1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:05,240 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, Everybody coming up soon. On the show, we 2 00:00:05,320 --> 00:00:08,240 Speaker 1: have an episode that mentions the Jamaican Maroons who were 3 00:00:08,280 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: sent first to Nova Scotia and then to Sierra Leone 4 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:14,560 Speaker 1: after a war with Jamaica's British colonial government. And it's 5 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:16,319 Speaker 1: been a few years since we talked about that on 6 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:18,320 Speaker 1: the show, so we thought this might be a good 7 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:21,000 Speaker 1: time to re air this episode. It originally came out 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:25,079 Speaker 1: in February of This episode does contain one of the 9 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: more sweeping errors we have made on the show. That's 10 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:31,680 Speaker 1: specifically an error I made when I wrote it. There 11 00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: has been a lot of writing about the Caribbean that 12 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:37,600 Speaker 1: describes the indigenous Tino people as having been driven to 13 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,599 Speaker 1: extinction by Europeans. We repeated that in this episode, and 14 00:00:41,640 --> 00:00:44,760 Speaker 1: it is not correct. It is true that as much 15 00:00:44,760 --> 00:00:48,680 Speaker 1: as nine of the Caribbean's indigenous population was killed after 16 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 1: the arrival of Europeans, but that is not at all 17 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: the same as extinction. People living in the Caribbean and 18 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:57,400 Speaker 1: elsewhere today trace their ancestry back to the Chino and 19 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:00,279 Speaker 1: other indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, and there's been an 20 00:01:00,320 --> 00:01:03,240 Speaker 1: active and growing Tino movement over the last few decades, 21 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:06,200 Speaker 1: so we apologize for that error. So when you get 22 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 1: to that part of today's episode, just replace it with 23 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:14,759 Speaker 1: this correction in your mind. Otherwise, enjoy Welcome to Stuff 24 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:17,360 Speaker 1: You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart 25 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 1: Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 26 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,160 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today we 27 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,080 Speaker 1: are headed to Jamaica, which, yeah, no a place who 28 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:36,840 Speaker 1: talked that much about on the show. Even in the 29 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:39,520 Speaker 1: past archive not a whole lot about Jamaica. So we're 30 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,880 Speaker 1: headed to Jamaica to talk about a pair of wars 31 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:47,480 Speaker 1: between the Jamaican Maroons and the British colonial government. For 32 00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:51,360 Speaker 1: listeners who are not familiar with that term, Maroons are 33 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,640 Speaker 1: Africans and people of African ancestry who escaped enslavement and 34 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: established communities, usually in remote and hard to access parts 35 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:02,800 Speaker 1: of the caribbe In and some of the America's sometimes 36 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:07,760 Speaker 1: also intermarrying with the local indigenous population. The term probably 37 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,320 Speaker 1: comes from the Spanish cimarron for wild or untamed, or 38 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:14,640 Speaker 1: maybe the French my horn which meant brown uh and 39 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:20,079 Speaker 1: although particularly sammarron was initially used to describe wild animals 40 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:23,800 Speaker 1: and escaped livestock. It's one that Maroon communities still in 41 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: existence today used to describe themselves. In Jamaica specifically, the 42 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: word maroon came into use around sixteen seventy. Some of 43 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:36,520 Speaker 1: the Maroon communities during the days of the trans Atlantic 44 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,600 Speaker 1: slave trade didn't survive very long due to disease and 45 00:02:39,639 --> 00:02:42,840 Speaker 1: starvation and the efforts of slave catchers and others to 46 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: find and capture and destroy. But places that had a 47 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:53,000 Speaker 1: combination of an enslaved labor pool and remote inaccessible territory 48 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: were likely to become home to a marine settlement, and 49 00:02:56,400 --> 00:03:00,040 Speaker 1: that settlement was typically heavily influenced by the African and 50 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: indigenous cultures of the people living there. There were, and 51 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:08,320 Speaker 1: in some cases still are Maroon communities all over the Caribbean, 52 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,359 Speaker 1: as well as parts of North, central and South America, 53 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:15,000 Speaker 1: anywhere that the terrain was difficult. So this included the 54 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:19,079 Speaker 1: Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina, the Bayous 55 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:23,920 Speaker 1: of the Deep South, uh Surinamas Jungles, and the mountains 56 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:26,200 Speaker 1: and ravines of Jamaica, which is where we are talking 57 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:30,680 Speaker 1: about today. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Jamaica was 58 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:33,680 Speaker 1: inhabited by the Taino people, who were also called the 59 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: Area Walkins. These indigenous people lived through a combination of 60 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:41,240 Speaker 1: agriculture and fishing, and also inhabited other parts of the 61 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: Caribbean besides just Jamaica. We really don't have a thorough 62 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: sense of their history or culture in Jamaica. Though Christopher 63 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:53,760 Speaker 1: Columbus arrived in Jamaica on May five, four during his 64 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: second voyage to the West Indies, the first permanent Spanish 65 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: settlement followed in Jamaica fifty years later. The Spanish quickly 66 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: enslaved the Chino people, who did not survive long thanks 67 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:10,760 Speaker 1: to smallpox and other introduced diseases, warfare, and essentially being 68 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: worked to death. Even as the Chino population was driven 69 00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:19,840 Speaker 1: to extinction, the Spanish population in Jamaica didn't grow particularly quickly. 