WEBVTT - Warp Your Mind Around It 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:07.240 Brought to you by Toyota. Let's go places. Welcome to 0:00:07.400 --> 0:00:15.240 Forward Thinking. Tay them everyone, and welcome to Forward Thinking, 0:00:15.280 --> 0:00:17.680 the podcast of What's the Future and says you stick around, 0:00:17.680 --> 0:00:20.160 I'll make it worth your while. I'm Jonathan Strickland, I'm 0:00:20.200 --> 0:00:23.560 Lauren and I and uh hey, guys, I got a 0:00:23.640 --> 0:00:27.760 question for you. Have you ever seen a little It's 0:00:27.800 --> 0:00:29.600 a I mean it's kind of one of those cult 0:00:29.640 --> 0:00:33.280 classic type things. It's one of those science fiction cult classics. 0:00:33.280 --> 0:00:38.040 It's a Star Trek. Yes, yeah, a little bit. It 0:00:38.200 --> 0:00:42.200 was the one with the force. Yeah, it was. People 0:00:42.200 --> 0:00:45.159 would say. People would say, live long and prospered. Then 0:00:45.240 --> 0:00:47.479 the little gem in their in their hand would light 0:00:47.600 --> 0:00:50.479 up and then they'd be chased down by replicants. I'm 0:00:50.479 --> 0:00:52.720 pretty sure that's what how it went. Where did Gandolf 0:00:52.800 --> 0:00:55.880 come in? You know, um everywhere he could he just 0:00:55.960 --> 0:00:58.040 you could not keep him out. You tried, and he'd 0:00:58.040 --> 0:01:01.160 be like, uh here I am, and we loved him 0:01:01.160 --> 0:01:03.840 for it. No, No, seriously, Star Trek. We're talking about 0:01:04.200 --> 0:01:08.200 warp Drive today, the time traveling Police Box. All right, well, 0:01:08.400 --> 0:01:12.680 let's get let's we're gonna we're done making making terrible 0:01:12.800 --> 0:01:15.200 like meme mash ups here. But now we're gonna talk 0:01:15.240 --> 0:01:18.319 about Star Trek and warp drive. Warp Drive, so you know, 0:01:18.440 --> 0:01:21.559 Star Trek was a space opera, would span the entire 0:01:21.640 --> 0:01:23.600 Middle Key Way galaxy more or less. You know, you've 0:01:23.640 --> 0:01:26.959 got these incredible, huge expanses of distance that you have 0:01:27.040 --> 0:01:28.959 to cover in order for you to have these adventures 0:01:28.959 --> 0:01:32.160 where the Enterprise, which was an exploration ship, could get 0:01:32.200 --> 0:01:35.520 from point A to point you know z delta Q 0:01:35.840 --> 0:01:39.399 forty seven dash m and uh. In order to do that, 0:01:39.440 --> 0:01:40.720 you have to figure out, well, how are we going 0:01:40.760 --> 0:01:43.600 to have a propulsion system for this ship that will 0:01:43.640 --> 0:01:47.320 allow for this this amazing amount of travel. Well, but Jonathan, 0:01:47.480 --> 0:01:50.960 there's no wind resistance in space. So couldn't you just 0:01:51.280 --> 0:01:55.560 continually accelerate like you keep accelerating, and you just keep 0:01:55.560 --> 0:01:58.480 going faster, right, there's nothing to slow you down. There's 0:01:58.520 --> 0:02:04.120 this small problem called relativity. Yeah, special relativity. Alright, Let's 0:02:04.200 --> 0:02:06.800 let's let's talk about light here for a second. Okay, 0:02:06.840 --> 0:02:11.960 So in our universe, from what we understand, anything that 0:02:12.080 --> 0:02:16.080 has mass is limited by the speed of light. Nothing 0:02:16.120 --> 0:02:18.640 can go at the speed of light that has mass, 0:02:18.760 --> 0:02:21.519 nothing can definitely nothing can break through it from our 0:02:21.560 --> 0:02:23.920 side based upon what we know with special relativity. Now 0:02:23.960 --> 0:02:27.000 that doesn't mean that there isn't stuff that's moving faster 0:02:27.360 --> 0:02:29.639 than the speed of light that we just haven't detected yet. 0:02:29.680 --> 0:02:32.640 But we believe that there is an impossible barrier of 0:02:32.680 --> 0:02:34.920 the speed of light and anything on one side of it, 0:02:35.000 --> 0:02:38.280 meaning anything slower than speed of light can't go faster 0:02:38.360 --> 0:02:40.880 than that, and anything faster than speed of light can't 0:02:40.919 --> 0:02:43.760 go slower than that. And how do we know that, Well, 0:02:43.840 --> 0:02:47.919 it's because we have this equation equals mc squared. You've 0:02:47.919 --> 0:02:51.320 heard it before, and it's a very well tested equation. 