1 00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:06,000 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. Over the last couple of weeks of June, 2 00:00:06,320 --> 00:00:09,000 Speaker 1: the U. S. Supreme Court released a whole series of 3 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:12,399 Speaker 1: decisions that related one way or another two topics we 4 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:15,360 Speaker 1: have covered on the show, issues we've talked about on 5 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: the podcast. One of the last ones was in West 6 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:21,959 Speaker 1: Virginia versus the Environmental Protection Agency, and this was a 7 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:25,200 Speaker 1: case about whether the Clean Air Act gave the Environmental 8 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,080 Speaker 1: Protection Agency the authority to set admissions caps based on 9 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:33,560 Speaker 1: the generation shifting approach, that is, shifting power generation to 10 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:37,879 Speaker 1: cleaner sources of energy than things like burning coal. The 11 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:41,479 Speaker 1: Supreme Court ruled that it did not. Leading up to 12 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:45,239 Speaker 1: and after this decision, imagery from the Coyahoga River was 13 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 1: all over social media and in mainstream news recording because 14 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:51,479 Speaker 1: people use the Coyahoga River as an example of a 15 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 1: world without environmental regulations. We did an episode on the 16 00:00:55,760 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: Coyahoga River and the times that it caught fire. That 17 00:00:58,920 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 1: episode came out on June, and we talked in that 18 00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:06,000 Speaker 1: episode about how the river came to be a symbol 19 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:08,600 Speaker 1: in the environmental movement. So we are bringing that out 20 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,240 Speaker 1: as our Saturday Classic today. Yeah. I felt like every 21 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: time I looked at Twitter, there was another picture of 22 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: the river on fire, So here's the context on that. Enjoy. 23 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,480 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You missed in History Class, a production 24 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 25 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today we 26 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: are going to talk about an event that became a 27 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: really huge symbol in the environmental movement, and it's often 28 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 1: credited with helping surpass the Clean Water Act and inspire 29 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 1: the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Butt like a 30 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 1: lot of the things that we talked about on the show, 31 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:58,640 Speaker 1: the actual story is way more complicated than that, and 32 00:01:58,680 --> 00:02:01,160 Speaker 1: the whole thing is often portrayed in a way that 33 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: has a lot of inaccuracies. In nineteen sixty nine, the 34 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio caught fire. This was not 35 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: for the first time, it was, in fact, for the 36 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:14,920 Speaker 1: last time. But for the people who have heard of 37 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,280 Speaker 1: this fire, the image that probably came to your mind 38 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: is not from this fire at all. It's from a 39 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: completely different one. And as we mentioned before the episode, 40 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,720 Speaker 1: the image that comes to mind for me is R. E. M. 41 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 1: Saying about Kuyahoga it has nothing to you know, and no, 42 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: no historical significance other than it was a great song. 43 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: I don't even know it, so maybe after we record 44 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:44,520 Speaker 1: I will go look it up. There you go. Cleveland, Ohio, 45 00:02:44,639 --> 00:02:47,119 Speaker 1: sits on the shore of Lake Erie along a very 46 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:50,440 Speaker 1: twisty part of the Cuyahoga River which empties into the lake, 47 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:53,280 Speaker 1: and there are a couple of different theories about where 48 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: the river's name comes from, either a Mohawk word for 49 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: crooked or a Seneca name meaning place of the jaw bone, 50 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 1: and sometimes these are also conflated and described as being 51 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,720 Speaker 1: a Seneca word for crooked. Yeah, I found out a 52 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,480 Speaker 1: lot of times before I found this thing that spelled 53 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:14,280 Speaker 1: it out completely differently. Centuries before the establishment of Cleveland, 54 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 1: the Cuyahoga River Valley was home to several indigenous cultures, 55 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:21,760 Speaker 1: beginning with prehistoric nomadic peoples who came into the area 56 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: roughly thirteen thousand years ago. Later, the River Valley's prehistoric 57 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: inhabitants also included people's from the Mound building Hopewell culture, 