70 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,719 Speaker 1: By sixteen fifty five, there were about fifteen hundred Spanish 71 00:04:23,800 --> 00:04:27,240 Speaker 1: people living on Jamaica, and they had an enslaved workforce 72 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 1: of between five hundred and fifteen hundred people. The estimates 73 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:32,680 Speaker 1: on that number vary, which is why it's so wide, 74 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:36,200 Speaker 1: and about one hundred of those enslaved were Chinos, who 75 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: were by this point the last of their people. At 76 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: least the last of their people in Jamaican. They basically 77 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 1: were driven to extinction all over the Caribbean, but the 78 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,760 Speaker 1: timing varies from one island to another. In addition to 79 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,760 Speaker 1: the eradication of the indigenous population, Spain did not make 80 00:04:53,839 --> 00:04:57,279 Speaker 1: particularly good use of Jamaica. They had hoped to find 81 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,920 Speaker 1: gold on the island but didn't, and once they gave 82 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: up on the goldmine idea, they basically approached Jamaica as 83 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: something they were occupying so nobody else could have it, 84 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: not as an actual valuable resource to exploit. Consequently, that 85 00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,200 Speaker 1: same year, which was six when an English fleet arrived 86 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:18,200 Speaker 1: off the coast of Spanish Town. The island had very 87 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 1: little in the way of defenses. The fleet, commanded by 88 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:25,920 Speaker 1: Admiral Sir William penn in General Robert Venables, had been 89 00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:29,799 Speaker 1: directed by Oliver Cromwell to uproot Spain's presence in the Caribbean. 90 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: Even though they had close to forty ships and eight 91 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: thousand men, the fleet had just failed to drive the 92 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:39,599 Speaker 1: Spanish out of San Domingo. Jamaica still kind of cobbled 93 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:42,400 Speaker 1: together and poorly defended. After almost a hundred and fifty 94 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:46,200 Speaker 1: years of Spanish occupation really seemed like a much easier target, 95 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: and it was Spanish colonists. Many of them immediately fled 96 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:56,040 Speaker 1: north to Cuba, leaving their enslaved workforce behind. The Spanish 97 00:05:56,080 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: colonists who stayed withdrew from Spanish Town and other settlement 98 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: that were under immediate threat from the English, and they 99 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,920 Speaker 1: fled to more remote outposts or in some cases hid 100 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: in less hospitable parts of the island's interior. The enslaved 101 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,680 Speaker 1: people who had been left behind, some of them explicitly 102 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:18,360 Speaker 1: set free, but others essentially abandoned, armed themselves and retreated 103 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:21,359 Speaker 1: deeper into Jamaica's interior, where they would form the first 104 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: permanent Maroon communities on the island. They hunted and began 105 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:29,040 Speaker 1: at least some crop cultivation, but they also survived through 106 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:33,720 Speaker 1: harassing and raiding the English plantations and settlements. The Maroons 107 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: organized themselves in these earliest years into three bands, one 108 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:40,360 Speaker 1: of them we really don't know much at all about, 109 00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:43,160 Speaker 1: but the other two each had their own leaders who 110 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:46,560 Speaker 1: made their way into the historical record. There was Lubolo 111 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,400 Speaker 1: a k a. Wand Lubol or sometimes Wanda Bullis. He 112 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:53,839 Speaker 1: was the head of one faction and then Wanda Sarah's 113 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: was head of the other Don. Christopher A. Saucy, the 114 00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: last Spanish governor in Jamaica, attempted to mount a resistance 115 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,040 Speaker 1: to the English invasion, and he looked to the Maroons 116 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:07,400 Speaker 1: under Lebolo for aid. The Maroons were at this point 117 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:10,000 Speaker 1: a much bigger threat to the English than the Spanish were. 118 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: There were more of them, they were better armed, and 119 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:15,880 Speaker 1: they were increasingly far more familiar with the island's more 120 00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 1: mountainous territory, and they were becoming adept at guerrilla warfare. 