Speaker 1: On July fourth, eighteen twenty nine, a twenty three year
Speaker 1: old Boston printer, an anti slavery activist named William Lloyd Garrison,
Speaker 1: accepted an invitation to give a Fourth of July address
Speaker 1: to the Park Street Church in Boston. The fifteen hundred
Speaker 1: white Congregationalists assembled in the large church were stunned by
Speaker 1: what they heard. Garrison told them that Independence Day was
Speaker 1: quote the worst and most disastrous day and the whole
Speaker 1: three hundred and sixty five He said he was ashamed
Speaker 1: of his country and the distance between its ideals and
Speaker 1: its practices. This is Bruce Laurie, a professor of history
Speaker 1: emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He makes
Speaker 1: the argument that the key document in the US was
Speaker 1: not the Constitutions, a declaration of independence. Garrison asked his
Speaker 1: audience to imagine something how American slaves might make their
Speaker 1: own declaration of independence from a tyrannical rule. Then he
Speaker 1: adopted the exact cadence of Thomas Jefferson's original list of
Speaker 1: grievances against King George the Third in the Declaration of Independence.
Speaker 1: Garrison read out his own list on behalf of the
Speaker 1: American slave He bellowed quote, they have sold us in
Speaker 1: their market places like cattle. They have lacerated our bodies
Speaker 1: with whips. In a word, what that speech did is
Speaker 1: he read African Americans into the Declaration of Independence for
Speaker 1: the first time. Garrison ended by asking the congregation to
Speaker 1: imagine one more thing. Suppose he asked that the slave
Speaker 1: should suddenly become white, would you keep quiet in the
Speaker 1: face of their suffering? Then, answering his own question, Garrison roared, no,
Speaker 1: your voice would peel like deep thunder. I'm an abolishicitionist,
Speaker 1: high glory in the name. I'm Sean Braswell. Welcome to
Speaker 1: the thread. This season, we've traced the ore of an
Speaker 1: idea that has shaken the foundations of power across the
Speaker 1: world for almost two centuries now. It is the principle
Speaker 1: of non violent resistance, the counterintuitive notion that the best
Speaker 1: way to overcome your enemies is to love them. The
Speaker 1: best way to counter their blows is to absorb them.
Speaker 1: We began the season with Martin Luther King Jr. And
Speaker 1: his path to non violence. We then pulled on a
Speaker 1: thread that took us backwards through time to South Africa
Speaker 1: and India and Russia. And now four episodes later, we
Speaker 1: are back in the United States and the early eighteen
Speaker 1: hundreds to learn about the American who inspired the non
Speaker 1: violent approach of Leo Tolstoy, the Russian novelist we covered
Speaker 1: in the last episode. If you're joining us for the
Speaker 1: first time, we encourage you to go back and listen
Speaker 1: to episode one. I am anabolishist, then urged me not
Speaker 1: to pause for joyfully I do in missed in freedom,
Speaker 1: sacred cause, the world and a soldier for Martin Luther
Speaker 1: King Jr. Liked to talk about a promissory note that
Speaker 1: the American founders had written to all Americans and the
Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence. Well in the early days of the
Speaker 1: New Republic, and at a time when very few Americans
Speaker 1: cared to pay attention to that promise, William Lloyd Garrison
Speaker 1: waived that note in the streets and hollered about it
Speaker 1: at the top of his lungs. Garrison's searing words and
Speaker 1: non violent protestations against slavery, like the civil rights protests
Speaker 1: King would lead across the South over one hundred years later,
Speaker 1: grabbed the collar of America and forced it to look
Speaker 1: at itself in the mirror. William Lloyd Garrison was born
Speaker 1: in Newberry, Massachusetts, in eighteen o five. He came from
Speaker 1: humble origins Bruce Laurie again. His father was a mariner,
Speaker 1: his mother a housekeeper and a devout Baptist. He um
