals for wealthy and prestigious people, 34 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:06,480 Speaker 1: they were made out of scraps, but they were made 35 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 1: to last. The papyrus that was used to make these 36 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: boxes is under a layer of plaster, so for a 37 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: long time, if researchers wanted to try to read the papyrus, 38 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:19,120 Speaker 1: the only way they could do it was to remove 39 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: the plaster and that destroyed the box. But now researchers 40 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: have built on this earlier discovery that the ink on 41 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:30,520 Speaker 1: the papyrus fluoresces under the right wavelengths of light. So 42 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,960 Speaker 1: now they're using all this noninvasive scanning technology and infrared 43 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:37,200 Speaker 1: filters to bring out all that fluorescence and to try 44 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:40,040 Speaker 1: to get a look at what the papyrus says without 45 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: damaging the plaster on top of it. They're hopeful that 46 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,240 Speaker 1: all this information on the waste paper will help give 47 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:49,600 Speaker 1: them a better idea of what everyday life was like 48 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:52,840 Speaker 1: in ancient Egypt. Doesn't that make you slightly terrified that 49 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:56,480 Speaker 1: someone will unearth and read your random notes at the 50 00:02:56,600 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 1: point in the future like catlet milk Uh. Yeah, So 51 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: moving on. Death registries have always been a great source 52 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:10,679 Speaker 1: of information about ancient plagues, and it's pretty straightforward. When 53 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,200 Speaker 1: you have a list of names and other vital information 54 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: about people who died, it would be absurd not to 55 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:19,519 Speaker 1: look at it while researching a plague. But one team 56 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:23,399 Speaker 1: has taken this to a new level, analyzing the proteins 57 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: in the paper itself to learn more about the environment 58 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 1: in which these death registries were recorded. This research was 59 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,359 Speaker 1: published in the journal Proteo Mix in November of It 60 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: made more headlines after the first of the year. When 61 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 1: preserving manuscripts, conservators sometimes use these little polymer discs that 62 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: pull acids and other damaging substances out of the paper 63 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: without damaging the paper itself. This team was using ethel 64 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:53,840 Speaker 1: vinyl acetate discs, and they realized that in addition to 65 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: absorbing acids from the paper, they had also absorbed a 66 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: lot of proteins. These discs pulled samples of six hundred 67 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:06,520 Speaker 1: different protein families out of a one page notice in 68 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: eleven pages of a death registry from Milano, Italy, which 69 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:14,080 Speaker 1: was kept from sixteen twenty nine and sixteen thirty These 70 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:18,839 Speaker 1: included peptide sequences connected to plague bacteria, to the foods 71 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: that the scribes were eating as they worked, and to 72 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:25,240 Speaker 1: the animals, including rats and cats, that were around them. 73 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: This it's like a slightly different version of what was 74 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 1: the everyday life like of the people who were recording 75 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:37,320 Speaker 1: these death registries. What rodents walked on your papers? Did 76 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:41,279 Speaker 1: they give you the plague? In a previous Unearthed, we 77 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:44,800 Speaker 1: talked about researchers using software to trace the structure of 78 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: fairy tales and they discovered connections among these stories that 79 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: went way back in history. A lot farther than they 80 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:54,760 Speaker 1: thought they would. Researchers have now done something similar with 81 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: traditional folk music. They've used computers to analyze two hundred 82 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: f recordings of traditional music from a hundred and thirty 83 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:07,679 Speaker 1: seven countries. Sub Saharan Africa turned out to have exceptionally 84 00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: unique traditional music, with Botswana in particular having a huge 85 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:16,560 Speaker 1: number of outliers. Outliers are recordings that are unique to 86 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: that specific place and not similar to recordings from anywhere 87 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:25,920 Speaker 1: else in the world. In Botswana, of the recordings were outliers. 88 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 1: Every coast and Chad both had more than fifty outliers 89 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,960 Speaker 1: as well. To move on yet again. On the Thursday 90 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: before Christmas, Sandy Vasco, who's president of the Will County 91 00:05:37,839 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: Historical Society in Illinois, found something unexpected in one of 92 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:44,800 Speaker 1: the many boxes of stuff that has been donated to 93 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:48,040 Speaker 1: the historical Society over the years. This was a box 94 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 1: with a cellophane lid, and it contained a flower that 95 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:56,920 Speaker 1: was reportedly from Abraham Lincoln's casket. Written under the bottom 96 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: of the box was this quote, Flowers from the beer 97 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:03,239 Speaker 1: of President Lincoln. While the remains were lying in state 98 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:07,040 Speaker 1: at the Capitol in Washington, d c April sixty five, 99 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: presented by General J. S. Todd to General I. AM 100 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,720 Speaker 1: Haney and by him presented to Mrs Jazz g Elwood 101 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:20,400 Speaker 1: Nay Pierce. J. S. Todd was Mary Todd Lincoln's cousin. 