1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,440 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:20,599 Speaker 2: At various points on our trip to Morocco last year, 5 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:25,160 Speaker 2: our guides talked about the Great Lisbon earthquake of seventeen 6 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 2: fifty five. It started at our very first stop on 7 00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 2: our very first full day in Morocco, at Hassen Tower 8 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:38,879 Speaker 2: in robot so Kleif. Abu Yusuf Yakub al Mansour commissioned 9 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:41,440 Speaker 2: a mosque at the end of the twelfth century, but 10 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:44,640 Speaker 2: then he died before construction on it was finished, and 11 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:50,839 Speaker 2: it was never completed. Before his death, red sandstone Minaret 12 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 2: had been built to about half its planned height. It 13 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 2: was supposed to be the tallest minaret in the world 14 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 2: once it was done, but of course it was never finished, 15 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:04,039 Speaker 2: and there were also some exterior walls and hundreds of columns. 16 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 2: A lot of these columns collapsed in the earthquake, and 17 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,679 Speaker 2: today their remnants are sort of standing before the minaret 18 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,520 Speaker 2: at different heights, depending on how much of them is left. 19 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:18,640 Speaker 2: So this earthquake kept coming up over the rest of 20 00:01:18,680 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 2: the trip. Our guides would say that a site had 21 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:25,119 Speaker 2: been uncovered in the earthquake or damaged in the earthquake, 22 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,640 Speaker 2: and it made me really curious because they kept saying 23 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 2: Lisbon over and over. They were talking about the Lisbon earthquake. 24 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 2: But this earthquake was obviously also a big enough deal 25 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 2: in Morocco that people are still talking about it at 26 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:45,559 Speaker 2: historic sites two hundred years later. I had definitely heard 27 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 2: of this earthquake before, because it is depicted in Voltaire's Candide, 28 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 2: which I have read and have also seen a theatrical 29 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 2: adaptation of. But I did not fully connect the setting 30 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:03,560 Speaker 2: of Candide to the realities of an actual historic events. 31 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 2: So that's today's episode. This earthquake took place on November first, 32 00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:13,519 Speaker 2: seventeen fifty five. Its epicenter was on the boundary between 33 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,639 Speaker 2: the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, on the floor of 34 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:21,119 Speaker 2: the Atlantic Ocean, two hundred to three hundred kilometers southwest 35 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:24,799 Speaker 2: of Lisbon, Portugal and about three hundred and fifty kilometers 36 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 2: northwest of Casablanca, Morocco. Those are obviously all approximations in 37 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 2: terms of its distance. There have been lots of efforts 38 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:38,760 Speaker 2: to pinpoint the exact epicenter. But this tectonic boundary is 39 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:42,839 Speaker 2: really complex, and the earthquake itself was also really complex. 40 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:47,120 Speaker 2: There were three distinct periods of shaking over the course 41 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:50,079 Speaker 2: of about fifteen to twenty minutes, and there has been 42 00:02:50,240 --> 00:02:52,800 Speaker 2: debate about whether at least one of those was really 43 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 2: an aftershock, or if there were two different earthquakes very 44 00:02:57,320 --> 00:02:58,080 Speaker 2: close together. 45 00:02:59,040 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, I read a. 46 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 2: Few different papers that pretty confidently said this is where 47 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:08,320 Speaker 2: the epicenter was, and they were not in exactly the 48 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:12,440 Speaker 2: same point. They had different substantiation for why they had 49 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,080 Speaker 2: come to that conclusion. Does not seem like there is 50 00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 2: exact agreement on the exact location of where it started. Today, 51 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,800 Speaker 2: earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale that started 52 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:28,560 Speaker 2: replacing the Richter scale in the nineteen eighties. There's no 53 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 2: upper limit to this scale, but the strongest earthquake ever 54 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 2: recorded struck Chile in nineteen sixty, and that had a 55 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 2: magnitude of nine point five. The magnitude of the seventeen 56 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:43,480 Speaker 2: fifty five earthquake has been estimated based on eighteenth century 57 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,400 Speaker 2: accounts and other data, and it's generally accepted as having 58 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 2: a magnitude of between eight point five and nine, although 59 00:03:51,880 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 2: there are a few estimates that have arrived at like 60 00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 2: a somewhat lower number. Regardless, though a very powerful earthquake, 61 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 2: and this earthquakes most destructive effects were in Portugal, Morocco 62 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 2: and Spain. This isn't an area that's really associated with 63 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 2: a ton of major earthquakes prior to this. In seventeen 64 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 2: twenty two and earthquakes struck southern Portugal, but many of 65 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 2: the records of that earthquake were destroyed in seventeen fifty five, 66 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 2: so we don't have a lot of detail about it. 67 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 2: Earlier major earthquakes in Portugal took place in thirteen fifty 68 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:30,920 Speaker 2: six and fifteen thirty one. An earthquake struck Fez, Morocco 69 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:35,640 Speaker 2: in sixteen twenty four and caused extensive damage. An earthquake 70 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:38,840 Speaker 2: that struck Almedia in southern Spain in fifteen twenty two 71 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,599 Speaker 2: killed an estimated two thousand, five hundred people and it 72 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 2: destroyed most of the city. So major earthquakes were not 73 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 2: unheard of in this region, but they were widely spaced. 74 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:55,960 Speaker 2: They often happened centuries apart. The November one, seventeen fifty 75 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 2: five earthquake was felt as far away as Britain in 76 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 2: Ireland in the north, Hamburg, Germany in the northeast, the 77 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 2: Azores Archipelago in the west, and the Cape Verde Islands 78 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:10,440 Speaker 2: off the coast of what's now Senegal to the southwest. 