1 00:00:00,320 --> 00:00:02,880 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you get in touch with technologies with 3 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: tech Stuff from how stuff works dot com. Hello there, everybody, 4 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: and welcome to tech stuff. My name is Chris Poette 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:22,720 Speaker 1: and I'm the tech editor here at how stuff works 6 00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: dot Com. Sitting across from me, as he often does 7 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: at this very table, would be senior writer Jonathan. Hey there, so, 8 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:36,239 Speaker 1: uh so, what do you want to talk about today? Well, 9 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: it's not what I want to talk about, it's what 10 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,639 Speaker 1: Alexander wants us to talk about. There's what Alexander had 11 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: to say. Hey, guys, I find your podcasts very educating. 12 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:48,199 Speaker 1: I'm a computer science major, but I have a difficulty 13 00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:51,200 Speaker 1: understanding the architecture of the Internet. So it'll be really 14 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:54,280 Speaker 1: nice for you to make a podcast addressing the Internet architecture. 15 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: Continue the good work, Well, Alexander, we decided we would 16 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: tackle Internet architecture, which is you know, it's it's conceptually 17 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:05,559 Speaker 1: it's a pretty simple thing, uh it it involves two 18 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: different categories of of of concepts. I guess you could 19 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,080 Speaker 1: say you got your hardware and then you got your protocols, 20 00:01:14,959 --> 00:01:17,320 Speaker 1: and that pretty much you know, the marriage of the 21 00:01:17,319 --> 00:01:20,639 Speaker 1: two is where the Internet comes into play. Now, before 22 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: we get to bog down with the whole thing, we're 23 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: gonna start very simply. Let's take a trip back to 24 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:33,399 Speaker 1: the sixties, shall we. Right, I guess that means that 25 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: we're gonna pop into the time machine. Liz is already 26 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:41,319 Speaker 1: giggling because she's here. She's actually gonna We're gonna drag 27 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,319 Speaker 1: Liz into the time machine with us. She probably won't 28 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: say anything, but she'll be back there with her hand 29 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:50,360 Speaker 1: over her mouth giggling. All right, let's just set this 30 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:52,680 Speaker 1: back to the mid sixties and pop on back. And 31 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: let's let's take a little visit to to uh, the California. 32 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: Look at ARPA back in the day, dude. So here 33 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:15,520 Speaker 1: we are, California Route sixty six, right down the road, Chris, Chris, 34 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: that's true. It is the only road in the sixties 35 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:23,079 Speaker 1: in California. Well, according to popular culture, I guess welcome 36 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:27,240 Speaker 1: to Misinformation Podcast Limited. So anyway, we are here to 37 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:31,680 Speaker 1: talk about arpanet. Okay, alright. So arpanet was a project 38 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,680 Speaker 1: that was government funded too. It was an attempt to 39 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:42,079 Speaker 1: create a network between various computer nodes to make sure 40 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: that we could transmit information from one major computer to another. 41 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:49,519 Speaker 1: And you have to remember, of course, right now, back 42 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: in the sixties, computers are these enormous machines that compared 43 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,240 Speaker 1: to the the desktop computer that you may have in 44 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:00,799 Speaker 1: front of you back over in uh the year two 45 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: thousand nine, um are not that powerful, not that sophisticated. 46 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: But the really important thing is they don't they aren't 47 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,519 Speaker 1: networked together. They aren't able to send information back and forth. 48 00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:15,799 Speaker 1: Now there's a group of people who are working very 49 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:21,360 Speaker 1: diligently to create a system where two or more computers 50 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:24,359 Speaker 1: can transmit information between one another, even if they're working 51 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:28,359 Speaker 1: on completely different operating systems. Yeah, that that was actually 52 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:31,960 Speaker 1: one of the big problems because there had been uh 53 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: computer networks before that, but they were all networks of 54 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 1: computers running the same operating system. They were very local situations, 55 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: right or actually some of them were sort of like 56 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:45,080 Speaker 1: bulletin board systems from what I understand, and that you 57 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: could hook up to the network, but you know, it 58 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 1: wasn't a permanent situation, and it was also it also 59 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: required you to be running the same operating system, and 60 00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:55,400 Speaker 1: it was very limited in what it could do, and 61 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:57,840 Speaker 1: you had another kind of sort of network in the 62 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:00,320 Speaker 1: sense that you had a centralized computer and now a 63 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: bunch of dumb terminals where you are time sharing with 64 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:08,080 Speaker 1: that computer. It's not terms, it's not really networking because 65 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:11,640 Speaker 1: you're really tapping into the same processor and same storage 66 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:14,440 Speaker 1: unit as everybody else. You know, you don't have your 67 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:17,480 Speaker 1: own individual one. So it's not not the same as networking, 68 00:04:17,520 --> 00:04:21,360 Speaker 1: but it's it's similar in concept. So now you have 69 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:24,480 Speaker 1: to find a way to connect these different machines together. 70 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: And this group of people were working together to create 71 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:32,160 Speaker 1: our pannet, the first major computer network between computers running 72 00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: different operating systems, and they did it, yep. And that 73 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 1: it's it's probably important at least who mentioned is a 74 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:42,360 Speaker 1: a sideline Why it's important to the government that we 75 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:43,800 Speaker 1: were able to do this. I mean a lot of 76 00:04:43,839 --> 00:04:48,280 Speaker 1: these institutions that were involved in this were research universities, right, 77 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,000 Speaker 1: and you know they wanted to share information, but it 78 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:54,680 Speaker 1: was also important for national security reasons too. Yeah, I 79 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:58,240 Speaker 1: mean I had a dual purpose government and education, right. 