102 00:06:21,200 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: I AM Haney was a friend of Lincoln's, and James G. 103 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: Elwood was a Civil War veteran and mayor of Joliet. 104 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:30,320 Speaker 1: So it makes sense that the flower could have passed 105 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: down this chain of people until it was given to 106 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,839 Speaker 1: Mrs Elwood. Some of the news reporting of this um 107 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:42,080 Speaker 1: It's particular fine involved you're in your office alone the 108 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: Thursday before Christmas. You find this remarkable thing you didn't 109 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:48,760 Speaker 1: even know you had, and there's nobody you can tell 110 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:52,400 Speaker 1: about it because you're the only one working because it's 111 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:57,599 Speaker 1: the Thursday before Christmas. One last one. We have talked 112 00:06:57,600 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 1: about a lot of coin hordes passed unearthed, and I 113 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: finally put a moratorium on coin hords unless there's something 114 00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:08,920 Speaker 1: really unique about them, because there is literally always a 115 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:15,240 Speaker 1: coin horde, constantly finding piles of coins in the ground. However, 116 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: a couple in China who was trying to build a 117 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,920 Speaker 1: house last October instead dug up a coin horde that 118 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: weighed five points six tons. That's a lot of coin horde. Uh. 119 00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: This horde includes about three hundred thousand copper coins from 120 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: the Song dynasty, roughly one thousand years ago, and it's 121 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,680 Speaker 1: not immediately clear where they came from. There is a 122 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: local story about a landlord burying his stash, but it's 123 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: just as likely that it belonged to a bank or 124 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: a community group. These coins were all turned over to 125 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: the government under the Chinese Civil Relic Protection Law, although 126 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: apparently the neighbors did start doing some of their own 127 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: little excavations in their yards to see if maybe they 128 00:07:57,720 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: got a coin horde. Also, you get a coin hard, 129 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: I can't stop um. Now we have some news about 130 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: the last known slave ship to make its way to 131 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: the United States, which was called the Clotilda. In January, 132 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 1: a shipwreck discovered a few miles north of Mobile, Alabama 133 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 1: made headlines as people speculated that that might be the Clotilda. 134 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: The wreck was largely buried in mud, and it was 135 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:26,440 Speaker 1: partially unearthed by abnormally low tides that were brought on 136 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: by severe weather. People have been looking for the Clotilda 137 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:33,320 Speaker 1: for years, so when this extremely low tide came along, 138 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: teams went out to take advantage of it. The Clotilda 139 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,280 Speaker 1: was reportedly burned and sunk in July of eighteen sixty 140 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:43,720 Speaker 1: after bringing a hundred enslaved Africans to the United States, 141 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: because the owners wanted to destroy the evidence of their crimes. 142 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:50,800 Speaker 1: At that point, it had not been legal to import 143 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: enslaved people to the United States for more than fifty years. 144 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: John Sledge, a senior historian with the Mobile Historical Commission, 145 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: was quoted as saying, I'm quaking with excitement. This would 146 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:05,200 Speaker 1: be a story of world historical significance if this is 147 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:08,720 Speaker 1: the Clote Tilda. Although the extreme low tide had made 148 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: it possible to spot the wreckage, enough of the whole 149 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: was still buried in mud that it was hard to 150 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 1: tell exactly how large this ship was a team of organizations, 151 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: including the Alabama Historical Commission and the Slave rex Project, 152 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: did a more thorough investigation, and once they finished, they 153 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:29,760 Speaker 1: announced that this wreck was just much too big to 154 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: be the Clotilda, and that news came out in March. However, 155 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: there's another Cloe Tilda story that does pan out. In 156 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:42,480 Speaker 1: seven Zornel Hurston interviewed an enslaved man known as Kujoe Lewis, 157 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: whose African name was Cosola. He had been brought to 158 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:49,760 Speaker 1: the United States aboard the Clotilda and was the last 159 00:09:49,960 --> 00:09:53,640 Speaker 1: known survivor of the transatlantic slave trade in the United States. 160 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,439 Speaker 1: She wrote a book based on these interviews, which was 161 00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: called Barracoon, but when she tried to get it published, 162 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: it was rejected it because publishers said that his dialect 163 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: was too hard to understand. But in May of the 164 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:10,320 Speaker 1: book was finally published as Barracoon, The Story of the 165 00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:13,679 Speaker 1: Last Black Cargo. And this is one of those times 166 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:16,320 Speaker 1: that some of the coverage framed the book as something 167 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 1: that was newly discovered, But the manuscript had been in 168 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: the Howard University Library and it was accessible to academics 169 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: before this point. It is widely available to anyone who 170 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: wants to read it now. Ye this is this was 171 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:31,559 Speaker 1: not a book that no one knew existed and then 172 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:34,200 Speaker 1: suddenly we discovered that it existed. It was It's a 173 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:39,079 Speaker 1: book that has finally, after much delay, being published, with 174 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 1: a lot of people noting, no, that dialect was not 175 00:10:41,840 --> 00:10:46,600 Speaker 1: hard to understand. Publishers in the thirties, Uh, we're going 176 00:10:46,640 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 1: to take a quick break before we get into some 177 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:59,120 Speaker 1: other categories of unearthed things. Next up, we have a 178 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:03,199 Speaker 1: set of study that confirm things that people already thought. 