121 00:07:21,440 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 1: While Lubolo's men were not at all willing to go 122 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 1: back to being enslaved, they did think that it would 123 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: be better if the Spanish retook control of Jamaica rather 124 00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,520 Speaker 1: than staying in the hands of the English, because, to 125 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: use the basic figure of speech, the Spanish where the 126 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: devil they knew. Over the next five years, Spain made 127 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: several attacks on British plantations and settlements. In all the 128 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: ones that have made their way into the historical record, 129 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:51,200 Speaker 1: Maroons were present as well, and in addition to aiding 130 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:53,800 Speaker 1: with the attacks on the British, the Maroons were also 131 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: acting as guides and guards to the Spanish in the 132 00:07:56,440 --> 00:08:00,560 Speaker 1: Jamaican back country, in some cases even supplying their food food. 133 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: By sixteen fifty eight, English Governor Edward Doyley was fed 134 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: up with the perpetual skirmishes with the lingering Spanish presence 135 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:13,360 Speaker 1: in Jamaica, so he went to Lubolo himself, offering him 136 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: and his people freedom and self governance if they switched sides. 137 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:21,680 Speaker 1: The Belo, recognizing the fighting was starting to jeopardize the 138 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,280 Speaker 1: crops that had become the island's primary food source, and 139 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 1: really finding it appealing that he would officially have self government, 140 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: self governance, and liberty, agreed. Although the Spanish presence in 141 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:38,120 Speaker 1: Jamaica ended by sixteen sixty after the English and the 142 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:40,960 Speaker 1: Marines teamed up against them, the island would not be 143 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: formally ceded to English. To the English for another decade, 144 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: Lobolo and his people were given their promised freedom and 145 00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: thirty acres of land a peace, with Lobolo named magistrate 146 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 1: and his fighting force becoming known as the Black Militia. 147 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: He worked with the English for roughly three years, at 148 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:04,160 Speaker 1: which someone possibly wand to Sarah's, killed him, viewing his 149 00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:08,560 Speaker 1: shift of allegiance from Spain to England, as a betrayal. Yeah, 150 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: I found one source that said definitely that's who it was, 151 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,160 Speaker 1: and then I found another source that had all this 152 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,960 Speaker 1: information about Wanda Sara's and did made no mention of 153 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,640 Speaker 1: it at all, which seems like a huge thing to 154 00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:23,040 Speaker 1: leave out if it's that's if that's how it went down. 155 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:27,720 Speaker 1: The First Maroon War in Jamaica grew out of England's 156 00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,200 Speaker 1: efforts to establish its governance once it had gotten rid 157 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:34,480 Speaker 1: of the Spanish, as well as shifts in the island's 158 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:36,959 Speaker 1: use of enslaved labor, and we will talk about that 159 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:49,880 Speaker 1: after a quick sponsor break in sixteen sixty two, after 160 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:53,320 Speaker 1: Jamaica was free of the last of the Spanish stragglers 161 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:56,560 Speaker 1: and England was attempting to establish a colonial government, it 162 00:09:56,679 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: was obvious that there needed to be some kind of 163 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 1: consideration and of the Maroon population. They were certainly not 164 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: going to return to being enslaved, but their presence was 165 00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:12,160 Speaker 1: also outside the bounds of English society. Eventually, instructions to 166 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:16,800 Speaker 1: this newly created English government read quote, give encouragements as 167 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:21,520 Speaker 1: as securely you may to such Negroes, natives and others 168 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: as shall submit to live peaceable under his Majesty's obedience 169 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: and in due submission to the government of the island. 170 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:33,560 Speaker 1: The peace between the English and the Maroons didn't last though. 171 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:37,679 Speaker 1: By sixteen seventy Wanda Sara's and his band had been 172 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: outlawed and placed under a thirty pound bounty apiece. And 173 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:44,680 Speaker 1: at the same time, England took a completely different approach 174 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:48,319 Speaker 1: to the island than Spain had. It moved towards establishing 175 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 1: huge sugar plantations and importing enslaved Africans as labor. Yeah, 176 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:56,560 Speaker 1: there were lots and lots of enslaved people who were 177 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,320 Speaker 1: imported into Jamaica as a result of this decision, which, 178 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: uh basically England was like, man, we can grow so 179 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: much sugar here and make so much money, whereas Spain 180 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:11,200 Speaker 1: had sort of been like, if we have this, no 181 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:15,480 Speaker 1: one else can have it, and it would do a 182 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:20,679 Speaker 1: lot at all. For the next few decades, as these 183 00:11:20,679 --> 00:11:25,240 Speaker 1: plantations grew and their enslaved labor forces grew as well, 184 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: Jamaica saw a huge series of uprisings by the people 185 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: who were enslaved on the sugar plantations. In sixteen seventy three, 186 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:37,720 Speaker 1: two hundred enslaved people rose up against a planter killed 187 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,960 Speaker 1: him and several other white people, plundered surrounding plantations and 188 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,920 Speaker 1: then retreated into the mountains. More revolts followed in sixteen 189 00:11:45,920 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 1: seventy eight, sixteen eighty five, sixteen six, sixteen nine, and 190 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:53,959 Speaker 1: sixteen ninety six. It was basically an ongoing series of 191 00:11:54,240 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: uprisings on the plantations simultaneously the Maroon population both through 192 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: the survivors of successful revolts and people who just managed 193 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:07,440 Speaker 1: to escape in the chaos, and it grew further in 194 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:10,839 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty nine or sixteen seventy when a slave ship 195 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:13,920 Speaker 1: wrecked off the coast of Jamaica, and the people whom 196 00:12:13,920 --> 00:12:17,520 Speaker 1: were able to make it to the shore mostly wound 197 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,680 Speaker 1: up moving into the interior and taking refuge with the Maroons. 