1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,600
Speaker 2: Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting.

20
00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 2: To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's

21
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,920
Speaker 2: AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

22
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,039
Speaker 3: They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about,

23
00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 3: like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

24
00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,600
Speaker 3: With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone,

25
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,960
Speaker 3: any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z

26
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:23,680
Speaker 3: flip six.

27
00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:26,160
Speaker 4: It's so good, in fact, it will have.

28
00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,640
Speaker 2: You shouting from the rooftops. So get yourself down a

29
00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,360
Speaker 2: street level and learn how to snag the new Samsung

30
00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,880
Speaker 2: Galaxy Z flip six on AT and T and maybe

31
00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,320
Speaker 2: grab a ladder on the way home. AT and T

32
00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:44,119
Speaker 2: connecting changes everything requires trade in a Galaxy s Note

33
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:46,960
Speaker 2: or Z series smartphone, limited time offer two hundred and

34
00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:49,880
Speaker 2: fifty six gigabytes for zero dollars. Additional fees, terms and

35
00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,360
Speaker 2: restrictions apply. See att dot com, slash Samsung, or visit

36
00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:59,720
Speaker 2: an AT and T store for details.

37
00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:07,280
Speaker 1: Some of the most amazing moments in science were totally unexpected.

38
00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:11,600
Speaker 4: You mean, like the discovery of microwave ovens or slinkies.

39
00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:13,600
Speaker 4: I heard was also discovered by accident.

40
00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:15,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, but I'm thinking about the times when you go

41
00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:17,760
Speaker 1: out there just to double check something, something you thought

42
00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:20,280
Speaker 1: you already understood, but you find an answer which makes

43
00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:22,760
Speaker 1: no sense and forcing you to change how you see things.

44
00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:25,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, like I heard one of the most fundamental things

45
00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,680
Speaker 4: in the universe was actually discovered this way by accident.

46
00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:31,720
Speaker 1: It's totally amazing. It makes me wish that I had

47
00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:34,440
Speaker 1: been involved, and it makes us see the universe differently.

48
00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:36,160
Speaker 1: It makes us see everything differently.

49
00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:39,320
Speaker 4: Is it more impressive than as slinky in a microwave?

50
00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:42,120
Speaker 1: That's pretty hard to top, but I think this one does.

51
00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:54,760
Speaker 5: Hi.

52
00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:56,920
Speaker 4: I'm Jorge, I'm a cartoonist.

53
00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:59,200
Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist.

54
00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:01,160
Speaker 4: And this is our podcast us Daniel and.

55
00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,520
Speaker 1: Jorge explain the universe today.

56
00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:09,760
Speaker 4: On the program. What is dark energy?

57
00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:13,000
Speaker 1: And why is it everywhere in filling the universe?

58
00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:15,720
Speaker 4: Is it powerful? Is it dangerous?

59
00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:17,400
Speaker 1: Is it dark after all?

60
00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:21,079
Speaker 4: Will it stain your clothes? And the most important, why

61
00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:23,720
Speaker 4: is it causing the universe to explode?

62
00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:26,640
Speaker 1: The universe is exploding, people, but don't get out of

63
00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:29,359
Speaker 1: your cars. It's going to take a while. Dark energy

64
00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:31,720
Speaker 1: is a mysterious topic. We went around and we asked

65
00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:35,080
Speaker 1: people what do you know about dark energy? Is it

66
00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,560
Speaker 1: like empty space? I'm not sure, No, I have no

67
00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:40,680
Speaker 1: idea about it. It's like empty energy, just kind of sleep.

68
00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:42,960
Speaker 4: Is dark energy something with black holes?

69
00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,880
Speaker 1: I don't know, but that's my speculation. So most people

70
00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:49,680
Speaker 1: really seem to have almost no idea what dark energy is,

71
00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:52,520
Speaker 1: which as a physicist, really surprised me because it's one

72
00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,440
Speaker 1: of the most dramatic and amazing discoveries of the last

73
00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:56,120
Speaker 1: thirty years.

74
00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,480
Speaker 4: Yeah, but people sort of seem to have heard about it, right,

75
00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,960
Speaker 4: really familiar, but they didn't know what it was.

76
00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:04,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, some people thought it was dark matter, some people

77
00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,400
Speaker 1: maybe thought it was something in black panther like. People

78
00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:09,680
Speaker 1: really didn't seem to have a good grip on what

79
00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:12,280
Speaker 1: dark energy is, which is amazing, not just because there

80
00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:15,640
Speaker 1: was a big discovery, but because it has huge consequences

81
00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:16,760
Speaker 1: for our lives.

82
00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:19,840
Speaker 4: Yeah, it's a great name. I mean, I think it's

83
00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:22,239
Speaker 4: easy to see why people would confuse it with dark matter.

84
00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:23,159
Speaker 4: They're both dark.

85
00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:26,039
Speaker 1: Matter, right, It is a cool name, dark energy. It

86
00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:28,839
Speaker 1: sounds so mysterious, though, You're right. In like the HR

87
00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:31,480
Speaker 1: meeting where they decided what to call this weird physics thing,

88
00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:33,640
Speaker 1: it should have considered the fact that dark matter and

89
00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:35,679
Speaker 1: dark energy sound alike. I wonder if they do focus

90
00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:37,000
Speaker 1: groups when they do that kind of thing.

91
00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:38,960
Speaker 4: Do you think they thought, Hey, all those dark matter

92
00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,360
Speaker 4: people get a ton of grant money. If we call

93
00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:44,159
Speaker 4: our dark energy, we could also get some of that money.

94
00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:47,000
Speaker 1: I'm sure. I'm sure that was the number one concern

95
00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:49,159
Speaker 1: in their minds. Yeah, how will this play in my

96
00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:54,800
Speaker 1: next grand proposal? Anyway, Let's tell people what dark energy

97
00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:55,960
Speaker 1: is and why it's so important.

98
00:04:56,360 --> 00:04:58,880
Speaker 4: Yeah, Well, first of all, it's a huge deal, right,

99
00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:01,520
Speaker 4: Like it's not like an o cure thing in physics.

100
00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:03,680
Speaker 4: It's like a huge part of the universe.

101
00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:06,440
Speaker 1: That's right. Most of the energy in the universe is

102
00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:08,599
Speaker 1: actually taken up with dark energy.

103
00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:10,640
Speaker 4: Like sixty seven percent, right.

104
00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:13,400
Speaker 1: That's right. Fully, two thirds of all the energy in

105
00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:16,720
Speaker 1: the universe is devoted to this weird, mysterious force called

106
00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,440
Speaker 1: dark energy. And that's about all we know about it.

107
00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:22,000
Speaker 4: Like when you think of the universe and like atoms

108
00:05:22,080 --> 00:05:28,680
Speaker 4: and protons and electrons and rocks, asteroids, planets, all those suns,

109
00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:33,880
Speaker 4: hamsters and then hamsters. Yeah, a lot all that stuff

110
00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:37,279
Speaker 4: out there in the universe. Stars, that's not all there

111
00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:40,560
Speaker 4: is to the universe, right, A whole bunch of it

112
00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:41,520
Speaker 4: is dark.