179 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: First up, after examining a set of teeth that have 180 00:11:06,679 --> 00:11:09,360 Speaker 1: been kept in Moscow since the end of World War Two, 181 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:13,319 Speaker 1: a team of French pathologists have confirmed that, yes, as 182 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:16,600 Speaker 1: everyone thought, they are the teeth of Adolf Hitler, who 183 00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: really did die in that bunker on April. The pair 184 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:24,000 Speaker 1: of four thousand year old mummies known as the Two 185 00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:27,320 Speaker 1: Brothers was found in nineteen o seven, and since then 186 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:30,040 Speaker 1: there's been some debate about whether they were really brothers 187 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: or not. According to the hieroglyphs on the sarcophag Guy 188 00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:36,199 Speaker 1: which described them as brothers, their names were connomed, knocked, 189 00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 1: and knocked onc But as early twentieth century researchers examined 190 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: their remains, some of them had doubts. They thought that 191 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:46,800 Speaker 1: the bodies were just too dissimilar to be related to 192 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: one another, regardless of what those hieroglyphics said. Using DNA 193 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:56,560 Speaker 1: extracted from their teeth, researchers determined that yes, they were related. 194 00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:59,839 Speaker 1: According to their paper published in the Journal of r 195 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: Logical Science, reports in February these two men had the 196 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: same mother but probably different fathers, and this basically confirmed 197 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: what was right there on the hieroglyphics the whole time. 198 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: The name both brothers mother as canoom Ah. Their fathers 199 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: are not named, and only a title is given a 200 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:24,199 Speaker 1: Haitia prince. It just didn't say which Haitia prince. This 201 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: is one of those times that I was like, it 202 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:29,720 Speaker 1: was right there, Like this reminds me of like when 203 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: when things have confirmed what Inuits have been saying forever 204 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:37,440 Speaker 1: and they're like, we we told you over and over, 205 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: we're about to have something really similar. You will frequently 206 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: here that the indigenous Tino people of the Caribbean were 207 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:50,280 Speaker 1: wiped completely out by disease and violence after the arrival 208 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,840 Speaker 1: of Europeans. We have even said this on our podcast, 209 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 1: because it is all over the place. Here are some 210 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,959 Speaker 1: of the places I have read this in the now 211 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: National Museum of St. Kitts, and a whole bunch of 212 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: different textbooks, and in many many articles about Caribbean history. However, 213 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: there has been a growing resistance to that idea from 214 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: people in the Caribbean who say they are descended from 215 00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:17,920 Speaker 1: the Taino people and that they are in fact still 216 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:22,680 Speaker 1: there and now science is confirming this. Researchers were able 217 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:24,920 Speaker 1: to use a tooth found in a cave in the 218 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 1: Bahamas to establish a starting point for Tino DNA. This 219 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: tooth age is unclear, but it was from before Christopher 220 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:36,880 Speaker 1: Columbus arrived in the America's and based on this analysis, 221 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:39,240 Speaker 1: there are a lot of people living in the Caribbean 222 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,960 Speaker 1: today who have DNA in common with that tooth. This 223 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:46,160 Speaker 1: confirms other studies that suggested that there were people of 224 00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:50,560 Speaker 1: Taino ancestry in modern Caribbean populations, but didn't have that 225 00:13:50,679 --> 00:13:53,880 Speaker 1: starting point that tooths to confirm it. In the words 226 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 1: of the lead author on the paper, which was published 227 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 228 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,839 Speaker 1: quote it's a fascinating finding. Many history books will tell 229 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 1: you that the indigenous population of the Caribbean was all 230 00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: but wiped out, but people who self identify as Tino 231 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 1: have always argued for continuity. Now we know they were 232 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:15,520 Speaker 1: right all along. There has been some form of genetic 233 00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: continuity in the Caribbean. So we apologized for the non 234 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:22,120 Speaker 1: zero number of times we messed that up on the 235 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:26,000 Speaker 1: podcast before at least two times that I can think 236 00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:29,360 Speaker 1: of off the top of my head. Possibly more. Yeah, 237 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: but we were going off the best information available at 238 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: the time in terms of science, even though there was 239 00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: some debate. Now we know better yep. Also, this same 240 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,000 Speaker 1: study found no evidence that the people of the various 241 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: Caribbean islands were genetically isolated. In other words, they were 242 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 1: on islands, but their populations were not in bred. This 243 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:55,520 Speaker 1: suggests that the Tino traveled throughout the Caribbean and established 244 00:14:55,520 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: networks among the islands. This is another case of confirming 245 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:05,680 Speaker 1: what people were already saying. This last one is more 246 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: like science confirms question mark because it is the latest 247 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: update on Amelia Earhart. But this time contrary to normal. 