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Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

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Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

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Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads

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Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

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Speaker 2: need them to get home safely. Protect our cyclists and

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Speaker 2: pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely, California from the

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Speaker 2: California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, I know you like the joke that

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Speaker 1: any physics question I ask you could be answered with

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Speaker 1: the Big Bang.

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Speaker 3: I think that's a pretty solid answer for any science question,

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Speaker 3: you know, like why does this happen? And it's all

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Speaker 3: because of the Big Bang?

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Speaker 1: Man, you are like a deep philosopher of science.

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Speaker 3: Sometimes I think I just heard you say the Big

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Speaker 3: Bang too many times.

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Speaker 1: Well, I don't mean to burst your bubble, but I

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Speaker 1: think I finally found a question where the Big Bang

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Speaker 1: is not a valid answer.

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Speaker 3: What could not be due to the Big Bank?

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Speaker 1: Keep listening.

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Speaker 3: Hi am Horham, a cartoonists and the creator of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel Whison. I'm a particle physicist, and I

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Speaker 1: owe my existence to the Big Bang, as do we all,

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Speaker 1: as does this podcast.

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Speaker 3: That's right, even this podcast so Welcome to Daniel and

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Speaker 3: Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to our podcast, in which we explore things big

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Speaker 1: and small.

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Speaker 3: It's right, things out there, big and small, out there

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Speaker 3: in the universe, and even right here in our homes,

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Speaker 3: in our everyday lives. Something that we use almost too much.

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Speaker 3: I think, perhaps that's right.

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Speaker 1: One of the joys of being a physicist is looking

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Speaker 1: around you all the time and wondering how does that

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Speaker 1: thing work? And that extends to the cosmos and the

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Speaker 1: stars and the big questions of the universe, but it

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Speaker 1: also applies to just stuff happening around you. You know,

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Speaker 1: why does that leaf dance that way? Why does the

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Speaker 1: ball bounce this way? How do I make this thing happen?

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Speaker 1: Or how does this thing am I kitchen do its thing?

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Speaker 1: How does this magic happen?

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Speaker 3: There's crazy physics all around us, right, and potentially dangerous

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Speaker 3: sources of radiation in our own homes.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Basically the whole universe is crazy physics. I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's a good way to summarize the whole Right.

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Speaker 3: That's an alternate answer to the Big Bang? Why does

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Speaker 3: this particle do that? It's just crazy physics.

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Speaker 1: It's better than the answer being crazy physicists.

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Speaker 3: Right, a physicist crazy because of crazy physics.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure about the cause and effect there, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it might be the becoming a physicist makes you a

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Speaker 1: little bit crazy because you see the world through different eyes. Right,

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Speaker 1: everything you look at you try to understand in terms

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Speaker 1: of an equation or model, or try to dig down

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Speaker 1: and understand how this emergent phenomenon can be explained by

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Speaker 1: tiny little particles bumping up against each other.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 3: So on this podcast we usually tackle very big topics

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Speaker 3: like the size of the universe or where did the

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Speaker 3: Big Bang come from? But sometimes we like to tackle

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Speaker 3: smaller topics or opistad are in everyone's everyday life. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: so to the on the podcast, we'll be tackling something

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Speaker 3: that everyone has in their kitchens. So today on the program,

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Speaker 3: we'll be asking the question how does a microwave work?

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Speaker 3: Or I guess more specifically, how does a microwave oven work?

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Speaker 1: Well, you know what a microwave is. You put the

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Speaker 1: stuff in there, you press the button, It spins, it beeps,

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Speaker 1: it turns around, and it comes out hot. Right, But

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Speaker 1: how does that actually happen? What's the physics that's going

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Speaker 1: on there?

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Speaker 3: Yeah? How do microwaves work? I mean, we've had them

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Speaker 3: around for a long time. It seems right to heat

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Speaker 3: up our foods our in our snacks in our hot pockets.

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Speaker 1: They first appeared in kitchens in the late fifties, I think,

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Speaker 1: so it's been decades.

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Speaker 3: Faties around for a while.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And like many useful inventions, they were discovered by accident.

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Speaker 1: They were discovered by a physicist poking around trying to

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Speaker 1: do one thing, discovered something else.

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Speaker 3: Useful another way to say time right, For a lot

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Speaker 3: of people, it's sort of it's sort of a convenience appliance.

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Speaker 3: Like if you were to heat things up in the

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Speaker 3: regular oven, it would just it would take much longer,

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Speaker 3: but in a microwave, things seem to get hot really fast.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And you know, I don't want to take any

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Speaker 1: esteem out of this this podcast episode, but I'll admit

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Speaker 1: that the microwave in our kitchen at home has been

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Speaker 1: broken for about five years. And yeah, it's built into

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Speaker 1: the double oven thing we have, so to get it repaired,

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Speaker 1: we have to replace the whole thing. So we just

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Speaker 1: sort of put it off forever. And the truth is

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Speaker 1: we haven't really missed it or never really noticed.

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Speaker 3: You've lived without a microwave for five years.

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Speaker 1: It is possible, people for that a microwave. Yes, it

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Speaker 1: turns out you can make popcorn on the stove.

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Speaker 3: So what do you use it for? Which is like

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Speaker 3: a storage you store some pots and dance it? Or

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Speaker 3: did you clean it? Did you clean it before you

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Speaker 3: abandoned it? I wonder if you opened this now.

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Speaker 1: It's never been cleaned. No, you know our pet rats

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Speaker 1: like to hang out in there. No, okay, we don't

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Speaker 1: use it for anything. It just you up space in

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Speaker 1: the kitchen.

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Speaker 3: Wow, So you don't use the mark. So if you

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Speaker 3: have to heat up a quick thing, you just what

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Speaker 3: do you do? You eat it cold?

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Speaker 1: No? We got a toaster oven, We got an electric

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Speaker 1: water kettle, We got a stove top that serves for

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Speaker 1: mostly everything. Yeah, turns out life is possible without a microwave.

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Speaker 1: But it's a fascinating object in so many people's kitchen,

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Speaker 1: and lots of people swear by it. So I thought

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Speaker 1: it'd be interesting to dig into the physics of it.

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Speaker 1: And it turns out that very few people know how

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Speaker 1: microwave works, and the people who think they know how

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Speaker 1: microwave works probably have it wrong.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. I was reading through these notes and I realized

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Speaker 3: I have no idea how a microwave oven works, or

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Speaker 3: I thought I did, but it turns out.