Speaker 1: He had a common school education. Like most Massachusetts children,
Speaker 1: uh never went on to higher education. Almost nobody did
Speaker 1: in those days. Instead, um young young men, almost never
Speaker 1: a young women were either sent to live with relatives,
Speaker 1: to work on farms, or to um serve apprenticeships and
Speaker 1: the skilled trades. Garrison became an apprentice printer. He later
Speaker 1: referred to himself as a New England mechanic. He moved
Speaker 1: to Boston in the late eighteen twenties. He met a
Speaker 1: man named Benjamin Lundy who was a Quaker abolitionist, and
Speaker 1: Lundy had a huge impact on him. Benjamin Lundy was
Speaker 1: a harness maker who took up the printing trade just
Speaker 1: so he could decry the evils of slavery. Lundie had
Speaker 1: endured beatings, charges of libel and harsh public opinion. The
Speaker 1: Quaker zeal And abolitionist views captivated Garrison, and the young
Speaker 1: man began to write for Lundie's newspaper. Actually He served
Speaker 1: two apprenticeships, if you think about it, one as a
Speaker 1: printer and the other as an abolitionist. Lundie opened Garrison's
Speaker 1: eyes to the evils of slavery. Garrison yearned to fight
Speaker 1: the good fight and become an apostle of public virtue
Speaker 1: like Lundie. Lundie was a Quaker, and you know, the
Speaker 1: Quaker position is, you don't need you don't need a
Speaker 1: clergy to tell you the word of God. Every person
Speaker 1: his is his or her own church, his or her
Speaker 1: own own inner light. And you can see that as
Speaker 1: the beginnings of Garrisonian non resistance. Garrison was a Christian,
Speaker 1: but he challenged the Church just as he did all authorities,
Speaker 1: and you were either with him or against him. Garrison
Speaker 1: was convinced that abolitionists should be asking for nothing less
Speaker 1: than a media and complete emancipation for all slaves, and
Speaker 1: he dedicated himself to the cause entirely. He even said quote,
Speaker 1: I should deserve to be a slave myself if I
Speaker 1: shrunk from that duty or danger. Slavery was abolished in
Speaker 1: the US on fifty years ago, and it's difficult to
Speaker 1: imagine what life was like in the eighteen twenties and
Speaker 1: thirties and to appreciate the mindset of those times. It
Speaker 1: was hard to find a national politician, even in the North,
Speaker 1: who did not think that slavery should be left to
Speaker 1: the individual states. Most American presidents had been slave owners.
Speaker 1: Slavery was abolished by statute in many Northern states, but
Speaker 1: a profound apathy towards the practice set in America's moral
Speaker 1: indifference was deafening, and even among those opposed to slavery,
Speaker 1: there was little appetite for granting African Americans equal rights.
Speaker 1: The important thing about that abolitionist movement was it was
Speaker 1: very qualified, ever conceded political rights to African Americans. Even
Speaker 1: most abolitionists preached liberation without equality. Garrison changed all that.
Speaker 1: With um knowledge he gained from local African Americans and
Speaker 1: some nationally prominent African Americans, he combined equality with political rights.
Speaker 1: Garrison attributed the American public's apathy towards slavery and the
Speaker 1: abolitionist movements aversion to racial equality to ignorance, and he
Speaker 1: set out to enlighten as many minds and change as
Speaker 1: many hearts as he could. He just needed a vehicle.
Speaker 1: You had to have an oregan Yeah, you had to
Speaker 1: have a newspaper, and so he launches his in eighteen
Speaker 1: thirty one. In a small office in Boston, the twenty
Speaker 1: five year old Garrison pieced together his new newspaper on
Speaker 1: a large oak table in a room with ink splattered windows.
Speaker 1: He slept on a palette on the floor and worked
Speaker 1: odd jobs during the day so he could produce the
Speaker 1: newspaper at night. The first issue You of the Liberator,
Speaker 1: came off the press on New Year's Day eighteen thirty one.