113
00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:43,480
Speaker 1: Energy, that's right. Yeah, most of the stuff in the

114
00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:45,279
Speaker 1: universe is not the kind of stuff that we see

115
00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:48,240
Speaker 1: around us, as you were saying, even stars and planets

116
00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:49,880
Speaker 1: and gas and dust, that all adds up to a

117
00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:53,600
Speaker 1: tiny little sliver, like five percent turns out. And this

118
00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:55,800
Speaker 1: is the kind of stuff we've only learned recently. Most

119
00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:58,400
Speaker 1: of the universe is weird. Stuff we never even thought about,

120
00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:00,960
Speaker 1: We never even would have include in a pie chart

121
00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,839
Speaker 1: of the universe thirty years ago. Is the biggest piece

122
00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:04,520
Speaker 1: of the pie.

123
00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:09,520
Speaker 4: It's this big kind of mysterious energy that's out there.

124
00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,320
Speaker 1: That's right. So imagine, for example, you take like a

125
00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:15,880
Speaker 1: cubic meter of space, you ask what's in it? Well,

126
00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:18,120
Speaker 1: on average, you average over the whole universe that we

127
00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:21,520
Speaker 1: can see, it has about five or six hydrogen atoms

128
00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,600
Speaker 1: worth of energy. And most of that is not matter

129
00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:28,520
Speaker 1: or stuff that you're familiar with. Most of it is

130
00:06:28,640 --> 00:06:31,120
Speaker 1: dark energy. And another big chunk of it is something

131
00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:32,960
Speaker 1: called dark matter, which we can talk about it in

132
00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:33,679
Speaker 1: another episode.

133
00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:37,000
Speaker 4: Yeah, And like dark energy is all around us right

134
00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:40,080
Speaker 4: like right now, two thirds of the room right now

135
00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:42,919
Speaker 4: that I'm in is filled with dark energy.

136
00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:45,080
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, most of the energy in the universe

137
00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:47,719
Speaker 1: and most of the energy everywhere. And dark energy is

138
00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:49,720
Speaker 1: not something that's out there in space. You're exactly right,

139
00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:52,320
Speaker 1: it's here, it's with you, it's between your toes, it's

140
00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,720
Speaker 1: in your refrigerator.

141
00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,719
Speaker 4: Just other dark matter between whit toes. Let's be honest.

142
00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,040
Speaker 1: I don't think I want to know what whether it's

143
00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:02,720
Speaker 1: a cosmic mystery of physics or not.

144
00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:05,640
Speaker 4: Yeah, let's not. Let's not get into my toes on this.

145
00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:11,080
Speaker 1: On this podcast, Daniel Jorge explained the universe Andje's toes.

146
00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:14,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, that's right, that's a winner right there. But yeah,

147
00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:16,680
Speaker 4: so it's a huge deal. It's all around those and

148
00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:19,800
Speaker 4: it's causing the universe to explode. So that's that's kind

149
00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:20,520
Speaker 4: of distressing.

150
00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:23,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, not only is it turned out to be most

151
00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:26,040
Speaker 1: of the universe, it has huge consequences. Right, the universe

152
00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,000
Speaker 1: is exploding in every direction, and in some ways dark

153
00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:32,960
Speaker 1: energy is causing the universe to explode. Another way to

154
00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:35,320
Speaker 1: think about it is that dark energy is our description

155
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,600
Speaker 1: of the fact that it is exploding. Like we saw,

156
00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:42,800
Speaker 1: the universe is exploding. We named that dark energy. It's

157
00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:45,960
Speaker 1: not like there's two separate things where oh, here's dark energy.

158
00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,640
Speaker 1: We know that's a thing. Here's its cause. It's more like,

159
00:07:48,760 --> 00:07:50,600
Speaker 1: dark energy is the description of the fact that the

160
00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:53,640
Speaker 1: universe is exploding and we don't really know why.

161
00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:56,440
Speaker 4: It's another name for the explosion of the universe.

162
00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:59,640
Speaker 1: It's a fancy title for our lack of understanding the

163
00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:02,680
Speaker 1: explode in the universe. It's like, don't understand something? You

164
00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,200
Speaker 1: had the pr version. We could have called it what

165
00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,560
Speaker 1: is going on with the universe? But dark energy sounds.

166
00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:10,200
Speaker 4: Better w twof energy.

167
00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:14,400
Speaker 1: TF universe man? Yeah, yeah, exactly.

168
00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:19,680
Speaker 4: Well let's get into that. So how did how do

169
00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,600
Speaker 4: we find out about this dark energy that's all around

170
00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:24,600
Speaker 4: us and it's causing the universe to explode?

171
00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:27,080
Speaker 1: Well, it's one of my favorite stories in science because

172
00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,600
Speaker 1: it's a story where the answer was a surprise. You know,

173
00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,679
Speaker 1: scientists went into it asking one question and learning something

174
00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,560
Speaker 1: totally different about the universe. The question they started with

175
00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,760
Speaker 1: was what is the history of the universe? And what

176
00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:40,559
Speaker 1: is the future of the universe?

177
00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,240
Speaker 4: Like what's going to happen eventually?

178
00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:45,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Like is this whole universe going to keep

179
00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:48,320
Speaker 1: going forever? Is it going to compress into a little dot?

180
00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:51,280
Speaker 4: Do I have time to like write that novel I've

181
00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:52,440
Speaker 4: always been wanting to write.

182
00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:54,120
Speaker 1: You definitely have time to read that novel.

183
00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:56,440
Speaker 4: No worries about I have no cues.

184
00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:58,079
Speaker 1: Is it another young adult novel, because I don't have

185
00:08:58,160 --> 00:08:59,199
Speaker 1: enough of those already.

186
00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:01,079
Speaker 4: It's called dark youth.

187
00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:08,120
Speaker 1: Dark So you've got vampires, you've got where will have

188
00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:12,559
Speaker 1: dark energy beings? Yeah, And so when physicists, when physicists

189
00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:14,480
Speaker 1: want to predict the future, what they typically do is

190
00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:16,920
Speaker 1: look into the past and try to understand what's happened

191
00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:19,920
Speaker 1: so far and then extrapolate so to figure out what

192
00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,400
Speaker 1: the future of the universe was. They first looked into

193
00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:24,679
Speaker 1: the past and said, what's been going on so far,

194
00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:27,760
Speaker 1: and let's see what direction things are going in, right.

195
00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:33,520
Speaker 4: Like, uh, like, how am I doing financially? Do I

196
00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:36,040
Speaker 4: have more money now than I used to have money before?

197
00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:38,640
Speaker 4: And that's that will sort of tell me what might

198
00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:40,520
Speaker 4: I might expect in the future if I don't make

199
00:09:40,559 --> 00:09:41,679
Speaker 4: ill advised decisions.

