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Speaker 1: Hello, s y s K Fam. It's Josh and for

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Speaker 1: this week's Stuff you Should Know selects. I've chosen Bridges

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Speaker 1: Nature Abhores Them, which we released back in June of

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Speaker 1: two fift and it's a pretty good one. It's got

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Speaker 1: a lot of engineering, believe it or not. But it's

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Speaker 1: not like the eye glazy kind. It's like the oh

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Speaker 1: my god, this is amazingly fascinating kind. I hope you

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Speaker 1: feel that way at least, and I'll bet you will

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Speaker 1: so enjoy Bridges Nature Abhores Them. Starting now, welcome to

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with Charles

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Speaker 1: w Chuck Bryant with Jerry Rowland with me Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: and this is You Should Know featuring Josh Clark's about

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Speaker 1: to say, you never introduce yourself, and then you done

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Speaker 1: did it twice? Three three times? Oh yeah, you always

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Speaker 1: introduce your but you never say your last name. I

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Speaker 1: think that's extruct me. John, No, I say I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: do you Yeah? Every time I should listen to these sometimes, yeah,

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Speaker 1: that explains the glazed overlook in your eyes. Whenever we

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Speaker 1: start um Bridges. Yeah, is that your intro? Yep, I

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Speaker 1: like him. Maybe we can add like a scat drummer

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Speaker 1: on top of that. We have that kind of um

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Speaker 1: when we're doing uh listener mail, there's a little bit

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Speaker 1: of dan Oh yeah, well that's not scat drumming. I

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Speaker 1: would say that's more of a shuffle mhm scats like

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Speaker 1: bood Yeah like that. Yeah, you should get Hodgment to

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Speaker 1: scat for you sometime. He's going He's get a lot

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Speaker 1: of boot boot badus going on when he's scatting any

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Speaker 1: jazz hands. No, No, it's not exactly Manhattan transfer level.

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Speaker 1: He's intermediate. Yeah. Uh yeah so again Bridges. Yeah, you know,

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Speaker 1: I bet we're going to hear from some folks because

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Speaker 1: there are bridge enthusiasts Yeah, which I think is kind

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Speaker 1: of neat. Yeah. Well, I mean they're like modern marvels

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Speaker 1: of engineering, and actually there's some ancient marvels of engineering too,

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Speaker 1: as far as they are, um, yeah, they're basically I

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Speaker 1: was talking to our pal um Adam the architect o,

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Speaker 1: the bridge builder. No, uh, he's a building builder or

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Speaker 1: a building designer. I don't know if he actually knows

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Speaker 1: how to build the buildings. He just knows how to

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Speaker 1: tell other people how to build that. Adam can't swing

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Speaker 1: a hammer, so he was saying that, um uh the um.

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Speaker 1: Basically the structural engineers who designed bridges are just straight

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Speaker 1: up geniuses. Like it requires a basically a genius to

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Speaker 1: to factor in all of this stuff. Yeah, anyone can

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Speaker 1: design a building, you know, there's just four walls and

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Speaker 1: a bunch of floors. Put a roof on it. Bridge

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Speaker 1: though it's different. Yes, right, there aren't walls really, Um,

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Speaker 1: there can be bridges of Madison County they had walls.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, they have walls. I was going to mention

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Speaker 1: the bridges of Madison County. Yeah, I love those that

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Speaker 1: that'd be a beam bridge, I guess, yeah, with a truss, right,

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Speaker 1: a top trust, what's the top trust called a through

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Speaker 1: trust through trusts, and then below that. If it were

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Speaker 1: below it would be a deck trust. But I don't

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Speaker 1: know if that counts as a trust. It's more just

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Speaker 1: like a house on top of the bridge. I bet

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Speaker 1: their structural support there. I guess they thought it was

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Speaker 1: mainly just to keep the rain off of you when

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Speaker 1: you crossed the bridge, like just an extra little thank

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Speaker 1: you for crossing the bridge. I thought it was just

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Speaker 1: to draw in Lackey tourists who wanted to have their

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Speaker 1: picture made. Another famous bridge, the one that the headless

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Speaker 1: Horseman couldn't cross in the Legend of Sleepy Halla. Oh yeah,

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Speaker 1: it wouldn't that a bridge. Sure, trolls of under bridges,

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Speaker 1: bats drawbridges are pretty cool. Have you ever seen Maximum

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Speaker 1: Overdrive the beginning of that movie. Um, it's been many

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Speaker 1: many years. I saw it again. I saw it again

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Speaker 1: very recently, like this year, and it is it's maybe

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Speaker 1: better than it was before. It holds up as a

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Speaker 1: crappy movie still. Yes. Yeah. The whole soundtrack is a

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Speaker 1: C d C by the way, which you should love

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Speaker 1: the whole soundtrack. I do love that, and I do

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Speaker 1: remember that. And didn't Stephen King directs that, which he

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Speaker 1: doesn't do much right. No, that maybe it's only one

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Speaker 1: is definitely his first interesting. But there's a great draw

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Speaker 1: drawbridge scene in there. Did someone jump it, jump the

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Speaker 1: span as it raised? No, I think their car fell

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Speaker 1: into their truck fell in. Okay, because usually the drawbridge

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Speaker 1: scene is like I can make it. Uh No, this

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Speaker 1: one was You're all doomed and uh. Let me also

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Speaker 1: recommend Budapest for bridges. You mean I went to Budapest

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Speaker 1: a couple of years ago. Yeah, I went there like

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Speaker 1: twenty years ago. Okay, so yeah, you know the bridges

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Speaker 1: are amazing that I think like five because they connect

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Speaker 1: the two sides. Yeah, Buddha and Pesht, right, and each

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Speaker 1: one is totally different, like it's just a completely different design. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and they're just all gorgeous. Yeah, let's just start with

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Speaker 1: a bunch of bridge recommendations. I'm going to recommend the

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Speaker 1: city of Pittsburgh. Oh yeah, I went through a baseball

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Speaker 1: game there, and it's just just gorgeous. Those beautiful bridges

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Speaker 1: that you can see from the baseball stadium and the river.

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Speaker 1: That was when we were a Toyota commercial from its ring, right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I stayed in the hotel and just eight um sog

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Speaker 1: copenny r no chicken sog. Right, it's just like a

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Speaker 1: chord of it. But you can see the baseball stadium

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Speaker 1: out your hotel window. Yeah. And I saw some bridges too. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you walk across the bridge to get there. Really, swe

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Speaker 1: did what else any other bridges? Well, Brooklyn Bridge, sure,

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Speaker 1: Golden Gate Bridge, those are like the famous ones are

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Speaker 1: barely even worth mentioning, Yeah, but the Brooklyn Bridge is

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Speaker 1: for your money. It's which is free. It's a pretty

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Speaker 1: great thing to do to walk across it. It's it's

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Speaker 1: just beautiful. I've never done that. You should do it.

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Speaker 1: Even the Geico Lizard did it, and I haven't. That

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Speaker 1: guy's like Australian or something. Well, maybe we should just

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Speaker 1: animate you and have you walk across it. Uh. One

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Speaker 1: more thing, if you want to know more about the

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Speaker 1: Brooklyn Bridge, I don't remember which one we talked about

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Speaker 1: it and but there is a really cool documentary about

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Speaker 1: the Brooklyn Bridge and it's building by Ken Burns. Oh wow,

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Speaker 1: I believe it's on Netflix. I'll have to check that

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Speaker 1: out then, yep, because I like kin Burns and Brooklyn bridges.

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Speaker 1: All right, you ready? Uh yeah. In so, bridges have

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Speaker 1: been around for a very long time. This article is

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Speaker 1: by Robert lam and another dude named Michael Morrissey together.

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Speaker 1: I believe they were locked away in a closet for

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Speaker 1: like a couple of months while they worked this out together. Well,

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Speaker 1: he the one of the first ones that're talking about

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Speaker 1: ancient bridges that they mentioned in here. The Arcadeco Bridge

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Speaker 1: in ancient Greece, did you see that thing? It's really neat.

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Speaker 1: I mean it still stands. It's a three thousand year

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Speaker 1: old bridge, and uh, it's just kind of cool to

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Speaker 1: think about. You know, ancient civilizations. In ancient times, people said, well,

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Speaker 1: I want to get over there, right and I'm here,

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Speaker 1: and uh so let's build something to do that. I

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Speaker 1: need something to walk on, yeah, or drive my card over?

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Speaker 1: Is that simple? Um? I saw that. I saw the

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Speaker 1: world's oldest bridge that's still in use, um Is in

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Speaker 1: Turkey over the um Melis River, I believe, from eight

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Speaker 1: b c. Do you know what that one's h How

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Speaker 1: it's constructed a single It is a single stone slab archy. No,

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Speaker 1: it is a stone slab, single arch. Yeah, that makes sense,

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Speaker 1: very basic. Yeah, but the arch it's super old. But

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Speaker 1: it's still in use today because whoever figured it out

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Speaker 1: came upon this very elegant solution to a lot of

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Speaker 1: problems that a bridge poses. Because, as you were saying,

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Speaker 1: when when you come upon like a river or creek

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Speaker 1: or something, you say, I'm on this side and I

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Speaker 1: need to be on the other side, so I need

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Speaker 1: something to walk across. Yeah, Okay, that's a basic solution.

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Speaker 1: But the further and further you get, the more and

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Speaker 1: more problems. Like as bridge billers say, most span more problems. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess what we should have said is I want

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Speaker 1: to walk across and live. I want to walk all

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Speaker 1: the way across, right, I don't want to fall down. No,

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Speaker 1: I don't want to get halfway across and have it snapped.