0:02:51.400 --> 0:02:54.800 It's pretty much proven to be correct on on the 0:02:54.880 --> 0:02:59.200 relativistic scale. Um. But the problem is when you plug 0:02:59.240 --> 0:03:02.239 the numbers and of that, you realize that if something 0:03:02.680 --> 0:03:07.720 with mass goes the speed of light, it's mass would 0:03:07.760 --> 0:03:12.079 technically become infinite. Now I'm going to correct you. That's 0:03:12.120 --> 0:03:15.640 a very common that's a very common uh statement, although 0:03:15.639 --> 0:03:18.480 it's not entirely correct. What we should say instead of 0:03:18.520 --> 0:03:20.920 saying mass, we should think of it in terms of 0:03:21.280 --> 0:03:27.080 just energy Alright, order to accelerate exactly the amount of 0:03:27.160 --> 0:03:29.840 energy you would need to propel that that mass to 0:03:30.000 --> 0:03:33.840 the speed of light, let alone faster would reach infinity, 0:03:33.880 --> 0:03:35.760 which means that you would not be able to do it. 0:03:35.800 --> 0:03:38.360 You cannot do it. At the same time, we have 0:03:38.400 --> 0:03:40.480 another thing that we have to take take into account, 0:03:40.560 --> 0:03:45.400 time dilation, which is from the perspective of an outside observer, 0:03:46.040 --> 0:03:49.040 time would start to slow down for anyone who was 0:03:49.080 --> 0:03:50.760 approaching the speed of light, and if they were to 0:03:50.840 --> 0:03:53.360 hit the speed of light, time would stop from the 0:03:53.400 --> 0:03:56.480 perspective of an outside observer. From your perspective, if you're 0:03:56.520 --> 0:04:00.920 the one traveling at that speed, everything's a okay, things normal. Well. 0:04:00.960 --> 0:04:03.240 In fact, going close to the speed of light is 0:04:03.280 --> 0:04:05.560 an easy way to create a time machine. Right, you 0:04:05.600 --> 0:04:08.840 can travel into the future. Well yeah, I can do 0:04:08.880 --> 0:04:12.200 that too, just by waiting around. Just let it happen. 0:04:12.800 --> 0:04:18.000 Speed one second per second, travel faster than the things 0:04:18.040 --> 0:04:20.880 around you into the future because for you, time slows 0:04:20.920 --> 0:04:23.599 down right well, and only it's only when you reach 0:04:23.760 --> 0:04:27.520 that frame of reference that the other observer is in. Right. 0:04:27.600 --> 0:04:30.480 So like if Joe, if if you get in your 0:04:30.560 --> 0:04:32.800 rocket ship and you rock it off at near the 0:04:32.800 --> 0:04:35.400 speed of light and I stay on Earth, to you, 0:04:35.960 --> 0:04:38.520 time is passing exactly as it would if you were 0:04:38.560 --> 0:04:42.000 anywhere else. Doing anything else anywhere. To me, time is 0:04:42.040 --> 0:04:46.200 passing based upon my own experience, exactly the same way 0:04:46.240 --> 0:04:48.360 a second is a second to both of us. However, 0:04:48.760 --> 0:04:51.680 from my perspective, more time would be passing for me 0:04:51.800 --> 0:04:53.839 than it would be for you. And when you got 0:04:53.839 --> 0:04:56.880 back to Earth and we were to compare our our 0:04:56.920 --> 0:05:00.120 time pieces, we would see that. That's the kind of 0:05:00.600 --> 0:05:04.120 that's how what reality would reflect you in your future. 0:05:04.640 --> 0:05:10.520 I would you would be younger when you got back 0:05:10.640 --> 0:05:13.520 then Jonathan was comparatively, In other words, I would have 0:05:13.560 --> 0:05:16.360 aged more in that time because more time would have 0:05:16.400 --> 0:05:18.080 passed for me, less time would have passed for you. 0:05:18.120 --> 0:05:20.160 And we can see that in things like satellites, there's 0:05:20.200 --> 0:05:23.440 what like a seven microsecond. I believe it's like lag 0:05:23.600 --> 0:05:26.520 of satellite clocks versus Earth clocks due to the speed 0:05:26.520 --> 0:05:30.440 with which they're going. However, there's the relationship to the 0:05:30.520 --> 0:05:32.600 mass of Earth. Yeah, there are two things you have 0:05:32.640 --> 0:05:35.279 to take into account, the masses and the speed. But yes, 0:05:35.480 --> 0:05:37.880 you are right, we have to throw in special little 0:05:37.960 --> 0:05:39.839 leap seconds every now and then to keep the clocks 0:05:39.880 --> 0:05:43.840 on track. So um, another interesting thing is that, so 0:05:44.000 --> 0:05:45.599 you know, we talked about the speed of light being 0:05:45.880 --> 0:05:50.440 the maximum. So the maximum maximum being speed of light 0:05:50.480 --> 0:05:53.320 through a vacuum, right, like when there's nothing else there. 