58 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: followed by what's known as the Whittlesey people. What we 59 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: know of these cultures comes from the archaeological records, so 60 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: we don't know their actual name Hopewell comes from Mordecai Hopewell, 61 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,640 Speaker 1: who owned the land that was home to a series 62 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: of their mounds. Whittlesey is named for geologist and archaeologist 63 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:55,680 Speaker 1: Charles Whittlesey. Cleveland was established on part of the Connecticut 64 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 1: Western Reserve. This was land in the Northwest Territory that 65 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: was claimed Bynnecticut. Although the Seneca likely used parts of 66 00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:06,560 Speaker 1: the Western Reserve as a hunting ground, the area that 67 00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:10,559 Speaker 1: became Cleveland doesn't appear to have had a permanent population 68 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:14,720 Speaker 1: in the decades just before its founding. That changed when 69 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,839 Speaker 1: Moses Cleveland surveyed and mapped the Connecticut Land Company's Western 70 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: Reserve holdings. Cleveland was the first settlement that was established 71 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: after this survey, which was completed in seventeen. The population 72 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: of the newly established Cleveland grew very very slowly, although 73 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:36,279 Speaker 1: the immediate area wasn't permanently inhabited. Other parts of what 74 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 1: would become the state of Ohio were people were reluctant 75 00:04:40,120 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: to move to the area out of fear of attacks 76 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:46,000 Speaker 1: by the indigenous population, and until the eighteen twenties, it 77 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: was also hard to get to thanks to a lack 78 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:53,159 Speaker 1: of roads or other transportation options. Eventually, steamboats on Lake 79 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: Erie Roads, railroads, and the construction of the Ohio and 80 00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: Erie Canalway made it more accessible. As Cleveland grew, it 81 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: became an important industrial center in the United States. Standard 82 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:11,280 Speaker 1: Oil Company, which is still a recognizable name, was established 83 00:05:11,279 --> 00:05:13,760 Speaker 1: by John D. Rockefeller, and it was founded there around 84 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:18,480 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy. Steel mills became a huge part of Cleveland's 85 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 1: economy and also one of the major employers, with almost 86 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: thirty percent of the city's population working in the steel 87 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:29,760 Speaker 1: industry by eighteen eighty. These industries and the city itself 88 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:31,840 Speaker 1: grew up in a time when there wasn't a lot 89 00:05:31,880 --> 00:05:35,880 Speaker 1: of regulation about how to handle waste. Sewage emptied into 90 00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 1: the river, as did industrial waste and runoff. The water 91 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: became so dirty that if you fell into it, you 92 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: went to the hospital when you got out again. This 93 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:47,680 Speaker 1: wasn't remotely unique to Cleveland, and to a lot of people. 94 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,360 Speaker 1: A river that was obviously visibly filthy was a necessary 95 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: trade off for all of the industry that was bringing 96 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:59,240 Speaker 1: money into the city. Cleveland's population peaked in nineteen fifty 97 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: at nearly a million people, but then, as was the 98 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: case for many other industrial cities in the United States, 99 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:09,920 Speaker 1: the industrial sector started to decline. Between nineteen fifty two 100 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:14,400 Speaker 1: and nineteen sixty nine, the city lost sixty thousand manufacturing jobs, 101 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:17,320 Speaker 1: and that industrial decline brought along with it a loss 102 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: of jobs, an increase and abandoned industrial property along the waterfront, 103 00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: a higher crime rate, and a range of other social 104 00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 1: and economic issues. As the city center became increasingly run down, 105 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: anyone who could afford to move to the newer suburbs 106 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: did and that compounded all of these issues. Running alongside 107 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: this was an increase in racism and racial tensions in Cleveland. 