200
00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:43,920
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, if your net worth has been rising,

201
00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:46,120
Speaker 1: then you expected to keep going. And what if your

202
00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:48,600
Speaker 1: bank account is dropping every single month, then you can

203
00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:51,520
Speaker 1: expect some sort of cataclysmic event in your in near future.

204
00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:53,800
Speaker 4: Then I need to record more podcasts to make more money.

205
00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:57,559
Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. And so in the physics world,

206
00:09:57,880 --> 00:09:59,800
Speaker 1: we went back to the very beginning of the universe

207
00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:02,360
Speaker 1: and said, Okay, the universe started with a big bang, right,

208
00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:05,840
Speaker 1: and things blew up from there. And the question people

209
00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:08,960
Speaker 1: had in their minds was, you know, after the Big Bang,

210
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,120
Speaker 1: things flying out from that huge explosion. The question was,

211
00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:16,040
Speaker 1: is there enough stuff in the universe for things to

212
00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:18,920
Speaker 1: slow down, for the gravity from that stuff to slow

213
00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:23,000
Speaker 1: things down, stop them, and then make them fall back in.

214
00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,400
Speaker 1: So that was one possibility people were considering. The universe

215
00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:30,080
Speaker 1: would stop, the expansion would stop, and then come back

216
00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:31,160
Speaker 1: into a big crunch.

217
00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:33,880
Speaker 4: So, like the stuff flew out from the Big Bang,

218
00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:35,839
Speaker 4: and now the question is like, are they going to

219
00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:40,120
Speaker 4: keep flying off or maybe is there enough gravity pulling

220
00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:44,000
Speaker 4: it all the stuff together that it's gonna like slow

221
00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:47,080
Speaker 4: down and then pull back in, just kind of like

222
00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:49,600
Speaker 4: how our solar system forms.

223
00:10:49,679 --> 00:10:52,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Most of the stuff that we know around

224
00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:55,120
Speaker 1: us in the universe was formed by gravity.

225
00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:55,320
Speaker 4: Right.

226
00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:58,679
Speaker 1: Gravity gathered together rocks and dust and rubble and hamsters

227
00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:01,600
Speaker 1: or whatever and ast it together. Right, That's why the

228
00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:05,360
Speaker 1: Earth is round, because that's gravity's work, tumbling everything towards

229
00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:07,880
Speaker 1: a smooth surface, and that's how the sun is formed.

230
00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:10,880
Speaker 1: It's gravity compressing dust and gas until it gets hot

231
00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:13,719
Speaker 1: enough to burn. So gravity's is very powerful force and

232
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:16,439
Speaker 1: has a lot of time. It's actually one of the

233
00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:19,680
Speaker 1: weakest forces, but over cosmic scales and all this time,

234
00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:22,160
Speaker 1: it has enough power to pull all this stuff together

235
00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:25,280
Speaker 1: and compress it into objects. So people thought, maybe that's

236
00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:28,320
Speaker 1: gonna happen with the whole universe. Man, Like, maybe the

237
00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:32,200
Speaker 1: whole universe is gonna come back together and compress back

238
00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:34,599
Speaker 1: into a tiny dot. That would be pretty amazing.

239
00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,080
Speaker 4: Like a giant cloud. Does we all just kind of

240
00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:41,520
Speaker 4: come and get pulled together and we maybe come back down.

241
00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:45,120
Speaker 4: That's one possible way that the future the universe could

242
00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:45,520
Speaker 4: end up.

243
00:11:45,559 --> 00:11:48,400
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, So option A was the big crunch.

244
00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:51,320
Speaker 1: But people didn't know, like is there enough stuff in

245
00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:54,040
Speaker 1: the universe? Is there enough gravity from that stuff to

246
00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,920
Speaker 1: pull everything back together? Because it could totally have been

247
00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,120
Speaker 1: that the explosion was more powerful essentially than the gravity,

248
00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:01,720
Speaker 1: and the things spread out forever.

249
00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:05,200
Speaker 4: Oh, that could happen, Like things are like a grenade

250
00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:08,960
Speaker 4: out in space. It just blows up so violently that

251
00:12:10,080 --> 00:12:13,439
Speaker 4: gravity is too weak to pull everything back together again.

252
00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,520
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, And that could that could have been

253
00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:17,920
Speaker 1: the fate of the universe. It could be that the

254
00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,720
Speaker 1: universe just keeps expanding, things spread out and slow down

255
00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:24,760
Speaker 1: like gravity. Gravity is still slowing things down, but it

256
00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:27,120
Speaker 1: doesn't have enough power to stop it and have it

257
00:12:27,240 --> 00:12:29,360
Speaker 1: fall back in. And so it could be that just

258
00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:33,040
Speaker 1: spreads out forever, getting cooler and cooler and more distant,

259
00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:36,160
Speaker 1: until something we call the heat death of the universe.

260
00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:38,319
Speaker 1: That's when everything is the same temperature.

261
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:40,559
Speaker 4: Right, So physicists were like, are we ever going to

262
00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:43,400
Speaker 4: be cool? That was a front question.

263
00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:47,320
Speaker 1: We'll know in about fifteen billion years. Tune in to

264
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:49,480
Speaker 1: find out if physicists are ever cool.

265
00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:52,480
Speaker 4: So that's I mean, that is a very significant question, right,

266
00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:54,760
Speaker 4: Like where we live in this universe. We kind of

267
00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:57,079
Speaker 4: want to know, like where is this whole thing headed?

268
00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, I wonder if it's interesting to most people, to

269
00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:02,240
Speaker 1: me as a physicist, I think it's one of the

270
00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:04,880
Speaker 1: most interesting questions, Like what is the future of this

271
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:08,520
Speaker 1: whole amazing beautiful experiment we're living in, right, you know,

272
00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:10,280
Speaker 1: is it going to go on forever? Is it going

273
00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:12,760
Speaker 1: to tear itself apart? Is it going to crunch together? Like,

274
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,760
Speaker 1: to me, that's a really interesting question.

275
00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:17,400
Speaker 4: Like do we live at the peak of it? Or

276
00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:19,480
Speaker 4: are we like in the after party, you know what

277
00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:22,240
Speaker 4: I mean? Like, or are we or are are great

278
00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:24,520
Speaker 4: grandchildren going to be like at the peak of the universe?

279
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:26,839
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think I think that's exactly right. And I

280
00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:29,960
Speaker 1: think there's an issue of context there, right, Like as humans,

281
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:32,800
Speaker 1: we are always striving to understand the context of our existence.

282
00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:35,920
Speaker 1: Why is this important? What's going on? And one of

283
00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:38,520
Speaker 1: those questions is like is Earth at the center of

284
00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:42,000
Speaker 1: the cosmos? Is Earth even important? And another question is

285
00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:44,440
Speaker 1: like that but in time? Right, like are we living

286
00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,760
Speaker 1: at an important time? What is the future going to be?

287
00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:48,160
Speaker 6: Like?

288
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:49,160
Speaker 4: Where do we fit in?