248 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:18,280 Speaker 1: It's not from the International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery 249 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:22,200 Speaker 1: or TIGER. It's from a University of Tennessee researcher who 250 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:27,000 Speaker 1: re examined previous measurements of some bones that were found 251 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 1: on Nicumaruro Island in the South Pacific. They compared these 252 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: measurements to some that are extrapolated from a photograph of 253 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 1: Melia Earhart that suggests that the bones are probably hers, 254 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: So that contradicts earlier research on these bones. Done back 255 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,000 Speaker 1: in the nineteen forties, which concluded that they belonged to 256 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:49,120 Speaker 1: a man, and this research was published in the journal 257 00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:53,680 Speaker 1: Forensic Anthropology. But the trick here is that the bones 258 00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:58,040 Speaker 1: themselves have disappeared, So this is just a reanalysis of 259 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:02,320 Speaker 1: measurements of those bones, not of the bones themselves, right, 260 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:05,400 Speaker 1: And now we're going to move on to what's become 261 00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,480 Speaker 1: one of my favorite things in Unearthed, which is things 262 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: that institutions have found in their own collections. This always 263 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:17,800 Speaker 1: delights me. First up, the staff at Union College in Schenectady, 264 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:21,160 Speaker 1: New York, announced that they had found what they believe 265 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,600 Speaker 1: is a lock of George Washington's hair in their Rare 266 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: Books collection. Here's the evidence for why they think it's 267 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:31,800 Speaker 1: George Washington's hair. Number one, it was in an envelope 268 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:35,840 Speaker 1: marked Washington's hair number two. The envelope was in an 269 00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:39,720 Speaker 1: almanac that belonged to Philip Skyler, who was Eliza Skyler 270 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:43,560 Speaker 1: Hamilton's brother. Her father was also named Philip, and sometimes 271 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,880 Speaker 1: in reporting this is described as her father's almanac. And 272 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:48,960 Speaker 1: there is also a note that says that this is 273 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:52,080 Speaker 1: a lock of hair belonging to George Washington that was 274 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:56,400 Speaker 1: passed down through the Skylar family. But the college doesn't 275 00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,960 Speaker 1: want to perform DNA testing to confirm this find because 276 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,760 Speaker 1: is the likelihood that it would completely destroy the sample. Yeah, 277 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: they're like, this seems like enough evidence. It's written there 278 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 1: whole note about it. If there's another technological advancement that 279 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:15,640 Speaker 1: makes it possible to maybe test it without any sort 280 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:18,960 Speaker 1: of damage, I'm sure they would be game. But you 281 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: don't want to lose that on a gamble. Yeah. Uh. 282 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 1: Sydney University found a twenty five hundred year old mummy 283 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:32,440 Speaker 1: in its own collection, in a coffin that was believed 284 00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:36,359 Speaker 1: to be empty. According to the hieroglyphics on the coffin, 285 00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:39,399 Speaker 1: it was made for a priestess called Merne's it is, 286 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: but according to the team that's doing the work, coffins 287 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:45,359 Speaker 1: are frequently discovered not to contain the remains of the 288 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,120 Speaker 1: person that they were made for. This especially happens when 289 00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:52,720 Speaker 1: unscrupulous antiquities dealers are trying to sell an empty coffin 290 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:56,240 Speaker 1: but the customer really wants one that contains a mummy, 291 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:58,600 Speaker 1: and this may have happened with the coffin in question. 292 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: The remains in side are described as heavily disturbed. If 293 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:07,200 Speaker 1: you're wondering why that doesn't apply to the two brothers 294 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 1: that we talked about earlier, like are those remains really 295 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:12,399 Speaker 1: the remains that it says on there? Like this is 296 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: a coffin that has changed hands sometimes and the remains 297 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:20,080 Speaker 1: inside have clearly been disturbed, which was not the case 298 00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: for those ones. Moving on, the University of Swansea discovered 299 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 1: that it had a depiction of the pharaoh had ships 300 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,800 Speaker 1: it in its own collection. The university has a department 301 00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: of Egyptology and professors can request specific artifacts for students 302 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:41,399 Speaker 1: to handle during their classes. In this case, Dr Kenneth 303 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:45,040 Speaker 1: Griffin had made the request based on an old photograph 304 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:47,439 Speaker 1: of the artifact, but then he once he got the 305 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:51,399 Speaker 1: actual pieces of limestone into his possession, he realized that 306 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,040 Speaker 1: they depicted had chips it, which is one of the 307 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: few known female pharaohs. As is the case with a 308 00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:01,080 Speaker 1: lot of Egyptian artifacts that have been in an institution's 309 00:19:01,119 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: collection for decades, it is not clear exactly where this 310 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,840 Speaker 1: one came from. It was given to the university by 311 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:12,760 Speaker 1: Sir Henry Welcome in nine one, but beyond that it's 312 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: life is a mystery. This next one isn't exactly from 313 00:19:16,080 --> 00:19:19,199 Speaker 1: a collection, but it's it's on a similar theme. The 314 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:23,760 Speaker 1: remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge have been found under St. 315 00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,120 Speaker 1: Michael's Highgate, which has long been home to a memorial 316 00:19:27,160 --> 00:19:30,320 Speaker 1: plaque containing some text that was written by Colorridge himself. 