79 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:14,240 Speaker 2: There were also reports of disturbances in lakes and rivers, 80 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:18,560 Speaker 2: including the formation of standing waves all across western and 81 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 2: northern Europe, and then after shocks went on for months. 82 00:05:22,880 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 2: This earthquake also spawned a tsunami, which devastated the coasts 83 00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:30,599 Speaker 2: of Morocco, Spain, and Portugal, as well as islands and 84 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:35,000 Speaker 2: archipelagoes to the west of Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. 85 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,920 Speaker 2: It caused major damage to ports and coastal settlements in 86 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:42,840 Speaker 2: all of these places. Many of Morocco's cities were surrounded 87 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:46,200 Speaker 2: by walls, which could offer some protection from a tsunami, 88 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 2: but in some places this tsunami measured about twenty meters 89 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,599 Speaker 2: or sixty six feet, so it crested over the top 90 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:57,359 Speaker 2: of those walls and it flooded the city's interiors. Having 91 00:05:57,400 --> 00:06:01,000 Speaker 2: been in some of those cities, that prospect is terrifying 92 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 2: to me. 93 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:04,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, because then there's no way for the water to 94 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:04,920 Speaker 1: get out. 95 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:08,920 Speaker 2: No no, so Obviously, in addition to being very destructive, 96 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:13,159 Speaker 2: this was deadly. This tsunami was also reported as far 97 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 2: north as the British and Irish Isles. For example, a 98 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:20,000 Speaker 2: series of waves measuring six to ten feet or about 99 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:23,880 Speaker 2: two to three meters struck the coast of Cornwall. Then 100 00:06:23,960 --> 00:06:27,400 Speaker 2: on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, a similarly 101 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:30,760 Speaker 2: sized wave also struck the coast of Newfoundland, and there 102 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 2: were waves of about one meter or three feet that 103 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 2: struck much of the Caribbean. In the coast of Brazil, 104 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 2: Smaller waves from the tsunami were also reported all along 105 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:46,280 Speaker 2: the eastern coasts of North and South America. Sediments from 106 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 2: the tsunami have also been found as far away as Scotland. 107 00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:54,520 Speaker 2: Information did not travel nearly as quickly in seventeen to 108 00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 2: fifty five as it does today, and the Japanese word 109 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:01,160 Speaker 2: tsunami had not made its way into europe and languages yet, 110 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:05,039 Speaker 2: but people did understand that earthquakes could be connected to 111 00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 2: flooding and unusually massive waves or tides. For example, William 112 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 2: Borlaize published a book on the natural history of Cornwall 113 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:17,440 Speaker 2: in seventeen fifty eight, and he described the huge waves 114 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:21,640 Speaker 2: that struck Mount's Bay in seventeen fifty five, he talked 115 00:07:21,680 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 2: about the city of Lisbon being destroyed in an earthquake 116 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,160 Speaker 2: that same day, with the Tagus River in Lisbon rising 117 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 2: twenty to thirty feet in cycles, and ships at sea 118 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,720 Speaker 2: sixty leagues from port feeling the shock as though they 119 00:07:35,720 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 2: had run aground. Borlais wrote that it was difficult to 120 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 2: say exactly what connection there might be between what happened 121 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 2: in Cornwall and in Portugal, but quote, all these circumstances 122 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,400 Speaker 2: seemed to declare very confidently that what we felt was 123 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:53,760 Speaker 2: either the fainter part of that deplorable shock at Lisbon, 124 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 2: or the last expiring efforts of some similar subterraneous struggles 125 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 2: farther to the west and southwest under the Atlantic Ocean. 126 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 2: There were also two other major earthquakes in November of 127 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 2: seventeen fifty five in addition to this one. On November eighteenth, 128 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 2: an earthquake struck off the coast of Cape ann in Massachusetts, 129 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:20,080 Speaker 2: with an estimated magnitude of five point eight. That is 130 00:08:20,280 --> 00:08:24,040 Speaker 2: much smaller than the November first earthquake, but it is 131 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:28,840 Speaker 2: the largest known earthquake ever to strike Massachusetts. It topped 132 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 2: a lot of chimneys and church steeples, and it knocked 133 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 2: over fences, and it woke up John Adams, who wrote 134 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:39,240 Speaker 2: about it in his diary. There is speculation that the 135 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 2: seismic conditions that led to this earthquake were triggered by 136 00:08:43,679 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 2: the earthquake on November first. 137 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:50,720 Speaker 1: And there was also another earthquake in Morocco later in November. 138 00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: Documentation on this one is tricky. It struck the city 139 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:58,880 Speaker 1: of Mechnus, which is southwest of Fez. Both cities were 140 00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:03,000 Speaker 1: badly damaged in an estimated fifteen thousand people were killed. 141 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:07,920 Speaker 1: Sources in Arabic consistently report the date of this earthquake 142 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: is happening on November twenty seventh, but there are also 143 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:14,400 Speaker 1: European reports of a strong earthquake in this part of 144 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: Morocco on November eighteenth, which was believed to be a 145 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: strong aftershock of that November first earthquake. Various writing from 146 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century and later conflates all of these earthquakes, 147 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: and it is completely possible that some of the damage 148 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: our guides in Morocco attributed to the November first earthquake 149 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 1: really happened later in the month. During these secondary events, 150 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: the seventeen fifty five Mechnez earthquake occurred on a different 151 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:44,880 Speaker 1: fault than the Lisbon earthquake, but it is possible that 152 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: it also developed from the seismic effects of that earlier quake. 