289
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,480
Speaker 1: Yeah? Are people in a billion year is going to

290
00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:53,240
Speaker 1: look back and say, man, I wish I'd lived when

291
00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:56,040
Speaker 1: daniel Le Jorge were doing their awesome podcast because those

292
00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,160
Speaker 1: were the days.

293
00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:59,199
Speaker 4: Man, those were the good old days of the universe.

294
00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, this podcast is peak civilization, That's what we're saying.

295
00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:07,280
Speaker 4: After Our next podcast is peak civilization, So stay tuned

296
00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:07,880
Speaker 4: for that one.

297
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:14,920
Speaker 1: Let's take a quick break with big wireless providers. What

298
00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:17,720
Speaker 1: you see is never what you get. Somewhere between the

299
00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:19,920
Speaker 1: store and your first month's bill. The price, your thoughts

300
00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:23,560
Speaker 1: you were paying magically skyrockets. With mint Mobile, You'll never

301
00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:26,520
Speaker 1: have to worry about gotcha's ever again. When Mint Mobile

302
00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:28,760
Speaker 1: says fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan,

303
00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:31,360
Speaker 1: they really mean it. I've used mint Mobile and the

304
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:34,160
Speaker 1: call quality is always so crisp and so clear. I

305
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:36,280
Speaker 1: can recommend it to you. So say bye bye to

306
00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:40,880
Speaker 1: your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages.

307
00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:43,360
Speaker 1: You can use your own phone with any mint Mobile

308
00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,800
Speaker 1: plan and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts.

309
00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:49,200
Speaker 1: So dit your overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and

310
00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,320
Speaker 1: get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks

311
00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:54,160
Speaker 1: a month. To get this new customer offer and your

312
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,600
Speaker 1: new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks

313
00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,040
Speaker 1: a month, go to mint mobile dot com slash universe.

314
00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:02,080
Speaker 1: That's Mintmobile dot slash universe. Cut your wireless build a

315
00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,920
Speaker 1: fifteen bucks a month at mintmobile dot com slash universe.

316
00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:07,880
Speaker 1: Forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars

317
00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:10,240
Speaker 1: per month. New customers on first three month plan only

318
00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:13,320
Speaker 1: speeds slower about forty gigabytes on unlimited plan. Additional taxi,

319
00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:15,920
Speaker 1: s fpees and restrictions apply. See mint mobile for details.

320
00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:19,120
Speaker 7: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

321
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,600
Speaker 7: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

322
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:26,840
Speaker 7: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

323
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:29,800
Speaker 7: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how

324
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,960
Speaker 7: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

325
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,320
Speaker 7: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

326
00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:40,800
Speaker 7: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

327
00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:45,800
Speaker 7: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

328
00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:48,960
Speaker 7: has fourty eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers

329
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,360
Speaker 7: one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of

330
00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,480
Speaker 7: course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now you

331
00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:57,880
Speaker 7: can train your AI models at twice the speed and

332
00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:00,280
Speaker 7: less than half the cost of other clouds. If you

333
00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:02,720
Speaker 7: want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight

334
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:05,360
Speaker 7: by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free test

335
00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:09,640
Speaker 7: drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. That's

336
00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:14,680
Speaker 7: Oracle dot com slash strategic Oracle dot com slash strategic.

337
00:16:14,920 --> 00:16:17,840
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple card it's the

338
00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:21,800
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

339
00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:24,880
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

340
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,840
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings

341
00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:31,400
Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app

342
00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:35,040
Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners

343
00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,320
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs

344
00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:41,760
Speaker 1: Bank USA Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC terms and

345
00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:50,600
Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. Yeah, so people were thinking

346
00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,520
Speaker 1: about those two options, right, big crunch or heat death

347
00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:54,200
Speaker 1: of the universe.

348
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,040
Speaker 4: So option A everything comes crashing back down. Option B

349
00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:01,720
Speaker 4: the just kind of float away.

350
00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:04,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so what they wanted to do was

351
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,919
Speaker 1: look back in time because you can't actually see the future,

352
00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:09,639
Speaker 1: but it's not that hard in physics to see the past,

353
00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,199
Speaker 1: especially in astronomy, to see the past, all you have

354
00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:14,959
Speaker 1: to do is look out into space, and everything you

355
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,280
Speaker 1: see in space happened in the past, just because it

356
00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:20,560
Speaker 1: takes light time to get here from there.

357
00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:22,600
Speaker 4: It's like back in the day when there was no

358
00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,960
Speaker 4: email or internet, you would get your news from mail letters, right,

359
00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:32,400
Speaker 4: And so the further away, what did actually happen at

360
00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:36,160
Speaker 4: some point the Internet did not exist. Daniel, what what

361
00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:38,919
Speaker 4: what it was all dark?

362
00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:39,920
Speaker 1: Dark mail?

363
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,280
Speaker 4: Yeah, dark mail. So yeah, so like the further away

364
00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:45,080
Speaker 4: you get a letter the older that.

365
00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,479
Speaker 1: News was, yes, exactly. And some people think, oh, that's

366
00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:50,600
Speaker 1: a bummer. I think it's actually pretty cool because it

367
00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,040
Speaker 1: lets us look into the past. And so the further

368
00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:55,600
Speaker 1: out you look, the further in the past you can see.

369
00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:57,919
Speaker 1: And the goal is to see, like how fast is

370
00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,280
Speaker 1: stuff moving away from us the expansion in the universe.

371
00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:03,520
Speaker 1: How fast is stuff moving away from us now? And

372
00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:06,040
Speaker 1: how fast was it moving away from us earlier? So

373
00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:08,679
Speaker 1: we could understand like, how is this changing? What is

374
00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:10,960
Speaker 1: the faith going to be? Is it slowing down? How

375
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:12,120
Speaker 1: fast is it slowing down?

376
00:18:12,720 --> 00:18:14,560
Speaker 4: Yeah? So, because like if the fate of the universe

377
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:17,200
Speaker 4: was for it to crunch down, then you would see

378
00:18:17,240 --> 00:18:21,840
Speaker 4: things kind of expanding slower now than before. Like before

379
00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:24,320
Speaker 4: you thinking would be flying out and now they would

380
00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:26,760
Speaker 4: be kind of slowing down, and so we could expect

381
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:30,800
Speaker 4: things to crunch or if we measure things to be

382
00:18:30,840 --> 00:18:33,719
Speaker 4: moving at about the same now as they were before,

383
00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:35,800
Speaker 4: then maybe the fate of the universe is just to

384
00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:38,320
Speaker 4: kind of keep floating off and getting.

385
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,520
Speaker 1: Cooler exactly, And so that was the question. They were like,

386
00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:43,280
Speaker 1: let's look and see how things are changing. How much

387
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,640
Speaker 1: is it slowing down. It's slowing down a lot, which

388
00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,080
Speaker 1: means maybe big crunch, or slowing down just a little,

389
00:18:48,080 --> 00:18:51,040
Speaker 1: which means maybe heat death. That was the question they asked.