Speaker 1: Garrison pledged in his paper quote, I will be as
Speaker 1: harsh as truth and as uncompromising his justice. He promised
Speaker 1: to rouse the apathetic in America with a trumpet call
Speaker 1: that would resurrect the dead, and in large capital letters,
Speaker 1: he proclaimed, I will be heard now. Thus began one
Speaker 1: of the most remarkable ventures in American journalism. This is
Speaker 1: historian and Garrison biographer Henry Mayer from a speech on
Speaker 1: c SPAN he gave before his death in two thousands.
Speaker 1: No American before Garrison had so dramatically challenged his government's
Speaker 1: failure to realize its ideals. No citizen before Garrison at
Speaker 1: staked the survival of a nation upon a spiritual revolution
Speaker 1: accomplished by a minority, liberated from conventional politics and armed
Speaker 1: only with a righteous conviction of truth. Garrison was a
Speaker 1: wiry man with glasses who was going prematurely bald. He
Speaker 1: wrote many of the early columns and editorials himself, mixing
Speaker 1: in poems, meeting reports, and harrowing accounts of slavery. The
Speaker 1: Liberator described in detail the living conditions of slaves. It
Speaker 1: printed regular reports of kidnappings, whippings, and murders of African Americans.
Speaker 1: It gave a voice to those who previously had none.
Speaker 1: Bruce Laurie, the most important thing about The Liberator is
Speaker 1: that it had a letter's page. The Liberator collects letters
Speaker 1: and commentaries from all kinds of people, and so students
Speaker 1: of abolitionism who want to hear the voice of more
Speaker 1: obscure people need to consult The Liberator. Garrison attacked not
Speaker 1: just slavery, but racial prejudice for at large. He advocated
Speaker 1: for the immediate unconditional release of all two and a
Speaker 1: half million slaves in America and to improve the living
Speaker 1: conditions of all Africa in Americans. His newspaper routinely proclaimed
Speaker 1: the principles that Garrison was willing to fight for, but
Speaker 1: he still had to figure out what the nature of
Speaker 1: that fight might be. Garrison really had not much to
Speaker 1: say about violence early on in his career, but several
Speaker 1: things happened to change his mind. Perhaps the most important
Speaker 1: was a near death experience with a Boston mob in
Speaker 1: eighteen thirty five. It was October. Local women were gathered
Speaker 1: for a meeting of the Boston Female Anti Slavery Society.
Speaker 1: A crowd of angry pro slavery protesters gathered outside. Police
Speaker 1: escorted the women from the building for their safety. Garrison
Speaker 1: and a few other male organizers were left behind. The
Speaker 1: mob soon learned the outspoken Garrison was in the building,
Speaker 1: they chanted out with him. Garrison escaped into a back
Speaker 1: alleyway with a colleague and ducked into a carpenter's workshop
Speaker 1: to avoid the crowd, but they found him. They wrapped
Speaker 1: a rope three times around his chest and then marched
Speaker 1: him into the street like an animal on a leash.
Speaker 1: Hang him, someone yelled. The mob tore his clothes, broke
Speaker 1: his glasses, and dragged him through the streets while they
Speaker 1: debated whether to hang the abolitionist or tar and feather him.
Speaker 1: At some point, the police intervened and shoot away the mob,
Speaker 1: and he was his life was saved. The mayor of
Speaker 1: Boston was forced to put him in jail for his
Speaker 1: own protection. Garrison was shaken by the experience, but it
Speaker 1: also stirred in awakening within him that made a huge
Speaker 1: impression on him. Needless to add, was sort of a
Speaker 1: one of those terminal moments in his life that that
Speaker 1: I think turned him to a non violent resistor. Garrison's
Speaker 1: firsthand experience of the mob's brutality opened his eyes even
Speaker 1: further to the violence that lurked all around him in
Speaker 1: American society, and he landed upon a new method for
Speaker 1: combating that violence, one grounded in the Christian injunction to
Speaker 1: resists not evil. What had in mind is for anti
Speaker 1: slave people to resist violence of any kind, not to
Speaker 1: engage in violence. Violence begot violence. Garrison became convinced of
Speaker 1: the powerful relationship between abolitionism and pacifism. He realized that
Speaker 1: abolitionists could not just publish protestations against slavery. They had
Speaker 1: to refuse to cooperate with the system that perpetuated it.