317 00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:34,080 Speaker 1: Colorridge had originally been buried in a crypt under the 318 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:36,760 Speaker 1: home where he died, but he and his family had 319 00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:39,880 Speaker 1: been moved the St. Michael's crypt in nineteen sixty one, 320 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,119 Speaker 1: in a space that had previously been a wine seller 321 00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:46,480 Speaker 1: before becoming part of the church's crypt. But over time 322 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:50,479 Speaker 1: people sort of lost track of exactly where Coleridge had 323 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:54,639 Speaker 1: been moved. His casket was found during an excavation, and 324 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,200 Speaker 1: now the church is planning to raise money to restore 325 00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 1: and protect the crypt and its contents. Everybody involved with 326 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: this was like, whoa, this is literally right underneath the 327 00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:08,879 Speaker 1: monument up in the church, Like it's directly under it, 328 00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:12,280 Speaker 1: which is not what anybody was really expecting. They all 329 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:14,800 Speaker 1: knew he was down there somewhere, but you know, as 330 00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 1: staff in the church moved on or passed away, like 331 00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: it just it stopped being known exactly where. Uh. In 332 00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen, researchers at the Anne Frank House physically checked 333 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:30,520 Speaker 1: in on her diary, something that they do every ten years. 334 00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: It's kept in storage for preservation for the rest of 335 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:35,880 Speaker 1: the time, so every ten years is like a more 336 00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:39,920 Speaker 1: thorough examination of what they've got there, and they realized 337 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:43,360 Speaker 1: that two pages had been covered over with brown paper. 338 00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:47,399 Speaker 1: In May, the Anne Frank House and two other Dutch 339 00:20:47,440 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: cultural institutions announced that they had deciphered what was underneath 340 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,120 Speaker 1: this brown paper, and it included some kind of risk 341 00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 1: a jokes and some discussion of sex education. And this 342 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:01,920 Speaker 1: led to some to discussion about how much work should 343 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:05,080 Speaker 1: really be done to figure out something from a teenager's 344 00:21:05,119 --> 00:21:08,400 Speaker 1: diary that she clearly wanted to be hidden, and where 345 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:10,760 Speaker 1: the line should be between the respect for a real 346 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 1: person's privacy and the possibility of something of historical significance 347 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,040 Speaker 1: and tangentially related to this whole idea of finding things 348 00:21:20,119 --> 00:21:23,840 Speaker 1: in your own collection, several announcements have come out of 349 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:26,920 Speaker 1: Monticello over the past several months as the former home 350 00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:30,280 Speaker 1: of Thomas Jefferson tries to be more candid about the 351 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:33,480 Speaker 1: lives of enslaved people on the property. I know when 352 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: I went to Monticello, and probably was not something they 353 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,119 Speaker 1: talked about at all. They were more like, look at 354 00:21:41,119 --> 00:21:46,760 Speaker 1: this amazing clock. In January, news broke about a kitchen 355 00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:50,919 Speaker 1: at Monticello that was used by enslaved chef James Hemmings. 356 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:54,400 Speaker 1: When Jefferson was a minister to France, he took Hemmings 357 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 1: with him to be trained as a chef there. A 358 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,359 Speaker 1: lot of news reporting framed this as a discovery, something 359 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:05,080 Speaker 1: Monticello was surprised to find right there, but the staff 360 00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:08,160 Speaker 1: already knew where this kitchen was. It just wasn't possible 361 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,600 Speaker 1: for archaeologists to get to it because visitor restrooms had 362 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: been built there. But the bathrooms have since been demolished, 363 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,639 Speaker 1: which allowed for a dig that finally revealed the original floor. 364 00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:22,800 Speaker 1: This kitchen opened as a new public exhibit on June six. 365 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:27,120 Speaker 1: Also opening that day was a new digital exhibit called 366 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:31,160 Speaker 1: The Life of Sally Hemmings. The Thomas Jefferson Foundation also 367 00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:33,440 Speaker 1: announced that from here on out it would drop all 368 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:37,360 Speaker 1: of the qualifiers when discussing whether or not Thomas Jefferson 369 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:41,240 Speaker 1: fathered children with Hemmings, saying quote, while there are some 370 00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: who disagree, the foundation's scholarly advisors and the larger community 371 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:50,000 Speaker 1: of academic historians who specialize in early American history have 372 00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: concurred for many years that the evidence is sufficiently strong 373 00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:57,400 Speaker 1: to state that Thomas Jefferson fathered at least six children 374 00:22:57,440 --> 00:22:59,760 Speaker 1: with Sally Hemmings. That is the end of the quote. 