108 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:45,080 Speaker 1: The city had experienced the same demographic shifts as many 109 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:48,480 Speaker 1: other major cities. After the Civil War and the end 110 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:52,080 Speaker 1: of reconstruction. African Americans had moved to Cleveland and other 111 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: cities from the Deep South, seeking work in factories and 112 00:06:55,880 --> 00:07:01,119 Speaker 1: trying to escape oppressive Jim Crow laws. The Cleveland's white 113 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: citizens had then started moving out of the neighborhoods that 114 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: were becoming home to black families, in a pattern that's 115 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: commonly known as white flight. Since middle class white families 116 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: were moving out of neighborhoods as lower income black families 117 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:18,800 Speaker 1: moved in, the tax base for these neighborhoods dropped dramatically, 118 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: which led to a corresponding decline in all of the 119 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:25,960 Speaker 1: systems and services that are funded by taxes. And even 120 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: though segregation and discrimination weren't as legally codified in Ohio 121 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 1: as they were in much of the South, they still existed. 122 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:37,640 Speaker 1: Racism and racial bias in policing and housing created a 123 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,760 Speaker 1: lot of the same disparities in Cleveland as Jim Crow 124 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:44,120 Speaker 1: laws did elsewhere. The Supreme Court would eventually rule that 125 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: Cleveland schools were segregated by race, even though that racial 126 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: segregation was not spelled out in law. All of this 127 00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:56,239 Speaker 1: culminated in the Huff riots of July n sixty six. 128 00:07:56,880 --> 00:08:00,160 Speaker 1: It's unclear exactly what sparked that riot, but the most 129 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:03,680 Speaker 1: commonly cited account is that white restaurant owners and the 130 00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:07,280 Speaker 1: predominantly black neighborhood of Huff refused to give a black 131 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 1: customer a glass of water, and then they hung a 132 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:12,679 Speaker 1: sign in the window that read no water for n words. 133 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: A crowd of mostly black protesters gathered outside the restaurant, 134 00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:20,000 Speaker 1: and after police arrived to try to disperse the crowd, 135 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: the situation escalated from an angry mob throwing rocks to 136 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:27,880 Speaker 1: a six day riot that involved looting, arson in the 137 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:31,800 Speaker 1: deployment of the Ohio National Guard. Four people were actually 138 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: killed in the striot, and all of them were black. 139 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:38,320 Speaker 1: This incident is often cited as contributing to the election 140 00:08:38,400 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: of Carl Stokes as Cleveland's mayor in nineteen sixty seven. 141 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:45,439 Speaker 1: It was his second attempt at running for mayor, having 142 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: lost in nineteen sixty five. He was the first black 143 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: mayor of a major US city, and a number of 144 00:08:51,520 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 1: historians suggests that his election was in part out of 145 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:57,520 Speaker 1: a desire for stability and unity in a city that 146 00:08:57,559 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: was really struggling. Stokes platform during the election focused on jobs, 147 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 1: housing an attempts to revitalize the city. But because this 148 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: fire that we're going to talk about happened during his 149 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:13,680 Speaker 1: time in office, he wound up becoming a really prominent 150 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,600 Speaker 1: figure in a completely different movement. And we'll talk about 151 00:09:16,640 --> 00:09:26,720 Speaker 1: that more after a sponsor break. On June at twenty, 152 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:30,640 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, sparks from a train passing over one 153 00:09:30,679 --> 00:09:34,200 Speaker 1: of the trestles that crossed the Cuyahoga River ignited oil 154 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:37,440 Speaker 1: that had collected on its surface, and the resulting fire 155 00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: was pretty visually dramatic. It reached about five stories tall. 156 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:46,439 Speaker 1: Firefighters extinguished the blaze within twenty or thirty minutes, but 157 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:50,199 Speaker 1: not before it damaged two rail trestles, one belonging to 158 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:52,880 Speaker 1: Norfolk and Western Railroad and the other to Newburg and 159 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,719 Speaker 1: South Shore. Estimates on how much the damage cost to 160 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:01,000 Speaker 1: repair them varies from between fifty thou and hundred thousand dollars, 161 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:04,719 Speaker 1: depending on who you ask. The city of Cleveland was 162 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,199 Speaker 1: not particularly traumatized by the burning river. It was not 163 00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: the first time that it had caught fire. The Kuyahoga 164 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: had burned at least thirteen times over the previous hundred years. 