0:05:53.560 --> 0:05:56.560 Because light will travel at different speeds through different media. Right, 0:05:56.600 --> 0:05:58.600 If it goes through glass, it's a little slower, If 0:05:58.600 --> 0:06:00.080 it goes through water, it's a little different. But if 0:06:00.080 --> 0:06:01.560 it goes through a vacuum, that's supposed to be the 0:06:01.600 --> 0:06:07.640 fastest ever period right. Wrong. Did you see this? Scientists 0:06:07.640 --> 0:06:12.800 made light go faster than light? Did you? Okay, all right, 0:06:12.839 --> 0:06:15.880 this is this is pretty awesome. So at Princeton we 0:06:15.920 --> 0:06:19.200 had some scientists, and you know scientists, they get a 0:06:19.240 --> 0:06:21.640 little rowdy, just like anybody else. And you know, on 0:06:21.680 --> 0:06:24.160 a Friday night, things are a little slow in the lab. 0:06:24.279 --> 0:06:27.880 It's time to break some basic laws of physics. Uh. 0:06:27.920 --> 0:06:33.360 They actually created a a a little chamber of caesium 0:06:33.440 --> 0:06:38.839 vapor and they they put laser pulses through the this chamber. 0:06:39.520 --> 0:06:43.960 And they were observing that the laser pulses were emerging 0:06:44.080 --> 0:06:46.920 from the end of the chamber before they had fully 0:06:47.120 --> 0:06:50.520 entered the other side of the chamber. So the laser 0:06:50.520 --> 0:06:53.240 pulses are shorter than the chamber actually is, and yet 0:06:53.279 --> 0:06:55.640 they were emerging before they could have already been all 0:06:55.640 --> 0:06:58.480 the way into it. How is this possible? How could 0:06:58.480 --> 0:07:01.080 they actually move faster than the speed of light? Well, 0:07:01.120 --> 0:07:05.080 it turns out it's not actually breaking the law laws 0:07:05.080 --> 0:07:08.440 of physics, it's not breaking special relativity. From what we 0:07:08.480 --> 0:07:11.000 can tell, what seems to be happening there is that 0:07:11.040 --> 0:07:15.240 the information in the laser pulse is contained entirely in 0:07:15.320 --> 0:07:17.920 the very front end of the laser pulse, and as 0:07:17.920 --> 0:07:19.920 soon as it starts entering in the chamber, it's actually 0:07:19.960 --> 0:07:24.040 generating a new laser pulse on the on the other side, 0:07:24.440 --> 0:07:27.560 so it's not the same laser pulse going into the 0:07:27.760 --> 0:07:29.960 front as it is coming out the back. It's kind 0:07:29.960 --> 0:07:31.760 of like if you were to have a set of 0:07:31.760 --> 0:07:35.360 twins and you have one twin positioned at the exit 0:07:35.480 --> 0:07:37.920 of this room and another twin starts to walk into 0:07:37.920 --> 0:07:40.720 one entrance just as the second twin goes out the exit. 0:07:40.960 --> 0:07:43.120 To you, It's like, how did that person cover that 0:07:43.320 --> 0:07:47.440 entire room instantaneously? They didn't. It's two people in this case, 0:07:47.440 --> 0:07:49.640 it's two pulses, but it was a pulse that's generated 0:07:49.640 --> 0:07:53.800 because the information contained in the beginning of that laser pulse. Okay, well, 0:07:54.080 --> 0:07:57.200 why is this speed limit a problem? If you want 0:07:57.240 --> 0:07:59.760 to explore the galaxy like they did in Star direct 0:08:00.160 --> 0:08:04.200 Let's take a look at the distances. What's the closest 0:08:04.320 --> 0:08:09.360 star to Earth The Sun? It's eight minutes away. You 0:08:09.560 --> 0:08:13.320 got me there? Um the No, what is the closest 0:08:13.360 --> 0:08:15.640 star to our solar system? That is not the Sun? Well, 0:08:15.680 --> 0:08:20.880 it's Proximus Centaurius, and it is four point two light 0:08:21.080 --> 0:08:24.400 years away, meaning it takes four point to earth years 0:08:24.440 --> 0:08:27.160 for light to travel from that star to us, right. 