80 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,920 Speaker 1: One of the one of the benefits that um, I'm sorry, 81 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: but the one of the important benefits here to remember 82 00:05:06,880 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 1: is that the um by by distributing information, uh and 83 00:05:11,279 --> 00:05:15,840 Speaker 1: by creating a network between different computers, you could protect 84 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: against a catastrophic attack. If someone were to take out 85 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,279 Speaker 1: part of your information system, you would still have other 86 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: computers that would be able to pass information along within 87 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:30,120 Speaker 1: this this complex network. Now, that was not something necessarily 88 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: that was in the minds of people when they were 89 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:35,360 Speaker 1: first building our Bonette, but it did become a benefit 90 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: as people saw it later on down the road. So 91 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,120 Speaker 1: let's uh So, the thing about our Bonnette that we 92 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: should remember is that this is the time and place 93 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:48,039 Speaker 1: where people began to design the protocols that would later 94 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: come into play when we talk about the Internet. Now, 95 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: these protocols are probably the most important aspect of Internet architecture. 96 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:57,600 Speaker 1: I mean, you've got your physical hardware, and that's important 97 00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:00,719 Speaker 1: because without it, you don't have any connections. But without 98 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: the protocols, you don't have a common language with which 99 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 1: all computers can use to to communicate, right, I mean, yeah, 100 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:10,719 Speaker 1: that's the really cool thing about the Internet is that 101 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:13,600 Speaker 1: because of these protocols, no matter what kind of computer 102 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:17,040 Speaker 1: you're using, you are able to send and receive information 103 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: from other computers. All right, So let's Uh, let's pop 104 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:22,840 Speaker 1: back in the machine and I I dig the sixth 105 00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:25,240 Speaker 1: season all. Don't get me wrong, you know I love 106 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:28,040 Speaker 1: the music, but we have business to attend to. Back 107 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: in two thousand nine. Alright, let's pop back in, Liz, 108 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 1: do you mind clipping the switch for Uce? Awesome? Thanks? 109 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: I wish you guys could see that at any rate. 110 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,000 Speaker 1: So now here we are, back in two thousand nine. 111 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: So the protocols designed back uh in the sixties and seventies, 112 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:52,400 Speaker 1: really what those are what we depend upon today in 113 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:56,000 Speaker 1: order to communicate over the Internet. Ye. As a matter 114 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: of fact, a lot of them are still in use, 115 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:02,680 Speaker 1: even though they're not necessarily uh something that you can see. Um. 116 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:04,880 Speaker 1: You know, some of them are are more common than others. 117 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:08,280 Speaker 1: I mean, one of the invisible ones probably the I 118 00:07:08,279 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: would I would say the most important one would be 119 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:14,040 Speaker 1: t c P i P Y, which is the Transfer 120 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:18,000 Speaker 1: Control Protocol Internet Protocol. Yes, um, and that's that one 121 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:21,360 Speaker 1: is pretty much invisible because that's you know, you your 122 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: computer hooking up to the Internet and transferring information back 123 00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: and forth. But you don't really see that happening, right, 124 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:32,880 Speaker 1: And let's just to think back on the whole arpen 125 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 1: ed deal arpen ed it self was not the Internet. 126 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,200 Speaker 1: It wasn't. You can call it a kind of a 127 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: grandfather to the Internet if you like, But it was 128 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: just a network. The Internet is a network of networks. 129 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: It is constantly changing, It is always evolving. As more 130 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: networks come online or leave, the Internet itself changes. Well, 131 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 1: that's what the protocols do, is they make They made 132 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 1: it possible to network networks. Right, so as more UH 133 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:06,120 Speaker 1: computers were able to use T C P I P 134 00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: to talk to one another, and it was possible to 135 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:10,679 Speaker 1: hook other networks up to the arper net, and thus 136 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: the evolution of the Internet. Right. So, you even had 137 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: things like satellite networks that could interconnect with the land 138 00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: based networks. You have cables that go underneath the ocean 139 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 1: that connect continents together, and you have satellites that connect 140 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: continents together. All of these different systems together comprise the 141 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:34,439 Speaker 1: Internet that we know love, that Chris and I depend 142 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: upon for our livelihood. Um, now, why are you does 143 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 1: that scary? That's pretty blunt? Yeah, we do. I mean 144 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: without the Internet, there's no house stuff works dot com, 145 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: there's no tech stuff, there's no job for you and I, 146 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:55,079 Speaker 1: and we'd be working somewhere else. So yea for the Internet, 147 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: all right. So the protocols, protocols are the common language. 