375 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,320 Speaker 1: Side note. Last year, Monticello announced that it was excavating 376 00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:08,639 Speaker 1: Hemming's living quarters, which had also been turned into a bathroom. 377 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:10,720 Speaker 1: We're gonna take a quick break before we move on 378 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:21,080 Speaker 1: to a different on Oarth topic. We talked about the 379 00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,240 Speaker 1: Voyage Manuscript not long ago in one of our Saturday 380 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 1: Classic episodes, but we have yet another attempt to decode it. 381 00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: This time it is the work of computing scientists at 382 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:36,160 Speaker 1: the University of Alberta. Professor Greg Contract and graduate student 383 00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:39,880 Speaker 1: Bradley how Aer are using natural language processing to try 384 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:43,400 Speaker 1: to figure it out. They used four hundred languages from 385 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to try to determine 386 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:51,200 Speaker 1: what language the manuscript is written in. They originally thought Arabic, 387 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,640 Speaker 1: but their work suggests the most likely candidate is Hebrew. 388 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,439 Speaker 1: Even that, though is not definite, it's just statistically the 389 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,119 Speaker 1: most likely language. And this is where it gets a 390 00:24:01,119 --> 00:24:05,439 Speaker 1: little less precise. Their hypothesis is that this is a 391 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:09,480 Speaker 1: cipher that uses anagrams. But they did not have a 392 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:13,640 Speaker 1: Hebrew scholar to work with to check their findings, so 393 00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:15,159 Speaker 1: they did what they could, and then they ran it 394 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,720 Speaker 1: through Google Translate, and they got results that seemed to 395 00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: be mostly readable sentences based on our own use of 396 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:27,679 Speaker 1: Google Translate, though we can't really call anything solved based 397 00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:31,359 Speaker 1: on Google Translate. Well, and I wonder as Google weighted 398 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,920 Speaker 1: on this, because we don't know how much their algorithm 399 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:37,920 Speaker 1: tries to make sense of things. I did not find 400 00:24:37,960 --> 00:24:40,920 Speaker 1: that they had when I was researching this, so that's 401 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:45,280 Speaker 1: like a whole other potential layer of Like, of course 402 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:48,159 Speaker 1: it made sort of readable sentences, it's trying desperately to 403 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:51,440 Speaker 1: do so. Yes, there were also lots of comments on 404 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:53,920 Speaker 1: on various articles that were about this that were sort 405 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: of like, there are a lot of Hebrew scholars, it 406 00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: seems like there should be one who would work with 407 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,160 Speaker 1: you on this. Yeah, a lot of questions on that one. 408 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,159 Speaker 1: Researchers have been trying to track down the remains of 409 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:10,159 Speaker 1: the monastery where the Book of Deer was written. In 410 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,439 Speaker 1: the Book of Deer is a tenth century copy of 411 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:16,000 Speaker 1: the Gospels with notes about everyday life at the time 412 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: written in the margins. It's the oldest known example of 413 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: written Scottish Galic, and the monks in the monastery where 414 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,680 Speaker 1: the book was written eventually relocated about one thousand years 415 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:30,560 Speaker 1: ago in the location of the original monastery has been lost. 416 00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: In January they announced to break through a hearth and 417 00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:37,120 Speaker 1: a thick layer of charcoal that they found an Aberdeen 418 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,680 Speaker 1: sure not far away from Old Deer. This fine has 419 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,640 Speaker 1: been dated to between eleven forty seven and twelve sixty, 420 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 1: so it's roughly in the right place, roughly in the 421 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: right time. May have been something that lingered around for 422 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 1: a while after the monks had moved on. This is 423 00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:59,119 Speaker 1: part of the Book of Deer project, which is trying 424 00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:01,919 Speaker 1: to make the text were accessible and has sponsored a 425 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:06,520 Speaker 1: series of excavations in the search for the monastery. Conservators 426 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:09,399 Speaker 1: with the Queen Anne's Revenge Project, which has blessed us 427 00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:13,320 Speaker 1: with a lot of unearthed pirates stuff, found something really 428 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: interesting in some watting inside of a cannon. It was 429 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:20,800 Speaker 1: a book, or at least part of a book. At first, 430 00:26:20,840 --> 00:26:23,680 Speaker 1: it wasn't obvious at all what they were looking at. 431 00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:27,959 Speaker 1: The first descriptions were just quote a mass of black textile, 432 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: But as they worked with the mystery watting, they started 433 00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:34,359 Speaker 1: to pick out words and realized that they were looking 434 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,400 Speaker 1: at print material. It took a while to figure out 435 00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:40,680 Speaker 1: exactly what kind of print material, though, because they were 436 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:43,880 Speaker 1: only able to pick out a few snippets and isolated 437 00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:49,240 Speaker 1: chunks of the text. After a year of looking for clues, 438 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:53,640 Speaker 1: a conservator named Kimberly Kenyon found the word helo, which 439 00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,400 Speaker 1: was in one of these snippets of text from that watting. 