0:08:27.200 --> 0:08:29.320 So you make a good point that that is from 0:08:29.360 --> 0:08:32.800 the outside observer's perspective, not from the traveler's perspective. But 0:08:33.080 --> 0:08:36.400 let's say that you were going at the speed that 0:08:36.520 --> 0:08:39.079 it's not possible to go the speed of light as 0:08:39.080 --> 0:08:41.000 far as we know, So we're gonna still take, for 0:08:41.080 --> 0:08:43.600 to an outside observer, a really long time for you 0:08:43.679 --> 0:08:46.200 to get there. I mean, just prohibitively long for really 0:08:46.240 --> 0:08:50.439 exploring the whole galaxy. Right from from inside that ship, 0:08:50.679 --> 0:08:53.440 it wouldn't take four point two years, right, right, But 0:08:53.440 --> 0:08:56.160 but to anyone else it would take four point two years. 0:08:56.200 --> 0:08:58.000 And that's the closest star. So if we're talking about 0:08:58.080 --> 0:09:01.840 distance stars one, it's still going to take you a 0:09:01.840 --> 0:09:04.280 long time to get there. Personally, it may take months 0:09:04.320 --> 0:09:07.640 for you to get to a distant star on a ship, 0:09:07.720 --> 0:09:10.520 even traveling at the speed of light. To an outside observer, 0:09:10.840 --> 0:09:14.840 it may take generations, depending upon how far away you're talking. 0:09:15.200 --> 0:09:18.040 So even for you if you're talking about really exploring 0:09:18.080 --> 0:09:21.520 the galaxy, like going to other quadrants. So they say, 0:09:21.679 --> 0:09:24.400 I mean, that's going to take a long time at 0:09:24.920 --> 0:09:28.920 subliminal speeds, So can we do it? Is there a 0:09:28.960 --> 0:09:31.920 way that we could ever possibly go superliminal? Well, Star 0:09:32.000 --> 0:09:34.600 Trek had to explain it somehow. What did they say. Well, 0:09:34.880 --> 0:09:38.360 they went with the warp drive approach, which is that 0:09:38.760 --> 0:09:41.040 originally they were calling it a hyper drive back in 0:09:41.080 --> 0:09:44.520 the in the original nineteen sixties series, but then um, 0:09:44.559 --> 0:09:47.240 certainly by the end of that series and when next 0:09:47.240 --> 0:09:50.760 generation kicked up, they started using this this warp field idea. Yeah, 0:09:50.800 --> 0:09:54.079 talking about going at warp two or Warp four or whatever. Um, 0:09:54.200 --> 0:09:57.280 you know, Star Wars stuck with hyper drive, but they 0:09:57.480 --> 0:10:00.400 the idea was that, well Star Wars they never explained 0:10:00.440 --> 0:10:02.360 it. It It might as well just be Magic and Star Wars. 0:10:02.360 --> 0:10:06.360 But start Yeah, so much is in Star Wars and 0:10:06.400 --> 0:10:09.439 Star Trek they attempt to explain it by saying that, uh, 0:10:09.480 --> 0:10:12.880 they generate a warp bubble around the ship, and that 0:10:12.920 --> 0:10:16.800 warp bubble actually warps space around it. And so if 0:10:16.840 --> 0:10:18.800 you were to think of space, you know, space time 0:10:19.080 --> 0:10:21.280 is kind of this think of it as a as 0:10:21.280 --> 0:10:23.880 almost like a fabric in a way. It's but it's 0:10:23.960 --> 0:10:27.920 this three dimensional and really four dimension whole fabric that 0:10:27.920 --> 0:10:30.839 that is the stuff that our our universe, or or 0:10:30.840 --> 0:10:34.760 at least our galaxy sits in and um and things 0:10:34.760 --> 0:10:37.679 like gravity affected and can distort it and change it 0:10:37.720 --> 0:10:41.040 in different ways. And uh So if you were to 0:10:41.080 --> 0:10:43.600 try and travel from point A to point B, and 0:10:43.640 --> 0:10:47.319 it would normally take you ten years of travel because 0:10:48.080 --> 0:10:50.840 of the distances involved. Uh if you were to be 0:10:50.880 --> 0:10:53.640 able to warp those distances so that the distances were 0:10:53.679 --> 0:10:56.720 actually closer together, it would take you less time to 0:10:56.760 --> 0:10:59.800 get there, and you would have the benefit of not 0:11:00.080 --> 0:11:04.080 breaking special relativity in the in the process because in 0:11:04.160 --> 0:11:07.640 a localized area, you're still going well below the speed light. 