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Speaker 1: That I don't, and so that sort of brings up

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Speaker 1: an interesting question, like there's so many people out there

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Speaker 1: who use a microwave, almost nobody knows how it works.

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Speaker 1: How come nobody seems to have spent any time thinking

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Speaker 1: about it or wondering about it. Is it just physicists

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Speaker 1: who want to understand how the stuff around us work,

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Speaker 1: and everybody else is sort of happy to just press

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Speaker 1: a button and get their popcorn.

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Speaker 3: I wonder if it's a generational thing, you know, at

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Speaker 3: this point, and most people grew up with the microwave.

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Speaker 3: You know, it's sort of like it's just there. It's

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Speaker 3: like nobody sits around wondering how a refrigerator works or

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Speaker 3: how a pencil works.

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Speaker 4: You know.

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Speaker 1: I think my kids ask me how refrigerators work. I

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Speaker 1: want to know how things work that existed in the

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Speaker 1: universe before I came to be. I'm not like Big Bang,

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Speaker 1: that's old news. I'm only interested in new stuff.

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Speaker 3: It's not trending the Big Bang, it's not trending. I

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Speaker 3: don't care. So it's something that everyone is probably familiar

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Speaker 3: with and maybe most people own. But we were wondering

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Speaker 3: how many people out there and know how a microwave

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Speaker 3: actually works.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So I walked around the streets of Aspen, Colorado,

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Speaker 1: a place where people come from all over the world,

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Speaker 1: with all sorts of different backgrounds, and I asked folks

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Speaker 1: if they knew how a microwave worked.

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Speaker 3: So most people in Aspen, Colorado own multiple microwaves.

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Speaker 1: They probably own multiple microwave companies, That's what I mean.

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Speaker 1: And they say, I don't care as long as the

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Speaker 1: share price keeps going up.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, So think about it for a second. If you

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Speaker 3: were skiing out there and Askma Colorado, and then a

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Speaker 3: scruffy physicist asks you, hey, how does a microwave work?

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Speaker 3: What do you think you would answer? Here's what people

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Speaker 3: had to say.

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Speaker 1: Nope, best guess microwaves of.

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Speaker 3: An electricity fastened through food.

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Speaker 1: No electricity turned into.

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Speaker 3: Something genetically modifies your food.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, it has a right.

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Speaker 1: Onto, right on too. And how does that heat up

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Speaker 1: your food?

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Speaker 3: The moisture in the.

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Speaker 2: Food is what caused the heat up.

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Speaker 3: Yes, electricity, then, so.

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Speaker 1: Can you english something abound electricity coming down in waves?

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Speaker 1: You'd say, start and then what happens microwaves?

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Speaker 4: No, I do not know.

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Speaker 1: Do you know how a microwave works.

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Speaker 5: I do, oh how it works? Maybe not?

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Speaker 1: We press pluster just second spots and then start.

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Speaker 3: All right. It seems that those microwave company owners in

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Speaker 3: Asthmen don't really have much of an idea of how

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Speaker 3: they work.

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Speaker 1: Well, I was amazed at the huge variety of answers.

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Speaker 1: I mean, we got radiation, we got genetic modification to

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Speaker 1: the foods. There's that one guy who seemed to understand

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Speaker 1: how microwave worked, but he could only explain it in

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Speaker 1: Japanese to his wife.

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Speaker 3: Well, that's the same with me. I know how it works,

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Speaker 3: but I only know how it works in Japan. I

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Speaker 3: like the guy who said, how does a micro work?

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Speaker 3: You just press the start button. That's how it works, right.

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Speaker 1: I know, Like I was asking for tips, like help,

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Speaker 1: I need to use the microwave and I don't know

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Speaker 1: how it works.

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Speaker 3: Please give me advice, tell me my food is cold, like.

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Speaker 1: I'm out here on the street with my recorder looking

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Speaker 1: for tech support from my micro.

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Speaker 3: Well he would have been helpful.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, And you know, and you were heard a

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Speaker 1: couple of people say or what I think is a

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Speaker 1: common trope, which is that the microwave heats up the water, right,

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Speaker 1: which I think is a common misunderstanding. We'll get into

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Speaker 1: it later, but that's not how a microwave works.

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Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, that's what I thought too. And also some

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Speaker 3: people said it has to do with electricity, like somehow

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Speaker 3: it uses electricity to zap your food.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know it does use electricity. It's not

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Speaker 1: like it's a coal powered microwave or something.

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Speaker 3: Steampunk steam punk microwave, like you have all the steam,

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Speaker 3: but you convert it to microwaves.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, somebody out there probably has done that, you know.

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Speaker 1: On our recent episode about gravitons, I wondered out loud

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Speaker 1: what a gravitron was, and that moment in our podcast

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Speaker 1: I think might have generated the most listener response because

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Speaker 1: I got dozens of emails from people who had ridden

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Speaker 1: in their childhood a gravitron, an amusement park ride. So

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Speaker 1: that generated the most the most emails of any thing

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Speaker 1: we've ever done so far.

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Speaker 3: I actually know that because that was on the latest

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Speaker 3: season of Stranger Things.

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Speaker 1: Yes, you're right, there was a scene in the gravitron.

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Speaker 1: So if anybody out there knows of a coal powered microwave,

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Speaker 1: please ride in and send us a picture. I'd love

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Speaker 1: to see it.

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Speaker 3: Well, so, not a lot of people know how a

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Speaker 3: microwave works, and I didn't know apparently how a microwave works.

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Speaker 3: So let's get into it. But maybe first weh you

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Speaker 3: talk about how normal ovens work, like the ones with

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Speaker 3: gas or the ones that are electric, not the microwave kind.

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Speaker 1: So a normal oven basically works by heating the air

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Speaker 1: inside the oven, and then the air heats your food, right,

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Speaker 1: And that's you'll notice this because if you open a

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Speaker 1: normal oven, you get like a rush of hot air

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Speaker 1: that comes out and burns your face, right, Whereas if

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Speaker 1: you open a microwave, you don't notice that.