198 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:25,120 Speaker 1: Soon Jamaica was home to two broad groups of Maroons, 199 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,400 Speaker 1: the Windward Maroons, who lived on the eastern part of 200 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,320 Speaker 1: the island, and the Leeward Maroons, who lived in the 201 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:37,240 Speaker 1: northwest part of the island. In spite of malaria, tropical illness, heat, 202 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:41,280 Speaker 1: a devastating earthquake and tsunami in sixteen ninety two, and 203 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:44,800 Speaker 1: being constantly harassed by the French, the Maroons and pirates 204 00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:48,760 Speaker 1: congregating in Port Royal. The English presence in Jamaica continued 205 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:53,559 Speaker 1: to grow. However, the white population was progressively more outnumbered 206 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:57,040 Speaker 1: by its enslaved workforce. By seventeen oh three, there were 207 00:12:57,080 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: about forty five thousand enslaved Africans on Jamaica. Only about 208 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:04,600 Speaker 1: ten percent of the people in Jamaica were white, and 209 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,080 Speaker 1: in some places the ratio was twenty five to one. 210 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 1: By seventeen twenty two, English sugar plantations had spread over 211 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,560 Speaker 1: most of the arable land in Jamaica. They had started 212 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:19,520 Speaker 1: to cut off the scattered Maroons settlements from one another, 213 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:24,240 Speaker 1: disrupting trade lines and lines of communication. And because the 214 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 1: British planters and slave owners had become increasingly prosperous, most 215 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:31,880 Speaker 1: of them had started sending their children back to England 216 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: to be educated, and then they followed themselves. So Jamaica 217 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:39,840 Speaker 1: basically became a nation of absentee landlords, with plantations that 218 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:42,800 Speaker 1: were run by agents and attorneys, under the rule of 219 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 1: a governor who was really the Crowns representative on the island, 220 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: and a system of laws that either ignored or disadvantaged 221 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:55,640 Speaker 1: the Maroon population. According to Maroon oral history, the uprising 222 00:13:55,679 --> 00:13:59,560 Speaker 1: skirmishes and raids on plantations we've already talked about. We're 223 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,160 Speaker 1: all part of their first war against England, which they 224 00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 1: waged for eighty years, But from the British point of view, 225 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:08,120 Speaker 1: it was a lot narrower, starting only in the late 226 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:11,480 Speaker 1: seventeen twenties when they started making a more orchestrated effort 227 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:15,120 Speaker 1: to find Maroon settlements and conquer the people in them. 228 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:18,360 Speaker 1: In this more orchestrated effort, the British had a lot 229 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:22,800 Speaker 1: working against them because they were so vastly outnumbered by 230 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,640 Speaker 1: their enslaved workforce, and they didn't have like an official 231 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:30,680 Speaker 1: military support provided by the Crown to help them in 232 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: this effort. They had to train enslaved men as gunners 233 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:38,840 Speaker 1: and also used their enslaved workforce as porters when searching 234 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:42,840 Speaker 1: and fighting against the Maroons. Unsurprisingly, a lot of these 235 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 1: men abandoned their posts, taking their weapons and their to 236 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: cargo with them to join the Maroons. So there was 237 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,280 Speaker 1: like a lot of desertion that also robbed the English 238 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:57,520 Speaker 1: of their supplies and weapons. In my head, this plays 239 00:14:57,520 --> 00:15:01,240 Speaker 1: out as such like a Benny Hill sor of confused, 240 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,160 Speaker 1: you know, just cannot get anything organized and like to 241 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:09,920 Speaker 1: go according to planned situation. Yeah, there's a there are. 242 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:11,480 Speaker 1: One of the reasons that I wanted to do this 243 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,480 Speaker 1: episode is that there's kind of a perception that that 244 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:20,560 Speaker 1: during slavery there was not a lot of resistance against 245 00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:26,200 Speaker 1: slave owners. This is an example of how that was false, uh, 246 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: and how the British were just continually, like constantly being 247 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 1: rated and constantly losing. Uh. You know that the people 248 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: they had trained to be soldiers in this context and 249 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:47,520 Speaker 1: like just being harassed and uh and bothered continually by 250 00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:51,760 Speaker 1: the Marion population. And another disadvantage that they had was 251 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,040 Speaker 1: that by this point, the Maroons were living in some 252 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: of Jamaica's most inaccessible areas, and they were deeply familiar 253 00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: with the terrain. They combined this knowledge with guerilla warfare techniques, 254 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: including the use of camouflage, ambushes, catching people in crossfire, 255 00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:12,560 Speaker 1: communication through horns and drums, and extensive espionage work, including 256 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:16,920 Speaker 1: among enslaved people on the plantations themselves. One of the 257 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:20,640 Speaker 1: maroons key strategists was a woman known as Nanny, also 258 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:25,520 Speaker 1: Queen Nanny or Granny Nanny. She was from the Windward Maroons. Uh. 259 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: Nanny described herself as coramancy, which was the English word 260 00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: for people from the Ashanti Empire and what's now Ghana. 