153 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: Estimates of the death toll from the November first earthquake 154 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: and the tsunami and fires that followed it, which we 155 00:09:56,520 --> 00:09:59,679 Speaker 1: haven't even talked about the fires at all are all 156 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: over the place, like wildly all over the place. The 157 00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:09,079 Speaker 1: lowest estimates are about ten thousand people, but the highest 158 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: estimates report one hundred thousand people. Some of this is 159 00:10:13,679 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: because Lisbon, which faced some of the worst impacts, that 160 00:10:17,559 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: didn't have really an accurate estimate of the population from 161 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 1: before the earthquake. Bodies were also buried really quickly to 162 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:28,959 Speaker 1: try to prevent the spread of disease, so there wasn't 163 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:32,840 Speaker 1: a careful accounting of the dead. It's also likely that 164 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,200 Speaker 1: some people just fled the hardest hit areas and then 165 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:40,560 Speaker 1: weren't really tracked afterward. And it's also complicated because that 166 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,320 Speaker 1: earthquake in Morocco just a few weeks later also had 167 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,760 Speaker 1: a significant death toll, and it's not always clear which 168 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: of these earthquakes a person might have died in even 169 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: if those lower estimates are closer to correct. This was 170 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 1: one of the most destructive earthquakes ever to strike Southern 171 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:04,960 Speaker 1: Europe and northern Africa. It also had a devastating effect 172 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:08,640 Speaker 1: on Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. It was the biggest 173 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: disaster to strike a European capital since the Great Fire 174 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 1: of London in sixteen sixty six. We'll have more detail 175 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 1: on Lisbon after a sponsor break in seventeen fifty five. 176 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:35,439 Speaker 2: Lisbon, Portugal, was the fourth largest city in Europe after London, Paris, 177 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:40,160 Speaker 2: and Naples. As a nation, Portugal had become wealthy thanks 178 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 2: to its colonial empire, particularly gold mines in Brazil, which 179 00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 2: were run using enslaved labor. Initially, Portugal had enslaved both 180 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:54,640 Speaker 2: indigenous people and Africans in Brazil, but the enslavement of 181 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:58,839 Speaker 2: indigenous Americans was banned in April of seventeen fifty five 182 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 2: in part with the hope that indigenous peoples would ally 183 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:09,479 Speaker 2: with Portugal and border disputes with Spain. More enslaved Africans 184 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 2: were ultimately transported to Brazil than to anywhere else in 185 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 2: the world. In spite of its wealth, Lisbon was not 186 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 2: really thought of as being in the same league as 187 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:24,319 Speaker 2: those other larger cities. For one thing, with a population 188 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 2: of about two hundred and seventy five thousand people, it 189 00:12:27,160 --> 00:12:31,960 Speaker 2: was significantly smaller than London or Paris. For comparison, London's 190 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 2: population was approaching three times that and Paris was about 191 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 2: twice as populous as Lisbon. Portugal was also dependent on 192 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 2: England for its naval defense. These two nations had a 193 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,040 Speaker 2: relationship that had gone back for centuries, and then in 194 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,439 Speaker 2: seventeen oh three, during the War of the Spanish Succession, 195 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:55,360 Speaker 2: they had signed the Methuen Treaties. Those were named for 196 00:12:55,440 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 2: British negotiator John Methuen. Under these treaties, the British navy 197 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,320 Speaker 2: would safeguard Portugal's ports and their trade, and then the 198 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 2: two nations would also have various favored trading statuses with 199 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:12,679 Speaker 2: one another. Trade goods that were part of these treaties 200 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:19,720 Speaker 2: included British textiles and Portuguese wines. Portugal did not have 201 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:23,199 Speaker 2: a lot of industrial exports of its own, and as 202 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 2: a result of this relationship with England, port cities, including Lisbon, 203 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:31,760 Speaker 2: had a really sizeable community of British merchants known as 204 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 2: the English Factory. They also used the term English or 205 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 2: British pretty broadly, meaning anyone from those islands that they 206 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:46,040 Speaker 2: were just sort of everyone lumped together. This also means 207 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 2: that a lot of that gold mine wealth, while it 208 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:52,040 Speaker 2: was making Portugal wealthy, it was also ultimately winding up 209 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 2: in the UK. Other major European powers also regarded Portugal 210 00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:02,439 Speaker 2: as somewhat backward and superstitious. This also had some connections 211 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 2: to religion. Like most of the rest of Europe, Portugal 212 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:11,160 Speaker 2: had a state religion, in this case Roman Catholicism, but 213 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:15,280 Speaker 2: Portugal also had a particularly large number of clergy compared 214 00:14:15,320 --> 00:14:19,640 Speaker 2: to its population. There were probably fewer than two million 215 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:22,640 Speaker 2: people living in all of Portugal, and as many as 216 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 2: two hundred thousand of them were Catholic clergy. This was 217 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:29,800 Speaker 2: a time when the Church was often tightly interconnected with 218 00:14:29,920 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 2: daily life in countries all over Europe, but that number 219 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 2: was just seen as a lot. Beyond that, the Jesuit 220 00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 2: Order had control of Portuguese missions in the Americas and 221 00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:47,680 Speaker 2: the higher education system in Portugal. The Portuguese Inquisition had 222 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:50,920 Speaker 2: also been established in the fifteen thirties and modeled after 223 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:55,160 Speaker 2: the Spanish Inquisition, targeting heretics as well as people who 224 00:14:55,240 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 2: had been forced to convert to Christianity but were believed 225 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:03,640 Speaker 2: to secretly still beach Jewish, including their descendants. The total 226 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,720 Speaker 2: number of cases the Portuguese Inquisition tried and the number 227 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 2: of people that it put to death were smaller than 228 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 2: that of the Spanish Inquisition, but it was proportionately greater. 