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Speaker 3: In a regular oven, you rely you like, you put

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Speaker 3: the energy into the air, and then you rely on

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Speaker 3: the air to give the energy to your food.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And remember, on a microscopic level, what's happening

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Speaker 1: is that the air is heating up, and that means

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Speaker 1: that the air molecules are getting faster. Right. We talked

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Speaker 1: about temperature in another episode. It's sort of a crazy concept,

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Speaker 1: but the simplest idea is that you're just speeding up

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Speaker 1: the air molecules, so they're zooming around faster and faster

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Speaker 1: inside the oven, and sometimes they bounce into your food

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Speaker 1: and they deposit some energy, so they heat up the

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Speaker 1: molecules in your food. Right. Maybe your oven is gas

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Speaker 1: and has little flames, or it has heating element if

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Speaker 1: it's an electric oven, and that heats up the air, right,

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Speaker 1: which speeds up those molecules, and they bounce into the

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Speaker 1: molecules of your food and heat them up.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, when you put it like that, it seems really

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Speaker 3: inefficient to think about ovens like that. The air and

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Speaker 3: then the air you have to wait for the air

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Speaker 3: to bump into your food, and then it only bumps

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Speaker 3: into the surface, right, the outer skin of your food.

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Speaker 3: So that's why it takes a while to heat up

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Speaker 3: in a regular oven.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And they're super inefficient in my house because

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Speaker 1: every time I'm baking something, somebody will walk by the

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Speaker 1: oven every five minutes and open it up. Ooh, what's

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Speaker 1: in there? And then all the hot rushes out and

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Speaker 1: you gotta heat of the whole oven. Again.

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Speaker 3: I'm surprised you're regular oven works, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna put a lock on it or something.

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Speaker 3: But yeah, that's a campfire every night.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly why. That's exactly why the food in your

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Speaker 1: oven heats from the outside in because the outside is

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Speaker 1: the only part exposed to the air, right, So the

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Speaker 1: outside of your food, the outside layer gets heated by

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Speaker 1: the air and the inside gets heated by the outside.

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Speaker 1: Like you're cooking a turkey, the skin gets hot first,

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Speaker 1: and then the heat of the skin cooks the next layer,

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Speaker 1: and that layer cooks the next layer, and that layer

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Speaker 1: cooks the next layer. So it's sort of like heat

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Speaker 1: propagating through the turkey, but has to start from the outside.

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Speaker 1: That's the hottest part.

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Speaker 3: Right, And that's kind of then that's kind of good

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Speaker 3: sometimes because that's where you get you know, crunchy crusts.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you get this browning effect from the hot air.

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Speaker 1: And that's because the air can get to a sort

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Speaker 1: of a high enough temperature to be like caramelization, and

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Speaker 1: that gives you the good browning stuff. And you know,

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Speaker 1: sometimes you want that. You want the outside to be

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Speaker 1: crunchier and hotter than the inside. Like for a turkey,

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Speaker 1: you don't want the breast meat to get up to

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Speaker 1: a certain temperature because then it gets dry, but you

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Speaker 1: do want the outside of a higher temperature. So for

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Speaker 1: things where you want the outside hot or and the

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Speaker 1: inside a little bit cooler. A convection oven is perfect.

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Speaker 3: Okay, So it doesn't sound super efficient.

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Speaker 1: But it's an old, old timey trusted technology we've been doing.

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Speaker 1: We've been using ovens for thousands and thousands of years.

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Speaker 3: It doesn't break down like it doesn't crib.

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Speaker 1: That's right. I mean in the old days, before we

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Speaker 1: had gas ovens and electric ovens, an oven was just

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Speaker 1: like an enclosed space with a bunch of burning wood

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Speaker 1: in it, right, And people still do that, like a

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Speaker 1: pizza oven.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 1: It can get up to eight hundred degrees or nine

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Speaker 1: hundred degrees, and you see these things, they're just like

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Speaker 1: they got wood burning in the back. And it's just

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Speaker 1: an enclosed space to trap the heat. Because if you

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Speaker 1: have a fire without walls around it, then the heat

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Speaker 1: just rises and you can cook over it, but it's

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Speaker 1: much less efficient. So you just enclose it to sort

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Speaker 1: of capture the heat where you are. And that's an oven.

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Speaker 1: That's all an oven is is a heat source and

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Speaker 1: something to capture it to the air stays hot, all right.

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Speaker 3: That's how normal ovens work. So let's get into microwaves.

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Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about microwave ovens and how they work.

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Speaker 3: So Daniel break it down for us. How does a

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Speaker 3: microwave oven work?

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Speaker 1: Well, maybe we first we should figure out we should

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Speaker 1: talk about what a microwave is, right, Like, what is

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Speaker 1: this thing?

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Speaker 3: We tackle the word oven. Now we're tackling the word

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Speaker 3: microve waves. But first let's bring it that into micro

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Speaker 3: and wave.

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Speaker 1: What is the letter M really means? What is letter

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Speaker 1: I really mean?

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Speaker 3: Three hours later we'll get to the answer.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty simple. Actually, a microwave is just a kind

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Speaker 1: of light. Right. Remember that all these things gamma rays,

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Speaker 1: X rays, UV light, visible light, radio waves, These are

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Speaker 1: all just parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Speaker 3: It's not like a special kind of ray or a

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Speaker 3: special kind of particle, or you know, laser is just

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Speaker 3: plane o light.

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Speaker 1: It's just plane old electromagnetic radiation, right, And a microwave

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Speaker 1: just refers to the wavelength of that radiation. So remember,

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Speaker 1: the thing that differentiates a gamma ray from ultraviolet light,

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Speaker 1: from visible light from X rays or radio waves is

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Speaker 1: just the frequency of the wiggling right. All these things

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Speaker 1: are electromagnetic fields oscillating up and down and left and right,

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Speaker 1: and the speed at which they oscillate, how many times

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Speaker 1: they oscillate per second, right, or equivalently, the wavelength of

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Speaker 1: their oscillation right, how long that wave is determines which

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Speaker 1: one it is, And so radio waves are the ones

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Speaker 1: with the really long wavelengths. Like there are radio waves

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Speaker 1: that have lengths like, you know, dozens and dozens of meters, microwaves.

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00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,959
Speaker 1: It's sort of a confusing name because microwaves are radio

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Speaker 1: waves with shorter wavelengths, so down to about twelve centimeter,

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Speaker 1: But it's only shorter compared to radio waves, which have

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Speaker 1: like dozens of meters of wavelength. They're not short compared

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Speaker 1: to light, visible light like nanometers.