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Speaker 1: So over the years, as people have come upon problems

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Speaker 1: where you are going to build a bridge that will

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Speaker 1: snapping and kill you, they've come up with solutions to

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Speaker 1: prevent that from happening. That's pretty much the pursuit of

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Speaker 1: bridge building is coming up with ways to prevent a

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Speaker 1: bridge from collapsing, and a lot of trial and error

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Speaker 1: over the years, you know, and a lot of real

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Speaker 1: significant disasters. In fact, there's a Time magazine slide show

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Speaker 1: um called worst Bridge Collapses in Past one years, um,

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Speaker 1: and it's got all these photos of collapse bridges and

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Speaker 1: little descriptions and the number of fatalities and everything. But um,

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Speaker 1: it's it's really interesting all these different bridges have collapsed

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Speaker 1: and failed for all these different reasons. Well and after

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Speaker 1: each one, uh it's very sad, of course, but after

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Speaker 1: each one someone goes, oh, well we should do this

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Speaker 1: for the next one. We should not forget that bolt

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Speaker 1: next time. Well, that's that could be human Ara, True,

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Speaker 1: that's happened. Yeah, I'm sure. All right. So should we

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Speaker 1: start off with the bats? Be a t s. Beams, arches, trusses,

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Speaker 1: and suspensions are the main components of the structural components

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Speaker 1: of a bridge. It's very simple. That's it. That's all

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Speaker 1: you need to know to construct your own bridge. And

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Speaker 1: with these four things you can make almost any kind

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Speaker 1: of bridge. Um, we're gonna cover mainly beam bridges, arch bridges,

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Speaker 1: trust bridges, suspension bridges, and then the super cool looking

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Speaker 1: cable stayed bridge. It is super cool looking, probably my

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Speaker 1: favorite looking bridge in the world that I came across

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Speaker 1: and reach researching. This is a cable stayed bridge, the

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Speaker 1: one that's in the article. Oh yeah, they look like

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Speaker 1: look like sales gorgeous, the big triangles rising up. It's lovely.

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Speaker 1: But they look a little more modern to me. They

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Speaker 1: don't have that classic architecture like the Brooklyn Bridge does,

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Speaker 1: or like the Tower Bridge in London. Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: that's why I like it. Yeah you like the modern look. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you're a modern guy. I'm super mod alright. Um. They

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Speaker 1: point out in the article, which is very key. What

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Speaker 1: you talked about. The span of the bridge is the

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Speaker 1: distance between the supports, and that's where Um, that's where

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Speaker 1: it all goes down. Basically, Yes, that's got to be

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Speaker 1: strong there. Those are something that every single bridge has

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Speaker 1: is a span and at least one support most likely

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Speaker 1: to yeah, you know, um, and there's different The reason

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Speaker 1: that there are different types of bridges because different bridge

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Speaker 1: designs that that bats designs what is it, beams, arches, trusses,

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Speaker 1: and suspension. They provide stability for varying span lengths. So

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Speaker 1: like a beam, if you have like a fifty ft

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Speaker 1: UM span, just put a like a very long log

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Speaker 1: over over the span and there you go. There's your bridge.

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Speaker 1: But as you get further and further along, you have

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Speaker 1: more and more problems supporting that span, So you need

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Speaker 1: different types of solutions, and the different length of the

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Speaker 1: span calls usually for a specific type of bridge design. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and generally it'll I mean there's a lot of overlap,

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Speaker 1: of course, but UM beam bridges tend to be the shortest,

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Speaker 1: followed by arch bridges and then suspension bridges, and I

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Speaker 1: think those UM the cable stayed bridge is is kind

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Speaker 1: of a suspension bridge, so that counts. It's like a

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Speaker 1: kind of a variation that can be very long as well. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: not quite as long as suspension bridges, though from what

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Speaker 1: I understand and this um, the suspension bridge affords the

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Speaker 1: longest span. Okay, so you've got a big long span,

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Speaker 1: it's it's suspension time. And they're also super expensive. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: suspension bridges because all the bridge builders know that you've

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Speaker 1: got a long span that you're trying to cross, you

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Speaker 1: probably got some deep pockets and they're gonna milk you

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Speaker 1: for it. Oh yeah, every penny. Yeah yeah, Like you

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Speaker 1: need a suspension bridge, I'm your guy. Yep. Um. All right,

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Speaker 1: so let's talk about there are a lot of different

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Speaker 1: forces that can act on a bridge to make it

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Speaker 1: not as stable. UM will cover a few of the

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Speaker 1: other ones later, but the main two here early on

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Speaker 1: our tension and compression. And the very easy way to

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Speaker 1: think about these two things is tension is like if

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Speaker 1: you if you and I are pulling a rope, like

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Speaker 1: you're on one end and I'm on the other, We're

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Speaker 1: gonna pull that sucker tight and I'm gonna fall over

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Speaker 1: due to your massive strength. I'm pretty huge, But there

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Speaker 1: will be some tension in that rope. Yeah, is f

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Speaker 1: do you fall down? Yeah, and I'd start laughing. There

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Speaker 1: would be tension, sure, But tension is the lengthening of something. Yes,

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Speaker 1: Compression is the shortening of something, Yeah, like a spring collapse. Right.

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Speaker 1: So it's easy to visualize when you're talking like springs

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Speaker 1: and ropes and that kind of thing. But if you're

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Speaker 1: talking about just a single deck of a bridge, which

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Speaker 1: you think of as one piece, Um, it's tough too.

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Speaker 1: It starts to get tough to visualize it until you

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Speaker 1: realize that you have to look at like a bridge

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Speaker 1: deck like the roadway on the bridge, as really having

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Speaker 1: a top and a bottom. Yes, and forces, Well, the

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Speaker 1: compression acts in the downward motion on the top, and

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Speaker 1: the tension acts from the underneath coming up on the bottom. Right,

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Speaker 1: So the bottom of the bridge, underneath it of the

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Speaker 1: deck is going to be spread out under the force

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Speaker 1: of tension. We're on top where it's being pushed down compressed.

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Speaker 1: That's compression. Yeah, And they kind of, in a weird way,

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Speaker 1: work together. Even though they're sort of opposite things, they're

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Speaker 1: definitely related. Uh, And what will happen is if these uh,

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Speaker 1: if you aren't a very good bridge builder, um, buckling

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Speaker 1: will occur when it's compressed on the top, and snapping

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Speaker 1: can occur on the bottom when tension is at work.

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Speaker 1: That's right, all sounds very can using. But if you

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Speaker 1: just I gotta do is like put your hand out

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Speaker 1: and look at it, right, you know, and so or

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Speaker 1: if you take and push down on your hand or

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Speaker 1: on your hand, right, you know what I'm saying like that, yeah,

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Speaker 1: like that. Um, the whole thing becomes very very evident

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Speaker 1: when you look at a beam bridge, right, the most

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Speaker 1: basic form of a bridge, like if you dropped a

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Speaker 1: log over a river, right, and this this thing. Um.

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Speaker 1: This article used the example of like taking a pair

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Speaker 1: of milk crates and putting like a two by four

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Speaker 1: across them. Right, if you put like a bowling ball

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Speaker 1: on a bowling ball stand so it doesn't roll around

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Speaker 1: on top of the um on top of or right

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Speaker 1: in the middle of your two by four, which makes

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Speaker 1: up your beam bridge deck. Right, Um, you're gonna see

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Speaker 1: that it bows. And what you're seeing is that on

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Speaker 1: the top it's being compressed. On the bottom, it's being

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Speaker 1: um tensed. Right. Um, And what you've just done is

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Speaker 1: at a low to that bridge. And there's two kinds

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Speaker 1: of loads to start out with. There's a deadload, which

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Speaker 1: is the weight of the bridge and all of its

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Speaker 1: materials combined. And then there's a live load, which is say,

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Speaker 1: like the cars and the people and the trains and

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Speaker 1: everything that that add the extra weight while they're moving

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Speaker 1: across it and everything. And as you add this extra load,

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Speaker 1: first of all, the bridge is already dealing with its deadload.

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Speaker 1: It's got to hold that up. That's job number one

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Speaker 1: for a bridge. Yeah, Like if you had a three

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Speaker 1: hundred foot two by four and two milk crates is

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Speaker 1: gonna sag in the middle just naturally, right, and it

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Speaker 1: might even break. And there have been bridges that have

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Speaker 1: been built that where the guy forgot to carry the

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Speaker 1: one or whatever and they couldn't stand up under their

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Speaker 1: own weight and they collapse from their own weight. They

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Speaker 1: collapse from the deadload. So job number one of the

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Speaker 1: bridge is to support its own weight. Job number one

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Speaker 1: point one is to support all of the live load

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Speaker 1: the traffic that goes across it as well. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: the two ways that you're going to do this to counteract.

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Speaker 1: Tension and compression are dissipation and transference force or transferring

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Speaker 1: the force. So with dissipation you spread out that force equally,

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Speaker 1: you spread out over a wide area, and with transferring um,

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Speaker 1: you move the area of weakness to an area of strength, right,

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Speaker 1: which pretty simple. Yeah, they're kind of tough to distinguish sometimes, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know what I mean. But for example, like the

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Speaker 1: best example of dissipation is the arch, which we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about how that works in a second. Yea, um, but

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Speaker 1: suspension bridges are best at transferring the um the tension

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Speaker 1: and compression forces. That's right. So if you're if you're

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Speaker 1: talking about a beam bridge, that most basic kind. Uh.