165 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:17,720 Speaker 1: The most recent fire before the one in nineteen sixty 166 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: nine had occurred in nineteen fifty two, and it had 167 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: been far more destructive, leading to about one point three 168 00:10:23,679 --> 00:10:26,839 Speaker 1: million dollars in damages, including the dry docks of the 169 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:31,000 Speaker 1: Great Lakes Towing Company and multiple tugboats. It had nearly 170 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: reached the standard oil refinery, which could have been utterly catastrophic. 171 00:10:35,679 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: The river's deadliest fire, which caused five deaths, had happened 172 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 1: in nineteen twelve. To be clear, here, the Cuyahoga River 173 00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: is by far not the only river in the world 174 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:49,680 Speaker 1: to have ever caught fire, just as examples other Great 175 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,240 Speaker 1: Lakes tributaries did during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 176 00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,839 Speaker 1: as well, including the Chicago and Buffalo rivers, and this 177 00:10:57,040 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: also still happens. As just one other example, India's bell 178 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:04,800 Speaker 1: under Lake has caught fire more than once this year, 179 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:08,000 Speaker 1: which is seen, and of course there are also lots 180 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: of other pollutants that can be in the water and 181 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:14,200 Speaker 1: be dangerous in ways that don't involve setting on fire. 182 00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:19,280 Speaker 1: By nineteen sixty nine, the city of Cleveland simultaneously shrugged 183 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:22,679 Speaker 1: off river fires and viewed them as a threat. When 184 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:24,679 Speaker 1: the river caught fire, it wasn't met with a lot 185 00:11:24,720 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: of public fanfare or panic, but there was an increasing 186 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,280 Speaker 1: awareness of the need to clean up the river. That need, though, 187 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:33,960 Speaker 1: was driven by the risk of fire damage, not really 188 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,199 Speaker 1: a desire to clean the river for its own sake. 189 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:40,160 Speaker 1: Air pollution, which could easily spread to the more distant suburbs, 190 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:43,000 Speaker 1: got a lot more attention in terms of general pollution. 191 00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:47,560 Speaker 1: Cleanup the flammable river was also a problem that Cleveland 192 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:51,280 Speaker 1: was actively working on. Cleveland's voters had approved a one 193 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:54,920 Speaker 1: hundred million dollar bond initiative in nineteen sixty eight such 194 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:57,480 Speaker 1: just the year before, and that was aimed at cleaning 195 00:11:57,559 --> 00:11:59,640 Speaker 1: up one of the big sources of pollution, which was 196 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: treated human waste. This situation was particularly bad when heavy 197 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: rains would cause the sewer system to overflow, and the 198 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: bond initiative was meant to upgrade existing facilities, add new 199 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,720 Speaker 1: sewer lines, and build a new sewage treatment plant. Ben Stefanski, 200 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,720 Speaker 1: who was Cleveland's Director of Public Utilities, was the driving 201 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,400 Speaker 1: force behind the spot and a big advocate for getting 202 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: the public support, both for the initiative itself and for 203 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: the taxes that would be necessary to fund it. In 204 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,839 Speaker 1: the days immediately after the fire, local news coverage and 205 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:35,959 Speaker 1: local discussion of what had happened was mostly focused on 206 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: the damage and who should pay to repair it. Because 207 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,000 Speaker 1: firefighters extinguished the blaze so quickly, photographers didn't get to 208 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 1: the scene in time to get a picture of the 209 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: fire in progress. When the Cleveland Press and the Cleveland 210 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: Plane Dealer went to press the next day, they did 211 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: so with photos of the damaged railroad trestles, not of 212 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: the fire itself, and the press ran photos without a 213 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: story while the plane Dealer published to brief story as well, 214 00:13:01,240 --> 00:13:04,400 Speaker 1: but all the way back on page eleven c SO 215 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: to Cleveland in nineteen sixty nine, the river catching fire 216 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: was not anywhere near front page news. The much worse 217 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:13,120 Speaker 1: N two fire that we mentioned a little while ago, 218 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:17,160 Speaker 1: on the other hand, had been The political back and 219 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:20,439 Speaker 1: forth that followed, which was also reported in the local media, 220 00:13:20,640 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: focused mostly on the damage and the blame. Stefanski placed 221 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:27,559 Speaker 1: the blame on