229 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 2: Portugal had also been on the periphery of the scientific 230 00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 2: revolution that led to major developments in other parts of 231 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 2: Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Inquisition censored 232 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:31,880 Speaker 2: published material in Portugal, which meant that some scientific works 233 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:36,160 Speaker 2: just were not available in Portuguese. In the eighteenth century, 234 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,800 Speaker 2: people who tried to introduce new scientific discoveries into Portugal 235 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:45,440 Speaker 2: were known as enstraggiados, which was the term for Europeanized intellectuals. 236 00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:50,280 Speaker 2: Sebastian Jose de carvaljo Emelo, secretary of State for Foreign 237 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:53,960 Speaker 2: affairs in war, wasn't Estrangerrado and had been trying to 238 00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 2: limit the Inquisition's power in the years leading up to 239 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 2: the earthquake, but it was still a major force in Portugal, 240 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 2: and various intellectuals and scholars had been forced out of 241 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 2: Portugal because of it. Yeah, the fact that, like intellectuals 242 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:11,280 Speaker 2: who were trying to introduce new scientific discoveries were being 243 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:16,640 Speaker 2: thought of as europeanized ye, and like Portugal is part 244 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 2: of Europe, but like it's clear that from that mindset, 245 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 2: the people who were introducing these thoughts were being thought 246 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:27,080 Speaker 2: of as other, Yeah, and then being described using. 247 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: A term that. 248 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:34,600 Speaker 2: Has common origins with like stranger. Yeah, Like that just 249 00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:39,080 Speaker 2: sort of illustrates untrustworthy. Yeah, yeah, what was happening in Portugal. 250 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 2: There is also a connection between religion and why the 251 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:48,920 Speaker 2: seventeen fifty five earthquake was so devastating to the city 252 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 2: of Lisbon. The earthquake started at about nine to forty 253 00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:55,600 Speaker 2: in the morning on All Saints' Day, that is the 254 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,480 Speaker 2: major holiday in the Catholic Church, So a lot of 255 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 2: people in Lisbon and most of the other cities and 256 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:05,960 Speaker 2: towns in Portugal were at mass that included the royal 257 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 2: family Portugals. Churches and monasteries were typically very very tall 258 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:16,120 Speaker 2: and architecturally complex, and a lot of them just collapsed 259 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:20,679 Speaker 2: during the earthquake with people inside. Much of Lisbon was 260 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 2: also destroyed by fire in the aftermath of the earthquake. 261 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:28,399 Speaker 2: Those fires started as the quake was happening, many of 262 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:32,040 Speaker 2: them sparked by candles and lamps falling from the altars 263 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 2: and other places around the churches. There were also some 264 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:40,640 Speaker 2: eyewitness reports of fires being intentionally set by looters. These 265 00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:44,040 Speaker 2: fires spread due to strong winds, and the massive scale 266 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:47,560 Speaker 2: of destruction from the earthquake made the fires even harder 267 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 2: to fight. Those fires burned for about five days. As 268 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,959 Speaker 2: we said a moment ago, the first wave of the 269 00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:58,800 Speaker 2: earthquake started at about nine forty in the morning. It 270 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:01,720 Speaker 2: was intense enough to raise a cloud of dust around 271 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:06,040 Speaker 2: Lisbon as buildings started collapsing, and this dust really blocked 272 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:10,560 Speaker 2: out a lot of the sunlight. Another even more destructive 273 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,040 Speaker 2: period of shaking started at about nine fifty in the morning, 274 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:16,240 Speaker 2: and then there was a third shock at about nine 275 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:22,360 Speaker 2: fifty five. This earthquake destroyed churches and monasteries all over Lisbon, 276 00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:26,200 Speaker 2: as well as the royal palace. A large fissure opened 277 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,800 Speaker 2: up in the city center. People trying to flee the 278 00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:32,680 Speaker 2: destruction and the fires, made their way to the Taugus 279 00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 2: River and to the boats in the harbor to try 280 00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:38,719 Speaker 2: to escape, but at about ten thirty, so less than 281 00:18:38,760 --> 00:18:42,239 Speaker 2: an hour after the earthquake started. The water receded and 282 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,520 Speaker 2: then returned as a tsunami that flooded the harbor and 283 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,240 Speaker 2: much of the central city, which had been built over 284 00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:51,600 Speaker 2: what had been a dry creek bed. Many of the 285 00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:54,399 Speaker 2: people who had sought safety in the water drowned or 286 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:58,479 Speaker 2: were crushed by debris and wreckage in the water. A 287 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:04,160 Speaker 2: major aftershock struck at about eleven am. As we mentioned earlier, 288 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:07,439 Speaker 2: Lisbon had a sizeable community of British subjects living in 289 00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:11,480 Speaker 2: the city, and one of them was Anglican vicar Richard Goddard, 290 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:14,159 Speaker 2: who had gone to Lisbon for his health and to 291 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,400 Speaker 2: check on his younger brother, who was working as a merchant. 292 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 2: After this aftershock, a group of more than one hundred people, 293 00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 2: apparently believing that the earthquake was some kind of divine 294 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 2: retribution forcibly, baptized Goddard into the Catholic Church. 295 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:34,440 Speaker 1: Between the earthquake, the tsunami, and the fires, roughly four 296 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:39,359 Speaker 1: fifths of central Lisbon was completely destroyed. Only about three 297 00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:43,760 Speaker 1: thousand of Lisbon's homes were in usable condition afterward. Of 298 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:48,960 Speaker 1: the city's forty churches, thirty five were destroyed. The Royal Palace, 299 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,439 Speaker 1: as we mentioned, was destroyed, including the Royal Library and 300 00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:55,520 Speaker 1: all of its records. So was the Opera House, which 301 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:58,359 Speaker 1: was only about a month old at this point. The 302 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:02,240 Speaker 1: Customs House was destroyed, along with commercial buildings and banks 303 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:05,440 Speaker 1: and all of the records that all of these buildings contained. 