0:11:07.880 --> 0:11:10.720 You are in a little subspace bubble um that is 0:11:11.240 --> 0:11:13.839 kind of magically created. That they didn't really get into 0:11:13.880 --> 0:11:17.080 the actual explanation of this until I believe Star Trek 0:11:17.080 --> 0:11:20.559 first contact, which began development the date of which is 0:11:20.559 --> 0:11:23.160 going to become important in just a moment. So the 0:11:23.240 --> 0:11:25.640 idea here is that we have like, you know, kind 0:11:25.640 --> 0:11:26.880 of like if you were to look at a map 0:11:27.200 --> 0:11:28.800 and you look at New York and you look at 0:11:28.920 --> 0:11:30.920 l A and you think, wow, would take a really 0:11:30.960 --> 0:11:33.000 long time. You know, you're just tracing your finger from 0:11:33.000 --> 0:11:34.839 New York l A and following all the highways, and 0:11:34.840 --> 0:11:36.320 then you think, well, what if I just fold the 0:11:36.360 --> 0:11:37.760 map so that L A is on top of New 0:11:37.840 --> 0:11:40.040 York and now boom, I'm magically there. That's more or 0:11:40.080 --> 0:11:43.280 less what we're talking about, except that it's not necessarily 0:11:43.440 --> 0:11:46.440 taking two points in space and folding all of space 0:11:46.440 --> 0:11:48.400 time so that they are adjacent. That would be more 0:11:48.400 --> 0:11:54.160 like a wormhole, which is a different concept of speed travel. Yeah, 0:11:54.200 --> 0:11:57.359 this would be more like, let's let's try and crinkle 0:11:57.480 --> 0:12:00.560 space time so that we can get it closer. And 0:12:00.600 --> 0:12:05.480 that way we're still traveling at at relativistic speeds, but 0:12:05.520 --> 0:12:09.040 we're but we're having less distance to cover. More more 0:12:09.080 --> 0:12:11.720 like um, more like riding a surfboard on a wave 0:12:11.840 --> 0:12:14.520 rather than trying to swim through it, or like moving 0:12:14.520 --> 0:12:17.000 on a like standing on a moving sidewalk, and walking 0:12:17.120 --> 0:12:21.960 rather than walking on you know, just level. So in 0:12:21.960 --> 0:12:24.760 Star Trek, what they're precisely talking about doing, because you 0:12:24.800 --> 0:12:27.480 can always look into the signs of Star Trek, they 0:12:27.480 --> 0:12:29.200 write a lot of books about it that are really fun. 0:12:29.520 --> 0:12:32.200 Um is using a matter antimatter reaction to create a 0:12:32.400 --> 0:12:36.040 really energetic plasma which is then channeled into warp coils 0:12:36.040 --> 0:12:38.920 that generate this warped field that formed the subspace bubble 0:12:39.000 --> 0:12:42.640 that take you too, you know, planet cling on. Where 0:12:42.640 --> 0:12:47.120 did the Jeffreys tubes come in? Those as you used 0:12:47.120 --> 0:12:51.360 to to access the nace cells? Right? Which which which 0:12:51.400 --> 0:12:54.120 come into that process somehow? Right? Yeah, that's where the 0:12:54.520 --> 0:12:57.920 warp field ends up emanating from the ship to end 0:12:58.000 --> 0:13:01.520 up surrounding it and then creating this warp drive. Okay, so, 0:13:01.720 --> 0:13:06.679 uh so the ship itself isn't moving at superliminal speeds. 0:13:06.679 --> 0:13:11.680 It's riding a wave of space that's moving at superliminal speeds. Yeah, 0:13:11.840 --> 0:13:14.000 more or less. Yeah, I don't think it's gonna come 0:13:14.000 --> 0:13:15.760 out exactly the way Star Trek did. I don't think 0:13:15.760 --> 0:13:18.800 we're gonna come across dilithium crystals anytime soon. Those are 0:13:18.800 --> 0:13:21.959 what we're supposed to generate the antimatter. But antimatter is 0:13:22.000 --> 0:13:23.920 a real thing. For those of you who don't know. 0:13:23.960 --> 0:13:27.280 Antimatter is matter that would have an opposite charge of 0:13:27.280 --> 0:13:30.680 its counterpart in matter. So