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Speaker 3: They're not microscopic, that's.

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Speaker 1: Right, They're only micro compared to really big radio waves

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Speaker 1: scale thing. Huh.

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Speaker 3: So there, microwaves are actually like megawaves compared to like

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Speaker 3: the visible light that we all see every.

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Speaker 1: Day, Yeah, which is wavelengths of like hundreds of nanometers,

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00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:06,680
Speaker 1: which is tiny. Right. These things have wavelengths that are

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Speaker 1: you know, twelve centimeters. That's you know, the size of

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Speaker 1: your hand or something like that. So these things have

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Speaker 1: real physical wavelength.

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Speaker 3: Wait, are you telling me that physicists names something in

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Speaker 3: a confusing way?

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Speaker 1: What are you telling me that you're surprised that confusing?

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Speaker 3: To sha touche i should.

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00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:28,800
Speaker 1: Anything named in the pre Jorge epoch is defined to

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Speaker 1: be confusing because you were not involved.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, the PJ.

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Speaker 1: We don't like to talk about it. You know, it's

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Speaker 1: a dark period in the history of physics, but it

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Speaker 1: does exist.

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Speaker 3: Okay, So there there are microwaves, but they're not really

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Speaker 3: micro they're actually like, you know, twelve centimeters. It's sort

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Speaker 3: of like the length of your hand.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly, And so that's what a microwave is.

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Speaker 1: And then you might wonder like, all right, but you know,

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Speaker 1: how does that heat my food? If I shine my

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Speaker 1: flashlight at a turkey, it doesn't cook it, right, cook

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Speaker 1: it not?

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Speaker 3: Well, it depends on your flashlight, doesn't it.

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00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,600
Speaker 1: If your flashlight is the large Hadron collider, then yeah.

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00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:14,720
Speaker 3: Maybe, yeah, that's what I mean. It's not that the

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00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:16,960
Speaker 3: regular light doesn't cook, it's just that it doesn't cook

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Speaker 3: as well.

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00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:19,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. It does deposit some energy, it just

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00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:23,040
Speaker 1: doesn't have that much energy on it. But essentially, the

441
00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:25,680
Speaker 1: way a microwave oven works is that it blasts your

442
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,840
Speaker 1: food with microwave radiation, right.

443
00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:31,960
Speaker 3: Which, again, radiation, It sounds scary, but it's really just light.

444
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:34,399
Speaker 1: Yeah. Light is an example of radiation. So this is

445
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:38,359
Speaker 1: just another kind of electromagnetic radiation. And you might be

446
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:41,760
Speaker 1: wondering like, well, okay, why does this specific frequency of

447
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:43,840
Speaker 1: radiation tend to heat up your food? Why does that

448
00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:46,800
Speaker 1: do that? Right? Well, one thing you'll notice is that

449
00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:49,840
Speaker 1: when you open up a microwave oven after you've cooked

450
00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,800
Speaker 1: your food, right, that the air inside the microwave oven

451
00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:55,520
Speaker 1: is not hot. So a lot of people think that

452
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:59,040
Speaker 1: the way a microwave works is that the microwave radiation

453
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:01,800
Speaker 1: heats up the water inside the food.

454
00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, I've heard I've heard of that. Yeah, Like somehow

455
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:07,959
Speaker 3: there's something like it only heats up the water molecules,

456
00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,080
Speaker 3: or preferentially the water molecules in your food. That's kind

457
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:14,160
Speaker 3: of why, Like if you stick a plastic plate, it's

458
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,240
Speaker 3: not gonna heat up as much as if you put,

459
00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:17,800
Speaker 3: you know, a hot dog.

460
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:21,160
Speaker 1: And there is some truth to that, right, a microwave

461
00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:23,560
Speaker 1: will heat up some kinds of food more than other

462
00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:26,160
Speaker 1: kinds of food. But the reason that some people give

463
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:29,600
Speaker 1: is that they think that a microwave has like a

464
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:34,040
Speaker 1: resonant frequency with the water. Remember, microscopically, water is made

465
00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:36,600
Speaker 1: out of molecules, and those molecules can do things like

466
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:41,119
Speaker 1: spin and vibrate, and like all atomic stuff, it's quantum mechanical,

467
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:45,040
Speaker 1: which means it can only accept radiation. It's certain frequencies,

468
00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:48,320
Speaker 1: Like we talked about how atoms can absorb wavelengths, certain

469
00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:51,280
Speaker 1: wavelengths of light and not other wavelengths of light. So

470
00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:53,720
Speaker 1: some people, I think, imagine that this is what's happening

471
00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:56,639
Speaker 1: inside your microwave, that water can absorb frequency at this

472
00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:00,000
Speaker 1: wavelength and the air and the other stuff can't. Right,

473
00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:01,920
Speaker 1: So that's a common misconception right.

474
00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:04,400
Speaker 3: And when you say resonant frequency, you mean like kind

475
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,040
Speaker 3: of like a water. It's the idea that water has

476
00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:09,720
Speaker 3: kind of an internal bounciness to it, right, like an

477
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:14,360
Speaker 3: internal like frequency. It likes to bounce around like a

478
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:15,040
Speaker 3: guitar string.

479
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,280
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, And it's true of every atom, right. They

480
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:21,679
Speaker 1: do have special frequencies at which they like to vibrate,

481
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:23,359
Speaker 1: and it depends on the atom and how it's built

482
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:25,479
Speaker 1: and how the electrons are organized and all that stuff,

483
00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:28,160
Speaker 1: and so they do have special resonant frequencies that they

484
00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:31,520
Speaker 1: do like to absorb radiation. But that's not what's happening here.

485
00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:33,879
Speaker 1: That's not the way that the microwave works. It's not

486
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,520
Speaker 1: it's not definitely not No, it's a totally different but

487
00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:39,400
Speaker 1: really fascinating mechanism.

488
00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:43,879
Speaker 3: You just nuke my brain here. I just tried my

489
00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:47,520
Speaker 3: start my illusion of understanding here. Okay, So it's not

490
00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:49,960
Speaker 3: making a resonance with the water, So how is it?

491
00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:52,560
Speaker 3: But it is it is sort of related to water, right, Like,

492
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:56,600
Speaker 3: there's something about water molecules that microwaves are kind of

493
00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,719
Speaker 3: specially tuned to a heat up.