148 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: It's so if you think of each operating system having 149 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: its own native language. And when we're talking operating system, 150 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: remember we're not just talking Windows or Linux or or 151 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:11,880 Speaker 1: the mac os, where there are hundreds of operating systems 152 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:14,640 Speaker 1: out there, some of which are proprietary to a very 153 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:19,000 Speaker 1: specific set number of machines. Has nothing to you know, 154 00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: they and they would look as foreign to anyone used 155 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,680 Speaker 1: to Windows or Mac or Lenox as as a truly 156 00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: foreign language would to you, like you know, if you 157 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 1: were to go to a country where you didn't speak 158 00:09:30,880 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: the language, same sort of thing. Your computer would not 159 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:36,840 Speaker 1: be able to communicate with these computers normally, But because 160 00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:40,920 Speaker 1: of protocols like t c P I P, these computers 161 00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 1: can exchange information and it will be understandable on either 162 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:50,160 Speaker 1: end of the line, which is pretty phenomenal. So, and 163 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: when we're talking about a network of networks, that network 164 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 1: can be made up of practically anything. We can talk 165 00:09:56,640 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: about something as small as a home network, where that 166 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:03,000 Speaker 1: home network may just be one computer and whatever peripherals 167 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:05,199 Speaker 1: you happen to have attached to it. Or it may 168 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:07,120 Speaker 1: be that you have three or four computers that are 169 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: all network together that are then have a connection to 170 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,720 Speaker 1: the outside world through an Internet service provider, um, but 171 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:18,040 Speaker 1: your home network that's a network. Or it could be 172 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:21,600 Speaker 1: a local area network where several machines are all network together, 173 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:23,920 Speaker 1: like an office network exactly. For example, if I want 174 00:10:23,920 --> 00:10:26,960 Speaker 1: to send a message to Chris, my messages don't necessarily 175 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,440 Speaker 1: go all the way out to the Internet and then 176 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 1: come back. They're on a local area network. So and 177 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: a message I said to Chris is going to get 178 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:39,080 Speaker 1: there very very quickly, and it doesn't require going out 179 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:43,679 Speaker 1: to the outside world. It's all self contained. But our 180 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: local area network also obviously has a connection to the 181 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: Internet to the outside world, because otherwise I wouldn't be 182 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 1: able to do any research. That's a that's a positive. Yes, yeah, 183 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:56,000 Speaker 1: it turns out I have to do that a lot. 184 00:10:56,679 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: You know. Another protocol that that Jonathan uses when he 185 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:02,920 Speaker 1: does his research would be Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Yes ht 186 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:05,720 Speaker 1: t P, which is the HTTP you see at the 187 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: beginning of a web address, right, And of course we 188 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: should also point out the World Wide Web and the 189 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 1: Internet are two different things. The Worldwide Web is an 190 00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:16,439 Speaker 1: interface built on top of the Internet, is not the 191 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:19,840 Speaker 1: Internet itself. The Internet is far more complex than just 192 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: the World Wide Web, although in a lot of ways 193 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:28,040 Speaker 1: it's not for most people, which is why for most people, 194 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 1: for most people, their main their main interaction with the 195 00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: Internet is limited to two things, email and the World 196 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:40,360 Speaker 1: Wide Web. But the Internet itself. Again, we're talking about 197 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:43,679 Speaker 1: a network of networks, so it's more complex than that, 198 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:47,240 Speaker 1: even if your own interactions tend to be pretty simple. 199 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:51,720 Speaker 1: So now let's talk about some of the hardware that 200 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:54,120 Speaker 1: you find in the Internet. Really, the Internet can be 201 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:59,120 Speaker 1: divided up into two categories of machines, clients and servers. 202 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,839 Speaker 1: All right, So every machine on the Internet is either 203 00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 1: a client or a server, or it can switch. It 204 00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 1: can be a server or it can become a client 205 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:12,200 Speaker 1: depending on the situation. Clients are, in general, the devices 206 00:12:12,280 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: that you that you are using to try and access information. 207 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: You are requesting information from a server. Your client sends 208 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:25,240 Speaker 1: this request out to a local server, which, if the 209 00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:28,160 Speaker 1: local server does not have access to this information, it 210 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,280 Speaker 1: will send it out to a regional server, which, if 211 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:33,719 Speaker 1: it does not have access to that information, will then 212 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: send it to a national server, and so on. It 213 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:38,959 Speaker 1: keeps going further up the chain until it reaches the 214 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 1: point where it can access the information you are requesting. 215 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:46,320 Speaker 1: It pulls that information from another server and then sends 216 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:50,280 Speaker 1: it back down the line to you. Awesome, that's it 217 00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:53,199 Speaker 1: sounds pretty um you make it sound really simple. It is. Well, 218 00:12:53,240 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: you know what, if you look at a big picture scale, 219 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: it is pretty simple. Some pretty amazing things have to 220 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:03,240 Speaker 1: happen for this to work properly. For example, the computers 221 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: have to know where all the other computers are, you know. 222 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: It has to has to be able to figure out oh, 223 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:12,080 Speaker 1: based upon this I P address. Then I have to 224 00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:15,400 Speaker 1: contact this other server over here, which can then at 225 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: least point me in the right direction to get to 226 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 1: the information, even if this server itself does not have 227 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,480 Speaker 1: the information I need. And not only