the electron has a negative charge, 0:13:30.800 --> 0:13:34.199 a positron would be the uh the antimatter component that 0:13:34.240 --> 0:13:38.120 would be the positively charged sub atomic particle. In the 0:13:38.160 --> 0:13:42.520 antimatter world, any matter and matter when they meet annihilate 0:13:42.559 --> 0:13:46.120 one another and release energy as a result. UH. During 0:13:46.160 --> 0:13:49.720 the Big Bang, for reasons we don't fully understand, there 0:13:49.800 --> 0:13:52.319 was a little bit more matter than there was antimatter, 0:13:52.679 --> 0:13:57.359 and so the those those early reactions and the annihilated 0:13:57.440 --> 0:14:00.600 most of everything, and we had more matter or left over. 0:14:00.720 --> 0:14:03.360 So that's why we've got matter in our universe. UM. 0:14:03.400 --> 0:14:06.920 I would guess from a universe that had antimatter, maybe 0:14:06.920 --> 0:14:08.840 they would view theirs as the matter and ours would 0:14:08.840 --> 0:14:10.840 be the antimatter. Again, it's that frame of reference thing. 0:14:11.080 --> 0:14:13.640 I believe this was explored in the teenage Mutant Ninja 0:14:13.640 --> 0:14:16.760 Turtles cartoon series with the neutrinos. I'm sure it was. 0:14:16.920 --> 0:14:20.760 Any I'm not gonna even pause to acknowledge that any further. 0:14:20.920 --> 0:14:25.080 So any further, I said, and now you made me 0:14:25.160 --> 0:14:27.520 do it again. You made me break my word. Anyway, 0:14:27.560 --> 0:14:32.120 So the matter antimatter reactions could actually create enough energy, 0:14:32.200 --> 0:14:35.880 uh theoretically speaking, to create some form of warp bubble 0:14:35.960 --> 0:14:39.640 according to certain theories, nothing that we've been able to 0:14:39.640 --> 0:14:43.320 test out and actually say yes, this is uh, this 0:14:43.400 --> 0:14:46.680 is something that's actually possible. It's just hypothetical at the moment. 0:14:47.280 --> 0:14:50.400 But it would probably take a lot of it, like 0:14:50.400 --> 0:14:55.080 like a seriously huge amount of antimatter, because the any 0:14:55.120 --> 0:14:57.040 matter that we've produced in things like the large had 0:14:57.120 --> 0:15:01.760 drunk collider you're talking about minis aal amounts, not like 0:15:02.160 --> 0:15:06.240 something on the size of say Jupiter, which is what 0:15:06.360 --> 0:15:10.000 people first thought would be required to create a warp 0:15:10.200 --> 0:15:13.120 bubble of significant size to move something like a vessel 0:15:13.760 --> 0:15:18.160 um from one point to another. Beyond that being able 0:15:18.200 --> 0:15:22.400 to designate different levels of warp because you know, they 0:15:22.400 --> 0:15:24.800 had the warp nine through warp warp ten, and then 0:15:25.360 --> 0:15:28.280 they eventually would like I think in the final episode 0:15:28.320 --> 0:15:31.320 of the Next Generation, the new version of the Enterprise 0:15:31.360 --> 0:15:33.880 goes like warp fourteen or something, which doesn't make any 0:15:33.920 --> 0:15:36.920 sense because according to the mythology in the world, warp 0:15:36.960 --> 0:15:40.040 ten was supposed to approach infinite speed. So I don't 0:15:40.040 --> 0:15:42.480 know how you go faster than infinite speed. But what 0:15:42.640 --> 0:15:45.480 is infinite speed? It's it's essentially its supposed to be 0:15:45.520 --> 0:15:49.240 infinitely faster than the speed of light. Because warp nine 0:15:49.280 --> 0:15:52.120 was I think one thousand, nine hundred times the speed 0:15:52.120 --> 0:15:55.280 of light. I don't know. I'm betting that Canter Yeves 0:15:55.360 --> 0:15:58.520 was involved and I disapprove. Yeah, well, no ship was 0:15:58.520 --> 0:16:00.480 supposed to be able to actually go arp ten. I 0:16:00.480 --> 0:16:03.400 think the the the upper limit on ships was supposed 0:16:03.400 --> 0:16:06.480 to be nine point six five or something. But but 0:16:06.600 --> 0:16:08.800 of course star Trek, you know, establishes rules and then 0:16:08.840 --> 0:16:13.120 breaks them. Okay, so Scotty aside, what have real scientists 0:16:13.160 --> 0:16:18.120 said about this? Well, so we've got a Mexican physicist. 