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Speaker 1: The other thing they're gonna do to make it stronger,

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Speaker 1: of course is use back in the old days to

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Speaker 1: use wood than later iron and then steel, maybe some

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Speaker 1: concrete mixed in um. But the size of the beam

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Speaker 1: is going to be really important. Like the height of

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Speaker 1: the beam is important because the the top is gonna

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Speaker 1: experience stress, the bottom is gonna experience stress in the

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Speaker 1: middle not as much. So a good I beam, a

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Speaker 1: good tall I beam, is what you want. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I didn't realize that that's why I beams are made

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Speaker 1: like I beam, the center of like the deck or

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Speaker 1: the beam or whatever. Any kind of beam is going

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Speaker 1: to experience the least amount of compression or tension. It's

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Speaker 1: really the top or the bottom. So you don't have

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Speaker 1: to put quite as much material into the center of

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Speaker 1: the beam as you do the top and the bottom

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Speaker 1: to prevent buckling and snapping. That's right. So the beam bridge,

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Speaker 1: you're gonna add what's called a truss uh to make

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Speaker 1: it stronger. This we'll talk about trust is more but

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Speaker 1: it's basically triangulated strength. And you'll see a trust if

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Speaker 1: you've ever seen like a a train bridge, like you

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Speaker 1: see a truss on top, or like in areas where

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Speaker 1: they get a lot of snow, roof supports will frequently

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Speaker 1: be trusses. Yeah, and that's a three trust on top

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Speaker 1: we already said. And if it's underneath then it is

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Speaker 1: uh the deck trust. And you can have both, but usually,

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Speaker 1: like with the railroads, you'll see like that top trust

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Speaker 1: not the same as a trestle. That's different. It's like

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Speaker 1: like a roller coaster, you know. So after this break,

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Speaker 1: why don't we talk more about trust bridges? Nice? So, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: no joke, trusses are one of my favorite things. Now

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Speaker 1: it's pretty neat. After doing some research into them, I'm like,

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Speaker 1: I love trust is your trust guy? Yeah? And it's

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Speaker 1: because they're so elegant and simple. They're elegantly simple basically.

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Speaker 1: So um. I saw this really great explanation where it

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Speaker 1: was on Make magazine, and I think it was called like,

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00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:11,480
Speaker 1: ask Make, how do trust his work? Pretty straightforward? Um,

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Speaker 1: And it basically had like a really get a great

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Speaker 1: graphic of taking using popsicle sticks. Right, Let's say you

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Speaker 1: make a square out of popsicle sticks and you join

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Speaker 1: the popsicle sticks together at the corners where the ends

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00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:28,800
Speaker 1: all meet. Yeah, a little Elmer's paste maybe makes sense,

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Speaker 1: seems pretty supportive. Right, But when you pressed down on

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Speaker 1: any one of those joints, which is where the load's

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Speaker 1: going to be centered or distributed most remember the ends

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Speaker 1: the square shift to the side, and all of a

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Speaker 1: sudden you have a rhombus. Well, rambus is inherently less

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Speaker 1: structurally sound than square, which is why you very rarely

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Speaker 1: see rambus as in architecture. Right, with a triangle, when

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Speaker 1: you press down at any one of the joints it

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00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:03,479
Speaker 1: distributes that can pression or tension directly through the center

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Speaker 1: of the beam, so the triangle stays totally rigid. And

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Speaker 1: when you add, the more triangles you add, the more

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Speaker 1: support you have. So they're like basically like as far

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Speaker 1: as the shape goes, the superconductor of transferring or distributing

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Speaker 1: compression or tension. Yeah, that's a good way to put it.

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Speaker 1: And that's why when you see that that train tress

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Speaker 1: alone that has that trust on top, it's got all

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Speaker 1: those beautiful diagonal uh pieces of metal and it's not

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Speaker 1: just for for looks, even though it is cool looking. Now,

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Speaker 1: one of the other great things about a trust is

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Speaker 1: that there you know, it's like just a three steel

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Speaker 1: beams or three whatever aluminum beams. They're just three pieces

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Speaker 1: of metal, usually fixed together. And that's that's the other

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Speaker 1: key that I left out. They have to be connected

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Speaker 1: at the ends equally distributed from each end. Right, So

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Speaker 1: let's say you you drill a hole to to rivet

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00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,720
Speaker 1: one side of the trust to another, or one end

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Speaker 1: of the trust to another end, the the other end

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Speaker 1: has to be equally far away, right. Do you see

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Speaker 1: what I'm saying? Yeah, yeah, okay. They wouldn't just be

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Speaker 1: like just droll that other one wherever. So anyway you

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Speaker 1: have to the place where the trust sides join together

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Speaker 1: has to be on the ends and then but one

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Speaker 1: of the things that it allows for is for wind

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Speaker 1: to blow through it easily. That's a huge point about trusses.

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Speaker 1: They're not solid in that they don't they don't put

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Speaker 1: up a lot of resistance to when they allow it

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Speaker 1: to flow through, which is really kind of what you want.

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Speaker 1: We'll see when you're building bridges. Yeah. I think even

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Speaker 1: the covered bridges have is more of a lattice type

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Speaker 1: thing on the sides. Right, Yes, it's not solid, is it.

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Speaker 1: That'd be dumb a covered bridge. Yeah, yeah, they're solid.

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Speaker 1: I thought the walls were usually like a lattice so

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Speaker 1: wind could pass through. Now and they had that had

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Speaker 1: a roof and like a lattice e side is the right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: maybe there's all kinds. I think those are just to

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Speaker 1: keep the rain off. Oh yeah, that's what you said

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Speaker 1: earlier and keep shooting down the theoris structure. Yeah. But anyway,

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Speaker 1: trust is rock, I guess, is what I'm trying to say. Yes,

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Speaker 1: there's your T shirt. Trust is rock. So are we

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Speaker 1: at arches? Do we say that they frequently used trusses

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Speaker 1: to support beam bridges. Yeah, arches. Now, when we say

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Speaker 1: a bridge is an arch bridge, the deck is not

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Speaker 1: some big hill that you drive over. The deck is

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Speaker 1: flat the arches underneath. Uh right, yeah. And you can

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Speaker 1: have a single arch if your span isn't it long,

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Speaker 1: or you can have a big one with like six

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00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,280
Speaker 1: or eight arches. Although I've seen I think there are

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Speaker 1: like short arch bridges that actually do go up and down,

398
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Speaker 1: you know, like if I mean there's natural arch bridges

399
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Speaker 1: like rock form a sans like that, and that's why

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00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:05,400
Speaker 1: they're still standing. There's um there's there's a bridge that

401
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:10,439
Speaker 1: forms like a perfect circle. So like when when you

402
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Speaker 1: see it reflected in the water, it just looks like

403
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Speaker 1: a circle. Arch bridges are pretty cool too. There are

404
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Speaker 1: no trusses, but they're beautiful in their own way. That's true.

405
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Speaker 1: Uh So the arches obviously semi circular um and like

406
00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:27,200
Speaker 1: you said, if it meets the water and reflects nicely

407
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:32,639
Speaker 1: fully circular, fully circular, uh and the entire form is

408
00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:36,640
Speaker 1: gonna divert weight onto what are called abutments, and this

409
00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:39,680
Speaker 1: is what takes on the pressure. It's like I mean,

410
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Speaker 1: if it's just a single arch. Those abutments are probably

411
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Speaker 1: going to be part of the earth on one side

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Speaker 1: or the other. Yeah. Um. And the whole point of

413
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Speaker 1: an abutment is when you press down in an arch,

414
00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:54,000
Speaker 1: or when you know, gravity pushes down on it or

415
00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:58,679
Speaker 1: it's compressed, that force goes downward and it makes the

416
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,680
Speaker 1: sides of the arch go out out. Those abutments press inward,

417
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Speaker 1: so that the force of compression just goes straight down

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Speaker 1: through the arch circle the semicircle and into the earth

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Speaker 1: or into the ground or whatever. Yeah. And and it's

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Speaker 1: the arch. The what I thought was interesting, it's really

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Speaker 1: all about fighting that compression. There isn't a lot of

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Speaker 1: tension that comes into play with an arch bridge. I

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00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:25,880
Speaker 1: think the tension is grows more and more possible when

424
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:31,560
Speaker 1: the degree of the arc or arch grows. Okay, yeah,

425
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:33,679
Speaker 1: so that could come into play. It can, But for

426
00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:36,080
Speaker 1: the most part, when you're building an arch, you have

427
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: to worry about compression more than tension, gotcha. So there's

428
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:44,560
Speaker 1: a stylistically and artistically design wise. They're all kinds of arches,

429
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:49,320
Speaker 1: Baroque arches, Renaissance arches, Roman arches. They were the Romans

430
00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:53,880
Speaker 1: built you know arch bridges that are still standing today. Um.

431
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,639
Speaker 1: Have you been to Rome? Yeah? Man, it's just like

432
00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:58,919
Speaker 1: you're walking along and all of a sudden you look

433
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 1: to your left and there's like a two thousand year

434
00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:06,160
Speaker 1: old aqueduct, you know, hundred year old arch just sitting there. Yeah.

435
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:08,240
Speaker 1: I remember the first time I went to Europe coming

436
00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:11,439
Speaker 1: back and being sort of like bummed out, you know,

437
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:13,560
Speaker 1: because we're walking along and then there's a burger king.

438
00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:19,359
Speaker 1: You know, this house is two hundred years old. She

439
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,119
Speaker 1: could Rome. I know, my house is like eighty years old,

440
00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:27,359
Speaker 1: and it seems super old. Nothing by Roman standards. No,

441
00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:30,879
Speaker 1: but you know, a little drafty in those thousand year

442
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,240
Speaker 1: old apartments. Yeah. But it's so neat though, because I mean,

443
00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:38,440
Speaker 1: like there's so much old surviving stuff that not all

444
00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:40,680
Speaker 1: of it's even meant to be preserved. Some of it's

445
00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:43,960
Speaker 1: just like just there. It's not like a part of

446
00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:46,960
Speaker 1: a park or an historic exhibit. It's just part of

447
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:52,000
Speaker 1: the city. Yeah. You know. Yeah, I've heard other tours

448
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,919
Speaker 1: complaining about how dirty Romans and I'm always just like,

449
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,960
Speaker 1: come on, it's like focusing on the wrong part. It's

450
00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:02,920
Speaker 1: been around for a long time time. Um. Oh yeah, yeah,

451
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,480
Speaker 1: and also, yeah, don't be stupid and just look around

452
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:09,040
Speaker 1: you like they're complaining in front of a two thousand

453
00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:12,840
Speaker 1: year old fountain. I didn't notice that was particularly dirty.