304 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:09,760 Speaker 1: As we mentioned earlier, deathtol estimates are all over the place, 305 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:12,680 Speaker 1: but it is estimated that about thirty thousand people died 306 00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:15,720 Speaker 1: in Lisbon alone. That would have been about ten percent 307 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:20,520 Speaker 1: of the population. Seventy eight people from the English factory died. 308 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:26,479 Speaker 2: Because Portugal had an established British community, there was a 309 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 2: lot of documentation and writing about the earthquake and its 310 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,240 Speaker 2: aftermath that was written in English. Some of this was 311 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:36,080 Speaker 2: published in the UK in seventeen fifty five or not 312 00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 2: long after. This is one of the reasons that the 313 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:44,560 Speaker 2: earthquake is most associated with Lisbon. In addition to Lisbon's 314 00:20:44,560 --> 00:20:49,040 Speaker 2: importance as the Portuguese capital and the just immense scale 315 00:20:49,119 --> 00:20:51,919 Speaker 2: of the disaster there, there was also a lot of 316 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 2: writing about it that was very quickly accessible to people 317 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:57,479 Speaker 2: in Britain and the Americas and then anywhere else that 318 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:01,720 Speaker 2: was translating these British documents. There is also a lot 319 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:05,160 Speaker 2: of documentation of the earthquake that is written in Portuguese, 320 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 2: and we'll get to that after we pause for a 321 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 2: sponsor break. In seventeen fifty five, Jose the First was 322 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 2: King of Portugal. He was at a royal residence in 323 00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:29,840 Speaker 2: Blame in western Lisbon when the earthquake struck. This palace 324 00:21:30,119 --> 00:21:33,399 Speaker 2: did have some damage, but the Blame area was not 325 00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:37,160 Speaker 2: affected nearly as badly as central Lisbon, and the king 326 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:42,640 Speaker 2: was unharmed. Pedro Demota Isilva, secretary of State for the kingdom, 327 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:46,399 Speaker 2: also survived, but he was in his seventies and sick. 328 00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:50,600 Speaker 2: He died only a few days after the earthquake. I 329 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:53,680 Speaker 2: don't think he died as a result of the earthquake. 330 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,280 Speaker 2: I think he was already ill, but it's a little 331 00:21:56,359 --> 00:22:00,760 Speaker 2: unclear in the sources that I read. Sebastian Jose de 332 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:04,800 Speaker 2: Cavalo Imelo, secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and War, 333 00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:11,119 Speaker 2: was also unharmed. The king gave Sebastiao Jose broad authority 334 00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,600 Speaker 2: to manage the official response to the earthquake, and after 335 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:18,159 Speaker 2: Pedro Damota y Silva's death, he became Secretary of State 336 00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,720 Speaker 2: for the Kingdom. Later on in his life he became 337 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:25,639 Speaker 2: Marquess de Pombal, and most sources just call him Pombal, 338 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 2: regardless of when in his life they're talking about. Sources 339 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,800 Speaker 2: give a range of reasons for why Pombal wound up 340 00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:37,600 Speaker 2: in this role. One is that being the Secretary of 341 00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 2: State for Foreign Affairs and war made Pimo logical choice 342 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 2: to be in charge. The damage to Lisbon could be 343 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:47,640 Speaker 2: compared to a massive enemy bombardment in a time of war. 344 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 2: I also saw one argument claiming that it was because 345 00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:56,000 Speaker 2: his house had been completely spared, and people interpreted this 346 00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:58,879 Speaker 2: as divine intervention and a sign that he should be 347 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:01,760 Speaker 2: put in charge. I don't know how much truth there 348 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:04,720 Speaker 2: is to that. Another made it sound like he was 349 00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:07,280 Speaker 2: just the one who took the initiative to do it, 350 00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:10,640 Speaker 2: that he left his family at home almost immediately after 351 00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:12,880 Speaker 2: the earthquake had stopped and went to find the king 352 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,359 Speaker 2: and find out what the king wanted him to do. 353 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: Regardless, Pombal's involvement is a big part of why the 354 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:24,040 Speaker 1: Great Lisbon earthquake is sometimes described as the first modern disaster, 355 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 1: because it had a well documented, coordinated government response. The 356 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:33,840 Speaker 1: king and his government, largely directed by Pombal, took accountability 357 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:37,000 Speaker 1: for the rebuilding effort and for helping as many people 358 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:41,080 Speaker 1: as possible during the aftermath of the earthquake, tsunami, and fires, 359 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:46,719 Speaker 1: and minimizing harm as much as possible. There's a probably 360 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:50,920 Speaker 1: apocryphal but widely repeated story that the king asked Pombal 361 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:54,920 Speaker 1: what to do, and Pombal answered, quote, bury the dead 362 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: and feed the living. So Pombal did not do all 363 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:04,080 Speaker 1: of this by himself. There were also twelve district leaders appointed, 364 00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,280 Speaker 1: and they had very broad authority to make decisions to 365 00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: manage the emergency in each of their districts. And then, 366 00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: of course there were all kinds of other managers and 367 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,359 Speaker 1: workers and other people who were all part of the effort. 368 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,760 Speaker 1: They were also guided by a set of two hundred 369 00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:23,399 Speaker 1: and forty one measures and provisions drafted by Pombal and 370 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: signed by the king. These were later published as a book, 371 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,280 Speaker 1: and they included everything from reducing the spread of disease 372 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,320 Speaker 1: to finding and distributing food, to providing medical treatment and 373 00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:39,600 Speaker 1: other care. Some taxes were suspended to help people afford necessities, 374 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:42,159 Speaker 1: while all of this work was funded by a newly 375 00:24:42,280 --> 00:24:46,200 Speaker 1: established tax on trade. As part of the relief effort. 