0:16:18.160 --> 0:16:22.040 His name is Miguel Acubert, and uh he proposed a 0:16:22.160 --> 0:16:24.800 method of stretching space, so you would stretch it in 0:16:24.840 --> 0:16:28.240 a wave, which would cause the fabric of space ahead 0:16:28.240 --> 0:16:30.760 of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it 0:16:30.840 --> 0:16:34.120 to expand, thus propelling it kind of like in that 0:16:34.200 --> 0:16:36.960 surfboard type fashion you were talking about, Lauren, so that 0:16:37.040 --> 0:16:42.560 you could move at from an outside perspective at superliminal speeds. Right, 0:16:42.600 --> 0:16:45.960 But again, what we're saying is that the ship itself, 0:16:46.200 --> 0:16:49.640 relative to its reference frame, is not going faster than 0:16:49.680 --> 0:16:52.760 the speed of light. It's riding sort of a bubble 0:16:52.960 --> 0:16:56.120 or a wave of space that is going faster than 0:16:56.120 --> 0:16:59.520 the speed of Right. So you're still you're still um 0:16:59.720 --> 0:17:03.200 maintaining special relativity. You're not breaking it in any way. 0:17:03.200 --> 0:17:06.000 You're not like physically traveling. It's not like not like 0:17:06.040 --> 0:17:08.600 someone is suddenly able to run faster than the spe 0:17:08.720 --> 0:17:11.320 of light. It's just that again, let's say that you're 0:17:11.320 --> 0:17:14.040 doing the hundred meter dash and uh, and you're able 0:17:14.080 --> 0:17:18.959 to to to compress those hundred meters into two meters 0:17:19.040 --> 0:17:22.359 for you, and you'd be able to across that that 0:17:22.440 --> 0:17:24.960 hundred meters in the same amount of time that normally 0:17:24.960 --> 0:17:28.520 take it across two meters. That's oversimplifying what this model 0:17:28.520 --> 0:17:30.600 would do, but it's a similar idea. It's this idea 0:17:30.640 --> 0:17:35.040 of being able to essentially compress space uh and ride 0:17:35.119 --> 0:17:41.119 the super fast hyper space warp bubble um. Right. But 0:17:41.400 --> 0:17:44.439 the problem here is still with fuel because what Miguel 0:17:44.560 --> 0:17:48.399 was saying, I'll Alciber was saying that um that you 0:17:48.440 --> 0:17:51.119 would potentially need more energy than what's contained in the 0:17:51.240 --> 0:17:53.600 entire universe in order to get this engine started. Yeah, 0:17:53.680 --> 0:17:55.560 and then there were others who said that even if 0:17:55.560 --> 0:17:57.320 you fiddled with a little bit, you might be able 0:17:57.359 --> 0:18:01.399 to get it down to a matter antimatter reaction to 0:18:01.440 --> 0:18:05.959 provide the energy for generating this hypothetical warp bubble. As 0:18:05.960 --> 0:18:08.879 far as we know, this is just hypothetical. We may 0:18:08.960 --> 0:18:10.520 not ever be able to do it. Well, I think 0:18:10.560 --> 0:18:13.960 what he showed is that, um, it's theoretically consistent. The 0:18:14.000 --> 0:18:17.280 problem is just practical right that that that it's not 0:18:17.400 --> 0:18:21.119 like that this doesn't make sense the idea. What it 0:18:21.240 --> 0:18:23.840 is is that the idea makes sense. It like could 0:18:23.880 --> 0:18:27.360 technically work. You just need this stuff that we don't 0:18:27.400 --> 0:18:30.000 know if you could really make right And and anti 0:18:30.080 --> 0:18:33.399 batter was just one of the examples of something that 0:18:33.400 --> 0:18:35.439 could give power. In fact, he was talking more about 0:18:35.800 --> 0:18:39.679 if you were able to find matter that has negative mass. 0:18:40.560 --> 0:18:42.320 All right, so I'm gonna blow you guys minds here 0:18:42.359 --> 0:18:46.320 for a second negative mass. All right, negative negative mass, 0:18:46.359 --> 0:18:51.400 So negative mass would be like imagine it's I can't 0:18:51.440 --> 0:18:53.080 really imagine this, but I'm going to ask you to 0:18:53.080 --> 0:18:55.159 do it anyway. Imagine that you have an object that 0:18:55.200 --> 0:18:59.160 has negative two kilograms of mass, instead of having two 0:18:59.200 --> 0:19:02.000 kilograms of mass, it's negative two kilograms a mass. Now, 0:19:02.080 --> 0:19:07.240 with simple equations, for example, force equals mass times acceleration. 