454
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:15,280
Speaker 1: I mean, it wasn't any more dirty than like New

455
00:27:15,359 --> 00:27:19,119
Speaker 1: York or anything any other big city. But the thing

456
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:22,080
Speaker 1: with the arch though, very stable once you get it built.

457
00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:26,920
Speaker 1: But the building process it's tricky because until you connect

458
00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:30,240
Speaker 1: those two ends, um, that's what gives it its strength.

459
00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: So until that happens, it's a little dicey. Yeah. Oh yeah,

460
00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,320
Speaker 1: I had some scaffolding going fine. Yeah, And they used

461
00:27:36,359 --> 00:27:40,280
Speaker 1: to build wood scalf scaffolds and supports to hold the

462
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,200
Speaker 1: thing and then you just would build it in um.

463
00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:47,000
Speaker 1: Now they used suspension cables, like I think the biggest

464
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:51,520
Speaker 1: arch bridge on the planet is West Virginia's New River

465
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,639
Speaker 1: Gorge Bridge, and that thing is unbelievable. It really is.

466
00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:57,520
Speaker 1: And what's cool is when you look at it, um,

467
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:01,240
Speaker 1: it just it uses the clip falls or the walls

468
00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:05,440
Speaker 1: of the gorge as the abutments. Beautiful stuff, super strong.

469
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,760
Speaker 1: And that's where we're going to talk about that in

470
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:11,119
Speaker 1: our base Jumping. I know that's the fact that ties

471
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:13,840
Speaker 1: these two podcasts together. It's where they have bridge day

472
00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:19,840
Speaker 1: talk about elegantly simple. So suspension bridges, for my money,

473
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 1: are where it's at. I think they deserve their own

474
00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:28,400
Speaker 1: um episode. Oh yeah, pretty, I'm pretty much they're they're

475
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:32,320
Speaker 1: that complex. Like this is just the briefest overview of

476
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:36,359
Speaker 1: bridges in general, but especially with suspension bridges. It feels

477
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,480
Speaker 1: like there's just so much going on with those things. Yeah,

478
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:41,680
Speaker 1: I agree. I mean ken Burns did like an eight

479
00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:45,680
Speaker 1: hour long documentary on the Brooklyn Bridge alone. Yeah, that's true.

480
00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:50,280
Speaker 1: He's a deep diver. We're over of you guys with

481
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:54,360
Speaker 1: a giant helmet to go over his giant haircuts a

482
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 1: pretty big hair do. Um. Alright, So suspension bridges we mentioned,

483
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,160
Speaker 1: of course olden Gate Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge. This

484
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:06,280
Speaker 1: is when you have your deck, your roadway is suspended

485
00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:10,800
Speaker 1: by cables between can be a number of them, but

486
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 1: uh to at least two tall towers that are supporting

487
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:19,480
Speaker 1: all of this weight and compression is pushing down, traveling

488
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,280
Speaker 1: up through those cables, and its transferring all that compression

489
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,520
Speaker 1: through all those lovely cables. Right. So, I mean another

490
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:27,719
Speaker 1: way to look at it is exactly what it sounds like.

491
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:31,680
Speaker 1: It's the bridge is suspended from cables, right, But if

492
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:34,920
Speaker 1: you really start looking into what it's doing, it's not

493
00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:38,000
Speaker 1: just holding these things up. What's what's going on is

494
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:41,840
Speaker 1: there's a transfer of that natural compression of the deck

495
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,680
Speaker 1: up through the lines up, through the cables up down

496
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:48,120
Speaker 1: up to the towers, which, like you said, send them

497
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:51,720
Speaker 1: down to the earth. Right. So the towers that hold

498
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:56,720
Speaker 1: the bridge up are at the same time distributing or

499
00:29:56,760 --> 00:30:00,240
Speaker 1: dissipating the forces of compression that are trying to hold

500
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:03,280
Speaker 1: the bridge down into the water below it. Yes, and

501
00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,760
Speaker 1: the tension you also have to deal with as well,

502
00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,560
Speaker 1: and apparently you deal with that using another part of

503
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:14,320
Speaker 1: the structure of suspension bridges, which are called anchorages. Yeah.

504
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,360
Speaker 1: Now that's just what the towers connected to at the

505
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:20,240
Speaker 1: base right now. No, huh So it's like, um, the

506
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:23,880
Speaker 1: anchorages is like the abutment essentially, Yes, yeah, yeah, they're

507
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,960
Speaker 1: left and right, they're like a suspension bridges abutments. Whereas

508
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,479
Speaker 1: as you get closer to the middle of the bridges,

509
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,280
Speaker 1: that's where the towers are. But on the very ends,

510
00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:35,160
Speaker 1: like say where the roadway hits the bridge, you're gonna

511
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:38,840
Speaker 1: have a massive piece of rock or massive piece of

512
00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:44,120
Speaker 1: concrete and those are the anchorages. And you have horizontal

513
00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:47,920
Speaker 1: cables that distribute the compression from the bottom of the

514
00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:53,120
Speaker 1: bridge to um the anchorages and those those transfer those

515
00:30:53,160 --> 00:30:55,800
Speaker 1: into the earth. Yeah. And you might also, depending on

516
00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:58,040
Speaker 1: the size of your suspension bridge, have to have that

517
00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:03,160
Speaker 1: below deck us as well to help stiffen the deck um.

518
00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:06,080
Speaker 1: And you know, if you're a four thousand foot bridge,

519
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,040
Speaker 1: you're gonna have all all kinds of trusses and decks

520
00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:13,000
Speaker 1: and cables. And I think I finally figured out what

521
00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:16,840
Speaker 1: it is about bridges that I love is that the

522
00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:20,680
Speaker 1: the arc, the structural design that it needs to be strong,

523
00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,720
Speaker 1: also happens to be beautiful. Yeah, you know what I mean,

524
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:27,640
Speaker 1: Like the way the cables are arranged. It's not like

525
00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:29,880
Speaker 1: they're like, oh, this looks great. It's like, well, it

526
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 1: has to be like this, but it also happens to

527
00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:37,640
Speaker 1: be very striking like Grace Jones, you know what I mean? Yeah,

528
00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:43,680
Speaker 1: absolutely so. Um So suspension bridges are your favorite, huh.

529
00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:46,360
Speaker 1: I like him because there's so much going on, Like

530
00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:49,479
Speaker 1: trust is, because they're so elegantly simple and they're just

531
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:51,880
Speaker 1: tough as nails. There's a bridge for everyone. I think

532
00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,880
Speaker 1: there is um the cable stayed bridge, and we should

533
00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:59,120
Speaker 1: say that suspension bridges. When you think of a suspension bridge,

534
00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:01,960
Speaker 1: probably probably think of the Golden gate Bridge or something

535
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:05,440
Speaker 1: like that, right, Just a classic suspension bridge two towers

536
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:10,600
Speaker 1: to um anchorages, lets of suspension cables. It's a suspension

537
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:14,280
Speaker 1: bridge and you think, well, then they're probably pretty new. Wrong.

538
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:19,280
Speaker 1: Suspension bridges have been found in various forms for hundreds

539
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:23,320
Speaker 1: of years at least, and apparently the INCA were um

540
00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:28,360
Speaker 1: masters at building rope suspension bridges out of woven grass.

541
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,680
Speaker 1: Crazy man, Yeah, hundreds they've discovered. The Spanish concut sators

542
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:35,520
Speaker 1: stumbled upon these were like, what in the world is

543
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:39,640
Speaker 1: going on here? Because the smart Europeans didn't figure this

544
00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,920
Speaker 1: out for another like few hundred years after that. That's right, Um,

545
00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:46,160
Speaker 1: the INCA is still have one of these bridges intact.

546
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:50,040
Speaker 1: It's it spans ninety ft um and they remake it

547
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:52,560
Speaker 1: every year as part of a three day festival. So

548
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:56,400
Speaker 1: really nice, which is why it's still attact because the

549
00:32:56,520 --> 00:33:00,719
Speaker 1: grass woven grass rope bridge didn't last all that long necessarily,

550
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,880
Speaker 1: even though why when it's fresh and new, it's strong. Yeah,

551
00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:08,000
Speaker 1: as an expiration date what you're saying. But apparently, as

552
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,440
Speaker 1: we'll learn, all bridges have an expiration date. All right,

553
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:13,880
Speaker 1: Well we'll take a break then with that tease and

554
00:33:13,920 --> 00:33:17,240
Speaker 1: talk about the cable stayed bridge and then um, how

555
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:39,560
Speaker 1: you might die on a bridge one day. Alright, so

556
00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:43,800
Speaker 1: we're onto your favorite, my friend, the super sleek, modern

557
00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:49,720
Speaker 1: looking cable stayed bridge, which is actually actually actually has

558
00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:53,360
Speaker 1: been around since like World War two. Yeah, but the idea,

559
00:33:53,480 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: which is still modern. The idea came from a dude

560
00:33:56,520 --> 00:34:00,680
Speaker 1: named um Fast Ranchic, yeah man, and he was a

561
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:06,000
Speaker 1: contemporary of Kepler and Brahi Um and he basically came

562
00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:08,840
Speaker 1: up with the first design for a cable stayed bridge

563
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:11,479
Speaker 1: back in the sixteenth century. So what's what's the nuts

564
00:34:11,480 --> 00:34:15,279
Speaker 1: and bolts of this thing? So basically it is a

565
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:19,560
Speaker 1: rather than two towers like a suspension bridge uses, a

566
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,160
Speaker 1: cable state bridge uses one tower. Well not always, um,

567
00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:26,080
Speaker 1: there's plenty of them that have more than one, but okay,

568
00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:30,080
Speaker 1: but for a particular span of bridge, there's one tower

569
00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:33,960
Speaker 1: supporting that one span, right, Um, So it's basically you

570
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:36,279
Speaker 1: can't use it for as long of a span as

571
00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: a suspension bridge. But if you have a slightly shorter span,

572
00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:41,840
Speaker 1: and you don't want to spend quite as much money,

573
00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:44,640
Speaker 1: and you don't want as many wires up there and everything.