261 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 1: Although there's not a lot conclusively known about her biography, 262 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:40,920 Speaker 1: she's credited with having masterminded the strategy for the Windward 263 00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:45,600 Speaker 1: Maroons resistance during the First Maroon War. In addition to 264 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: her strategic work, Nanny was also an obia woman. Obia 265 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: is a belief system that involves the influence of spirits 266 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: in daily life, as well as medicine and healing, ritual 267 00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: and magic. Today, she is the only female nest hero 268 00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:03,440 Speaker 1: of Jamaica, and her image is on the Jamaican five 269 00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:07,680 Speaker 1: hundred dollar note. In seventeen thirty two, the British took 270 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: Nanny Town, which was named, of course for Nanny. The 271 00:17:11,040 --> 00:17:14,520 Speaker 1: Windward Maroons recaptured it in seventeen thirty three, and the 272 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:17,840 Speaker 1: English conquered it once again in seventeen thirty four after 273 00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:22,159 Speaker 1: a massive five day battle. Nanny herself was rumored to 274 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: have been killed in seventeen thirty three, but she was 275 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:28,280 Speaker 1: at this point actually still living. She wasn't when it 276 00:17:28,359 --> 00:17:32,679 Speaker 1: came to making negotiations with the Windward Maroons uh It. 277 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:38,119 Speaker 1: Those generally happened with um male captains in the In 278 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: the Maroon society, but Nanny was the person that had 279 00:17:42,560 --> 00:17:47,639 Speaker 1: like the absolute respect uh and influence in terms of 280 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:51,440 Speaker 1: how they were doing the fighting. After the fall of Nannytown, 281 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 1: the survivor split up. About three hundred of them, including children, 282 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:58,000 Speaker 1: made a one hundred mile march to try to meet 283 00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:00,680 Speaker 1: up with the Leeward Maroons to a town under the 284 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:03,760 Speaker 1: leadership of a man named kud Joe. But the British 285 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: tried to attack and disperse the column before they reached 286 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: that town, but they failed, and they became worried of 287 00:18:09,119 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 1: what would happen once they had joined forces with the 288 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:16,359 Speaker 1: Leeward Maroons. However, the refugees from Nannytown weren't welcome in 289 00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:19,119 Speaker 1: the Leeward settlement, partly because there wasn't enough food to 290 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:24,119 Speaker 1: support that many newcomers. Additionally, though cud Joe, while he 291 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:28,280 Speaker 1: had a reputation for being fierce, also had a reputation 292 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:32,399 Speaker 1: of being somewhat ambivalent about the British. He was definitely 293 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:36,200 Speaker 1: willing to raid British plantations when it suited him, and 294 00:18:36,320 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: to fight back against the British incursions into his territory, 295 00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:42,919 Speaker 1: but he was a little more pragmatic as far as 296 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:45,480 Speaker 1: thinking it was probably not going to be possible to 297 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: completely drive the British off of Jamaica, which is what 298 00:18:48,840 --> 00:18:51,760 Speaker 1: some of the Windward Maroons seemed to really want to do. 299 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,440 Speaker 1: He was more interested in securing freedom and autonomy for 300 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:57,960 Speaker 1: himself and his people, even if that meant that the 301 00:18:57,960 --> 00:19:02,400 Speaker 1: British were still on the islands. He didn't entirely agree 302 00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:06,200 Speaker 1: with the Windward Maroons more aggressive and continual attacks on 303 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: the British. As the Windward Maroons, who hadn't fled to 304 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:15,080 Speaker 1: Cudjo's people regrouped and Cudjo's men took a cautious but 305 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,359 Speaker 1: less aggressive stance, there was a brief lull in fighting 306 00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,440 Speaker 1: in seventeen thirty six. In seventeen thirty seven, the Windward 307 00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:26,040 Speaker 1: refugees went back towards Nanny Town, feeling both unwelcomed by 308 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:29,160 Speaker 1: the Leeward Maroons and anxious to return to the fight 309 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: with the British. When the British tried to put a 310 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 1: stop to this conflict in seventeen thirty nine, they, perhaps 311 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 1: unsurprisingly given his previous behavior, started with Cudjo and the 312 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 1: Leeward Maroons, not with Nanny and her captains and the 313 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:47,360 Speaker 1: Windward Maroons, we'll talk about how the first war came 314 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: to an end and then also wound up leading to 315 00:19:49,920 --> 00:20:01,520 Speaker 1: the second one. After another quick sponsor break. In late 316 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:06,920 Speaker 1: March of seventeen thirty nine, Governor Edward Trelawney commissioned Colonel 317 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:10,280 Speaker 1: John Guthrie to