376 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 1: The government also nationalized the canned sardine industry. Food and 377 00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: other provisions came from a range of sources. Ships that 378 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:58,080 Speaker 1: were already in the harbor that were not destroyed in 379 00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:01,879 Speaker 1: the tsunami were forbidden to leave until it was confirmed 380 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,600 Speaker 1: that they were not carrying cargo that could help with 381 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: the rebuilding effort. Taxes on fish were suspended, and people 382 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:12,000 Speaker 1: were also encouraged to fish to try to bolster the 383 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:16,560 Speaker 1: food supply. The British government sent monetary aid, as well 384 00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: as loads of shovels and pickaxes and food, which is 385 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:24,960 Speaker 1: one of the first known instances of formal international disaster 386 00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:28,879 Speaker 1: aid in history. A tent city was established at the 387 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:32,960 Speaker 1: royal estate in Belem, and while the palace was undergoing repairs, 388 00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:36,879 Speaker 1: the king lived on the grounds as well. Pombal also 389 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: lived in a hut in Belem, even though his home 390 00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:40,960 Speaker 1: was apparently intact. 391 00:25:42,119 --> 00:25:46,160 Speaker 2: During the recovery effort, Lisbon existed basically in a state 392 00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:51,800 Speaker 2: of martial law. Looters and smugglers were aggressively captured and prosecuted, 393 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:55,560 Speaker 2: and a lot of them were hanged. The government implemented 394 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:58,400 Speaker 2: price controls so that there would be no price gouging. 395 00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:01,960 Speaker 2: People who mass created as monks or nuns to try 396 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:05,680 Speaker 2: to get free provisions were excommunicated from the Catholic Church. 397 00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,480 Speaker 2: The government also tried to keep people from simply fleeing 398 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,879 Speaker 2: Lisbon and leaving the city without anybody still there to 399 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,239 Speaker 2: help care for other people and to help rebuild, and 400 00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:19,520 Speaker 2: they ignored various requests from the wealthy to try to 401 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:23,800 Speaker 2: get special treatment or extra help. We mentioned earlier that 402 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 2: one of the reasons that it's hard to determine an 403 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:29,200 Speaker 2: accurate death toll for this disaster is that the dead 404 00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:32,000 Speaker 2: were buried very quickly to try to prevent the spread 405 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 2: of disease. Some people were buried in mass graves, and 406 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:39,399 Speaker 2: others were weighted down on barges which were then sunk, 407 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:44,760 Speaker 2: basically burying them at sea. These mass burials included people 408 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:49,520 Speaker 2: across the spectrum of race, ethnicity, age, and social status. 409 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:54,040 Speaker 2: This was of course controversial, especially since most of these 410 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:57,560 Speaker 2: people had died suddenly and had not had an opportunity 411 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:02,199 Speaker 2: for a final confession or last rights. Pomball and the 412 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:05,840 Speaker 2: rest of the government also established a plan to rebuild 413 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:10,840 Speaker 2: central Lisbon. It had previously been a medieval city with 414 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,440 Speaker 2: some public plazas, but also a lot of very narrow, 415 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:19,440 Speaker 2: winding streets that had been built and expanded haphazardly over 416 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:22,920 Speaker 2: the centuries without any kind of official plan. The new 417 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:27,320 Speaker 2: construction was planned out on an orthogonal grid, with wide 418 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 2: streets that would also act like fire breaks. The new 419 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 2: buildings were also designed to be earthquake resistant. They featured 420 00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:37,760 Speaker 2: what came to be known as the guiola pombalina or 421 00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:42,359 Speaker 2: pombaline cage. This was an interior support structure made of 422 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,119 Speaker 2: wood with a lot of wooden cross bracing. The inside 423 00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:49,080 Speaker 2: of this structure was filled with small stone masonry that 424 00:27:49,119 --> 00:27:53,720 Speaker 2: could move and shift in the event of earthquakes. Masonry 425 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:56,240 Speaker 2: facades were designed to slide down the side of the 426 00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:59,560 Speaker 2: building in the event of an earthquake, rather than toppling 427 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:04,560 Speaker 2: out to the street. Decorative elements were mostly tile adornments 428 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:09,320 Speaker 2: and iron balconies. These newly built buildings were typically between 429 00:28:09,320 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 2: three and five stories tall, with shops and services on 430 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:14,760 Speaker 2: the ground floor and housing above. 431 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:16,440 Speaker 1: All of this. 432 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:22,040 Speaker 2: Rebuilding took a very long time. The rebuilt central city 433 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:27,320 Speaker 2: had two main squares, the Prosa de Commercio and the Prosaderosio. 434 00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:31,880 Speaker 2: The Prosida Commercio faces the harbor and its surrounded by 435 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:35,680 Speaker 2: buildings that mostly house things like government offices and courts. 436 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 2: In seventeen seventy five, so twenty years after the earthquake, 437 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,440 Speaker 2: an equestrian statue of King Jose the First was dedicated 438 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:49,120 Speaker 2: at this square, and a lot of the surrounding construction 439 00:28:49,280 --> 00:28:52,080 Speaker 2: sites were draped with cloth or framed in wood that 440 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,040 Speaker 2: was decorated to look like what the finished buildings would be. 441 00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,640 Speaker 2: It was still really a construction site. Even all of 442 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:03,600 Speaker 2: the official steps to try to recover from the earthquake, 443 00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:08,760 Speaker 2: it was still, of course a major disaster. It's estimated 444 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,680 Speaker 2: that Portugal lost between a third and half of its 445 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:16,200 Speaker 2: gross domestic product because of the earthquake. Wages and prices 446 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:20,280 Speaker 2: were also volatile for years afterward. The scale of the 447 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:24,840 Speaker 2: earthquake and the recovery effort also slowed