Speaker 1: But he becomes an advocate of what he called non resistance,
Speaker 1: and that's the doctrine of non resistance that is one
Speaker 1: of the cornerstones of the abolitionist movement in the United States.
Speaker 1: He really does invent nonresistance out of whole cloth. Like Gandhi,
Speaker 1: Garrison found that he had the courage to face the mob,
Speaker 1: and so he redoubled his efforts to provoke them. Garrison realized,
Speaker 1: as doctor King later did in Birmingham, that you had
Speaker 1: to make injustice palpable to the public. You had to
Speaker 1: make it vivid and real, and so, even without the
Speaker 1: medium of television to serve as a megaphone, Garrison set
Speaker 1: out to make Americans ashamed of their connection to slavery
Speaker 1: in thirty years before the Civil War. Garrison kindled a
Speaker 1: fire of outrage that would slowly spread across the country.
Speaker 1: William Lloyd Garrison was a man ahead of his times.
Speaker 1: The philosopher Henry David Threau first published his famous essay
Speaker 1: on civil disobedience in eighteen forty nine. He argued that
Speaker 1: individuals have a duty not to cooperate with unjust governments.
Speaker 1: It is required reading in most American high schools today.
Speaker 1: But William Lloyd Garrison preached and pursued civil disobedience for
Speaker 1: more than a decade before Thorreau's famous work appeared. In
Speaker 1: eighteen thirty eight, Garrison established the New England Non Resistance Society.
Speaker 1: The group adopted a declaration that is likely the first
Speaker 1: formal commitment to non violent resistance in history. The members
Speaker 1: of the society vowed that they would not serve in
Speaker 1: the military, that they would not even vote for public
Speaker 1: official whose authority derived from physical force. The declaration, written
Speaker 1: by Garrison condemned the use of violence in war, for
Speaker 1: the death penalty and even in self defense. Bruce Laurie,
Speaker 1: it's very, very powerful. Some people think it's the most
Speaker 1: powerful thing ever said on non violence. It's quite starring.
Speaker 1: I mean, he talks about the evils of violence, how
Speaker 1: violence begets violence, and the importance of non violence as
Speaker 1: a Christian doctrine. When the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first
Speaker 1: heard about Garrison's Non Resistant Society and its declaration more
Speaker 1: than fifty years later, he said that he experienced a
Speaker 1: spiritual joy. Tolstoy said that Garrison would be remembered as
Speaker 1: one of the quote great reformers of true human progress. Still,
Speaker 1: at the time, Garrison remained a lone voice in the wilderness,
Speaker 1: which suited the crusading abolitionists just fine. Garrison may have
Speaker 1: thought of himself as a latter day Jesus right, a
Speaker 1: man basically without a church, someone who uh moves in
Speaker 1: and and and and and calls for peace among the
Speaker 1: tribes and a higher order of morality. Garrison traveled the country,
Speaker 1: giving lectures like a revival preacher, even at black churches.
Speaker 1: His vivid, lurid depictions of the lives of American slaves
Speaker 1: impressed the details of human bondage into the minds of
Speaker 1: his audience. Once a good friend told Garrison that he
Speaker 1: should take it easy, that he was quote all on fire.