574
00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:46,799
Speaker 1: You can go with a cable stay bridge. So you

575
00:34:46,880 --> 00:34:52,560
Speaker 1: have one usually one UM tower holding up all the cables,

576
00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:54,880
Speaker 1: and the cables can either all connect to one point

577
00:34:55,719 --> 00:35:01,480
Speaker 1: which is called a UM radio pad. Right, So it's

578
00:35:01,520 --> 00:35:05,520
Speaker 1: like all these different cables are connecting on the bridge

579
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,480
Speaker 1: deck at different points, but they're all connecting at about

580
00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:12,359
Speaker 1: a single point on the tower. Again architecturally lovely, very

581
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,000
Speaker 1: neat looking. And then another way that you can do

582
00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:18,520
Speaker 1: it is UM in a parallel pattern, so they're connected

583
00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:20,719
Speaker 1: at different points on the deck and they connect at

584
00:35:20,719 --> 00:35:24,920
Speaker 1: different points on the tower. And that's the case with

585
00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,720
Speaker 1: the Erasmus Bridge, which I think is the most beautiful

586
00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:31,920
Speaker 1: bridge in the World's in Holland. Well that doesn't surprise me.

587
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 1: I mean, look at that thing. Look at that pal

588
00:35:35,640 --> 00:35:38,360
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's something else. Yeah, I wish you guys

589
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:40,239
Speaker 1: could see this. Well they can look at up. It

590
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:45,880
Speaker 1: doesn't look like very Dutch though, No, it looks very um.

591
00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:50,000
Speaker 1: It's like the New Holland, I guess, yeah, new Amsterdam.

592
00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:52,839
Speaker 1: I'm just picturing like Holland. I think of uh you know,

593
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: wooden windmills and like tulips and stuff like that. Sure, yeah,

594
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,920
Speaker 1: this is modern halland for it looks like something that

595
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:01,719
Speaker 1: would be in like Sydney, Australia. Well they have great

596
00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:05,879
Speaker 1: bridge to they do. Maybe that's what I'm thinking, um,

597
00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:07,880
Speaker 1: living bridge, Well you are you done with those? Well

598
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,440
Speaker 1: I was gonna say another design for cable state bridge

599
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:15,560
Speaker 1: looks a lot like a sailboat with them the tower

600
00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,640
Speaker 1: standing straight up and then on each side cables going

601
00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:20,839
Speaker 1: down at a diagonal from it to make it look

602
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,760
Speaker 1: like a sailboat, sail and masked and again for structural

603
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:31,319
Speaker 1: integrity more than anything, right, um living bridges. Sure, Uh,

604
00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:33,640
Speaker 1: well I guess we should say cable state bridges are

605
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:36,680
Speaker 1: uh they can't be as long as suspension bridges, but

606
00:36:36,719 --> 00:36:39,960
Speaker 1: they can be pretty long. Yeah, like up to close

607
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:41,920
Speaker 1: to three thousand feet. But that's what I'm saying, Like,

608
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,200
Speaker 1: if you have a shorter span and you don't want

609
00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:48,160
Speaker 1: to use as many materials enhance you spend as much money,

610
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:50,320
Speaker 1: a cable state bridge is a great alternative. Yeah. I

611
00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:55,200
Speaker 1: wonder when cities, Uh, I wonder what the considerations are, um,

612
00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:58,239
Speaker 1: like money what you. I would guess money first and

613
00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:02,160
Speaker 1: foremost money, what you probably is best for the land.

614
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:05,919
Speaker 1: And but I also bet that that architecture comes into play,

615
00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:08,160
Speaker 1: like how it looks in the city escape, But don't

616
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,279
Speaker 1: you think like it. Usually a city will have some

617
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:16,239
Speaker 1: sort of well accept several designs, competing designs, and then

618
00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,880
Speaker 1: probably well, like in Atlanta's case with the seventeenth Street bridge,

619
00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:22,480
Speaker 1: goes with the cheapest one and then half of it

620
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:24,840
Speaker 1: falls down on the traffic later, like a couple of

621
00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:29,560
Speaker 1: years later. Did that happen? Yeah? Uh, when um, like

622
00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:32,120
Speaker 1: to two years ago? Really? Yeah, man, it was a

623
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:34,680
Speaker 1: big deal. Luckily it happened at like four in the

624
00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:37,120
Speaker 1: morning or five in the morning. But like when you're

625
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:40,879
Speaker 1: walking on the bridge, you know the side stuff, one

626
00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:46,240
Speaker 1: whole side fell over onto onto the onto the connector

627
00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:48,759
Speaker 1: right below. Yeah, I kind of remember that. Yeah, but

628
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:51,439
Speaker 1: it's an ugly bridge to begin with. Three allion dude,

629
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,680
Speaker 1: if you're listening, the guy who designed it, I'm sorry,

630
00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:56,719
Speaker 1: I don't mean to insult your work, but I but

631
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,960
Speaker 1: do better. It just the city could have done better,

632
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:02,560
Speaker 1: I think. Yeah, But I think what it came down to,

633
00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:05,600
Speaker 1: I'm sure it was all of these are beautiful, but

634
00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:08,239
Speaker 1: we're just going to spend the money on this one,

635
00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:11,719
Speaker 1: you know, or whoever got the biggest kick back or

636
00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:17,600
Speaker 1: wherever that came from, not to be cynical living bridges. Yeah,

637
00:38:17,719 --> 00:38:21,480
Speaker 1: we're talking about that. Um. If you go to northern

638
00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:26,360
Speaker 1: India to the here we go, uh, the Meghalaya region,

639
00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:29,799
Speaker 1: I think that was good. All right, close enough, Um,

640
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:34,160
Speaker 1: they have something pretty remarkable and they are called living bridges.

641
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,799
Speaker 1: And what they did was it's so rainy there that

642
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:40,480
Speaker 1: all of their natural bridges were having a hard time

643
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:44,400
Speaker 1: staying intact because of all the moisture from monsoon season. Yeah,

644
00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:46,720
Speaker 1: and that's you know, you can't have a natural bridge

645
00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 1: with that much water. So they said, why don't we

646
00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:55,160
Speaker 1: take these tree roots and grow them out of the

647
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:59,400
Speaker 1: ground and span a river over the course of years

648
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,880
Speaker 1: and years and years and then basically plant on the

649
00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:06,239
Speaker 1: other side into the ground. And this is now a

650
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:09,480
Speaker 1: natural tree root bridge. Right. It's like giant living bonds.

651
00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:12,040
Speaker 1: I like you're they were training routes to go a

652
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:15,360
Speaker 1: certain way, and they would take a um, a tree,

653
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:18,319
Speaker 1: a felled tree and split it in half and use

654
00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:21,480
Speaker 1: that as the guide. Right, it's like the structure so

655
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:23,520
Speaker 1: that they were building an arch, but they weren't making

656
00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:26,000
Speaker 1: an arch like sort of a temporary bridge exactly, and

657
00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:28,520
Speaker 1: they let the roots grow along that and like they

658
00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:30,399
Speaker 1: would plan these things out, or they do plan these

659
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:32,880
Speaker 1: things out over the course of like a decade. And

660
00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: I get the impression it's, um, the whole town's responsibilityly,

661
00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:39,160
Speaker 1: some people in the town's responsibility to make sure that

662
00:39:39,239 --> 00:39:40,960
Speaker 1: if you see your route starting and go down in

663
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:43,120
Speaker 1: the wrong place, you just suck it up and put

664
00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:46,040
Speaker 1: it back on that fell log that's guiding it across

665
00:39:46,160 --> 00:39:49,600
Speaker 1: the way. Yeah, it's pretty neat, like it requires patients obviously,

666
00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:53,080
Speaker 1: but it also, um, I imagine just once a day

667
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:56,239
Speaker 1: someone walks down and it's like, yep, looking good, and

668
00:39:56,239 --> 00:39:59,560
Speaker 1: then just walks away again. Pets. The bridge says, keep growing,

669
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,719
Speaker 1: walk across you in ten years, buddy. And apparently those

670
00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:05,239
Speaker 1: things can last up to fifty years or the the

671
00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:08,600
Speaker 1: largest one that they have up to a hundred feet,

672
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:11,560
Speaker 1: which is thirty meters for our friends in India. Um,

673
00:40:11,640 --> 00:40:14,080
Speaker 1: and it can bear the way to fifty people and

674
00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,840
Speaker 1: last up to five hundred years, not fifty. That's what

675
00:40:16,920 --> 00:40:20,439
Speaker 1: I said. Oh, I thought you said fifty people. Well,

676
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:24,560
Speaker 1: it's crazy, like you got to google these things. Yeah,

677
00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:29,240
Speaker 1: they're very pretty, very pretty. It looks very um dark crystally.

678
00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:32,439
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, totally. You know what I mean. But they're

679
00:40:32,440 --> 00:40:36,879
Speaker 1: not unsettling at all like the Dark Crystal, which, by

680
00:40:36,920 --> 00:40:39,600
Speaker 1: the way, if you're ever in Atlanta, sometimes people say, Hey,

681
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:42,640
Speaker 1: I'm coming to Atlanta. What should I do? Uh, go

682
00:40:42,760 --> 00:40:45,920
Speaker 1: to the Center for Popetry Arts and just look at

683
00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:52,319
Speaker 1: their free exhibit, which includes a full size Skexy. It's terrifying. Yeah,

684
00:40:52,360 --> 00:40:55,120
Speaker 1: they have We've talked about this before. They have emmett Otter.