the state, saying that it was issuing 222 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:31,280 Speaker 1: industrial permits that allowed the dumping of industrial waste into 223 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,319 Speaker 1: the river. Then the state countered that it was the 224 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 1: city's failing sewer system, the one that had been targeted 225 00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:40,319 Speaker 1: to be upgraded with this bond initiative, that needed to 226 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:41,839 Speaker 1: take the blame for a lot of the oil and 227 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:45,640 Speaker 1: the water. The city then accused the state of failing 228 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: to match the bond funds with funds of its own 229 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:52,040 Speaker 1: to help with this project. After a while, the local 230 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 1: media got tired of reporting on all of this back 231 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:57,760 Speaker 1: and forth. An editorial that ran in The Plain Dealer 232 00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:01,160 Speaker 1: about two weeks after the fire read quote bickering between 233 00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: Cleveland and the state over who bears responsibility for the 234 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 1: condition of the Kyahoga. A stream so polluted it catches 235 00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:10,760 Speaker 1: fire from time to time will not improve the quality 236 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:15,320 Speaker 1: of the filthy stream. All of this discussion was really 237 00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,360 Speaker 1: pretty local. There was little to nothing in the national 238 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: media until Time magazine published a story on river pollution 239 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:26,880 Speaker 1: in August of nineteen sixty nine. This story largely focused 240 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: on the Kuyahoga River and it reference to the June 241 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: nine fire, but because there were no pictures of that fire, 242 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: Time used a picture from the much more serious nineteen 243 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:40,400 Speaker 1: fifty two fire. This is actually the picture of the 244 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: fire that is on our website for this episode. And 245 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:46,720 Speaker 1: although there are online versions of the article that exists 246 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:49,560 Speaker 1: today with the photo clearly captioned as being from a 247 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 1: different fire, the one that actually ran in Time in 248 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,840 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine just said quote boat caught in flaming 249 00:14:55,920 --> 00:15:00,400 Speaker 1: kaya Hooga Suddenly Cleveland and the Kuyahoga River. We were 250 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: in the national spotlight as evidence of the dire state 251 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: of the nation's polluted waterways, not just in Ohio, but 252 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:12,400 Speaker 1: elsewhere too. More national coverage followed. In nineteen seventy, National 253 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:16,880 Speaker 1: Geographics cover announced our Ecological Crisis as the title, with 254 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 1: pictures of the Kuyahoga not at that time on fire, 255 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:22,880 Speaker 1: being part of a fold out that accompanied the story. 256 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:27,760 Speaker 1: The river at that point was still visibly incredibly filthy, 257 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 1: and all the retrospectives that are written today usually note 258 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: correctly that the nineteen sixty nine fire was the last 259 00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,280 Speaker 1: and not the first, and they don't usually use an 260 00:15:38,360 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: out of contact context picture with no explanation that it's 261 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 1: really from an earlier fire. In the nineteen seventies and 262 00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:47,920 Speaker 1: even nineteen eighties, a lot of the articles that evoked 263 00:15:47,960 --> 00:15:51,360 Speaker 1: this fire were just sloppy. They got key dates wrong, 264 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,760 Speaker 1: They described the fire as something that stretched over miles 265 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: of river when it was really pretty contained. There were 266 00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: lots of other embellished details, and they made it sound 267 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: like the nineteen fire was both unique and a massive 268 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 1: disaster rather than something that was appalling. I mean, the 269 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: river should not catch fire, but it was also contained, 270 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,440 Speaker 1: quickly extinguished, and was something that happened, as the newspaper 271 00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 1: said from time to time. With all of this inflated coverage, 272 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 1: the ninety nine fire took on an almost mythical aspect. 273 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: People started remembering and we're using the air quotes, they're 274 00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:31,880 Speaker 1: seeing the fire on TV, even though no television footage existed. 