negotiate a peace treaty to end the 318 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:14,760 Speaker 1: Maroon War. Guthrie started with Captain's Cudjoe and Acampong of 319 00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:19,280 Speaker 1: the Leeward Maroons. Trelawney himself was eager enough to get 320 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:23,080 Speaker 1: this over with that instead of just staying in town 321 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:25,440 Speaker 1: to wait for a treaty to be brought to him, 322 00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:28,320 Speaker 1: he hiked out to a vantage point near the negotiations 323 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:30,479 Speaker 1: so he could be on hand to sign the treaty 324 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:34,880 Speaker 1: as soon as it was finalized. Cudjoe signed the fifteen 325 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:38,520 Speaker 1: point Treaty on March one of seventeen thirty nine. The 326 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:41,399 Speaker 1: treaty put an end to hostilities between the British and 327 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,840 Speaker 1: the Leeward Maroons, and it granted them freedom and liberty, 328 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: along with fifteen hundred acres of land in northwest Jamaica, 329 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,120 Speaker 1: Stretching out from Trelawney Town, the main Lyward Settlement through 330 00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:55,760 Speaker 1: what's known as cockpit country. The Leeward Maroons had the 331 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:57,879 Speaker 1: right to hunt on the island as long as it 332 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:00,040 Speaker 1: was not within three miles of a white settlement, and 333 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:02,920 Speaker 1: they also had the right to plant crops and raise 334 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,560 Speaker 1: livestock and sell what they grew and raised at the 335 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: market as long as they had a license to do it. 336 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:13,240 Speaker 1: The treaty also offered the Leeward Maroons some legal protections 337 00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 1: and assigned them some obligations. The Maroons had the right 338 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:20,560 Speaker 1: to petition officers and magistrates for justice in the event 339 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: that a white person did them harm. The Leeward Maroons 340 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:27,520 Speaker 1: could also handle justice for crimes that their own people committed, 341 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:30,159 Speaker 1: as long as those crimes were not severe enough to 342 00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:32,760 Speaker 1: warrant the death penalty, in which case that was supposed 343 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:36,240 Speaker 1: to be handed over to the British court. They had 344 00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:39,600 Speaker 1: to have an annual meeting with Jamaica's Commander in chief, 345 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: who was British, and to white people, whose roles were 346 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:47,320 Speaker 1: not really defined in this treaty, were to live with 347 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:51,000 Speaker 1: the Maroons in Trelawney Town. I'm imagining that these were 348 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,119 Speaker 1: almost like ambassadors who were living but they did it 349 00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:57,919 Speaker 1: didn't really specify what they were supposed to be doing. 350 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: In this treaty. It was also up to the Leeward 351 00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: Maroons to maintain roads between their settlements and the British towns. 352 00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: Some of the treaty's terms instantly earned the Leeward Maroons 353 00:22:09,280 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: a lot of enemies. They had to quote take, kill, 354 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:16,600 Speaker 1: suppress or destroy rebels on the island, which usually meant 355 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:21,320 Speaker 1: other Maroons, but more controversially, quote if any Negroes shall 356 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:24,880 Speaker 1: hereafter run away from their master or owners and fall 357 00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:29,200 Speaker 1: into Captain Cudjo's hands, they shall immediately be sent back 358 00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:31,800 Speaker 1: to the chief magistrate of the next parish where they 359 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:34,439 Speaker 1: are taken, and those that bring them are to be 360 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:39,879 Speaker 1: satisfied for their trouble, as legislatures shall appoint. In other words, 361 00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 1: following the signing of this treaty, if people escaped enslavement 362 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:46,400 Speaker 1: and made their way to Cudjo and the Leeward Maroons, 363 00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:50,320 Speaker 1: the Maroons would send them back. This made Jamaica's enslaved 364 00:22:50,359 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: population incredibly angry, and this was the case for some 365 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 1: of Kujo's own people to one faction attempt at a 366 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:01,640 Speaker 1: last minute coup to keep the treaty from going into effect, 367 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: but when Ko heard about it, he arrested four of 368 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:09,520 Speaker 1: the ringleaders and turned them over to the governor. Especially 369 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:14,600 Speaker 1: considering how much Maroons survival until this point had evolved 370 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: had involved rating plantations and liberating people who were enslaved there, 371 00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:23,880 Speaker 1: people saw this as a huge betrayal, quite understandably, and 372 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:30,320 Speaker 1: like that continues still today. The Governor, recognizing that the 373 00:23:30,359 --> 00:23:33,399 Speaker 1: deep anger stemming from these provisions had the potential to 374 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:36,560 Speaker 1: make the situation on the plantations worse instead of better, 375 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:39,919 Speaker 1: sent troops to one of the plantations where descent had 376 00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:43,919 Speaker 1: been the loudest, severely punished the people enslave there and 377 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:48,240 Speaker 1: executed many of them. For the most part, the Windward 378 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,680 Speaker 1: Maroons did not even know that these negotiations had happened 379 00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:54,959 Speaker 1: once those treaties were signed, But once they learned about it, 380 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,000 Speaker 1: they realized that between the British and the Leeward Maroons 381 00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:02,080 Speaker 1: they were vastly outnumbered, so under drest they signed their 382 00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: own very similar treaty on December three. The captain from 383 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: the Windward Maroons who I signed this was a man 384 00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:16,919 Speaker 1: named Klow. Things were relatively peaceful between the British and 385 00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:19,959 Speaker 1: the Maroons for more than fifty years, but the British 386 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:24,159 Speaker 1: population on Jamaica as before, continued to grow, including taking 387 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,280 Speaker 1: over land that was supposed to be allotted to the Maroons. 