685
00:40:56,440 --> 00:40:59,960
Speaker 1: That's right for me. That was pretty pretty magnificent mental

686
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:03,160
Speaker 1: lot for emm and Otter to meet you too. They're

687
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:05,320
Speaker 1: doing Actually I saw it was just at the Museum

688
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:07,759
Speaker 1: of the Moving Image and Queens. Oh yeah, I saw

689
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,000
Speaker 1: you post something about that. Yeah, they have a Madman

690
00:41:10,040 --> 00:41:12,120
Speaker 1: exhibit right now, which is pretty neat, but it was

691
00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:16,200
Speaker 1: they I was not there in time for the Jim Henson.

692
00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:18,359
Speaker 1: When they're they're putting that in place, I think for later.

693
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:22,239
Speaker 1: It's coming. It's coming. What's good You didn't miss it yet? Well, yeah,

694
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:24,960
Speaker 1: I'll just go back. We went to the Yoko on

695
00:41:25,120 --> 00:41:30,520
Speaker 1: No exhibit at MoMA awesome. She's something else, dude. She's

696
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:34,080
Speaker 1: got a pretty cool mind. Yeah, she had she had

697
00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:37,799
Speaker 1: this one display and it was titled three Spoons and

698
00:41:37,840 --> 00:41:42,080
Speaker 1: it was just four spoons in a row. It wasn't three.

699
00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:46,719
Speaker 1: I love that stuff, So I recommend that as well.

700
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:49,320
Speaker 1: I'm not a fan of her music, though I actually

701
00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:51,600
Speaker 1: got turned onto her music in the listening room there

702
00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:55,080
Speaker 1: Plastic Band. It's crazy, it's weird stuff, but I kind

703
00:41:55,080 --> 00:41:57,279
Speaker 1: of like it. I mean, she's definitely one of the

704
00:41:57,320 --> 00:42:01,839
Speaker 1: most like original thinkers you know out there, and she's

705
00:42:01,840 --> 00:42:03,319
Speaker 1: been at it for a while, like a lot of

706
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:06,279
Speaker 1: the stuff went back to the sixties, like the early sixties. Yeah,

707
00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:09,319
Speaker 1: and talk about weathering criticism and still just being like

708
00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:12,120
Speaker 1: screw you. Yeah, I'm Yoko. Oh no, I don't care

709
00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:15,000
Speaker 1: what you say. Well, she was exonerated to recently, remember

710
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:17,200
Speaker 1: Paul McCartney came out and said like, it was not

711
00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:19,920
Speaker 1: Yoko owner that broke up the Beetles and saying that

712
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:22,319
Speaker 1: it just took him like fifty years to come out

713
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:25,040
Speaker 1: and see it. Yeah, you know, she's like, would it

714
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:28,680
Speaker 1: kill you? Right? You've told me privately many times, but

715
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:33,960
Speaker 1: we'll press release, tweet it alright. So we talked about

716
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:38,120
Speaker 1: compression and uh tension being the two main forces. Uh.

717
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,239
Speaker 1: There are quite a few other forces, dozens even that

718
00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 1: can act on a bridge in a negative way, And

719
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:48,359
Speaker 1: the scariest one, for my money, is torsion. Um. If

720
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:51,320
Speaker 1: you've ever seen the video, it's a very famous video

721
00:42:52,120 --> 00:42:56,560
Speaker 1: of the bridge. What is it the Tacoma the Tacoma

722
00:42:56,640 --> 00:42:59,000
Speaker 1: Narrows Bridge to Comma Narrows Bridge when it looks like

723
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:02,480
Speaker 1: a wet noodle twisting in the wind. Yeah, it was.

724
00:43:03,760 --> 00:43:06,319
Speaker 1: It's nuts. And they have like footage of this whole

725
00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:10,960
Speaker 1: thing just undergoing this destruction that kept just going on

726
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:13,719
Speaker 1: and on and on, and finally the bridges comes down. Yeah.

727
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,239
Speaker 1: The craziest part is when you're watching it, you just think, oh, man,

728
00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:18,239
Speaker 1: look at that thing. It's nuts, and thank god there's

729
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:20,239
Speaker 1: no one on it. And then you see I con

730
00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:22,480
Speaker 1: dude walking on it in a car. Yeah, and a

731
00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:25,160
Speaker 1: guy ran. There was a dog. There's one car in there,

732
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:27,719
Speaker 1: and there's a dog trapped in the car and some

733
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:32,960
Speaker 1: guy ran and got the dog. Yes, pretty great heroic stuff. Sure.

734
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:35,279
Speaker 1: Then later on, I don't know if he's the same

735
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:37,640
Speaker 1: guy and another guy or just two completely new guys.

736
00:43:38,120 --> 00:43:40,439
Speaker 1: They're just walking along it. This is after a whole

737
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:43,399
Speaker 1: section is falling into the river. But the section they're

738
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:47,040
Speaker 1: walking on is still swaying. But the only way from

739
00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:51,200
Speaker 1: the bridge step back from the bridge, man, So that's

740
00:43:51,320 --> 00:43:54,040
Speaker 1: torsion at work. Yeah, and that's a big problem that

741
00:43:54,520 --> 00:43:58,279
Speaker 1: designers a suspension bridges face because you have a deck

742
00:43:58,480 --> 00:44:02,040
Speaker 1: that's being held from being held alof by cables. Right,

743
00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:07,000
Speaker 1: it's not like fixed to anything below. It necessarily mean

744
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,960
Speaker 1: it's being suspended. So just like on like a rope

745
00:44:09,960 --> 00:44:13,279
Speaker 1: bridge or something like that, it sways very easily. Right. Yeah,

746
00:44:13,280 --> 00:44:16,280
Speaker 1: those towers are strong, but it's not, you know, directly

747
00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:20,040
Speaker 1: connected to those towers. So if you have a swaying

748
00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:24,440
Speaker 1: bridge in between them, right, and the thing is swaying

749
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:27,800
Speaker 1: back and forth, but if one side starts to sway

750
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:29,880
Speaker 1: over the other side and all of a sudden, you

751
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:34,680
Speaker 1: have an opposing circular force, and that's torsion, and that

752
00:44:34,719 --> 00:44:39,920
Speaker 1: can basically rip the bridge in into which is sheer. Yeah.

753
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:42,320
Speaker 1: Well that's the other awful thing that can happen. It

754
00:44:42,360 --> 00:44:45,520
Speaker 1: can just snap, well not snap, I guess, but just

755
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:49,360
Speaker 1: breaking to two parts. Yeah. Well, I mean snapping is

756
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:54,040
Speaker 1: the result of compression shearing would be what it's called technically,

757
00:44:54,480 --> 00:44:59,040
Speaker 1: where to the same span of bridge has the two

758
00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:02,400
Speaker 1: opposing four is acting on it at once UM in

759
00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:08,200
Speaker 1: opposite directions and it goes it makes that terrible sound. UM.

760
00:45:08,239 --> 00:45:12,040
Speaker 1: If you want to combat torsion, UM many ways to

761
00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:14,360
Speaker 1: do this, you're you're probably gonna have a deck trust

762
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:18,920
Speaker 1: going on to help out. Trust saves the day. That

763
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:21,279
Speaker 1: trust saves a day you're gonna have. You're gonna do

764
00:45:21,640 --> 00:45:25,839
Speaker 1: wind tunnel tests if it's a modern bridge beforehand, well

765
00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:29,120
Speaker 1: you're gonna make a model, yeah, and do tests and

766
00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:31,160
Speaker 1: see like how does wind affect this bridge and what

767
00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:34,719
Speaker 1: do we need to do. But the thing is with

768
00:45:34,880 --> 00:45:38,919
Speaker 1: the um With the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in particular, they

769
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:42,560
Speaker 1: did tests. They had that thing rated with standing winds

770
00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:45,040
Speaker 1: up to a hundred and twenty miles an hour, but

771
00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:47,680
Speaker 1: the winds that day that brought it down, we're only

772
00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:50,480
Speaker 1: forty miles an hour. And for a long time they

773
00:45:50,480 --> 00:45:54,319
Speaker 1: were like, what happened, and somebody said, you know what

774
00:45:54,360 --> 00:45:59,239
Speaker 1: it was? It was mechanical residents. It was. Yeah, the

775
00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:04,319
Speaker 1: deck trust was not sufficient for the span that was

776
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:06,880
Speaker 1: part of it and the way that the wind hit it. Right,

777
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,960
Speaker 1: and the angle calls the final thing that he just

778
00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:13,840
Speaker 1: mentioned resonance, which is um sort of. It's a vibration

779
00:46:13,880 --> 00:46:16,279
Speaker 1: basically that gets out of hands. So resonance, to me,

780
00:46:16,320 --> 00:46:20,320
Speaker 1: I think deserves its own podcast too. It's awesome. Everything

781
00:46:20,440 --> 00:46:23,360
Speaker 1: every especially anything that we build, from an airplane to

782
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:29,840
Speaker 1: a bridge, to watch it has a certain frequency um

783
00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:34,279
Speaker 1: where it will really pick up force, really absorbed force,

784
00:46:34,320 --> 00:46:36,400
Speaker 1: it will run through it. Right, So let's say that

785
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:40,640
Speaker 1: your bridge um has a resonance Uh, that's like at

786
00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:44,880
Speaker 1: a frequency of ten. That's probably a totally ridiculous number

787
00:46:44,920 --> 00:46:46,879
Speaker 1: that I just said, But let's say it's tent right.