Portugal's colonial efforts 448 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:29,200 Speaker 2: in the Americas. We also mentioned that there's a lot 449 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,880 Speaker 2: of documentation of this earthquake from British subjects who were 450 00:29:32,920 --> 00:29:37,720 Speaker 2: living in Lisbon and elsewhere in Portugal. There's also documentation 451 00:29:37,920 --> 00:29:41,960 Speaker 2: from other foreign residents and visitors, and there is a 452 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 2: ton of Portuguese documentation as well. In January of seventeen 453 00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:50,960 Speaker 2: fifty six, Pombal sent a set of thirteen questions to 454 00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:54,840 Speaker 2: Portugal's bishops, with instructions to pass those questions on to 455 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:59,280 Speaker 2: their parish priests and then collect all the answers. They 456 00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 2: were specific questions about the quake itself, like what time 457 00:30:04,280 --> 00:30:08,120 Speaker 2: the tembler started, how long they lasted, how many waves 458 00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:11,240 Speaker 2: of shaking there were, and how far apart those waves were. 459 00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 2: He asked whether the shaking seemed to come from a 460 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:19,160 Speaker 2: specific direction. There were also questions about how many people 461 00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:22,200 Speaker 2: died and how many homes were destroyed, as well as 462 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:25,640 Speaker 2: local relief efforts and whether they had faced any kind 463 00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 2: of shortages. Because of this systematic collection of information about 464 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:33,720 Speaker 2: the earthquakes and the types of questions that were asked, 465 00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 2: Pombal is also recognized as contributing to the field of seismology. 466 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:42,600 Speaker 2: This earthquake also happened alongside a lot of intellectual and 467 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:46,080 Speaker 2: societal change in Europe near the start of the period 468 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,840 Speaker 2: that is described as Europe's Age of Enlightenment or the 469 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:53,640 Speaker 2: Age of Reason. This period is known for scientific discoveries 470 00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,240 Speaker 2: with a focus on rational thought and empirical evidence and 471 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 2: a shift away from looking for religious or divine explanations 472 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,960 Speaker 2: for natural phenomena. There's been a lot of writing about 473 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:07,760 Speaker 2: how the earthquake and its aftermath were related to this 474 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:12,280 Speaker 2: and how they influenced people's thinking about nature, religion, and science. 475 00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:16,080 Speaker 2: Like the earthquake struck a Catholic country and destroyed a 476 00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 2: lot of churches on a holiday while people were at mass. 477 00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:22,920 Speaker 1: What did that mean? Was this divine retribution? And if 478 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:27,640 Speaker 1: it was, what was it retribution for? Or was it 479 00:31:27,720 --> 00:31:31,120 Speaker 1: just a coincidence, a natural disaster with an explanation that 480 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: could be found in nature that didn't have any kind 481 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:35,480 Speaker 1: of underlying religious meaning. 482 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:37,600 Speaker 2: As we sat up at the top of the show. 483 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:41,800 Speaker 2: This earthquake is also part of Voltaire's satirical work Candid. 484 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 2: One of the many things that Candide satirizes is the 485 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:52,120 Speaker 2: philosophy of optimism, including the work of German philosopher Gottfried 486 00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:56,720 Speaker 2: Wilhelm Leibnitz in his seventeen ten work The Odyssey. On 487 00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:00,440 Speaker 2: an incredibly basic level, this philosophy is root in the 488 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:03,960 Speaker 2: idea that the world is the best possible world that 489 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:07,720 Speaker 2: God could have created, and it was hard for people 490 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:13,680 Speaker 2: to reconcile that idea with the earthquake. In Candid, Candid's tutor, 491 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:19,200 Speaker 2: doctor Pangloss, insists repeatedly that they are living at the 492 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,440 Speaker 2: best of all possible worlds. He says this no matter 493 00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 2: what horrific thing is happening around them, including the earthquake. 494 00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 2: Voltaire also wrote a poem that was explicitly about the 495 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:33,480 Speaker 2: earthquake and the axiom to ebien. 496 00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:37,200 Speaker 1: Or all as well. At the same time, some of 497 00:32:37,240 --> 00:32:40,480 Speaker 1: the writing about this makes it sound very X plus 498 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: Y equal Z, summing it up along the lines of 499 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: people couldn't reconcile this terrible earthquake killing people in the 500 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,320 Speaker 1: middle of church with the idea of God, especially with 501 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:54,800 Speaker 1: the idea of a benevolent God. So voila the Enlightenment. 502 00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:59,720 Speaker 1: But that's incredibly reductive. The Age of Enlightenment is a 503 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:03,520 Speaker 1: frie historians have developed to try to understand and talk 504 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:05,640 Speaker 1: about the past. And it wasn't like a light switch. 505 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:10,640 Speaker 1: Nobody was like, let's start the Enlightenment. You guys, I 506 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:12,800 Speaker 1: woke up this morning and I was in the age 507 00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:15,680 Speaker 1: of reason. How about you? I felt enlightened, and I 508 00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:18,760 Speaker 1: want more people to feel that too. The changes and 509 00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:22,200 Speaker 1: developments that have led historians to frame this period in 510 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:25,760 Speaker 1: this way started before the earthquake, and they were building 511 00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:30,400 Speaker 1: on the scientific revolution that had started centuries earlier. Also, 512 00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: there are a lot of differing opinions about poem Mall. 513 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 1: He definitely had a huge influence on the recovery from 514 00:33:39,040 --> 00:33:42,600 Speaker 1: the earthquake in Lisbon and the rest of Portugal, and 515 00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:45,560 Speaker 1: some of the steps that the Portuguese government took to 516 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:48,880 Speaker 1: try to mitigate this disaster are still things that continue 517 00:33:48,920 --> 00:33:52,720 Speaker 1: to be done after disasters today. But he is also 518 00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,040 Speaker 1: described as really overstepping his authority, just going way beyond 519 00:33:57,160 --> 00:34:00,440 Speaker 1: what was needed to recover from the earthquake, so that 520 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 1: he could try to push his more personal agenda, including 521 00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:08,719 Speaker 1: his own opposition to the Jesuit order. There is so 522 