390
00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:54,680
Speaker 1: But it's actually fascinating how they did it because it's tricky, right,

391
00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:57,240
Speaker 1: in order to know how far back in the past

392
00:18:57,280 --> 00:18:59,440
Speaker 1: you're looking, you have to know how far away a

393
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:02,280
Speaker 1: star is. And that's not easy to figure out.

394
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:05,120
Speaker 4: Right, because like, if you look at a star, it's

395
00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:08,000
Speaker 4: if it's dim. You don't know if it's just like

396
00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:10,240
Speaker 4: a weak star or really far away star. It's just

397
00:19:10,240 --> 00:19:12,720
Speaker 4: a little point, right, it's hard to tell. You can't

398
00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:15,440
Speaker 4: like tell how far awa it is just from how

399
00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:16,359
Speaker 4: bright that point is.

400
00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:18,920
Speaker 1: That's right. You can't tell the difference between a star

401
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:21,600
Speaker 1: that's very bright and far away and very weak and

402
00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:24,959
Speaker 1: close up. We have some tricks, but none of them

403
00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:29,000
Speaker 1: are really good. The early days, people used to figure

404
00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:31,240
Speaker 1: out how far away stars were by seeing how they

405
00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,919
Speaker 1: shifted as the Earth went around the Sun. Because if

406
00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:36,800
Speaker 1: something was really close, then you could see it sliding

407
00:19:36,840 --> 00:19:38,640
Speaker 1: back and forth as the Earth went around the Sun.

408
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:40,159
Speaker 1: That's called the parallax system.

409
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:43,120
Speaker 4: It's like how you triangulate with your eyes right, Like, Yes,

410
00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:45,840
Speaker 4: if something looks really different when you wink when eye

411
00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:47,840
Speaker 4: and you wink the other one, then it must be

412
00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:50,440
Speaker 4: pretty close. But if it doesn't change a lot when

413
00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:53,920
Speaker 4: you wink between eyes, then it's far away.

414
00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:56,320
Speaker 1: Yeah. And so that's the original way people could figure

415
00:19:56,359 --> 00:19:58,399
Speaker 1: out how far stuff away is. And then it was

416
00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:01,159
Speaker 1: like in the nineteen twenties when Hubble figured out a

417
00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:03,560
Speaker 1: new way to look at stuff in the sky and

418
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,440
Speaker 1: he found a particular kind of star called a seafied

419
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:10,480
Speaker 1: that rotated and its brightness was connected to how fast

420
00:20:10,520 --> 00:20:12,880
Speaker 1: it was rotating, so you could figure out by measuring

421
00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:15,280
Speaker 1: its rotation how bright it is, which told you how

422
00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:17,440
Speaker 1: far away it was. So he was the first one

423
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:19,720
Speaker 1: to be able to see things that were further away.

424
00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:22,119
Speaker 1: And he's actually the one who figured out not just

425
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,560
Speaker 1: that the universe is expanding. Before that, people thought, oh,

426
00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,280
Speaker 1: the universe is just a bunch of stars hanging in space.

427
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,600
Speaker 1: And he figured out two amazing things. One is the

428
00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:34,880
Speaker 1: universe is expanding, and the other is that the universe

429
00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:37,399
Speaker 1: is more than just our galaxy.

430
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:38,960
Speaker 4: And what do you mean more, he figured out that

431
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,440
Speaker 4: the other galaxies.

432
00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:44,679
Speaker 1: That's right before Hubble, we thought there is just our galaxy. Like,

433
00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:48,679
Speaker 1: imagine just a single galaxy floating in space. That's what

434
00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:52,320
Speaker 1: people thought the universe was. He saw these little smudges

435
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:54,200
Speaker 1: up in the sky that people thought, oh, these should

436
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:56,919
Speaker 1: just dust or clouds or something turns, and that he

437
00:20:57,080 --> 00:21:00,000
Speaker 1: proved by measuring the distance to them, that there were

438
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,560
Speaker 1: were way too far away to be part of our galaxy.

439
00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:05,840
Speaker 1: He proved that they were actually other galaxies, and that

440
00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:08,520
Speaker 1: those galaxies who were running away from us. It must

441
00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:10,679
Speaker 1: have been so mind blowing to be Hubbled, you know,

442
00:21:10,720 --> 00:21:14,479
Speaker 1: to have this moment of realization, to understand this huge

443
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:16,320
Speaker 1: context of our of our existence.

444
00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,919
Speaker 4: Yeah, it must be very humble to be Hubble.

445
00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:24,480
Speaker 1: You know. I don't know anything about Hubble, but a

446
00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:27,399
Speaker 1: lot of these famous physicists were not the nicest of guys.

447
00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:31,080
Speaker 4: So is that true? Are there stories about Hubble?

448
00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:33,399
Speaker 1: I don't know any of them, but if I had

449
00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:36,920
Speaker 1: to guess any random famous physicist from history, they're probably

450
00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,359
Speaker 1: got there by not being the nicest of a person.

451
00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:40,320
Speaker 4: Yeah, being humble.

452
00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:43,520
Speaker 1: Anyway, Hubble was able to see past our galaxy but

453
00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:46,000
Speaker 1: cosmically speaking, that's not far enough to be able to

454
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,400
Speaker 1: tell because that's just like the last you know, little

455
00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:50,639
Speaker 1: bit of the history. Then it was in the nineteen

456
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:53,840
Speaker 1: nineties people developed a powerful new technique that let them

457
00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,720
Speaker 1: see much further, so we could tell how far away

458
00:21:56,760 --> 00:21:59,159
Speaker 1: things were that were much, much, much further, and that

459
00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:00,720
Speaker 1: gave us a much deeper view.

460
00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:02,640
Speaker 4: Further than like the nearest galaxy.

461
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:07,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, really far away galaxies. And that's a new kind

462
00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:09,640
Speaker 1: of star that we started to understand, called a type

463
00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:10,840
Speaker 1: one a supernova.

464
00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:14,520
Speaker 4: Right, they call them like the standard candles, right exactly.

465
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,360
Speaker 1: They're standard candles because they act the same way everywhere

466
00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:19,280
Speaker 1: in the universe, and so we can tell we know

467
00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:22,080
Speaker 1: how bright they are, so based on how dim they

468
00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:24,160
Speaker 1: are or how bright, we can tell how far away

469
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,159
Speaker 1: they are. So it was in the nineties people figured

470
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:28,800
Speaker 1: this thing out. They're like, ooh, look, we have a

471
00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:31,880
Speaker 1: new standard candle that lets us look much deeper into

472
00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:33,960
Speaker 1: the history of the universe. Right now we can answer

473
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,280
Speaker 1: this question. We can figure out what is the future

474
00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:37,760
Speaker 1: of the universe, what is it going to be?