that, but when 228 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:25,760 Speaker 1: it sends the information, it splits it up into lots 229 00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 1: of tiny little bits called packets. Yes, it makes me 230 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:31,920 Speaker 1: always think that, you know what I always think of 231 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:34,439 Speaker 1: when I think of information being split into packets and 232 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: then sent to be reassembled back at the your computer. Right. No, 233 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: you're not gonna say ketchup, are you? No? No, you 234 00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 1: can't honestly, Mike TV right, chocolate factory, Yes, because you 235 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,719 Speaker 1: think of exactly yeah, that's exactly the right image too. 236 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,320 Speaker 1: If you've seen the movie, you know that he gets 237 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 1: broken down and had lots and lots of aty bitty 238 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: pieces and then reassembled on the television screen. Your email 239 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:03,400 Speaker 1: is my smaller than it was when Yes, wow, you 240 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:06,400 Speaker 1: know that's why. That's why web pages when we make them, 241 00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:08,880 Speaker 1: are much bigger over here at how stuff works. If 242 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:10,560 Speaker 1: you came in and looked at one of our web pages, 243 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:13,760 Speaker 1: they are like three stories tall. But of course they 244 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:15,720 Speaker 1: get very tiny on the internet, which is why they 245 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:17,760 Speaker 1: look so small in your screen. Someone is going to 246 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:21,360 Speaker 1: write in that is also more from Misinformation Love Podcast Limited. 247 00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 1: Uh okay, so alright, so alright. Granted the analogy is 248 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: not perfect, but that's what I always think of. I'm sorry, 249 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:30,880 Speaker 1: I just wanted to It's amusing to me. But no, 250 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: that that's that's pretty much it accepted. Doesn't travel over 251 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: the air waves generally, it you know, proceeds down the 252 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: series of tubes. Well well okay, no, it goes the 253 00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 1: packets are broken up, and actually they don't proceed in 254 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: an orderly fashion. No, Um, they are. They're essentially labeled 255 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: with a little bit of information at the beginning in 256 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: the end of each packet and UH, as a matter 257 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: of fact, there's some redundancy going on. The same packets 258 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 1: are sent in diferent places because from time to time, 259 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: computers connect and disconnect and um or whatever. Yeah, and 260 00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:10,120 Speaker 1: for well, for whatever reasons, they connect and disconnect. The 261 00:15:10,120 --> 00:15:12,920 Speaker 1: thing is, um Genet was saying, it is pretty amazing 262 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: that they can find one another. Well, it's even more 263 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:18,400 Speaker 1: amazing when you consider that machines fail or get shut 264 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:23,440 Speaker 1: off or you know, UH suddenly become available, and then 265 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 1: there's another connection in between. Well that that redundancy helps 266 00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: the packets go from one place to another, and then 267 00:15:30,160 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 1: they're reassembled based on the instructions in the header and 268 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: foot or of that that individual packet to be reassembled 269 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:40,760 Speaker 1: into a file. Say you know, UM, a movie that 270 00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: you purchase online. That's a that's a big file and 271 00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:45,400 Speaker 1: it's broken down into lots and lots and lots of 272 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: little packets and reassembled it on your computer. Right, And 273 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 1: these packets can spread across various parts of the network, 274 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: again depending on where you need to connect. For example, 275 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:58,520 Speaker 1: let's say that you, Uh, you are a customer of 276 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: a specific I s P. I'm not the name any 277 00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: here because they're hundreds of them, big ones and small ones. 278 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:06,880 Speaker 1: But you're a customer of let's say you are a 279 00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:09,560 Speaker 1: customer of I s P A. Okay, we're just saying 280 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:14,040 Speaker 1: A as in that's the designation. Yeah, they're very good. 281 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:17,000 Speaker 1: Their customer service is really really excellent. So I s 282 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:20,800 Speaker 1: P A and UH, you connect to your I s 283 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:24,200 Speaker 1: P or Internet service provider and you are typing in 284 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: a web address. You want to get access to a 285 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:30,520 Speaker 1: specific web address, and that web address, uh is for 286 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:33,800 Speaker 1: a a page that exists on a server that is 287 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:38,840 Speaker 1: not within that Internet service providers network. So the Internet 288 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: service provider has to then connect to what is called 289 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:46,960 Speaker 1: a network access point. Network access points are points on 290 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:52,120 Speaker 1: the Internet where multiple networks connect, right, So it's sort 291 00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:56,120 Speaker 1: of like a like a stoplight, yeah, or an intersection. Yeah, 292 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,240 Speaker 1: it's exactly. So I s P A does not have 293 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 1: does not directly connect to the server that contains the 294 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,119 Speaker 1: web page you want. But I s P B it 295 00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:07,199 Speaker 1: does exist on I s P B, you can you 296 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:09,720 Speaker 1: can connect to it through there. So you have to 297 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,399 Speaker 1: go to a network access point where both A and 298 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:17,480 Speaker 1: B have a connection. And then because the the protocols 299 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:21,560 Speaker 1: allow different networks and computers to communicate with one another, 300 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:25,120 Speaker 1: the information from the request from s P A can 301 00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:29,520 Speaker 1: be answered by I s P B. Now, uh, if 302 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:32,080 Speaker 1: it has to go even further up and eventually hits 303 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: what we call the backbone of the Internet. Now, the 304 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: backbone is owned by multiple UM owners. We're talking about 305 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: government's major corporations, major I s p s. They own 306 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 1: what is called the backbone, which which is the trunk 307 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:53,520 Speaker 1: of the Internet. Yeah, it isn't really UM, I wouldn't 308 00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:56,200 Speaker 1: say incorrect to think of it almost like you would 309 00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: a tree, because um, what they call the last miles 310 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:04,159 Speaker 1: between you and the local switches handles much less bandwidth 311 00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:07,920 Speaker 1: than what's actually available in the Internet backbone. I mean 312 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: we're talking hundreds and hundreds of megabits per second transfer speeds. 