388 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:31,360 Speaker 1: Uh skirmishes started to flare up again, and the Maroons 389 00:24:31,359 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: stopped returning escape east from the plantations, and they started 390 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:40,080 Speaker 1: raiding those plantations again. Then two Maroons were convicted of 391 00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:44,399 Speaker 1: stealing pigs and they were publicly flogged. This punishment was 392 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,880 Speaker 1: carried out by the foreman of the prison in Montego Bay, 393 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:50,840 Speaker 1: who was black, and it was done in front of 394 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:54,280 Speaker 1: some people who had escaped from enslavement, who the Maroons 395 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: had returned, and watching from the prison. These returned escape 396 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,640 Speaker 1: ease taunted and jeered the two men as they were 397 00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:06,400 Speaker 1: being punished. The Maroons anger over this incident was twofold. 398 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:09,120 Speaker 1: They felt number one under the terms of the previous 399 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:12,400 Speaker 1: treaty they should have been able to handle doling out 400 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 1: their own punishments, and the way the punishment had been 401 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:22,440 Speaker 1: carried out was also particularly humiliating. This time, the conflict 402 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,920 Speaker 1: was much shorter. It lasted only about a year. Governor 403 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,119 Speaker 1: Alexander Lindsay ordered the Maroons to stand down by August twelfth, 404 00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:35,160 Speaker 1: but nearly all of them refused, he extended the deadline 405 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:38,040 Speaker 1: to December twenty one, and then to January one of 406 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:42,119 Speaker 1: the following year. Finally, it took the recruitment of additional 407 00:25:42,119 --> 00:25:44,960 Speaker 1: forces and a shipment of hunting dogs brought in from 408 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,720 Speaker 1: Cuba to finally get the Maroons to surrender. Yeah, that 409 00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:53,439 Speaker 1: previous conflict had been a lot, lot, lot longer, but 410 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: this one was a lot more vicious um and that 411 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:02,159 Speaker 1: surrender finally happy and in March of seventeen ninety six, 412 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:04,760 Speaker 1: although many of the Maroons didn't actually lay down their 413 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:08,760 Speaker 1: arms until a little later. Even when the fighting was over, 414 00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:13,639 Speaker 1: Governor Lindsay considered the situation way too precarious to allow 415 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:17,520 Speaker 1: the Maroons to return home. He was particularly worried about 416 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:21,480 Speaker 1: the ones from uh Trelawney Town, which was the largest 417 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:27,000 Speaker 1: Maroons settlement in Jamaica, so he boarded five hundred Trelawney 418 00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:31,399 Speaker 1: Town Maroons onto two transport vessels that were waiting in 419 00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:34,960 Speaker 1: the harbor by Port Royal, with the plan of deporting 420 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:40,160 Speaker 1: them in this he had no destination in mind, no plan, 421 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:43,359 Speaker 1: and no authority from the British government or the Crown. 422 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:48,760 Speaker 1: Eventually he decided on Nova Scotia, where after the Revolutionary War, 423 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: enslaved Africans who had fought for the British had been sent. 424 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:56,080 Speaker 1: The governor got a deportation law passed by Jamaica's House 425 00:26:56,119 --> 00:27:00,240 Speaker 1: of Assembly on May one of seventeen ninety six. Even 426 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:03,040 Speaker 1: though this plan sounds very bizarre in a lot of ways, 427 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:05,639 Speaker 1: he was completely certain that the government was going to 428 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:08,560 Speaker 1: be like, yeah, you do that, because this is a 429 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:14,120 Speaker 1: bad situation. Meanwhile, the Trelawnee Town Maroons from the transport 430 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,040 Speaker 1: petitioned to be released under the grounds that they had 431 00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:20,000 Speaker 1: laden down their arms under the condition that they would 432 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:23,280 Speaker 1: not be deported at first, they suggested that they be 433 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 1: given some other territory besides Trelawney Town that would be 434 00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:29,919 Speaker 1: further removed from British settlements, such as deep into the 435 00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:34,600 Speaker 1: Blue Mountains. When that failed, they instead requested deportation to 436 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:39,920 Speaker 1: another Caribbean island instead. The Transports set sail for Nova 437 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:43,840 Speaker 1: Scotia on May eight. The Governor wrote to Sir John Wentworth, 438 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:46,920 Speaker 1: Governor of Nova Scotia, on June three, to inform him 439 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:51,280 Speaker 1: of the incoming five hundred deportees. The transports landed in 440 00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:55,800 Speaker 1: Halifax on July twenty and twenty three, Lindsay's letter to 441 00:27:55,840 --> 00:28:00,439 Speaker 1: Wentworth arrived in August. Of course, having had no notice 442 00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:02,879 Speaker 1: that any of this was about to happen, there was 443 00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:05,560 Speaker 1: not a lot that Governor Wentworth could do about it. 444 00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:11,240 Speaker 1: Once these two surprise transports of Jamaican maroons arrived in Halifax, 445 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:15,520 Speaker 1: Nova Scotia, and that first winter after their arrival in 446 00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: Halifax was particularly brutal. Even if it had not been 447 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: particularly brutal, the the comparison of winter in Halifax, Nova 448 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:31,800 Speaker 1: Scotia to literally any season in Jamaica could almost not 449 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: be more opposite. Yeah, it would have been brutal to them, 450 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:37,879 Speaker 1: even if it had been Nova Scotia's mildest winter on record. 451 00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 1: So they wound up petitioning to be relocated to somewhere 452 00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: with a more familiar climate, and those petitions were ongoing 453 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:49,800 Speaker 1: for three and a half years. They were finally sent 454 00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 1: to Freetown, Sierra Leone, which was by then home to 455 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,640 Speaker 1: many of the enslaved Africans that the British had freed 456 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:59,840 Speaker 1: during the Revolutionary War, who had also previously been sent 457 00:28:59,880 --> 00:29:02,400 Speaker 1: to Nova Scotia. This whole Nova Scotia plan is so 458 00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:06,680 Speaker 1: bizarre to me. Yes, that's all I am and Sierra 459 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,200 Speaker 1: Leone is a whole other story in and of itself, 460 00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:11,600 Speaker 1: so we're not gonna dig into that. But now, yeah, 461 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: that's a whole tale that could be its own episode 462 00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:17,040 Speaker 1: or episodes. Yeah, this is one of those things where 463 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:20,600 Speaker 1: we have to stop the story somewhere. Uh. Sierra Leone 464 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:26,360 Speaker 1: and its settlement by previously enslaved people did become the 465 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:32,479 Speaker 1: model for later attempts to settle Liberia. UM. So there 466 00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: is some similar history elsewhere in our archive about that, 467 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:39,880 Speaker 1: And as we noted at the top of the show, 468 00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:43,960 Speaker 1: there are still multiple marine settlements in Jamaica today and 469 00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: the people living there generally continue to observe a culture 470 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: and traditions that have roots in Africa, particularly the Acon 471 00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:53,560 Speaker 1: people in what used to be known as the Gold 472 00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 1: Coast and is now Ghana. And there are also influences 473 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:01,720 Speaker 1: from what's now Togo, benein Nigeria and my A Gascar. So, 474 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:04,320 Speaker 1: as we uh sort of referenced earlier in the show, 475 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: this is an example of how uh we don't hear 476 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,120 Speaker 1: about it as much in history classes, but there was 477 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:12,200 Speaker 1: ongoing resistance to the institution of slavery for a long 478 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:16,160 Speaker 1: time in places um that it was practiced in the 479 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: America's and the Caribbean um, especially before the signing of 480 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:24,920 Speaker 1: that treaty that so many people viewed as a betrayal. 481 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:28,800 Speaker 1: I watched an interview as I was preparing for this 482 00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 1: UM with some of the Jamaican Maroons living today, and 483 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,680 Speaker 1: I don't remember which African nation their interviewer was from, 484 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:39,280 Speaker 1: but he asked very pointing questions about that part of 485 00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:44,800 Speaker 1: the treaty um about like whether they agreed that having 486 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: peace with the English was worth than saying that they 487 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:51,480 Speaker 1: were going to return people who escaped from the plantations, 488 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: and then also whether if that were happening today, they 489 00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:58,320 Speaker 1: would have made the same decisions. He was very direct 490 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:07,800 Speaker 1: in his his questions about that. Thank you so much 491 00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:10,600 Speaker 1: for joining us today for this Saturday classic. If you 492 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,000 Speaker 1: have heard any kind of email address or maybe a 493 00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:15,160 Speaker 1: Facebook you are l during the course of the episode, 494 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,040 Speaker 1: that might be obsolete. It might be doubly obsolete because 495 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:21,080 Speaker 1: we have changed our email address again. You can now 496 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:24,880 Speaker 1: reach us at History podcast at i heart radio dot com, 497 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,680 Speaker 1: and we're all over social media at missed in History, 498 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:30,880 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, 499 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,080 Speaker 1: Google podcasts, The I Heart Radio app, and wherever else 500 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:39,760 Speaker 1: you listen to podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class 501 00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 1: is a production of I heart Radio's How Stuff Works. 502 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 1: For more podcasts, for my heart Radio visits i heart 503 00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:48,239 Speaker 1: radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 504 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:48,960 Speaker 1: favorite shows.