788
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,480
Speaker 1: And then let's say that wind comes at it at

789
00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:51,799
Speaker 1: forty at just the right angle, and it makes it

790
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:55,319
Speaker 1: sway at a frequency of nine, Well, that bridge is

791
00:46:55,360 --> 00:46:57,719
Speaker 1: gonna be It's just gonna sit there and sway. Not

792
00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:00,080
Speaker 1: a big problem. If that wind hits it at just

793
00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:02,360
Speaker 1: the right angle at just the right speed it's and

794
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:06,880
Speaker 1: it starts swaying at eleven, it's still not quite a problem.

795
00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:09,160
Speaker 1: But if it gets it just right and it starts

796
00:47:09,160 --> 00:47:11,840
Speaker 1: it swaying at ten, all of a sudden, those sways

797
00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:14,200
Speaker 1: are going to become more and more pronounced, because all

798
00:47:14,239 --> 00:47:18,840
Speaker 1: that energy is flowing through at its maximum potential and

799
00:47:18,840 --> 00:47:23,239
Speaker 1: at its freest flow, because it's hitting the bridge at

800
00:47:23,239 --> 00:47:28,560
Speaker 1: its natural resonance, right, And that's what caused the Tacoma

801
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:32,359
Speaker 1: Narrows Bridge to come down, because once that thing starts going,

802
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:35,480
Speaker 1: there's no coming back from it because it's just happening.

803
00:47:35,520 --> 00:47:38,240
Speaker 1: It gets worse and worse, exactly, and that's that's because

804
00:47:38,239 --> 00:47:40,560
Speaker 1: it hit it at just the right frequency. Yeah, they

805
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:42,120
Speaker 1: like in it in the article, which I think is

806
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:46,360
Speaker 1: pretty uh down to earth of a snowball rolling downhill exactly.

807
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:48,799
Speaker 1: It just keeps getting worse and worse and you can't

808
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:51,359
Speaker 1: stop it. So, but isn't that bizarre that you a

809
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:55,399
Speaker 1: bridge has a natural resonance and natural frequency. I don't

810
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:58,799
Speaker 1: think so. I like, I would assume it would vibrate. Yeah,

811
00:47:59,160 --> 00:48:00,960
Speaker 1: it did not occurred to me at all. And I

812
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,279
Speaker 1: was talking to Adam about this too, and I was like,

813
00:48:04,320 --> 00:48:08,640
Speaker 1: so I saw that building designers, bridge designers. They will

814
00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:12,759
Speaker 1: fine tune like a structure so that it resonates at

815
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,319
Speaker 1: a frequency that it's probably never gonna encounter from an

816
00:48:16,360 --> 00:48:19,200
Speaker 1: earthquake or from winds or whatever. I'm like, how do

817
00:48:19,239 --> 00:48:21,799
Speaker 1: you do that. And apparently it comes down to the

818
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:25,359
Speaker 1: building materials you use, the shapes you use to form

819
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:29,719
Speaker 1: the structure, the way you join those shapes together. And

820
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:33,799
Speaker 1: you can basically say, I'm giving this building a frequency

821
00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:38,000
Speaker 1: of one point five, whereas I know all of the

822
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,279
Speaker 1: wind in the area and the ground movement from an

823
00:48:41,360 --> 00:48:44,720
Speaker 1: earthquake is going to make it vibrated a frequency of seven,

824
00:48:45,120 --> 00:48:48,680
Speaker 1: so it'll be fine. Yeah. And one way, like you said,

825
00:48:48,680 --> 00:48:50,480
Speaker 1: they can do that is by not having like one

826
00:48:50,960 --> 00:48:54,759
Speaker 1: like shortening the sections of the deck, let's say, And

827
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:57,920
Speaker 1: that way the vibration when you have these overlapping plates

828
00:48:57,920 --> 00:49:01,160
Speaker 1: and smaller sections, Uh, it's going to create enough friction

829
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:04,160
Speaker 1: to disrupt that frequency. Right, it'll change the frequency that

830
00:49:04,239 --> 00:49:06,360
Speaker 1: the bridge is moving at. But I mean and not

831
00:49:06,480 --> 00:49:08,560
Speaker 1: just bridges too. You have to take this and take

832
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:12,759
Speaker 1: into account like airplanes, right, you can't use engines on

833
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:16,800
Speaker 1: airplanes that create vibrations at a frequency that's at the

834
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,560
Speaker 1: natural residence of the airplane body. Whuls the airplane body

835
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:23,400
Speaker 1: is going to come apart just from turning the engines on.

836
00:49:23,719 --> 00:49:26,360
Speaker 1: Could you imagine seeing the airplane wings starting to flap

837
00:49:26,640 --> 00:49:30,480
Speaker 1: like harder and harder, Right, But apparently the more common

838
00:49:30,520 --> 00:49:34,040
Speaker 1: thing when you have a disaster catastrophe from a resonance,

839
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:38,279
Speaker 1: a mechanical resonance problem. Um, it's like one bolt. It's

840
00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:40,520
Speaker 1: like I can't take it anymore and stops, and then

841
00:49:40,560 --> 00:49:44,799
Speaker 1: that leads to a cascade of failures that ultimately has

842
00:49:44,880 --> 00:49:49,200
Speaker 1: the bridge coming down. Interesting. I think that's fascinating. I

843
00:49:49,239 --> 00:49:52,240
Speaker 1: had no idea that you had to worry about frequencies

844
00:49:52,280 --> 00:49:56,040
Speaker 1: and vibrations. Why all the bridges you've built of collapse?

845
00:49:56,080 --> 00:49:59,279
Speaker 1: They collapse pretty easy. Well, if you've ever heard the

846
00:49:59,320 --> 00:50:04,200
Speaker 1: old they go down like a French boxer. That means

847
00:50:04,320 --> 00:50:07,520
Speaker 1: I don't need um. But it was a glass Joe reference.

848
00:50:07,560 --> 00:50:13,680
Speaker 1: Remember him from Tyson's punch Out, Oh No counter. He

849
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:17,879
Speaker 1: says he was French. Glass Joe said, a glass jaw,

850
00:50:18,280 --> 00:50:20,120
Speaker 1: and he went down just like a sack of potato.

851
00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:23,200
Speaker 1: So easy, man, Well, which was it a sack of

852
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,680
Speaker 1: potatoes or a French boxer? He was both. He went

853
00:50:26,680 --> 00:50:29,760
Speaker 1: down like a sack of French potatoes. Yes, French fries.

854
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:33,759
Speaker 1: My bridges go down like a French boxer. But Glass Joe,

855
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:37,280
Speaker 1: the French boxer went down like a sack of potatoes. Ergo,

856
00:50:37,560 --> 00:50:41,960
Speaker 1: my bridges go down like a sack of potatoes. Um,

857
00:50:42,080 --> 00:50:44,319
Speaker 1: if you've ever heard the old wives tale that like

858
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,080
Speaker 1: an army marching across the bridge and step can cause

859
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:52,120
Speaker 1: enough vibration to take down that bridge, it's true that

860
00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:56,359
Speaker 1: could happen. So if at the right frequency, right yeah,

861
00:50:56,360 --> 00:50:59,360
Speaker 1: and wartime, that's they will break step. In other words,

862
00:50:59,360 --> 00:51:03,040
Speaker 1: their rhythm isn't all the same to avoid that scenario.

863
00:51:03,280 --> 00:51:05,680
Speaker 1: And there was a bridge disaster I saw on that

864
00:51:05,719 --> 00:51:10,080
Speaker 1: Time magazine slide show where that happened. Um, there were

865
00:51:10,120 --> 00:51:13,520
Speaker 1: there were a pair of skywalk bridges inside the Higher

866
00:51:13,680 --> 00:51:18,319
Speaker 1: Regency Kansas City Hotel. Um in the lobby. They were

867
00:51:18,360 --> 00:51:21,920
Speaker 1: just like you know, raised bridges going through the lobby,

868
00:51:22,040 --> 00:51:25,680
Speaker 1: and they collapsed in and killed like a bunch of

869
00:51:25,680 --> 00:51:30,359
Speaker 1: people because thirty something people people marching dancing. They were

870
00:51:30,440 --> 00:51:32,839
Speaker 1: dancing on the on the skywalk. And you think, like

871
00:51:34,480 --> 00:51:37,440
Speaker 1: up to today or yesterday when I started researching this,

872
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:42,040
Speaker 1: right like, I just thought that's weight or pressure something

873
00:51:42,080 --> 00:51:44,680
Speaker 1: like if everybody's dancing, it didn't. It never occurred to

874
00:51:44,719 --> 00:51:48,400
Speaker 1: me that the rhythm had something to do. I had

875
00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,279
Speaker 1: always heard that, well, you're far more advanced than I

876
00:51:51,320 --> 00:51:54,160
Speaker 1: am in structural engineering. My friend, Now that it's just

877
00:51:54,239 --> 00:51:56,320
Speaker 1: always heard that, like, you know, even a bunch of

878
00:51:56,400 --> 00:52:00,000
Speaker 1: kittens walking across could cause that. And the reason they

879
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:02,080
Speaker 1: said kittens of course, so it has nothing to do

880
00:52:02,120 --> 00:52:06,719
Speaker 1: with weight, right, because kittens knowing nothing. And consequently, I

881
00:52:06,719 --> 00:52:08,560
Speaker 1: think Lina Richie had to change the name of that

882
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,080
Speaker 1: song because of the accident. I think originally it was

883
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,799
Speaker 1: what a feeling when you're dancing on the skywalk and

884
00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:17,799
Speaker 1: he had to change it to ceiling and everyone's like,

885
00:52:17,840 --> 00:52:20,400
Speaker 1: that's weird, held dance on the ceiling, but it rhymes

886
00:52:20,640 --> 00:52:23,160
Speaker 1: and he's like, yeah, but nobody ever died from dancing

887
00:52:23,160 --> 00:52:26,239
Speaker 1: on this on the ceiling. I guess the final thing

888
00:52:26,320 --> 00:52:29,879
Speaker 1: we should mention is that weather um obviously will play

889
00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:33,640
Speaker 1: a big impact. We already talked about wind, but um

890
00:52:33,680 --> 00:52:36,480
Speaker 1: over the years, the materials they use and the design

891
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:40,160
Speaker 1: is gone in to take account things like wind and

892
00:52:41,239 --> 00:52:43,799
Speaker 1: uh what sun damage. I don't know what. I think

893
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:48,000
Speaker 1: the Freese thaw cycle is huge. Salt salt exposure if

894
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:50,799
Speaker 1: it's going over like a salty body of water. Yeah,

895
00:52:50,840 --> 00:52:54,120
Speaker 1: that makes sense. Yeah, there's a lot of things that

896
00:52:54,160 --> 00:52:57,320
Speaker 1: are trying to bring a bridge down. Nature abhores a

897
00:52:57,400 --> 00:53:01,719
Speaker 1: bridge basically as much as a vacuum. Um, I've got one.