475
00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,439
Speaker 4: So most stars are you can't really tell, right, some

476
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:42,480
Speaker 4: of them are dim, some of them are far away,

477
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:45,800
Speaker 4: but there are the special type of star. It always

478
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,480
Speaker 4: explodes the same way, so that if you see it

479
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,080
Speaker 4: really bright, it must be closed, or if you see

480
00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:53,560
Speaker 4: it really dim, it must be far away.

481
00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:55,639
Speaker 1: Right, that's right. And these are not just stars, as

482
00:22:55,640 --> 00:22:59,000
Speaker 1: you said, these are supernova, right, they're the end of stars. Right.

483
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:02,080
Speaker 1: That's when stars col lapse and implode, followed by a

484
00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:06,520
Speaker 1: huge enormous cosmic explosion. And that explosion is super bright,

485
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:10,639
Speaker 1: Like a single supernova can outshine the entire galaxy it's in,

486
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,480
Speaker 1: but just for a few days. It's like crazily burning

487
00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:14,280
Speaker 1: up all of its fuel.

488
00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:15,280
Speaker 4: It's like like get a flare.

489
00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:17,080
Speaker 1: If you set your house on fire, it's brighter than

490
00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:20,840
Speaker 1: the whole neighborhood. Right, but not very long. So there

491
00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:23,040
Speaker 1: were you know, people figured this out, and then people

492
00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:25,600
Speaker 1: sort of split into two teams. It was a team

493
00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:28,200
Speaker 1: at Berkeley and it was a team in Australia, and

494
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:31,040
Speaker 1: they were racing to discover to get as much data

495
00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:34,359
Speaker 1: as possible because supernova are not regular. It's not like

496
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:36,040
Speaker 1: you know when it's going to happen. You have to

497
00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:38,119
Speaker 1: just scan the sky and hope to see one. And

498
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,080
Speaker 1: it developed special technology to look through all this telescope

499
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:43,720
Speaker 1: data and try to find new stars that were appearing

500
00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:45,480
Speaker 1: in the sky, because that's what a supernova looks like,

501
00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:47,919
Speaker 1: looks like a bright new star that appears and then

502
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:49,680
Speaker 1: it fades over a matter of days. And if you

503
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:52,520
Speaker 1: capture enough data about it, then you can learn about

504
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:54,399
Speaker 1: its brightness and figure out how far away it was.

505
00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:57,680
Speaker 4: And so finally one of them discovered, like, hey, we

506
00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:02,680
Speaker 4: have a measurement for how the universe is expanding, whether

507
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 4: it's expanding faster or slower than before.

508
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:07,320
Speaker 1: Yeah. It took a couple of years for them to

509
00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:09,840
Speaker 1: have enough data, and it was a scramble, and I

510
00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:12,240
Speaker 1: think those people must have been working twenty hour days here,

511
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:13,200
Speaker 1: seven days a week.

512
00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:16,160
Speaker 4: Yeah, everyone wanted to be the first to say like, hey,

513
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:18,000
Speaker 4: here's that measurement exactly.

514
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:21,000
Speaker 1: Finally they had this plot of how fast the universe

515
00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,000
Speaker 1: is expanding as a function of time, and what they

516
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:27,439
Speaker 1: discovered is that the universe is not slowing down a

517
00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:29,040
Speaker 1: lot or slowing down a little.

518
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:31,359
Speaker 4: So it's not option A nor option B.

519
00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:34,800
Speaker 1: That's right. The universe went for secret option C.

520
00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:36,159
Speaker 4: Secret option C.

521
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:38,440
Speaker 1: You didn't even know it was on the menu. That's

522
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,960
Speaker 1: what we got for dinner, right, And I love when

523
00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:43,200
Speaker 1: the universe does that because it's like, oh, you silly

524
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,320
Speaker 1: little humans. You had no idea what even.

525
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,119
Speaker 4: Question you're asking, right, I hadn't even thought about this answer.

526
00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:50,760
Speaker 1: That's right, And so secret option CEE is that the universe,

527
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,239
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe is not slowing down at all.

528
00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,919
Speaker 1: It's increasing. It's getting faster and faster, it's accelerating.

529
00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:59,400
Speaker 4: So the fate of the universe is not that it's

530
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:01,840
Speaker 4: going to crunch or just float away. Things are like

531
00:25:03,280 --> 00:25:04,680
Speaker 4: freezing away from each other.

532
00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:08,320
Speaker 1: That's right, Faster and faster every year. Something out there.

533
00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:10,119
Speaker 1: We don't know what it is. We can't explain it,

534
00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:12,600
Speaker 1: We don't understand it at all. Something out there is

535
00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:14,879
Speaker 1: pushing all of these other galaxies away from us, and

536
00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:18,159
Speaker 1: it's doing it faster and faster every year. Like you

537
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:19,960
Speaker 1: only need to know a little bit of physics to

538
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,760
Speaker 1: know that accelerating an entire galaxy hundreds of billions of

539
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,040
Speaker 1: stars takes a huge amount of energy. That's why we

540
00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:29,280
Speaker 1: were talking earlier about how it's two thirds of the

541
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:31,639
Speaker 1: energy in the universe, because it's not a small feat

542
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,240
Speaker 1: to expand the whole universe faster every year.

543
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,480
Speaker 4: Yeah, it's like these galaxies want to get together because

544
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:39,880
Speaker 4: of gravity, either pulling on each other to get closer,

545
00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:42,720
Speaker 4: but something is actually pushing them apart.

546
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,320
Speaker 1: That's right, and that's the thing we call dark energy.

547
00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,919
Speaker 1: So they discover this thing, total mind blow, Like what

548
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:51,800
Speaker 1: the universe is totally different from what we thought it was.

549
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:53,800
Speaker 1: The fate of the universe is different from what we

550
00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,760
Speaker 1: possibly imagined. Then there's this second big question, which is

551
00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,359
Speaker 1: what is it? Right? We found it. We know that

552
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:02,440
Speaker 1: it's there, we see that it's happening, but we don't

553
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:04,439
Speaker 1: understand it at all. We just observe it.

554
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,960
Speaker 4: Okay, But before we get into that, let's take a

555
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 4: quick break.

556
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:13,720
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

557
00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:16,960
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

558
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:21,040
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

559
00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:23,720
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

560
00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:28,040
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

561
00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:30,640
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

562
00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:33,000
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

563
00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:36,960
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take

564
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,080
Speaker 1: water for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to

565
00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,480
Speaker 1: four times. The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment,

566
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,400
Speaker 1: washes the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US

567
00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:50,320
Speaker 1: Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that

568
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,360
Speaker 1: turn the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can

569
00:26:53,359 --> 00:26:56,200
Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time

570
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:57,919
Speaker 1: you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice

571
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,680
Speaker 1: cream cone, know that dairy farmers and pross around the

572
00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:04,119
Speaker 1: country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide

573
00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,920
Speaker 1: the nutrient dense dairy products we love with less of

574
00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:10,720
Speaker 1: an impact. Visit usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

575
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,960
Speaker 6: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

576
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 6: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

577
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,679
Speaker 6: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

578
00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:23,520
Speaker 6: Visit Strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

579
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:27,080
Speaker 6: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

580
00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,760
Speaker 6: work may cost less than you think and can often

581
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:32,800
Speaker 6: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

582
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,480
Speaker 6: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

583
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:41,440
Speaker 6: less tomorrow. Visit Strengthen your house dot com.