440 00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:59,800 Speaker 1: She found it in a book called A Voyage to 441 00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,760 Speaker 1: the South Sea Around the World. That book was written 442 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:07,240 Speaker 1: in seventeen twelve, and eventually they matched up more words 443 00:27:07,240 --> 00:27:11,119 Speaker 1: and phrases from the Cannon watting with words and phrases 444 00:27:11,240 --> 00:27:14,440 Speaker 1: from this book, and the book has its own connection 445 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,520 Speaker 1: to piracy. A Voyage to the South Sea Around the 446 00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:21,119 Speaker 1: World recounts Edward Cook's time aboard the Duchess during a 447 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:25,360 Speaker 1: privateering voyage that lasted from seventeen o eight to seventeen eleven. 448 00:27:26,119 --> 00:27:30,280 Speaker 1: This expedition also rescued Alexander Selkirk, who is believed to 449 00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:35,000 Speaker 1: be the inspiration for Robinson Crusoe, from an uninhabited island. 450 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:38,479 Speaker 1: It's not totally clear why this book was used as 451 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: watting and a cannon. There's some speculation about it though. 452 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:44,719 Speaker 1: The pirates might have just really needed some watting and 453 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:48,720 Speaker 1: they grabbed a book that was handy, or somebody could 454 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,920 Speaker 1: have been mad that the voyage recounted in the book 455 00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 1: was led by Captain Woods Roger, who went on to 456 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: fight piracy in the Caribbean. So it was more like, 457 00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: i'd will like you and your anti piracy campaign, So 458 00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,760 Speaker 1: I'm gonna stuff this book about it down a cannon. 459 00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,200 Speaker 1: But that is just a theory, although it's fun to speculate. 460 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:15,439 Speaker 1: It is a fun speculation. We are moving on to 461 00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:20,360 Speaker 1: something that I always love, which is beads. Yep Archaeologists 462 00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,959 Speaker 1: have assumed that glassmaking was introduced into Africa through trade 463 00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:27,480 Speaker 1: with Europe, but according to chemical analysis of a site 464 00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:31,800 Speaker 1: in Nigeria, glassmaking their pre dates trade with Europe, and 465 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: this particular site is home to the ancestral Yoruba people, 466 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:39,200 Speaker 1: and the find totally contradicts the prevailing idea that glass 467 00:28:39,240 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: was introduced to Africa by traders from the Mediterranean and Europe. 468 00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: Lots of glass beads and containers have been unearthed at 469 00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:51,600 Speaker 1: digs from this area before, but the assumption had been 470 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:55,200 Speaker 1: that all of this glass was imported. Now though it 471 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,959 Speaker 1: appears as though there was a glass workshop there. Researchers 472 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,240 Speaker 1: found more than in the thousand beads and none of 473 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: them had a chemical makeup that matched European glass. This 474 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,120 Speaker 1: was all local material, all made by local craftsmen and artisans, 475 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: and the oldest samples date back to the eleven hundreds, 476 00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:17,040 Speaker 1: before this particular part of West Africa was trading with Europeans. 477 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,280 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in India have discovered a bead workshop dating back 478 00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:24,560 Speaker 1: to the ancient Indus Valley. We talked a little about 479 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,760 Speaker 1: the Indus Valley civilization in our episode on Mahinjo Daro, 480 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:30,560 Speaker 1: and this is a pre Harapan site, meaning that it 481 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,920 Speaker 1: dates back before the Indus Valley civilization matured. This is 482 00:29:34,960 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: from an excavation site called Kunal in northern India and 483 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:41,520 Speaker 1: beads from the site date back to three thousand b c. 484 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: E to b C. And they demonstrate that the artisans 485 00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:49,160 Speaker 1: who were working at the site were highly skilled. But 486 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:50,800 Speaker 1: it's not just the age of the beads and the 487 00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: skill of the craftsman that's so interesting. There's also evidence 488 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:57,960 Speaker 1: that the bead makers traded with people's as far away 489 00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:02,720 Speaker 1: as Mesopotamia. On the note, a common misconception about the 490 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: past is that populations before the modern era were isolated, 491 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: like Europe was all people we would think of his white, 492 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:12,120 Speaker 1: and Africa was all people we would think of his black, 493 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,120 Speaker 1: and so on, until suddenly, around fourteen fifty or so 494 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,400 Speaker 1: people started moving around more. But that is just really 495 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: not true. And next up we have a bunch of 496 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,560 Speaker 1: studies that are examples of that. Here's a really quick 497 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:29,040 Speaker 1: one to start off. Archaeologists in Tongsburg, Norway, have found 498 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:32,959 Speaker 1: an abstract chess piece made of antler and the remains 499 00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:36,520 Speaker 1: of a thirteen century house. This piece is a night 500 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,960 Speaker 1: and while it's design is abstract, it also seems to 501 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:44,120 Speaker 1: have been inspired by Islamic art. Researchers from the Max 502 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,880 Speaker 1: Planck Institute for the Science of Human History have sequenced 503 00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:51,440 Speaker 1: the DNA of several fifteen thousand year old modern humans 504 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,560 Speaker 1: from Morocco. This is the oldest African DNA ever to 505 00:30:55,640 --> 00:31:00,320 Speaker 1: be successfully analyzed. The study looked at DNA from nine people. 