Speaker 1: Garrison took him by the shoulder and replied, I have
Speaker 1: need to be all on fire. I have mountains of
Speaker 1: ice about me to melt. Garrison could also be as
Speaker 1: harsh as he was uncompromising. He could be um, extremely egocentric,
Speaker 1: and difficult to deal with. He was a vicious correspondent
Speaker 1: if um. If he did not like you, or he
Speaker 1: disagreed with you, he would call you every name in
Speaker 1: the book uh short of swearing so um. As a writer,
Speaker 1: he was uncompromising, hectoring, disrespectful. He was sort of an extremist,
Speaker 1: but with his wife and children. He was about as
Speaker 1: extreme as a big puppy dog. In his private life,
Speaker 1: he was the direct opposite. He was a loving husband
Speaker 1: and father. His daughter liked to warm her hands on
Speaker 1: his bald head in winter. Garrison would joke that at
Speaker 1: least a hot blooded fanatic was good for something. He's
Speaker 1: sort of a contradiction, provably tender, publicly impossible. And part
Speaker 1: of being publicly impossible was Garrison's insistence that the issue
Speaker 1: of slavery could not be resolved to the usual channels.
Speaker 1: Garrison believed in what he called moral suasion. He believed
Speaker 1: that the argument should be taken directly to the people.
Speaker 1: Politics as usual was not an option. But really the
Speaker 1: eighteen thirties, Garrison argues, politicians are corrupt. Most people really
Speaker 1: don't care much about politics. You couldn't rely on politicians
Speaker 1: to get your work done for you because they were
Speaker 1: distracted by other issues and triss So he developed this
Speaker 1: idea that the most effective way of agitating for slavery
Speaker 1: is outside of politics. The key to this where the
Speaker 1: anti slavery societies that started to spring up around the
Speaker 1: country during the eighteen thirties. By eighteen forty, over two
Speaker 1: hundred thousand Americans, including some Southerners, belonged to abolitionist societies.
Speaker 1: Garrison had his own movement. Like Tolstoy, Gandhi, Rustin, and King,
Speaker 1: Garrison realized that non resistance did not mean retreat. It
Speaker 1: meant courting conflict, extracting violence from society so as to
Speaker 1: bring it fully into public view. It was not easy.
Speaker 1: One big obstacle facing the anti slavery movement, including Garrison's newspaper,
Speaker 1: The Liberator, was the American government itself. By eighteen thirty
Speaker 1: seven and thirty eight, the The Liberator was banned in
Speaker 1: most Southern states, and also President Jackson prohibited it from
Speaker 1: being mailed, so they shut down the U. S. Mails
Speaker 1: and finally, from eighteen thirty seven until the early eighteen forties,
Speaker 1: Congress refused to debate the question of slavery. This forced
Speaker 1: Garrison and his fellow abolitionists to get creative. The Abolitionists
Speaker 1: were the first American activists to figure out what publicity is.
Speaker 1: What the Garrisonians did was they figured out that if
Speaker 1: you want to have people involved in the movement, you
Speaker 1: have to give them something to do, even the most
Speaker 1: seemingly trivial things to do in order to give the
Speaker 1: movement publicity, so they launched things like called fancy fairs.
Speaker 1: They would set up on the town common and sell
Speaker 1: things to people with with abolitionists labels on them, and
Speaker 1: they also gave people things to sign. Abolitionists would would
Speaker 1: go around in communities with these petitions printed in advance
Speaker 1: with lines on it so you could enter your name, pishing,
Speaker 1: for instance, to have Congress debate slavery, petitioning against the
Speaker 1: War with Mexico, petition against enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act.