0:19:08.000 --> 0:19:11.159 If you take that negative factor in there and you 0:19:11.240 --> 0:19:14.200 multiply that by an acceleration and to get the force, 0:19:14.240 --> 0:19:17.120 you're going to get an interesting results. So, for example, 0:19:17.400 --> 0:19:20.000 it would mean that if I had an object with 0:19:20.040 --> 0:19:24.160 negative mass and I were to push it, it would 0:19:24.200 --> 0:19:28.800 move in the opposite direction of the force applied to it. So, Joe, 0:19:28.880 --> 0:19:31.600 if you had negative mass and I pushed, you would 0:19:31.600 --> 0:19:33.600 go into your hand, Yes, you would. You would move 0:19:33.680 --> 0:19:36.600 into me, and that would be a very awkward thing, 0:19:36.600 --> 0:19:40.159 and we'd have to go see hr. But or or 0:19:40.200 --> 0:19:42.359 on a larger scale, like a negative moon and a 0:19:42.400 --> 0:19:45.159 negative earth, if you could imagine such things would um 0:19:45.200 --> 0:19:48.000 would repel each other instead of attracting each other gravitationally. 0:19:48.000 --> 0:19:51.040 It would also be a little odd because when you 0:19:51.080 --> 0:19:54.879 have negative mass, the the electromagnetic force that holds it 0:19:54.920 --> 0:19:59.680 together would be uh a destructive force rather than because 0:19:59.680 --> 0:20:02.160 it because anything that pulls it together would actually push 0:20:02.160 --> 0:20:03.960 it apart. Let me ask you this, all right, so 0:20:03.960 --> 0:20:06.760 you've got negative mass. Let's say that I have a 0:20:06.840 --> 0:20:11.400 negative mass object that that I've suspended somehow, don't don't 0:20:11.400 --> 0:20:14.359 ask me how yet. But then but then it drops, 0:20:14.760 --> 0:20:18.639 let go of it. What happens to it? It up? No, 0:20:19.000 --> 0:20:21.560 it does not go up. It actually falls. And the 0:20:21.600 --> 0:20:24.200 reason why it falls is because what we call gravity 0:20:24.240 --> 0:20:28.120 a force, it's actually an uh, it's actually acceleration. It's 0:20:28.160 --> 0:20:30.920 not really a force in the in the sense of 0:20:31.240 --> 0:20:34.199 the basic forces of thermodynamic law. It's an acceleration. It 0:20:34.200 --> 0:20:39.440 would still fall, however, because an object that has negative 0:20:39.440 --> 0:20:41.879 mass would go in the opposite direction of where you 0:20:42.000 --> 0:20:44.359 put placed force. You know, if I put an object 0:20:44.440 --> 0:20:47.320 on top of a table, technically the table is pressing 0:20:47.440 --> 0:20:51.160 up at a level of force that's equal to keeping 0:20:51.200 --> 0:20:55.080 that object on on the table. Well, if an object 0:20:55.400 --> 0:20:58.879 with negative mass goes in the same direction as whatever 0:20:58.960 --> 0:21:01.320 force you applied to it, it happens to be. That 0:21:01.359 --> 0:21:04.000 means you'd have to put a negative mass object underneath 0:21:04.119 --> 0:21:07.560 a table and let go, and the table would keep 0:21:07.560 --> 0:21:11.119 it from falling. But if you were to remove that table, 0:21:11.520 --> 0:21:15.320 then it would fall and once it hit the ground, 0:21:15.440 --> 0:21:19.080 because the ground would be providing force pushing up, and 0:21:19.160 --> 0:21:21.360 because the object would want to go in the same 0:21:21.400 --> 0:21:23.880 direction as where the force is coming from. It would 0:21:23.880 --> 0:21:27.760 start to either disintegrate or burrow into the surface of 0:21:27.760 --> 0:21:30.439 the Earth, not stopping until it got to the center. 0:21:30.640 --> 0:21:36.000 Just kill me, now, this well, this is this is 0:21:36.040 --> 0:21:38.960 the kind of stuff matter like this is what physicists 0:21:39.000 --> 0:21:42.360 might call exotic matter. It's stuff that in a lot 0:21:42.359 --> 0:21:44.960 of cases, we don't really have any way of knowing 0:21:45.000 --> 0:21:50.680 that this exists. But you can make sense of it mathematics. 0:21:50.920 --> 0:21:53.480