494
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's a different process. It's called dielectric heating. Essentially,

495
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,760
Speaker 1: it's because water molecules they have the same number of

496
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:11,680
Speaker 1: positive and negative charges, but they're not exactly balanced in

497
00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:14,320
Speaker 1: the same place, right, which means that one part of

498
00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,119
Speaker 1: the water molecule is a little more positive and another

499
00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:19,920
Speaker 1: part is a little more negative. So overall there's a

500
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:21,719
Speaker 1: little bit of a separation of the charges.

501
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,520
Speaker 3: So what happens when electromtid water is more optimistic dealing,

502
00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:26,600
Speaker 3: what's more pessimistic?

503
00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:32,080
Speaker 1: That's right, you got the upside in the downside somewhat.

504
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,480
Speaker 3: Some water molecules are like this, glasses half full of

505
00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:39,480
Speaker 3: us is like this, classes have empty of us.

506
00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:44,120
Speaker 1: It's a big But what happens when electromagnetic waves come by?

507
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:48,280
Speaker 1: I remember electromagnetic waves interact with things that have charge, right,

508
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:51,080
Speaker 1: negative and positive charge, and so what they do is

509
00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: that one part of the molecule gets pushed one way

510
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:55,880
Speaker 1: and the other part has the other charge gets pushed

511
00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:56,680
Speaker 1: the other way.

512
00:24:57,680 --> 00:24:59,560
Speaker 3: You're saying, like a water molecule is kind of like

513
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:03,359
Speaker 3: a little where one end is sort of negative and

514
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,359
Speaker 3: the other side is positive. So it's not like perfectly even.

515
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:09,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's kind of like a magnet in that there

516
00:25:09,520 --> 00:25:11,560
Speaker 1: are north and south right but in this case, we're

517
00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,720
Speaker 1: talking about electric charges, and they're positive and negative, and

518
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:16,520
Speaker 1: the waves come by and they tweak it, and they

519
00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:19,000
Speaker 1: tweak it differently because the charge is different on one

520
00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:22,120
Speaker 1: side than the other. Right, it's overall neutral, but you've

521
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,439
Speaker 1: separated the charges a little bit so that you have

522
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,800
Speaker 1: a positive and negative. So the wave gives the two

523
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:30,639
Speaker 1: sides a different kick right in different directions, and that

524
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,280
Speaker 1: spins it. But the thing about a wave is that

525
00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:34,960
Speaker 1: it's a wave, which means it goes up and then

526
00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:37,159
Speaker 1: it goes down. So now the other part of the

527
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:39,360
Speaker 1: wave comes by and it spins it the other direction.

528
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:42,320
Speaker 1: And so essentially what happens when these waves come by

529
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:45,240
Speaker 1: a water molecule is they spin them back and then forth,

530
00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:47,320
Speaker 1: and then back and then forth, and so they're sort

531
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,760
Speaker 1: of like they're spinning all the little molecules. All the

532
00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:53,439
Speaker 1: little water molecules in your food gets spun back and

533
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:54,800
Speaker 1: forth by this microwave.

534
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,560
Speaker 3: So it's not like an internal vibration. It's more like

535
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,919
Speaker 3: a but it is sort of a essonance right like

536
00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,119
Speaker 3: in how it spins, like it likes to spin at

537
00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,120
Speaker 3: that frequency or the special resonance.

538
00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:09,560
Speaker 1: It's just it's the fact that it has this Anything

539
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,560
Speaker 1: in your food that has a electric dipole will get

540
00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:15,040
Speaker 1: spun this way. It just so happens that water is

541
00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:17,400
Speaker 1: pretty good at getting spun that way because the arrangement

542
00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:20,359
Speaker 1: of the atoms inside the water molecule gives it a

543
00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:22,440
Speaker 1: larger electric dipole than things like.

544
00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,280
Speaker 3: Plastic which we're not supposed to eat.

545
00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:27,959
Speaker 1: Which were not supposed to eat. And so what happens.

546
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,160
Speaker 1: You heat up all the water molecules and they got

547
00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,280
Speaker 1: a lot of energy now, right, and then they spread

548
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:34,639
Speaker 1: the energy did the stuff around it. So you're cooking

549
00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:36,960
Speaker 1: a turkey, right, you heat up with the water molecules,

550
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,640
Speaker 1: and then the heat spreads out right from the water

551
00:26:39,680 --> 00:26:42,000
Speaker 1: molecules to the other stuff that didn't get sort of

552
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:44,879
Speaker 1: mixed up or spun around. I'm sort of thinking about it,

553
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,760
Speaker 1: like to cook something with a microwave. You take like

554
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:50,680
Speaker 1: a billion tiny little spoons and you stir up each

555
00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:52,000
Speaker 1: of the little water molecules.

556
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:54,560
Speaker 3: You're like shaking. You're shaking each molecule.

557
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you're shaking their booties and they're dancing and

558
00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,000
Speaker 1: they spread their energy out to other stuff. And so

559
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,000
Speaker 1: that's how the non the stuff that in your food

560
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:05,719
Speaker 1: that doesn't have an electric dipole also gets heated up.

561
00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:08,280
Speaker 3: So it is sort of there is something about water,

562
00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:09,879
Speaker 3: but it's not. It doesn't have to do with this

563
00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:13,399
Speaker 3: sort of internal resonance. It's just really it's just it

564
00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,480
Speaker 3: just has this kind of a magnet like structure.

565
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:19,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's the electric dipole structure. And the fascinating

566
00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,760
Speaker 1: thing is that for this to work, the water molecules

567
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:25,000
Speaker 1: have to be able to wiggle, right. The key is

568
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:26,679
Speaker 1: you're like turning it and then turning it back, and

569
00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:29,080
Speaker 1: turning it and turning it back. So this is something

570
00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:32,679
Speaker 1: I didn't understand very well, but that frozen water is

571
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,280
Speaker 1: harder to heat up in the microwave than liquid water

572
00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:38,720
Speaker 1: because the molecules can't wiggle as much because they're trapped

573
00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:39,760
Speaker 1: in this ice crystal.

574
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:42,879
Speaker 3: It's frozen too, right, So it's just naturally harder to

575
00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:44,399
Speaker 3: heat up because it's already cold.