313 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: But you need that on the on the backbone because uh, 314 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: these are the major thoroughfares are almost like you use 315 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:23,359 Speaker 1: another metaphor, like an interstate. There's a lot more traffic, 316 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:25,880 Speaker 1: it's moving on much faster speed. And then you get 317 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,960 Speaker 1: to your you know, your side roads, which is where 318 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:31,200 Speaker 1: your house might be right. Once you once you get 319 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,119 Speaker 1: to the backbone, that's where you're getting to the major 320 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:38,640 Speaker 1: communication between enormous networks. Part of my mixed metaphors, that's 321 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:42,119 Speaker 1: all right, So you get the major communication between networks 322 00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:44,800 Speaker 1: along the backbone. Then once you get down to the 323 00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: network access point, you're talking about communication between a couple 324 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: of networks, and then once you get beyond that, you're 325 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:54,880 Speaker 1: talking about communication within a single network. So each time, 326 00:18:54,920 --> 00:18:57,560 Speaker 1: each step, you're getting slightly smaller until you get down 327 00:18:57,640 --> 00:19:01,080 Speaker 1: to the original client that requested the information in the 328 00:19:01,119 --> 00:19:04,240 Speaker 1: first place. So yeah, think of it like a tree 329 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:08,200 Speaker 1: and then a uh. The You could think of the 330 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: network access point being a major branch that then forks 331 00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:14,840 Speaker 1: into two smaller branches, which would be the two different 332 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:20,680 Speaker 1: Internet service provider networks. Um, it's you know, like I said, 333 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:23,840 Speaker 1: it might be a little weird to to imagine it 334 00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:27,399 Speaker 1: in a physical sense, but really it's it's all just 335 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:32,200 Speaker 1: about connecting and uh and sending information through various connections. 336 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:36,520 Speaker 1: I mean, anytime you're actually requesting information, the information is 337 00:19:36,520 --> 00:19:39,840 Speaker 1: passing through lots and lots and lots of different machines 338 00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:42,840 Speaker 1: to get you both the request to go out from 339 00:19:42,920 --> 00:19:45,880 Speaker 1: you to the destination and the information from the destination 340 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: back to you. UM. And it doesn't all follow the 341 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: same path. UM. Something you might try if you're interested 342 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:57,680 Speaker 1: in learning a little bit about your particular connection. UM, 343 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,600 Speaker 1: you could try something called a trace route, which will 344 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,920 Speaker 1: show you some of the different places where your connection 345 00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:09,399 Speaker 1: is is linking up with other computers on the internet. UM. 346 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: You know, I could get into greater detail. But UM, 347 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:16,200 Speaker 1: I forgot to look that up. UM. But UM, it 348 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 1: just occurred to me actually, and so UM, but you 349 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:19,760 Speaker 1: can you can find that out. You can also do 350 00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 1: a ping, which will tell you how far how fast UM, 351 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:26,960 Speaker 1: the signal is transferred from your request is transferred from 352 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:31,600 Speaker 1: your computer to the receiver machine. UM. You can you 353 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: can look at you know that you can look up 354 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:36,720 Speaker 1: how to do that online. But UM, you know, if 355 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,360 Speaker 1: you're just vaguely curious about UM other machines in your 356 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: area and and that. But you will see something called 357 00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: an IP address for most of those machines if you 358 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 1: do a trace route. UM. And that's important because I 359 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:51,719 Speaker 1: P addresses are how machines are hooked up to the network. 360 00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: Because each UM to use my streets metaphor, well, we'll 361 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,000 Speaker 1: stick with that one. UM. You know, you need a 362 00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: street address for people to send mail UM or for 363 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: information to get to so you know if your your 364 00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:10,240 Speaker 1: computer has its own address UM, usually assigned to you 365 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:12,679 Speaker 1: by your I s P, which may or may not 366 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:20,040 Speaker 1: change depending on depending on your Yeah. So so for 367 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: every instance where you are connected to the Internet, the 368 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 1: machine you are connecting through, whether that's a computer or 369 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:30,080 Speaker 1: a smartphone or any other kind of Internet capable device, 370 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: is going to have its own IP address. Now that 371 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:36,479 Speaker 1: address may change depending on your Internet service provider and 372 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:40,359 Speaker 1: UH it won't change through the duration of your of 373 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:43,840 Speaker 1: your current stay, but it might change from one instance 374 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: to another. So if you log off and turn everything 375 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:47,879 Speaker 1: off and then you log on again later, you may 376 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:50,119 Speaker 1: have a different IP address again depending on your I 377 00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,240 Speaker 1: s P. UH. The I s p s for servers 378 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:57,200 Speaker 1: that serve up information very rarely change. They