275 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: As you recall, we mentioned that reporters got there too 276 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:38,320 Speaker 1: late to even get photographs. Randy Newman wrote the song 277 00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:41,480 Speaker 1: burn On about the fire in nineteen seventy two, and 278 00:16:41,560 --> 00:16:43,800 Speaker 1: in the liner notes to a later album said he 279 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:48,720 Speaker 1: had seen this non existent TV broadcast in part because 280 00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: he was the first black mayor of a major US city. 281 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 1: Carl Stokes became a very visible presence in all of 282 00:16:55,920 --> 00:17:00,200 Speaker 1: this coverage, and eventually this blossoming national focus Sir Gold 283 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:04,680 Speaker 1: back around locally, with Cleveland area school children writing hundreds 284 00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 1: of letters to him asking him to clean up the 285 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,440 Speaker 1: city's pollution, including the quality of the air and the 286 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:13,920 Speaker 1: health of Lake Erie. Most of the letters were from 287 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: suburban kids who didn't live near the river, and few 288 00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: of them actually mentioned the river, but they advocated in 289 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:25,240 Speaker 1: general for a cleaner Cleveland and a cleaner planet. More 290 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:31,120 Speaker 1: about how that idea spread from elementary school children onward 291 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:33,119 Speaker 1: is going to happen after we first pause and have 292 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: a little sponsor break. Until nineteen sixty nine, none of 293 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:47,720 Speaker 1: the Cuyahoga's many fires had gotten much national attention. The 294 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:51,080 Speaker 1: Time magazine article and that photograph that was very dramatic 295 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:54,480 Speaker 1: are certainly part of why it's suddenly got so much 296 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:58,240 Speaker 1: more pressed. But apart from that, the nineteen nine fire 297 00:17:58,359 --> 00:18:01,840 Speaker 1: happened at a time of both rowing environmental awareness and 298 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:08,240 Speaker 1: increasing social activism overall. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, which outlined 299 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:10,880 Speaker 1: the dangers of the pesticide d T, had come out 300 00:18:10,920 --> 00:18:14,240 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty two, and while still somewhat controversial, the 301 00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:17,960 Speaker 1: book became a hugely influential bestseller, and it was a 302 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 1: lot of people's first introduction to the idea of environmentalisms. 303 00:18:22,359 --> 00:18:25,680 Speaker 1: And that was just a few years before this river fire. 304 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:28,639 Speaker 1: We have, I feel compelled to mention, gotten a lot 305 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:31,879 Speaker 1: of requests to cover Rachel Carson and Silent Spring. We 306 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:34,720 Speaker 1: have done. Uh, but we have done. I mean that 307 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:36,320 Speaker 1: by saying we got a lot of request not that 308 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,320 Speaker 1: we have written an incident on her at this time. 309 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, yeah, yeah yeah. But just for those of 310 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 1: you who might hear that and say, hey, that would 311 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:44,520 Speaker 1: be a great episode, we know we've gotten that. That 312 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:49,959 Speaker 1: requestment definitely covered on the list. Uh. By nineteen seventy, 313 00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:52,880 Speaker 1: the federal government had heard about the Kuyahoga fire as well. 314 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,680 Speaker 1: Louis Stokes, brother of Mayor Karl Stokes and a member 315 00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: of the U. S. House of Representatives, spoke before the 316 00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:03,159 Speaker 1: House in late nineteen seventy advocating adding language to a 317 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: flood control bill that would allow the U. S. Army 318 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,119 Speaker 1: Corps of Engineers to study water quality in the Cuyahoga River. 319 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:12,120 Speaker 1: He described the fact that it had even caught fire 320 00:19:12,280 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 1: as shameful. He also made it seem like the Kuyahoga 321 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:21,400 Speaker 1: was the only flammable river. Did I don't think it's 322 00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:24,680 Speaker 1: definitely not the only flammable river, But I think that 323 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:26,960 Speaker 1: was more of an oversight than a like a deliberate 324 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:30,720 Speaker 1: effort to make it focus only on Cleveland. But after 325 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: this point, both Stokes Brothers and the fire itself became 326 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:38,440 Speaker 1: a huge, visible part of a campaign for federal regulations 327 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:42,480 Speaker 1: of both the environment and water quality. Outside the halls 328 00:19:42,520 --> 00:19:45,800 Speaker 1: of government, the environmental movement was also continuing to grow. 329 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,960 Speaker 1: The First Earth Day was observed on April nineteen seventy, 330 00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:52,720 Speaker 1: and as part of that First Earth Day, which had 331 