576
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:46,600
Speaker 1: That's true. It takes longer to heat up to a

577
00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:50,640
Speaker 1: certain temperature, but it absorbs microwaves less efficiently when it's

578
00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:52,400
Speaker 1: frozen than when it's liquid.

579
00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:54,560
Speaker 3: So it like it takes in the energy, but because

580
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,959
Speaker 3: they can't move, that energy doesn't get absorbed.

581
00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:02,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. They the wave comes by and it tries

582
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,720
Speaker 1: to wiggle that little water molecule because it has that

583
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:08,480
Speaker 1: electric dipole, but it just doesn't get wiggled as much,

584
00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:11,080
Speaker 1: and so it doesn't absorb as much energy. And then

585
00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:13,840
Speaker 1: you know, later when it's freer because it's you melted

586
00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:15,879
Speaker 1: it a little bit, then it can get mixed up

587
00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:16,399
Speaker 1: even better.

588
00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:18,200
Speaker 3: Wow.

589
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:21,360
Speaker 1: I imagine, you know, imagine trying to take a frozen

590
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,320
Speaker 1: block of water and mixing it up until it melts. Right,

591
00:28:24,359 --> 00:28:26,560
Speaker 1: that's not going to be very efficient. But you could

592
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 1: put a spoon into a bowl of water and mix

593
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,480
Speaker 1: it around until it got really hot. That's more efficient.

594
00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:35,399
Speaker 3: And I guess it's convenient because most of the things

595
00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:37,680
Speaker 3: we eat have water in it, right.

596
00:28:37,720 --> 00:28:40,080
Speaker 1: That's right, And that's a convenient overlap between our diet

597
00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:43,200
Speaker 1: and the physics. Another misconception that people have is I

598
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,000
Speaker 1: think that people think that microwaves cook their food from

599
00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:50,120
Speaker 1: the inside out, or that it cooks it totally evenly, right,

600
00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:52,280
Speaker 1: that it doesn't really matter where it is because it's

601
00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:55,000
Speaker 1: this mysterios quantum mechanical thing that's happening.

602
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,400
Speaker 3: So you're saying it doesn't heat up from the inside.

603
00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:01,280
Speaker 1: No, it doesn't actually, because these microwaves penetrate the food,

604
00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:03,520
Speaker 1: but they only penetrate a few centimeters. They can't get

605
00:29:03,560 --> 00:29:06,320
Speaker 1: all the way in. Their energy gets absorbed before they

606
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:09,000
Speaker 1: get really deep into the food, and so the stuff

607
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,560
Speaker 1: that's cooking the inside of your turkey in a microwave

608
00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:13,720
Speaker 1: is still the outside of the turkey. Right. All you

609
00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,240
Speaker 1: can do is heat the outside and then the inside

610
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 1: gets heated by the next layer. And a lot of

611
00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:21,400
Speaker 1: people have microwaves with like a defrost setting on it

612
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,520
Speaker 1: and you press the button. It doesn't automatically. What it

613
00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,920
Speaker 1: actually does often is that it runs for a little

614
00:29:27,960 --> 00:29:29,800
Speaker 1: while and then it just turns off. It looks like

615
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:32,480
Speaker 1: it's doing something, but it turns off the microwaves and

616
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,520
Speaker 1: it just sort of lets the heat flow around for

617
00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:35,080
Speaker 1: a little bit.

618
00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,720
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, So it doesn't cook. The outside doesn't cook,

619
00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,200
Speaker 3: it's just you know, heats it up in bursts.

620
00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:45,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And different parts of your food will get

621
00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:48,520
Speaker 1: hot differently, and the reason is, of course, you know,

622
00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:51,080
Speaker 1: different parts of different amounts of water. But also it's

623
00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:55,600
Speaker 1: really difficult to get an even dose of radiation, right.

624
00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:59,320
Speaker 1: It's generating this radiation using a little cavity called a

625
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,800
Speaker 1: magnet and it's really hard to get like an exactly

626
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:08,200
Speaker 1: even density of microwave radiation inside your microwave, and so

627
00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:10,200
Speaker 1: you have hot spots and cold spots.

628
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:12,680
Speaker 3: Yeah. Well, I always thought that the reason that the

629
00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:17,080
Speaker 3: inside get hotter than the outsides was because you know,

630
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:21,240
Speaker 3: I imagine my food is getting bombarded by microwaves from

631
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,760
Speaker 3: all directions, and it's the center of my food that's

632
00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:28,520
Speaker 3: getting hit by all directions more than any other part,

633
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,440
Speaker 3: you know what I mean, Like it's surrounded, so all

634
00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 3: the microwaves sort of concentrate in the middle. Isn't that

635
00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:35,600
Speaker 3: the reason why maybe the center would heat up more.

636
00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:37,760
Speaker 1: Well, that would be true if the microwaves are sort

637
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:41,360
Speaker 1: of aimed at the center from some source on the outside,

638
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:45,640
Speaker 1: But that's not how they're generated. This one source, this magnetron,

639
00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,600
Speaker 1: which is a pretty cool name. It generates all the

640
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:50,840
Speaker 1: radiation and this little wave guid that just sort of

641
00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:55,000
Speaker 1: dumps it out into your microwave. And more expensive, fancier

642
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,920
Speaker 1: ones have more complicated or double magnetrons to try to

643
00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:00,240
Speaker 1: make it even. But the best thing you can do

644
00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:02,560
Speaker 1: to get even cooking of your food is to put

645
00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:04,640
Speaker 1: it to make it spin, so it sort of rotates

646
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: your food through the hot spots and the cold spots.

647
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:09,520
Speaker 1: But you shouldn't just put it in the center.

648
00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:09,680
Speaker 3: Right.

649
00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:11,040
Speaker 1: If you just put it right in the center of

650
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,880
Speaker 1: your turntable, then all your food is doing is spinning around.

651
00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:17,320
Speaker 1: It's not actually moving through the hot and the cold spots.

652
00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:21,520
Speaker 3: All right, let's get into how microwaves actually make the microwaves,

653
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:23,320
Speaker 3: But first let's take a quick break.

654
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:29,720
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

655
00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:32,960
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of greeky yogurt, you're probably

656
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:37,040
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

657
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,720
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

658
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:44,040
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel. So let's get into how a microwave

690
00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:26,600
Speaker 3: makes microwaves. And you're saying that it uses a couple

691
00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 3: of transformer toys.