Speaker 1: The abolitionists also filled the mail with newspapers, declarations, and
Speaker 1: propaganda sheets. By eighteen thirty seven and thirty eight, they
Speaker 1: had produced over a million pieces of mail, and as
Speaker 1: a result of the petitioning and the mail, the movement
Speaker 1: looked a lot bigger than it was. In fact, some
Speaker 1: Northerners thought that all Yankees were abolitionists, largely on a
Speaker 1: basis of abolitionist propaganda, the abolitionists were very effective for
Speaker 1: a relatively small activist community. By the eighteen fifties, they
Speaker 1: succeeded at shaping the terms of a nationwide debate about
Speaker 1: the practice of slavery. Garrison caught in America's attention in
Speaker 1: a way that no agitator before ever had. Still, as
Speaker 1: the nation grappled with its most violent institution, it became
Speaker 1: clear to many that nonviolent resistance was not going to
Speaker 1: be enough to free America's slaves. Up next, we look
Speaker 1: at how the American Civil War vindicated and decimated Lilliam
Speaker 1: Lloyd Garrison's life work. At age twenty three, William Lloyd
Speaker 1: Garrison wrote racial equality into the Declaration of Independence at
Speaker 1: the Park Street Church in Boston, and throughout his career,
Speaker 1: the firebrand continued to create spectacles with his words and deeds. Sometimes, however,
Speaker 1: he overplayed his hand At a famous rally, He once
Speaker 1: put a match to the Futuitive Slave Act and the
Speaker 1: Constitution and abolitionists. Political abolitionists really didn't like that. They
Speaker 1: thought it was sort of counterproductive because most Americans thought
Speaker 1: of the Constitution as a sacred document. That's right, Garrison
Speaker 1: set fire to a copy of the Constitution in public.
Speaker 1: Garrison also continued to preach non violent resistance as the
Speaker 1: means for accomplishing abolition, even as the growing rhetoric between
Speaker 1: North and South made such a means very unlikely. As
Speaker 1: the eighteen fifties wears on. More and more abolitionists in
Speaker 1: Garrison's camp decide, look, we've got to compromise on two things.
Speaker 1: One is on non resistance. It's not working right than
Speaker 1: the other's politics. What happens is more and more abolitionists,
Speaker 1: except for the hardline Garrisonians, endorsed Abraham Lincoln, and more
Speaker 1: and more of them endorsed the idea that it will
Speaker 1: take violence to end slavery. Garrison could not be persuaded.
Speaker 1: He continued to argue for the power of moral suasion,
Speaker 1: the need to convince a critical mass of Americans that
Speaker 1: slavery was untenable, and he did so even as many
Speaker 1: of his former followers, including the slave turned social reformer
Speaker 1: Frederick Douglas, abandoned him in the years before the Civil War.
Speaker 1: People like Frederick Douglas argued that moral suasion is a
Speaker 1: very limited form. You can't reach enough people, first of all,
Speaker 1: and second, it's not gonna end slavery because slavery was
Speaker 1: created by politics, the Constitution, for instance, and we'll have
Speaker 1: to end through politics or through violence. And so Garrison
Speaker 1: is really abandoned on the platform of moral suasion and
Speaker 1: non resistance. The weight of the movement is running against him.
Speaker 1: Yet Garrison was steadfast. Of course, he was wrong. It
Speaker 1: took violence to end slavery, a lot of it. The
Speaker 1: ending of slavery through violent warfare was a bitter irony
Speaker 1: for Garrison. He ended up reluctantly supporting the war, sacrificing
Speaker 1: one set of his principles in order to pursue another.
Speaker 1: And while the war took its toll on the pacifist
Speaker 1: the result was what he had been fighting to achieve
Speaker 1: for decades. Indeed, just after the war ended, thirty years
Speaker 1: after he was attacked by a mob in Boston, Garrison
Speaker 1: was raised affectionately by crowds of liberated blacks in the
Speaker 1: streets of Charleston, South Carolina. He becomes a huge figure
Speaker 1: when he goes there in eighteen six, right after the war,
Speaker 1: and he's he's really celebrated like a hero. It's like
Speaker 1: sort of like a Roman triumph of adoration um and
Speaker 1: really wild, wild respect. But the Civil War also destroyed
Speaker 1: the non violent movement that Garrison so carefully built. One
Speaker 1: month after the Civil War ended, the abolitionist declared his
Speaker 1: life's work at an end. In eighteen six, Garrison announces
Speaker 1: that um there's no there's nothing more for abolitionists to do.