506 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:03,440 Speaker 1: They were able to get mitochondrial DNA from seven of them. 507 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:06,920 Speaker 1: And genome wide information from five of them, and they 508 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:11,120 Speaker 1: discovered that these people's DNA was related to populations both 509 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:15,440 Speaker 1: from the Levant and from Sub Saharan Africa. This suggests 510 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:18,320 Speaker 1: that there was a lot of interconnectivity going on in 511 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,880 Speaker 1: the world, with these people sharing DNA with populations from 512 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:25,880 Speaker 1: Western Asia and Sub Saharan Africa. It's a lot more 513 00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:29,560 Speaker 1: mobility within these populations than researchers had thought was happening 514 00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,000 Speaker 1: fifteen thousand years ago, and it suggests that travel between 515 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:37,240 Speaker 1: North Africa, Sub Saharan Africa, and Western Asia was happening 516 00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:41,440 Speaker 1: much earlier than was previously thought. Researchers from the University 517 00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:44,880 Speaker 1: of Helsinki have been trying to solve a mystery about 518 00:31:44,920 --> 00:31:49,320 Speaker 1: the Neolithic courted war culture, which spread across what's now Finland, Estonia, 519 00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:55,280 Speaker 1: and Sweden around to b c. E. One question has 520 00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:58,280 Speaker 1: been whether the pottery that was part of this culture 521 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: was carried from place to place trade, or whether the 522 00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:06,360 Speaker 1: potters themselves spread out and carried their craft with them. 523 00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:09,880 Speaker 1: According to research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, 524 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:13,400 Speaker 1: it seems to be the latter. The team analyzed pottery 525 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,800 Speaker 1: from twenty four sites in three countries, which suggests that 526 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 1: the pots themselves were being crafted in multiple locations. Neolithic 527 00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: courted where is also heavily associated with women. Women are 528 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: more likely to have the pottery among their grave goods. 529 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:31,719 Speaker 1: Women seem to have been the ones who were performing 530 00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,960 Speaker 1: and teaching the craft of making the pottery. So the 531 00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: evidence suggests that skilled female potters were moving all around 532 00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:43,160 Speaker 1: the Baltic maybe after getting married, and continuing their craft 533 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,760 Speaker 1: after moving. So it wasn't a matter of somebody loading 534 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:49,200 Speaker 1: up a pack animal with pottery and carrying it around, 535 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:51,680 Speaker 1: or putting pottery on a boat and carrying it around. 536 00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:55,640 Speaker 1: People were moving to a new place where they lived permanently, 537 00:32:55,720 --> 00:32:57,840 Speaker 1: and they were making their pottery once they got there. 538 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:01,360 Speaker 1: And we're gonna have a whole lot or unearthed next time, 539 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:06,320 Speaker 1: including favorite topics like edibles and podibles and everybody's most 540 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:13,400 Speaker 1: delightful topic exhumations. Exhumation time coming next. Tracy, do you 541 00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:16,560 Speaker 1: have listener mail? I do have a really quick listener mail. 542 00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: It's from Eleanor, and Eleanor says, dear Tracy and Holly. 543 00:33:19,280 --> 00:33:21,440 Speaker 1: I love the show and recently listened to your episode 544 00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: about evacuating children. It reminded me of a memorial that 545 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:28,480 Speaker 1: I pass every day on my commute at Liverpool Street 546 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:31,800 Speaker 1: station in London. The small memorial is for the children 547 00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:34,320 Speaker 1: of the Kinder transport. It's off to the side of 548 00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:36,960 Speaker 1: the main hall in the station and is not really 549 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:39,360 Speaker 1: noticed by many people who are rushing past it. I've 550 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,840 Speaker 1: attached some pictures. Thank you for your awesome podcast that 551 00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:46,080 Speaker 1: makes my commute on a tube so much better. Best wishes, Eleanor. 552 00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: Eleanor sent three um three pictures of this memorial that 553 00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:56,680 Speaker 1: is really moving to look at. It's got sculptures have 554 00:33:56,760 --> 00:33:59,240 Speaker 1: two children with a suitcase behind them and the look 555 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: on their face is just so moving. These were the 556 00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:07,720 Speaker 1: children that were evacuated out of Nazi Germany and Nazi 557 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:13,120 Speaker 1: occupied territories into Britain um leading up to World War Two. Anyway, 558 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,440 Speaker 1: I did not know that this existed as a monument. 559 00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:18,720 Speaker 1: Thank you so much for sending this and for sending 560 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:21,719 Speaker 1: the pictures. Um. I will see if I can find 561 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,600 Speaker 1: uh some pictures online and linked to them from the 562 00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:28,640 Speaker 1: show notes for today's episode. If you would like to 563 00:34:28,840 --> 00:34:31,080 Speaker 1: send us a note. Where a history podcast at how 564 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:33,640 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com and then we're on social media 565 00:34:33,719 --> 00:34:35,960 Speaker 1: at missed in History that is our Facebook and our interests, 566 00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:38,279 Speaker 1: and our Instagram and our Twitter. You can come to 567 00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: our website, which is missed in history dot com, where 568 00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:42,640 Speaker 1: you will find the show notes for all the episodes 569 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:44,839 Speaker 1: that Holly and I would have worked on together, and 570 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:48,560 Speaker 1: an archive of all of the episodes ever. You can 571 00:34:48,719 --> 00:34:52,680 Speaker 1: also subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts or Google 572 00:34:52,680 --> 00:35:00,600 Speaker 1: podcast wherever else you get your podcasts. For more on 573 00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:03,359 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit how Stuff Works 574 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:04,719 Speaker 1: dot com. M