692
00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:30,720
Speaker 1: This alien came to Earth and transformed from a killer

693
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:32,880
Speaker 1: robot into a kitchen appliance.

694
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:35,440
Speaker 3: And its name was Magnetron.

695
00:33:35,640 --> 00:33:39,800
Speaker 1: Was magnetron no, And this is why microwaves were discovered

696
00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: by physicists. There's a guy, Percy Spencer, and he was

697
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,640
Speaker 1: playing with magnetrons because he was interested in using microwaves

698
00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:49,160
Speaker 1: for like navigation and for radar. I think he was

699
00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:51,280
Speaker 1: probably funded by like the US Navy or the Air

700
00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:52,360
Speaker 1: Force or something for.

701
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:54,680
Speaker 3: Like communications, like to transmit stuff.

702
00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:58,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, to either transmit stuff or just detect, like you know,

703
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,160
Speaker 1: where are the rocks and where's the coastline? And in

704
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:03,920
Speaker 1: this kind of stuff, you know, useful radar stuff where

705
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:06,600
Speaker 1: are the enemy ships and all that stuff. And he

706
00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:09,920
Speaker 1: had built this magnetron and a magnetron is just something

707
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:12,080
Speaker 1: that generates microwave radiation.

708
00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:14,160
Speaker 3: How does a magnetron make microwaves?

709
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,759
Speaker 1: How do you make microwaves in general? Well, the way

710
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,000
Speaker 1: to make radiation is, you know, you find something in

711
00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:23,640
Speaker 1: nature which normally produces that radiation. You know, because it

712
00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:26,480
Speaker 1: has a resonant frequency, it likes to wiggle in exactly

713
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:29,040
Speaker 1: the right way to make that radiation. You can do that,

714
00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:33,040
Speaker 1: or you can build a cavity that makes it so

715
00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:36,640
Speaker 1: that electrons have exactly that resonant frequency, Like you build

716
00:34:36,719 --> 00:34:40,160
Speaker 1: a little metal box and so that when electrons go

717
00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:43,040
Speaker 1: in there, they like to shake around at exactly the

718
00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:45,520
Speaker 1: frequency you want to generate. And that's essentially what a

719
00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:50,200
Speaker 1: magnetron is. Yeah, exactly. It's a lot like a musical instrument,

720
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: you know, and a musical instrument, the shape and the

721
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:56,680
Speaker 1: size of the cavity determines exactly the acoustic waves that

722
00:34:56,719 --> 00:34:59,520
Speaker 1: you can generate from it. Right, you can shorten the

723
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:02,360
Speaker 1: cavity link in the cavity by putting your fingers on

724
00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,120
Speaker 1: the keys exactly. So magnetron is just a cavity where

725
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:08,720
Speaker 1: you shoot electrons. You have magnetic and you have magnetic

726
00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:11,359
Speaker 1: fields in there in order to generate exactly the right

727
00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:13,719
Speaker 1: kind of frequency. And you can generate different frequencies by

728
00:35:13,760 --> 00:35:15,360
Speaker 1: having a different sized cavity.

729
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:17,680
Speaker 3: So you shoot the electrons in and they all sort

730
00:35:17,719 --> 00:35:21,680
Speaker 3: of sync up and then outcomes this kind of synchronize

731
00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,839
Speaker 3: ray of light.

732
00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:28,399
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, of radiation. And for those of you who

733
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:30,760
Speaker 1: know any quantum mechanics, you know that when you create

734
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:34,320
Speaker 1: a confined space like an infinite well, for those of

735
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:37,400
Speaker 1: you have taken physics, that's when you get quantum mechanical effects.

736
00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,960
Speaker 1: That you get special resonant frequencies energy levels for example.

737
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:43,960
Speaker 1: So the same way you have energy levels around an atom,

738
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,719
Speaker 1: you can have energy levels inside a cavity. And so

739
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:48,680
Speaker 1: you get electrons in there and they like to wiggle

740
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:51,200
Speaker 1: this energy level and then they jump down an energy

741
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:53,640
Speaker 1: level and give off that radiation, which is then at

742
00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:54,839
Speaker 1: the frequency that you want.

743
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:57,359
Speaker 3: So the microwave in my kitchen has one of these

744
00:35:57,400 --> 00:35:59,800
Speaker 3: magnetrons like a little two.

745
00:35:59,480 --> 00:36:02,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exact fact. Everybody who has a microwave has a

746
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:08,000
Speaker 1: little radiation creating device in their microwave. But don't worry, right,

747
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:10,640
Speaker 1: that sounds crazy, like what I'm exposing myself to radiation?

748
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:13,720
Speaker 1: You know, you're exposing your coffee to radiation. But also

749
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,960
Speaker 1: the microwave has metal box around it. And the cool

750
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:19,880
Speaker 1: thing about electromagnetic radiation is that it's basically blocked by

751
00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:23,000
Speaker 1: almost any conductor. So you have a wall of metal

752
00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:25,480
Speaker 1: or even just like a grate of metal something we

753
00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:28,920
Speaker 1: call a Faraday cage, it will cancel out almost any radiation.

754
00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:33,400
Speaker 1: So the microwave radiation inside your microwave is basically trapped

755
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,600
Speaker 1: there by the metal that goes all the way around

756
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:35,960
Speaker 1: the box.

757
00:36:36,239 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 3: Because I think I always assume that my microwave has

758
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:42,000
Speaker 3: like several microwave guns amy at the middle, but you're

759
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:45,719
Speaker 3: saying there's only one tube here, like general spewing out

760
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:46,960
Speaker 3: these light waves.

761
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,040
Speaker 1: Man, you made a funny mental image there with microwave

762
00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:54,920
Speaker 1: gun imagin shooting these things at each other. Not a

763
00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:57,279
Speaker 1: good idea. Most of them have a single one. Yes,

764
00:36:57,320 --> 00:36:59,359
Speaker 1: some of them have double ones, or you know, more

765
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,279
Speaker 1: expensive laborate ones might have multiple magnetrons, but you only

766
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:04,680
Speaker 1: really need one and it then you just need to

767
00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:08,640
Speaker 1: guide the radiation using you know, any sort of metal tube.

768
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:13,000
Speaker 1: The radiation will propagate down that tube into your cooking area.