usually stay 379 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: pretty static UM, which is helpful because when you're when 380 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,359 Speaker 1: you're trying to connect to a server UH to to 381 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:07,520 Speaker 1: access information, if it stays the same, then that makes 382 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 1: it easier to do repeated connections to that server. You 383 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:13,200 Speaker 1: don't have to worry about looking it up every single time. 384 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:16,760 Speaker 1: It as a matter of fact um that uh. That 385 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: also is important to the domain name servers or d 386 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:24,920 Speaker 1: n s UM because you know, these these IP addresses, 387 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:30,640 Speaker 1: Internet protocol addresses are a series of four octets um 388 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: basically zero to two five separated by periods. So you 389 00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:39,320 Speaker 1: could have for example, zero dot zero dot zero dot zero, 390 00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:45,640 Speaker 1: you know, or any number zero for each of them. Um, 391 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: And and that's what an IP address looks like. Now, um, 392 00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:52,000 Speaker 1: you have to say, if you wanted to visit how 393 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,200 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com, you'd have to know our IP 394 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: address and that could get really annoying because you know, 395 00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:01,399 Speaker 1: on all those commercid holes you see, Yeah, check us 396 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 1: out at zero dot four five dot five six three whatever. Anyway, 397 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: read that number again. And I don't think the Internet 398 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:14,920 Speaker 1: would be nearly as popular if you had to do that. 399 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: So they came up with the system of domain names, 400 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:22,320 Speaker 1: and in order to manage that, the domain name server 401 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:25,920 Speaker 1: actually connects the name that you know, how stuff works 402 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:29,960 Speaker 1: dot com with the IP address for the website, so 403 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,120 Speaker 1: that it's you know, you have a static IP address, 404 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:34,920 Speaker 1: which is the dedicated address for that and it can 405 00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: be found at how stuff works dot com. So all 406 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:39,639 Speaker 1: you have to remember is the name that is, uh, 407 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,199 Speaker 1: you know, a name that you can that's easy to 408 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,080 Speaker 1: remember in your head, right exactly. So for example, you know, 409 00:23:45,119 --> 00:23:48,679 Speaker 1: it's just like computer languages. Computer languages are designed so 410 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:54,399 Speaker 1: that humans can can program because we think more easily 411 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:56,920 Speaker 1: in terms of like words and and and strings of 412 00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:59,719 Speaker 1: letters and things of that nature. But that's not machine 413 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: read bowl. The machines need numbers, ones and zeros. So really, 414 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:08,120 Speaker 1: ultimately the even the the numbers in an IP address 415 00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: eventually become ones and zeros. But uh, yeah, so www, 416 00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 1: dot how stuffworks. Dot Com is not machine readable. That's 417 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,240 Speaker 1: the domain name servers job is to translate that into 418 00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: the correct IP address, which might mean looking up the 419 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:30,360 Speaker 1: domain name server for all dot Com addresses, and then 420 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:32,680 Speaker 1: that would eventually be able to point to the right 421 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,960 Speaker 1: uh server that would have the specific address for house 422 00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:40,640 Speaker 1: supports dot Com. Um, this is getting a little more 423 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,919 Speaker 1: granular than I expected, but yeah, that's that is a 424 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:47,040 Speaker 1: good A good point is that without the IP addresses, 425 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,560 Speaker 1: the Internet doesn't work, or at least the being able 426 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: to track down specific information on the Internet wouldn't work. 427 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:55,879 Speaker 1: You would you know, you wouldn't be able to direct 428 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,880 Speaker 1: anything to anyone because there'd be no way of knowing 429 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:03,040 Speaker 1: where to send any information. Yeah, well no, that's well, 430 00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:05,760 Speaker 1: that's the important thing I think is that you've got 431 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,600 Speaker 1: your IP address, which identifies your machine. You have an 432 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:11,399 Speaker 1: IP address of the machine on the other end that 433 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:14,439 Speaker 1: you know, or that your computer knows is where it 434 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:17,400 Speaker 1: needs to go and the protocols. You know, it's got 435 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:20,200 Speaker 1: the information it needs and it already has a connection 436 00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:23,560 Speaker 1: to those machines through the network of networks. So using that, 437 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:27,280 Speaker 1: you know, you've got the ability to, you know, do 438 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:31,160 Speaker 1: all kinds of things use using net. Do email transfer 439 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,479 Speaker 1: files on FTP, that's file transfer protocol, tell net if 440 00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:38,639 Speaker 1: you want to, if you're so inclined, Hey, that's how 441 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:42,199 Speaker 1: I met my wife. Hey, well, you know, and there 442 00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:45,439 Speaker 1: are other ones to gopher ways. You know, there are 443 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,159 Speaker 1: a lot of these older protocols, some of which are 444 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:51,639 Speaker 1: very um minimally used at this point, but are still 445 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:54,520 Speaker 1: you know, possible using the Internet. And it's the funny 446 00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,600 Speaker 1: thing is a lot of this technology that the protocols 447 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: and IP addresses are essentially the same that were invented 448 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:05,399 Speaker 1: in the sixties and seventies, and uh, you know, with 449 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:08,879 Speaker 1: minimal revisions. Of course, one of the reasons that Internet 450 00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:13,240 Speaker 1: service providers have to assign I P addresses dynamically, which is, 451 00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:16,240 Speaker 1: you know, a new one every time you log on, uh, 452 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: you know, reboot your motum er or a dial in 453 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 1: if you're still using a dial in connection. I'm very sorry. Um, 454 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,760 Speaker 1: it's because so many people are using the Internet now 455 00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,920 Speaker 1: that they realized while we're going to run out of 456 00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,879 Speaker 1: addresses eventually, especially when you figure that most people have 457 00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:34,439 Speaker 1: more than one Internet capable device. People, most people who 458 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:36,600 Speaker 1: are already on the Internet, I should say not most 459 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: people period. Um, so that in fact, I'm sorry, I 460 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:42,880 Speaker 1: was just gonna say, that's why they amended the IP 461 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,480 Speaker 1: address to be i p V six, which is basically 462 00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:49,800 Speaker 1: just extends the number of octets in the IP address 463 00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: to make more combination possible. Combination, huge, huge expansion. Actually yes, 464 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:58,920 Speaker 1: because right now, if you guys listen to our our 465 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:02,960 Speaker 1: twenty eight problem podcast, we had this great time where 466 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: we talked about how many seconds you could count up 467 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:10,160 Speaker 1: to until you hit the eight and starts over again 468 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: because it's a thirty two bit number. Same thing here 469 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: with the the octet system, it gave us a maximum 470 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,200 Speaker 1: of and this this is a kind of a fake 471 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:24,000 Speaker 1: maximum because not all addresses are available to start with. 472 00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 1: But if you were able to use every single address 473 00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:30,200 Speaker 1: within that zero to octet range, you would have a 474 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:34,400 Speaker 1: maximum of four billion, two d ninety four million, nine 475 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 1: hundred sixty seven thousand, two hundred addresses, which sounds like 476 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:42,040 Speaker 1: a lot. I mean four billion, that's a lot, But 477 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:44,040 Speaker 1: you think about it, there are a lot more people 478 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:47,440 Speaker 1: in countries that are just tuning in, if you will, 479 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,800 Speaker 1: to the Internet. Yeah, heck, China's exploding on the Internet 480 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 1: right now. And again people might have multiple devices and 481 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,960 Speaker 1: not all of those addresses are usable. So that was 482 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:03,200 Speaker 1: why various groups we're working on on a new set 483 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:06,520 Speaker 1: of protocols in order to address this problem before it 484 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,200 Speaker 1: becomes you know, before you get to a point where 485 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:12,400 Speaker 1: you cannot add any more devices to the Internet because 486 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,520 Speaker 1: you've run out of IP addresses. That's where the i 487 00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,960 Speaker 1: p v six comes in. So the octet version was 488 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:22,280 Speaker 1: a thirty two bit system. The i p v six 489 00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:27,639 Speaker 1: is uh is a hundred twenty eight bit system, which 490 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: pretty much solves that problem for the foreseeable future. Because 491 00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:34,800 Speaker 1: again we're talking exponential growth here, We're not you know, 492 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,160 Speaker 1: it's not just oh, that's you know, four times as many. 493 00:28:37,240 --> 00:28:39,200 Speaker 1: No no, no, no, no, it's way more than that. 494 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:41,960 Speaker 1: And it's in fact, it's such a large number that 495 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,240 Speaker 1: I can't rattle it off like I did the four 496 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: billion number, because that, in comparison, is a tiny number. 497 00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:50,880 Speaker 1: So um, yeah, again, that will solve the problem in 498 00:28:50,920 --> 00:28:54,720 Speaker 1: the foreseeable future. And I don't know, uh, I don't 499 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: know about the other you know, a lot of changes 500 00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: to other protocols, such as t c P, I P 501 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: and UH and Hypertext Transfer Protocol. I think for the 502 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:07,200 Speaker 1: foreseeable future, those will probably stay similar anyway. I mean, 503 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,840 Speaker 1: they seem to hold up reasonably well. Every once in 504 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,120 Speaker 1: a while you hear people say that the Internet is 505 00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:16,640 Speaker 1: going to uh explode or fail because there's so many 506 00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:19,680 Speaker 1: people on it. But I think, um, it's one of 507 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,400 Speaker 1: those things to where people are gradually adding more capacity. 508 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,520 Speaker 1: I mean, as a stuff wears out there, you know, 509 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:31,280 Speaker 1: technology allows new and expanding connections. I remember when I 510 00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,240 Speaker 1: first worked UH at a at a place that had 511 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:36,400 Speaker 1: a a T one line. I used to think that 512 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: was really fast, and I thought, well, I'm gonna look 513 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:40,760 Speaker 1: that up. Well, it turns out it's about one point 514 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: five megabits per second, which is you know, an average 515 00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:50,520 Speaker 1: DSL speed. Um, you can find much faster now and um, 516 00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:53,400 Speaker 1: you know it's it's the average connection to the home 517 00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:57,880 Speaker 1: now is you know, well, the average broadband connection is 518 00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,600 Speaker 1: I think around three megabits per second. I didn't look 519 00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:02,840 Speaker 1: that up, so you know, feel free to uh it's 520 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:04,760 Speaker 1: the same me an email. But no, I mean it's 521 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:07,280 Speaker 1: it's becoming more normal to see speeds of three and 522 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:10,920 Speaker 1: six megabets to the home when broadband is available, so 523 00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:16,880 Speaker 1: and some some places you know, even higher, and and 524 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,480 Speaker 1: fiber is becoming more popular as an option now, so 525 00:30:19,840 --> 00:30:21,720 Speaker 1: you know, I think that they're going to be forced 526 00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:24,440 Speaker 1: you know, the the owners of the backbone will probably 527 00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:27,680 