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:58,840 Speaker 1: UH celebrations, slash protests, slash observances all around the country, 332 00:19:59,440 --> 00:20:02,879 Speaker 1: college students at Cleveland State University marched from campus to 333 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:07,399 Speaker 1: the Cuyahoga River. The National Environmental Protection Act and e 334 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:10,639 Speaker 1: p A was signed into law on January one of 335 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:14,000 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy. This was one of the nation's first general 336 00:20:14,119 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: laws to protect the environment. President Richard Nixon also announced 337 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:21,960 Speaker 1: his intention to establish an Environmental Protection Agency in the 338 00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: spring of nineteen seventy The agency itself was established on 339 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,680 Speaker 1: December two of that year, and the Clean Water Act 340 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:32,720 Speaker 1: followed in nineteen seventy two. President Nixon actually vetoed the 341 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:35,760 Speaker 1: Clean Water Act because of the cost involved, but Congress 342 00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:40,440 Speaker 1: overrode his veto. This was not the nation's first law 343 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: specifically related to water pollution. That, at least in the 344 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:47,639 Speaker 1: most concrete terms, would be the Federal Water Pollution Control 345 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: Act of nineteen forty eight. The Clean Water Act was 346 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,120 Speaker 1: essentially a series of amendments to that nineteen forty eight law, 347 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:58,200 Speaker 1: among other things, that established a structure for regulating the 348 00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 1: discharging of pollutants into the water. It funded the building 349 00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:04,439 Speaker 1: of a new of new suits, treatment plants and places 350 00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:07,919 Speaker 1: that needed them, and it authorized the Environmental Protection Agency 351 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:11,680 Speaker 1: to implement programs for pollution control. Of course, that's not 352 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:13,960 Speaker 1: the end of the story. There have continued to be 353 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: new laws and rules about pollution and water since then, 354 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: with a continuing focus on weighing the cleanliness and safety 355 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,560 Speaker 1: of waterways with the impact to businesses to maintain it. 356 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: This includes the heavily contested Waters of the United States 357 00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:30,840 Speaker 1: Rule also known as the Clean Water Rule, which is 358 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: currently undergoing a review process through the e p A, 359 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,200 Speaker 1: the Army, and the Army Corps of Engineers. In spite 360 00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:41,440 Speaker 1: of the various agencies and regulations, polluted waterways and municipal 361 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:45,480 Speaker 1: water systems also continue to make headlines, including the Flint, 362 00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 1: Michigan water crisis, in which the city has not had 363 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:53,880 Speaker 1: clean water since a number of sources like to sort 364 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: of well, actually, the Cuyahoga River fire of nineteen sixty 365 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: nine and it's impact on environmental protection laws. They note 366 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 1: that cities and states had begun had begun doing their 367 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:06,800 Speaker 1: own work on cleaning up rivers, lakes, and streams before 368 00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,879 Speaker 1: the federal government ever got involved. The industrial decline in 369 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,720 Speaker 1: Cleveland also meant there were a lot fewer factories discharging 370 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:17,359 Speaker 1: waste into the river, which meant that the river was 371 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 1: cleaner than it had been in decades prior. And while 372 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: all of this is technically true, the Cuyahoga River was 373 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,320 Speaker 1: still really, really dirty in nineteen sixty nine, as were 374 00:22:28,359 --> 00:22:31,360 Speaker 1: many other rivers that had been adjacent to a similar 375 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:35,119 Speaker 1: cycle of industrial rise and fall. It's also difficult for 376 00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 1: any one state or municipality to tackle the problem of 377 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,120 Speaker 1: water pollution on their own, since most bodies of water 378 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:46,960 Speaker 1: crossed through multiple jurisdictions. As it became a symbol for 379 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: catastrophe and a need for environmental stewardship, the city of 380 00:22:51,119 --> 00:22:55,600 Speaker 1: Cleveland also became a national target of embarrassment. Articles in 381 00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,200 Speaker 1: the wake of the fire described it as a crumbling 382 00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:01,400 Speaker 1: relic of a fading industri real era, with white flight 383 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:05,240 Speaker 1: leaving the city's downtown as a derelict shell. And while 384 00:23:05,359 --> 00:23:08,480 Speaker 1: some of the criticism was warranted, we talked about a 385 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: lot of these issues in the first act of the show, 386 00:23:12,119 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: a lot of the coverage really became unnecessarily mean spirited, 387 00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 1: with Cleveland being nicknamed the Mistake on the Lake. Even 388 00:23:20,080 --> 00:23:23,359 Speaker 1: after years of environmental cleanup and a downtown renewal that 389 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:27,280 Speaker 1: started in the nineteen eighties, Cleveland's reputation as a collapsing 390 00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:30,280 Speaker 1: miss persisted. There is even a joke in the two 391 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: thousand three series finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, that 392 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,959 Speaker 1: Cleveland is on a hell mouse. I think a lot 393 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:42,240 Speaker 1: of people who grew up after this era, like after 394 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:46,240 Speaker 1: the Nixon presidency and the creation of the E p 395 00:23:46,359 --> 00:23:48,720 Speaker 1: A and all that stuff, you don't remember this specific 396 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 1: story about Cleveland still grew up with the idea that 397 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:55,640 Speaker 1: Cleveland was some sort of rundown laughing stock without really 398 00:23:55,680 --> 00:24:00,560 Speaker 1: knowing why. Yeah, and this is a lot of why. Uh. 399 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 1: And of course, obviously industry was not the only thing 400 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:04,840 Speaker 1: that there was going on in Cleveland before any of 401 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:07,159 Speaker 1: this happened. It's just the thing that's most relevant to 402 00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:11,159 Speaker 1: what we were talking about today and today the Cuyahoga 403 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:14,640 Speaker 1: River Fire of nineteen sixty nine has been somewhat reclaimed 404 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,240 Speaker 1: by the city of Cleveland with a pinch of self 405 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: deprecating humor. Great Lakes Brewing Company opened in the Ohio 406 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: City neighborhood of Cleveland, not far from the river, in 407 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,560 Speaker 1: six and they brew a Burning River pale Ale, which 408 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,840 Speaker 1: launched in ninete and has labeling that gives a nod 409 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,920 Speaker 1: both to the infamous river fire and the Clean Water 410 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:39,040 Speaker 1: Act that followed it. Uh. And Great Lakes Brewing Company 411 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 1: also hosts Burning river Fest, which is a festival to 412 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: support the environmental organization Burning River Foundation. I think a 413 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,040 Speaker 1: lot of the rest of the world is gradually catching 414 00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:53,680 Speaker 1: up to the idea that that Cleveland has renewed a 415 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:56,600 Speaker 1: lot of itself since nineteen sixty nine when the river 416 00:24:56,760 --> 00:25:03,320 Speaker 1: caught on fire, at least I hope uh featured on 417 00:25:03,359 --> 00:25:10,280 Speaker 1: The Drew Carey Show with much positive framing. Well too too. 418 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,119 Speaker 1: Dear dear friends of mine who grew up both in 419 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:16,840 Speaker 1: Ohio and then lived in Atlanta for many years, which 420 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:19,560 Speaker 1: is where I knew them. I've just moved back to Cleveland, 421 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,639 Speaker 1: and they certainly would not have moved to a place 422 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:28,639 Speaker 1: that was terrible. So I definitely hoped that. I mean, 423 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:34,040 Speaker 1: every place has legitimate criticisms, but I don't think Cleveland 424 00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:36,680 Speaker 1: deserves to be the laughing stock that it was for 425 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:39,040 Speaker 1: so many decades. Yeah. I have a good friend that 426 00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:43,280 Speaker 1: that moved there uh uh several years ago. That's more 427 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:45,720 Speaker 1: than several who had never been there, and was kind 428 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,359 Speaker 1: of like dreading it because still that shadow of of 429 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:50,680 Speaker 1: stuff that we grew up with that it was not 430 00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:53,879 Speaker 1: a great place. And she had this like, this is 431 00:25:53,920 --> 00:26:01,200 Speaker 1: actually a wonderful place to live, so reports only good thing. Yes, 432 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since 433 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,080 Speaker 1: this episode is out of the archive, if you heard 434 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:14,400 Speaker 1: an email address or Facebook U r L or something 435 00:26:14,480 --> 00:26:16,879 Speaker 1: similar over the course of the show, that could be 436 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:21,680 Speaker 1: obsolete now. Our current email address is History Podcast at 437 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:25,320 Speaker 1: i heart radio dot com. Our old health stuff works 438 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:28,399 Speaker 1: email address no longer works, and you can find us 439 00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:31,639 Speaker 1: all over social media at missed in History. 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