898
00:53:02,120 --> 00:53:06,200
Speaker 1: What you got? There's probably around six hundred and thirty

899
00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:09,839
Speaker 1: thousand bridges in the US alone, because there were six

900
00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:12,480
Speaker 1: hundred and seventeen thousand, nine hundred and thirty five and

901
00:53:12,520 --> 00:53:15,799
Speaker 1: a two thousand two census, and they add them. They

902
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:18,359
Speaker 1: were adding them at about a thousand a year, maybe

903
00:53:18,440 --> 00:53:21,960
Speaker 1: nine hundred a year. That's just the US. The world's

904
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,640
Speaker 1: longest bridge completed in two thousand and ten, the Danyang

905
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:29,000
Speaker 1: Coon Shawn Bridge. I think I've seen pictures of that.

906
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:32,440
Speaker 1: It serves as a railway bridge for the Beijing and

907
00:53:32,520 --> 00:53:35,840
Speaker 1: Shanghai railway. It's a hundred and two mile long bridge.

908
00:53:36,040 --> 00:53:39,759
Speaker 1: That's nutty over water. I'm a big fan of of

909
00:53:39,840 --> 00:53:44,600
Speaker 1: cities with multiple water bridges. Well, that's why you liked

910
00:53:44,640 --> 00:53:50,120
Speaker 1: Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh, Portland, Budapest. I'm a big fan Atlanta.

911
00:53:50,160 --> 00:53:52,680
Speaker 1: Doesn't mean we have bridges, but it's not like you

912
00:53:52,680 --> 00:53:55,880
Speaker 1: have to go to the Chattahoochee River Lakes. Nobody goes

913
00:53:55,920 --> 00:54:00,120
Speaker 1: to the Chattahoochie You know what, Um, I got One

914
00:54:00,160 --> 00:54:02,360
Speaker 1: more thing I want to shout out to PBS is

915
00:54:02,480 --> 00:54:06,120
Speaker 1: build it big website, which is like beyond nineties as

916
00:54:06,160 --> 00:54:10,000
Speaker 1: far as websites go. But it was extremely helpful and

917
00:54:10,120 --> 00:54:14,120
Speaker 1: understanding the forces that work on bridges, different types of bridges,

918
00:54:14,480 --> 00:54:18,640
Speaker 1: different specific bridges. Great website and thanks to Adam. I

919
00:54:18,640 --> 00:54:21,000
Speaker 1: guess you got some information from him. Yeah, thanks Adam.

920
00:54:21,160 --> 00:54:22,680
Speaker 1: Was he into talking to you about it or was

921
00:54:22,719 --> 00:54:25,160
Speaker 1: he on the other end going, oh my god, just

922
00:54:25,320 --> 00:54:27,680
Speaker 1: shut up, I'm watching Tim and Eric he was he

923
00:54:27,719 --> 00:54:30,799
Speaker 1: was into talking about it. I figured he would be. Yeah. Uh.

924
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:32,680
Speaker 1: And I actually have to shout out to you me too,

925
00:54:32,719 --> 00:54:34,839
Speaker 1: because I told her we were building bridges or well,

926
00:54:34,920 --> 00:54:36,680
Speaker 1: that we were talking about bridges. She sent me a

927
00:54:36,719 --> 00:54:40,360
Speaker 1: bunch of stuff on popsicle bridges. Um, apparently there's a

928
00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:45,200
Speaker 1: a Indie go go for the world's strongest or Canada's

929
00:54:45,239 --> 00:54:50,080
Speaker 1: strongest popsicle bridge. Yeah, they're trying to build that. Yes,

930
00:54:51,520 --> 00:54:55,319
Speaker 1: and they have like six grand already, man for out

931
00:54:55,320 --> 00:54:59,160
Speaker 1: of popsicle sticks. Good for them. So that's everybody getting

932
00:54:59,160 --> 00:55:01,719
Speaker 1: shouted out to all all over the place in this one. Huh.

933
00:55:01,760 --> 00:55:04,839
Speaker 1: That's nice stuff, bam. If you want to know more

934
00:55:04,880 --> 00:55:07,200
Speaker 1: about bridges, you can type that word into the search

935
00:55:07,280 --> 00:55:10,359
Speaker 1: bar at how stuff works dot com. And since I

936
00:55:10,360 --> 00:55:16,480
Speaker 1: said search parts time for listener, mayl I'm gonna call this,

937
00:55:16,960 --> 00:55:20,200
Speaker 1: I get a couple of street gang responses, will read

938
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:24,319
Speaker 1: over the next couple of shows. Um, here's one. I

939
00:55:24,360 --> 00:55:26,239
Speaker 1: had to write in about your street gangs episode as

940
00:55:26,239 --> 00:55:29,040
Speaker 1: it was interesting and pertains to my job. Short version

941
00:55:29,040 --> 00:55:31,200
Speaker 1: is that I worked for a hospital based program and

942
00:55:31,239 --> 00:55:33,720
Speaker 1: we see every gunshot wound victim and stab wound victim

943
00:55:33,719 --> 00:55:37,000
Speaker 1: who comes through, which is about four year UM, and

944
00:55:37,040 --> 00:55:40,080
Speaker 1: about ten percent of those are gang involved. How you

945
00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:41,799
Speaker 1: guys have mentioned how you found the number of gangs

946
00:55:41,840 --> 00:55:43,719
Speaker 1: to be hard to believe, but I think you may

947
00:55:43,760 --> 00:55:46,000
Speaker 1: be thinking of street gangs is one entity that has

948
00:55:46,040 --> 00:55:49,160
Speaker 1: strict borders and lots of people. Uh, And my experience,

949
00:55:49,280 --> 00:55:52,720
Speaker 1: larger gangs will sometimes incorporate smaller gangs, and sometimes larger

950
00:55:52,719 --> 00:55:56,440
Speaker 1: gangs will split off into many many smaller groups. UH.

951
00:55:56,480 --> 00:55:58,160
Speaker 1: People go in and out of gangs and are sometimes

952
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:00,640
Speaker 1: affiliated with more than one. Currently, we have about at

953
00:56:00,719 --> 00:56:03,640
Speaker 1: least seventy in our city alone, on a substantial amount

954
00:56:03,680 --> 00:56:07,479
Speaker 1: of those have less than twenty members, so like mini gangs,

955
00:56:07,520 --> 00:56:10,440
Speaker 1: not super gangs, not super ganks. According to this paper

956
00:56:10,440 --> 00:56:13,400
Speaker 1: on street gangs in Boston, of the gangs in the

957
00:56:13,440 --> 00:56:17,600
Speaker 1: city have less than ten members and have ten to

958
00:56:17,719 --> 00:56:22,759
Speaker 1: nineteen members. So while the numbers you gave seem shockingly high,

959
00:56:22,760 --> 00:56:25,120
Speaker 1: they also seem to be in step with the current climate.

960
00:56:25,600 --> 00:56:29,000
Speaker 1: And that is from Arianna. And what city did she say?

961
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:31,480
Speaker 1: You know, I don't see that. I don't think she said.

962
00:56:32,640 --> 00:56:33,840
Speaker 1: I don't know if it was Boston or if she

963
00:56:33,920 --> 00:56:37,239
Speaker 1: just referenced Boston. Well, thanks a lot, Ariana. We appreciate

964
00:56:37,320 --> 00:56:39,799
Speaker 1: that email. And yeah, keep them coming. We wanted them

965
00:56:39,800 --> 00:56:41,919
Speaker 1: more about gangs. I just had the impression the whole

966
00:56:41,920 --> 00:56:45,240
Speaker 1: time that like one way or another, we were officially

967
00:56:45,360 --> 00:56:51,600
Speaker 1: or unofficially misinformed. We maybe uh. And also let us

968
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:55,080
Speaker 1: know who's the coolest famous person you've ever met? Uh.

969
00:56:55,280 --> 00:56:58,320
Speaker 1: You can tweet to us at s y s K podcast.

970
00:56:58,800 --> 00:57:00,839
Speaker 1: You can join us on face brick dot com, slash

971
00:57:00,880 --> 00:57:02,680
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know. You can put it in an

972
00:57:02,760 --> 00:57:05,760
Speaker 1: email to stuff podcast at how Stuff Works dot com

973
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:07,800
Speaker 1: and has always joined us at at home on the web.

974
00:57:07,880 --> 00:57:13,600
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know dot com. Stuff you Should Know

975
00:57:13,680 --> 00:57:16,400
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts for

976
00:57:16,480 --> 00:57:19,280
Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

977
00:57:19,320 --> 00:57:21,000
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.