Speaker 1: be forced to expand as time goes on. But I mean, 528 00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:30,640 Speaker 1: there's a big commercial interest in the Internet now. You know, 529 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:33,680 Speaker 1: now that it's no longer just a an educational and 530 00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: government U utility, so many people rely on it for 531 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: a lot of different reasons that you know, it's um, 532 00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:43,840 Speaker 1: you know, it's not worthwhile to let it collapse under 533 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:46,800 Speaker 1: the weight of the traffic traveling on it. There's the 534 00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: best at interest. I am done, But I mean it's again, 535 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:56,560 Speaker 1: it's it's kind of our cane and interesting at the 536 00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 1: same time, you know. I mean, you can get a 537 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: lot more annual and a lot more technical about it too, 538 00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:03,520 Speaker 1: But we should just be thankful for the fact that 539 00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,720 Speaker 1: we had some some brilliant minds working on these protocols 540 00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:08,680 Speaker 1: in the first place, because otherwise, what we would have 541 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,400 Speaker 1: is a bunch of separate networks that would be incapable 542 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:15,560 Speaker 1: of communicating with one another. So we would have regions 543 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: a very rich content and connectivity and other regions that 544 00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: would be very poorly served. Uh, and there'd be no 545 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:26,960 Speaker 1: way to share the wealth, or even two regions that 546 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:30,920 Speaker 1: were both very rich but could not share that information 547 00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: among each other, so you'd have big gaps and info 548 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:37,560 Speaker 1: on one versus the other, depending on you know, the specialties. 549 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,760 Speaker 1: So uh, yeah, it's it's mainly the protocols. The hardware 550 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:46,400 Speaker 1: is important, but again, without the protocols in place, all 551 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:47,960 Speaker 1: the hardware in the world is not gonna matter to 552 00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:50,040 Speaker 1: you because they're not gonna know the machines will not 553 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,640 Speaker 1: be able to communicate with each other. So actually, and 554 00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:55,560 Speaker 1: you know, now that I think about it, it might 555 00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:58,160 Speaker 1: have been nice that such a small group of people 556 00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,320 Speaker 1: were working on this, because if we had relied on 557 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:05,440 Speaker 1: you know, the governments of the world to agree on protocols, yeah, 558 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,600 Speaker 1: we'd we'd be way behind behind. You know, it's hard 559 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:10,520 Speaker 1: to get a lot of people to agree on any 560 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:12,680 Speaker 1: one thing, so well, we we would probably have a 561 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:14,840 Speaker 1: bunch of Again, we would probably have a bunch of 562 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:19,720 Speaker 1: independent networks that didn't work very well together. And right 563 00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:23,360 Speaker 1: now we have, you know, lots of networks that can 564 00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,000 Speaker 1: all communicate using the same basic set of protocols. So 565 00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 1: good job, I'm are you. I don't have anything else. 566 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 1: Good Let's let's wrap up. I don't philosophical as it was. 567 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:35,920 Speaker 1: I don't have any listener mail to end today, but 568 00:32:35,960 --> 00:32:40,400 Speaker 1: I do have a little listener tweet And this Twitter 569 00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:44,560 Speaker 1: message comes from Nico Stamatolos, who said to me, how 570 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,680 Speaker 1: come your podcasts seem always short no matter how much 571 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:51,480 Speaker 1: time you and Chris talk weird? You know what, That's 572 00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:55,480 Speaker 1: an awesome compliment, because sometimes we sit here and we're like, seriously, 573 00:32:55,520 --> 00:33:00,960 Speaker 1: we talked about that for forty four minutes. Conspiracy theories. Yeah, 574 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:03,680 Speaker 1: I'm glad that you enjoy it. And I know that 575 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:05,680 Speaker 1: some of our listeners sometimes think that we go on 576 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:08,160 Speaker 1: a little too long. I recommend you listen to us 577 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:17,920 Speaker 1: at one and a halftime speeds can here. Thanks a lot. 578 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,440 Speaker 1: If any of you want to write us, our email 579 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:23,400 Speaker 1: address is tech Stuff at how stuff works dot com. 580 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:25,560 Speaker 1: If you want to send me a Twitter message, my 581 00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:29,520 Speaker 1: Twitter handle is at John Strickland and mine is at 582 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,640 Speaker 1: tech stuff Chris. So, yeah, we we do read listener 583 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:37,000 Speaker 1: tweets occasionally, not that often, but I'm trying to save 584 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:39,720 Speaker 1: those so that I can make sure I can acknowledge 585 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: on air whenever possible. And remember, you could read all 586 00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:46,560 Speaker 1: about Internet architecture, domain name servers, IP addresses. We have 587 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:49,000 Speaker 1: articles on all this information. If you want to see 588 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:52,040 Speaker 1: some really cool illustrations that that show what we've been 589 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,600 Speaker 1: talking about, I recommend you go to how stuff works 590 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,360 Speaker 1: dot com. We have all of that information there. Um, 591 00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:00,680 Speaker 1: sometimes that stuff is easier seen. Yeah, yeah, and we've 592 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:03,280 Speaker 1: got some nice animations and everything to kind of kind 593 00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:06,520 Speaker 1: of illustrate these points. So if you still are confused, 594 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:09,279 Speaker 1: visit our website and Chris and I will talk to 595 00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:15,080 Speaker 1: you again really soon. For more on this and thousands 596 00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:18,000 Speaker 1: of other topics, visit how stuff works dot com and 597 00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:19,920 Speaker 1: be sure to check out the New Tech Stuff blog 598 00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:27,120 Speaker 1: now on the House Stuff Works homepage, brought to you 599 00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:30,520 Speaker 1: by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are 600 00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:30,799 Speaker 1: you