584
00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:45,280
Speaker 5: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

585
00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:47,680
Speaker 5: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

586
00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:49,919
Speaker 5: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

587
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:53,480
Speaker 5: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California

588
00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:56,720
Speaker 5: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

589
00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:05,040
Speaker 4: That's what dark energy is. It's like that thing that

590
00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,080
Speaker 4: is pushing all the galaxies apart.

591
00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:11,840
Speaker 1: That's right, the totally unexplained, ununderstood phenomena which is shredding

592
00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,000
Speaker 1: the universe and causing it to explode and changing its future.

593
00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:17,639
Speaker 1: That's what dark energy is. And most people walking in

594
00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: the street have no idea.

595
00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:23,359
Speaker 4: It's like the phenomenon of the universe expanding faster and faster.

596
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,159
Speaker 4: That's dark energy. That's exactly right, Like some kind of

597
00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,720
Speaker 4: like actual like energy like a photon or some kind

598
00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:32,440
Speaker 4: of like thing like we really don't know what it is.

599
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,119
Speaker 1: All we know is that it's energy, that's all we know.

600
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:38,920
Speaker 1: And we know that it's accelerating the universe. And a

601
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:43,480
Speaker 1: fascinating thing is that it's not just pushing stuff through space. Right,

602
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,200
Speaker 1: One way to imagine a galaxy moving away from you

603
00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:48,760
Speaker 1: is that it's moving through space away from you, right,

604
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:50,600
Speaker 1: And that's what you imagine probably when you think of

605
00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 1: the Big Bang. Everything comes out of this tiny little

606
00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 1: ball and expands through space. But dark energy is doing

607
00:28:56,400 --> 00:29:00,880
Speaker 1: something else. It's also creating new space between us and

608
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:03,480
Speaker 1: the other galaxies. It's not just pushing things through space.

609
00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:05,920
Speaker 1: It's making new empty space.

610
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 4: It's not pushing you and meat apart from each other.

611
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:14,200
Speaker 4: It's like it's creating more room, more land in between

612
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:15,160
Speaker 4: in between us.

613
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:17,960
Speaker 1: That's right. It's making the four or five even longer.

614
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:20,760
Speaker 4: Well you know what I mean, like a like a

615
00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:23,960
Speaker 4: ticonic lady. How Like it comes up and it creates

616
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 4: land and it pushes things apart. That's kind of what

617
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:30,320
Speaker 4: dark energy is doing out in space. Yes, exactly right,

618
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:33,080
Speaker 4: creating new real estate in between you and me. And

619
00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:35,600
Speaker 4: that's pushing me apart further apart from you.

620
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:37,400
Speaker 1: That's right. And it's hard to think about what it

621
00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:40,240
Speaker 1: means new space. What is that unless you think about

622
00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:43,160
Speaker 1: space in a different way. Space isn't just emptiness or nothingness,

623
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,400
Speaker 1: as we've said on this podcast a few times. It's

624
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: this dynamic physical thing. And this is one reason we

625
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:50,120
Speaker 1: think it's more than just emptiness, is that it can

626
00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:53,000
Speaker 1: do this thing that emptiness can't, which is create more

627
00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 1: of itself.

628
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,680
Speaker 4: It's not nothing. It's like real estate, and there's more

629
00:29:57,720 --> 00:29:58,640
Speaker 4: of it being created.

630
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,120
Speaker 1: That's right. Location, location, location, you know, it's the most

631
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:04,160
Speaker 1: important thing, right And new space is being created all

632
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,560
Speaker 1: the time, and that's what dark energy is doing, is

633
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:08,960
Speaker 1: creating this new space. And we don't have any explanation

634
00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:11,160
Speaker 1: for it. You know, people think about theories and what

635
00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:13,200
Speaker 1: is dark energy? Could it be this? Could it be that.

636
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,480
Speaker 1: One idea that physicists like is to think about the

637
00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:20,320
Speaker 1: energy of this empty space, like maybe space itself has energy.

638
00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:23,320
Speaker 1: Maybe space can never really be empty. You know, it's

639
00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:26,200
Speaker 1: full of the Higgs field, and it's full of virtual particles,

640
00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:28,880
Speaker 1: and it's full of all this little quantum frothing bubbliness

641
00:30:28,960 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 1: right Like.

642
00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:31,960
Speaker 4: By its very nature is just like this has a

643
00:30:31,960 --> 00:30:33,080
Speaker 4: bubbly personality.

644
00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:37,959
Speaker 1: That's right. Space isn't cold and friendly. It wants to

645
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:40,360
Speaker 1: have more of itself. It's social. And so one idea

646
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,280
Speaker 1: is maybe dark energy is this energy of empty space.

647
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:45,760
Speaker 1: The problem is if you sit down to do the calculations,

648
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,840
Speaker 1: you say, all right, well, let's calculate how much energy

649
00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:49,880
Speaker 1: there is an empty space, and compared to what we see,

650
00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:52,520
Speaker 1: you come up with a number that's way off, like

651
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: not a little bit off, off by ten to the

652
00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:58,680
Speaker 1: sixty and let's ten with sixty zeros beyond it. That's

653
00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:02,800
Speaker 1: a big error, y big mistake. So the other fascinating

654
00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 1: thing is that it hasn't been doing it forever. It

655
00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:09,080
Speaker 1: turned on about five billion years ago and started this acceleration.

656
00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: And again we don't know why. We don't know what

657
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:14,320
Speaker 1: turned it on. We know what would turn it off.

658
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:16,640
Speaker 1: You know, what is dark energy? Like you know long

659
00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:18,680
Speaker 1: walks on the beach, I don't know. We don't know

660
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:19,719
Speaker 1: very much about it.

661
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,000
Speaker 4: Was it always there from the beginning of the Big Bang.

662
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:25,160
Speaker 4: It's just some somehow five billion years ago it started

663
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:26,880
Speaker 4: pushing things more actively.

664
00:31:27,160 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, these days, the most modern picture of cosmology, I think,

665
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:33,200
Speaker 1: considers the Big Bang and dark energy to be sort

666
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,440
Speaker 1: of connected. Like, imagine a huge expansion of the universe

667
00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:38,680
Speaker 1: in the very first few moments that we call the

668
00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:40,840
Speaker 1: Big Bang, or these days we call that inflation, and

669
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,160
Speaker 1: then that stopped and things just sort of floated through

670
00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 1: space for a while and then five billion years ago

671
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:48,040
Speaker 1: it started again. So in one sense, you could think

672
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:51,080
Speaker 1: of dark energy as like phase two of the Big Bang,

673
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,920
Speaker 1: or the Big Bang continued, you know, but just when

674
00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:55,960
Speaker 1: you thought it was safe to get into space.