00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:12,560 Speaker 1: much more stuff that went on there, we would need 523 00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:16,560 Speaker 1: a whole other episode and honestly a way more thorough 524 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:20,719 Speaker 1: understanding of the entirety of Portuguese history. But when King 525 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: Jose the First died in seventeen seventy seven, Pomeball immediately 526 00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:29,040 Speaker 1: lost his position, and then he spent the rest of 527 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:33,120 Speaker 1: his life trying to fight off accusations of corruption and 528 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:38,319 Speaker 1: abuse of power. He died in seventeen eighty two, you 529 00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:41,200 Speaker 1: got some listener mail lined up for us. I do 530 00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:46,239 Speaker 1: have listener mail lined up, so this listener mail is 531 00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:50,279 Speaker 1: from listener Timothy. And Timothy wrote after our episode on 532 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:55,640 Speaker 1: Rickets and wrote, sometimes I get distracted while I'm listening 533 00:34:55,719 --> 00:34:59,359 Speaker 1: to podcasts and multitasking, so I apologize if I missed it. 534 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,120 Speaker 1: Isn't sure if in the Rickets episode you talked about 535 00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:04,799 Speaker 1: the genetic disorders that can cause a person to have 536 00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:08,040 Speaker 1: rickets even if they're getting plenty of sunlight. I happen 537 00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:10,960 Speaker 1: to be one of these people. My dermatologists is always 538 00:35:11,040 --> 00:35:13,520 Speaker 1: telling me I need to use more sunblock and stay 539 00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:15,880 Speaker 1: out of the sun because of the sun damage that 540 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:18,839 Speaker 1: I have to my skin. At the same time, I 541 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:21,720 Speaker 1: am vitamin D deficient and have to take a large 542 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:25,399 Speaker 1: dose of vitamin D every week to supplement. I found 543 00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:27,399 Speaker 1: out at fifty five years of age that I will 544 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,960 Speaker 1: just always be vitamin D deficient if I don't take 545 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:35,480 Speaker 1: a supplement. There are several genetic disorders which render humans 546 00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:39,200 Speaker 1: unable to use vitamin D or synthesize vitamin D from 547 00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:44,600 Speaker 1: sunlight regardless of sun exposure. This then lists off what 548 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,560 Speaker 1: at least some of them are. So there's hereditary vitamin 549 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,720 Speaker 1: D resistant rickets caused by mutations in the VDR gene. 550 00:35:51,719 --> 00:35:54,800 Speaker 1: The body can't use the vitamin D it produces or consumes, 551 00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:59,800 Speaker 1: leading to severe rickets, low calcium, and sometimes alopecia. Vitamin 552 00:35:59,880 --> 00:36:03,440 Speaker 1: D S dependent rickets type one A caused by mutations 553 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:06,319 Speaker 1: in the CYP two seven B one gene, so the 554 00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: body cannot convert vitamin D to its active form, and 555 00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:14,120 Speaker 1: vitamin D dependent rickets type one B vdd R one 556 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:18,320 Speaker 1: B a rarer similar defect in the CYP two R 557 00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,879 Speaker 1: one gene. I don't know which one of these I'm 558 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,680 Speaker 1: affected by, because when they find out you're vitamin D deficient, 559 00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:26,279 Speaker 1: it's cheaper and easier to just put you on a 560 00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:29,000 Speaker 1: supplement than to do a bunch of genetic tests just 561 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:33,120 Speaker 1: to find out that you still need the supplement. I 562 00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:35,000 Speaker 1: don't have a pet right now, so I'm including a 563 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:37,880 Speaker 1: picture of a wild deer that has been living in 564 00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:43,640 Speaker 1: my backyard and harassing me in my family. Not only 565 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:46,279 Speaker 1: is she not afraid of people, she seems to want 566 00:36:46,320 --> 00:36:51,040 Speaker 1: to attack anyone who comes into our yard. I have 567 00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:54,680 Speaker 1: named her Venison, and we have had to fend off 568 00:36:54,719 --> 00:37:02,400 Speaker 1: her attacks with sticks. Timothy, I don't I'm not laughing 569 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:05,799 Speaker 1: at your misfortune of having an aggressive deer in your backyard. 570 00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:11,400 Speaker 1: I'm laughing because it is so incongruous with the image 571 00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:14,279 Speaker 1: that a lot of people have of deer as like 572 00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:22,000 Speaker 1: very peaceful, gentle animals just quietly step through the forest 573 00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:26,560 Speaker 1: and eat leaves. This is a very pretty deer. I 574 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:31,640 Speaker 1: am very sorry that she is causing problems in your life. 575 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:35,120 Speaker 1: We did not mention any any genetic. 576 00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 2: Conditions that can cause people either not to be able 577 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:40,680 Speaker 2: to produce vitamin D or to use it. We talked 578 00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:43,960 Speaker 2: more about other conditions that can cause you not to 579 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:47,239 Speaker 2: be able to absorb it from your food. So thank 580 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:50,239 Speaker 2: you so much for sending this note to talk about that, 581 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:58,400 Speaker 2: and for sending this deer picture. I have some of 582 00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:01,319 Speaker 2: a fondness for deer, while also are recognizing that they 583 00:38:01,360 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 2: can cause a number of problems due to the world 584 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,319 Speaker 2: we have built for them to live in. Yeah, they 585 00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:12,640 Speaker 2: are wild animals. They are wild animals. There are also 586 00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:16,560 Speaker 2: a whole lot of them. And as we talked about 587 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:22,520 Speaker 2: in our episode about tick born diseases, the prevalence of 588 00:38:22,640 --> 00:38:25,319 Speaker 2: lime disease seems to be associated with the fact that 589 00:38:25,320 --> 00:38:28,239 Speaker 2: there's a lot, a lot of deer nowadays. 590 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:31,480 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. If you would like to send us 591 00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:33,400 Speaker 1: a note about this or any other podcast, or at 592 00:38:33,480 --> 00:38:36,880 Speaker 1: History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe 593 00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:40,439 Speaker 1: to the show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else 594 00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:48,640 Speaker 1: you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in 595 00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:52,400 Speaker 1: History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 596 00:38:52,440 --> 00:38:56,560 Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 597 00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:01,280 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.