Speaker 1: That their goal all along was simply to liberate the slaves,
Speaker 1: and so he collapsed as a liberator and argues that
Speaker 1: the Americans Anti slavery society should close its doors. But
Speaker 1: other leaders, including Frederick Douglas, voted down that resolution. African
Speaker 1: Americans could not yet vote, and we're still not. It
Speaker 1: took another hundred years before leaders like Bayard Rustin and
Speaker 1: Martin Luther King were able to advance the causes of
Speaker 1: freedom and racial equality further. In doing so, however, they
Speaker 1: rediscovered the power of non violence with a big assist
Speaker 1: from Gandhi and Tolstoy, and ensured that William Lloyd Garrison's
Speaker 1: most revolutionary idea outlived its apparent demise during the Civil War.
Speaker 1: Garrison died in eighteen seventy nine at age seventy three.
Speaker 1: Black hands intertwined with white ones to carry his casket
Speaker 1: at his funeral. During the memorial service, Frederick Duclas said,
Speaker 1: it was the glory of this man that he could
Speaker 1: stand alone with truth and calmly await the result Garrison
Speaker 1: stood up for in America conceived an equal citizenship when
Speaker 1: few others dared to. Bruce Laurie Garrison was about as
Speaker 1: Sara going an egalitarian um as there is in the
Speaker 1: nineteenth century, and like Martin Luther King, Garrison managed to
Speaker 1: build a social movement grounded in thousands of individual acts
Speaker 1: of non cooperation. He learned how to face the mob,
Speaker 1: to stand up for justice, and how not to fight back.
Speaker 1: He learned how to combine radical politics with love, and
Speaker 1: how to provoke confrontation in order to grow awareness. He's
Speaker 1: iconic in in passive resistance circles um and probably justly so.
Speaker 1: I'm unaware of any thinker he appealed to in order
Speaker 1: to develop this strategy. He really is an original thinker
Speaker 1: and a most powerfully influential figure in American history. Garrison's
Speaker 1: own story, however, still depends on the hands of fate,
Speaker 1: including some timely help at a key moment. Garrison's influential newspaper,
Speaker 1: The Liberator, might never have made it to its second
Speaker 1: issue without the assistance of another largely forgotten figure from
Speaker 1: American history. Next week, in the final episode of this season,
Speaker 1: we complete our thread with the story of a remarkable
Speaker 1: African American businessman whose generosity saved Garrison's newspaper and his
Speaker 1: revolutionary idea, and in doing so, altered the course of history.
Speaker 1: We also learned about the surprising trait that King Rustin
Speaker 1: Gandhi and other non violent figures share. I am an abolitionist,
Speaker 1: Hi glory in the name Oh now by slaveries, men
Speaker 1: and his and covered or with shame it lovelight and
Speaker 1: how much word of the free who sponsis in the
Speaker 1: truck co Craven Soul The Threat is produced by Libby Coleman,
Speaker 1: Robert Coulos, Sophia Perpetua and me Sean braswell. Chris Hoff
Speaker 1: engineered our show. This episode features the Duchess Anti Slavery
Speaker 1: Singers performing a song by William Lloyd Garrison called Song
Speaker 1: of the Abolitionist. To learn more about the thread, visit
Speaker 1: ausi dot com, slash the thread all one word, and
Speaker 1: make sure to subscribe to the thread on Apple podcasts,
Speaker 1: follow us on I Heart Radio or listen wherever you
Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Check us out at ausi dot com
Speaker 1: or on Twitter and Facebook. If you love surprising, engaging
Speaker 1: stories from history, look no further than the flashback section
Speaker 1: of AUSI dot com. That's o z y dot com.
Speaker 1: Name no now by slaveries, men, and covered or with shame.
Speaker 1: Love lives, watchword of the free. Craven soul is hea