769
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:15,120
Speaker 3: That's pretty cool. So then how did they how did

770
00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:16,600
Speaker 3: he discover the microwave.

771
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:19,680
Speaker 1: He built this magnetron to try to generate microwaves, you know,

772
00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:22,960
Speaker 1: for these other physics studies. And I guess he was hungry.

773
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:24,759
Speaker 1: He was a guy that like a snack, and he

774
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,120
Speaker 1: had a chocolate bar in his pocket, and he noticed

775
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:29,879
Speaker 1: that he turned the thing on. Literally, the chocolate bar

776
00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:31,359
Speaker 1: would melt and.

777
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:36,000
Speaker 3: Like a couple of centimeters from his private parts.

778
00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:39,560
Speaker 1: Exactly exactly. I'm thinking, Okay, you're cooking the chocolate bar.

779
00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:43,320
Speaker 1: You're also cooking the physicist, you know, his chocolate covered

780
00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:46,840
Speaker 1: physicist here is but we're preparing. But yeah, that's what

781
00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:48,880
Speaker 1: he noticed it, and he reported it to his employer.

782
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:51,399
Speaker 1: He's like, hey, look turns out, you know, my whole

783
00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:54,759
Speaker 1: radar project didn't work, but I invented a new kind

784
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:55,680
Speaker 1: of oven for you.

785
00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:00,359
Speaker 3: We can't spy in the Russians, but hey, we can

786
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 3: all have warmer meals.

787
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:04,400
Speaker 1: I always wonder how executives feel that way. You know,

788
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:07,160
Speaker 1: they give you money because they're looking for a certain contract,

789
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:10,440
Speaker 1: and you come back with like teflon or microwaves. Right,

790
00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:14,040
Speaker 1: all these things are discovered by accident in research environments,

791
00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:16,360
Speaker 1: it's called the pivot. Yeah, the pivot, and I wonder

792
00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:20,960
Speaker 1: what like amazing inventions were thrown away by small minded

793
00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:23,400
Speaker 1: executives are like, that's not what we asked you to develop.

794
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:25,120
Speaker 1: Put it on the shelf and go back and work

795
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:26,240
Speaker 1: on that ray gun.

796
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:27,600
Speaker 3: Make the ray gun work.

797
00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:29,840
Speaker 1: And for those of you who are scared of radiation, whatever,

798
00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:33,080
Speaker 1: don't worry. These things are really safe. They surround your

799
00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,160
Speaker 1: microwave with plenty of metals. There really is no leakage,

800
00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:38,439
Speaker 1: and it's really it's even pretty safe to like put

801
00:38:38,440 --> 00:38:41,279
Speaker 1: your face up against the microwave. They used to test

802
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:43,480
Speaker 1: microwaves really carefully to make sure that none of this

803
00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:45,719
Speaker 1: radiation leaked out to like, you know, cook your brain.

804
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:48,319
Speaker 1: But for so many years they were so safe they

805
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:51,200
Speaker 1: couldn't measure anything that these days they don't even bother anymore.

806
00:38:51,239 --> 00:38:53,279
Speaker 3: And it's really you're just hitting it with the light,

807
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,320
Speaker 3: you know. It's not like you're hitting it with particles

808
00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:59,920
Speaker 3: that then make the food radioactive. Right, that's not what's happening.

809
00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:02,080
Speaker 1: Oh no, no, no, It certainly does not make your

810
00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:05,839
Speaker 1: coffee radioactive. Although that does sound like an awesome superhero

811
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:06,840
Speaker 1: creation story.

812
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,040
Speaker 3: Microwave man he.

813
00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:14,680
Speaker 1: Drank radioactive coffee and gained that coffee's proportional strength.

814
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:17,200
Speaker 3: Just heats up the food, right, It doesn't make it, It

815
00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:20,200
Speaker 3: doesn't give it the ability to emit radiation.

816
00:39:20,719 --> 00:39:22,839
Speaker 1: No, just heats of the food. But you know, if

817
00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:25,279
Speaker 1: you were inside a microwave, it would heat up you also, right,

818
00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,319
Speaker 1: you would literally get cooked. So they are dangerous, but

819
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:31,680
Speaker 1: only inside the microwave. Outside is not dangerous at all.

820
00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:35,839
Speaker 3: Cool, So that's how microwaves work. I feel like I've

821
00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:39,080
Speaker 3: been irradiated with knowledge today.

822
00:39:39,920 --> 00:39:42,360
Speaker 1: That's right. A small amount of knowledge leads to a

823
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:44,640
Speaker 1: lot of inside. So the next time you're turning on

824
00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:48,400
Speaker 1: your microwave, remember you're blasting it with radiation. That's basically

825
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:51,200
Speaker 1: just taking a little spoon to all the molecules in

826
00:39:51,239 --> 00:39:54,440
Speaker 1: there that have a little dielectric field and spinning them

827
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,280
Speaker 1: around to heat up everything else. So there is physics

828
00:39:57,360 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 1: that's making your food taste it.

829
00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:01,920
Speaker 3: And as a public risk, just remember contents might be

830
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:03,400
Speaker 3: hotter than expected.

831
00:40:05,120 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 1: That's right. And you know, some people like microwaves, some

832
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,280
Speaker 1: people don't like microwaves. You know. One of the limitations

833
00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:13,319
Speaker 1: is that you know, did get that crispy browniness, but

834
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:14,799
Speaker 1: you can just you know, put it in your toaster.

835
00:40:14,920 --> 00:40:17,240
Speaker 1: Upon afterwards if you really want that crunchiness.

836
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,279
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's that's my strategy. Heat up the insides and

837
00:40:20,280 --> 00:40:22,920
Speaker 3: then you toast the outside. On our next podcast, how

838
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:23,680
Speaker 3: do toasters work?

839
00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:25,479
Speaker 1: How to eat dinner at Jorge House.

840
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:27,279
Speaker 3: How to fix Daniel's microwave level?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, please, I'd love to hear that. Podcasts for less

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Speaker 1: than ten thousand dollars.

843
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Speaker 3: All right, everyone, We hope you enjoyed that. See you

844
00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:34,960
Speaker 3: next time.

845
00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:45,040
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

846
00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:48,279
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

847
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:50,760
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

848
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:54,480
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

849
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:59,320
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandjorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

850
00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:02,040
Speaker 1: and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

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Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

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