675
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,600
Speaker 4: Here comes to the dark energy, Here comes the Bigger Bang.

676
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:01,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, both of them are expansions of space. We think

677
00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:05,800
Speaker 1: they're probably related, but we don't really know how or why.

678
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,640
Speaker 4: They can't do the same thing. But who knows. Why

679
00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:09,720
Speaker 4: would take a nap for five billion years?

680
00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:12,480
Speaker 1: That's right, I'm sorry, what were you doing? How do

681
00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: you capture the time? Are we getting built for that time? Yeah? Exactly.

682
00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:18,840
Speaker 1: And there are big consequences for the fact that it's

683
00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:22,080
Speaker 1: not just pushing things through space but actually creating new space.

684
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:25,240
Speaker 4: Yeah, because we start as a podcast asking like what

685
00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:27,240
Speaker 4: is going to happen to the universe at the end,

686
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:30,400
Speaker 4: and so it has it has big consequences for like

687
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:32,080
Speaker 4: what's going to happen to the universe.

688
00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:36,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, because it's creating new space, which means it's effectively

689
00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:40,400
Speaker 1: evading the speed limit of the universe, the speed of light. Right,

690
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,440
Speaker 1: Nothing in the universe can move through space faster than

691
00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:44,080
Speaker 1: the speed of light.

692
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:44,320
Speaker 6: Right.

693
00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:47,680
Speaker 1: That's a hard and fast limit, and so these galaxies

694
00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:49,960
Speaker 1: can't move through space away from us faster than the

695
00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:54,200
Speaker 1: speed of light, but there's no limit on how fast

696
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:58,080
Speaker 1: you can create new space. So new space is being

697
00:32:58,080 --> 00:33:01,880
Speaker 1: created between us and these other galaxies faster then light

698
00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:02,720
Speaker 1: can go through it.

699
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:04,400
Speaker 4: It's like if I was trying to get to you

700
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:07,600
Speaker 4: down at Irvine and I can only go seventy miles

701
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:10,680
Speaker 4: per hour in the highway, you know, nominally.

702
00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,400
Speaker 1: You'd be lucky to do that.

703
00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:15,560
Speaker 4: Let's say it's like two A to have your private line.

704
00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:19,880
Speaker 4: Let's say I was using the carpool lane, all right,

705
00:33:20,760 --> 00:33:23,160
Speaker 4: but yeah, but like let's say that a new land

706
00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 4: was being created between you and me faster than seventy

707
00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:27,160
Speaker 4: miles per hour, I would never get to you.

708
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:29,600
Speaker 1: That's right. If they're just laying new road and you're

709
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,200
Speaker 1: faster than you're driving through it, you'll never get down

710
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:36,040
Speaker 1: to Irvine, exactly right. And that's a situation. Those photons

711
00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:39,280
Speaker 1: that are leaving those galaxies now will never reach us

712
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:42,360
Speaker 1: because the space in between us is growing faster than

713
00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: the photons go through it.

714
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:46,520
Speaker 4: Right, at some point they'll stop reaching us, right like,

715
00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:49,840
Speaker 4: like we'll see them and then suddenly they'll blink out of.

716
00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,680
Speaker 1: Existence exactly, things that used to be in our observable universe.

717
00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:56,040
Speaker 1: Things that we see now because light has had a

718
00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:58,680
Speaker 1: chance to get through the universe to us, will no

719
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:02,320
Speaker 1: longer be observable because dark energy is pushing them out

720
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,200
Speaker 1: of this sphere of the observable universe, all the stuff

721
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:06,960
Speaker 1: we can see because light has had a chance to

722
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,399
Speaker 1: get to us. So galaxies in the sky are disappearing

723
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:15,520
Speaker 1: right now, right now, quick rush outside.

724
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:12,920
Speaker 6: And.

725
00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 1: Things that are on the edge of our observable universe

726
00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:19,640
Speaker 1: are disappearing because dark energy is pushing them beyond the

727
00:34:19,680 --> 00:34:22,000
Speaker 1: bounds of things we can see. So the night sky

728
00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:23,320
Speaker 1: is getting darker and darker.

729
00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:26,160
Speaker 4: So like if you hit the fast forward button on

730
00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:28,560
Speaker 4: a camera pointed at the sky, you would see like

731
00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:30,719
Speaker 4: stars just snuff out, just like.

732
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:34,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, you would see galaxies snuff out of are clusters

733
00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:38,120
Speaker 1: of stars. And so in that scenario, all these galaxies

734
00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:40,560
Speaker 1: snuff out of the sky, right they get pushed out

735
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:44,359
Speaker 1: beyond our observable horizon and they disappear, and then we're

736
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,680
Speaker 1: left with the single galaxy in the universe. Just like

737
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:51,759
Speaker 1: people before Hubble thought, right then, and imagine astronomers in

738
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:54,680
Speaker 1: the future right after all these galaxies are pushed out.

739
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:56,640
Speaker 4: They're going to think we're the only there's only one

740
00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:58,080
Speaker 4: galaxy in the entire universe.

741
00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:00,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, because they would be the only thing that they

742
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:04,480
Speaker 1: could see. Right, It's amazing to imagine. How to try

743
00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:06,840
Speaker 1: to think about how could they learn about the universe

744
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 1: if all they could see was their galaxy. How could

745
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:14,040
Speaker 1: they even possibly know, right, how big it actually is? Yeah,

746
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 1: they would have no idea what's beyond their observable universe.

747
00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:20,799
Speaker 1: And that's really humbling because it reminds you of how

748
00:35:20,840 --> 00:35:24,320
Speaker 1: little we know. Right, we're, after all, fourteen billion years

749
00:35:24,360 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 1: into the history of the universe. There could be fascinating

750
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:29,520
Speaker 1: clues about the way the universe works and what it's

751
00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:32,480
Speaker 1: made out of that have already been pushed beyond our

752
00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:36,200
Speaker 1: sky that we cannot see and we will never see. Right,

753
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,880
Speaker 1: So what's lost in the night sky? Well, we have

754
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:40,399
Speaker 1: no idea, right, there.

755
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:42,840
Speaker 4: Could have been kinds of galaxies. Who knows that we

756
00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:43,600
Speaker 4: can't see anymore?

757
00:35:43,680 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and continue it even further, and remember, dark

758
00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:49,640
Speaker 1: energy is not just out there in space. It's here,

759
00:35:49,719 --> 00:35:52,080
Speaker 1: it's with me, it's with you. It's literally pushing me

760
00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:55,279
Speaker 1: and you apart right now. The reason we don't see

761
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,840
Speaker 1: it is because we have bonds that are holding us together,

762
00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,560
Speaker 1: right like their dark energy is trying to create new

763
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:03,440
Speaker 1: space between the molecules in my hand, but the molecules

764
00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:06,560
Speaker 1: are bound together tightly enough to resist that. But if

765
00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:10,719
Speaker 1: dark energy continues, it might eventually shred the Milky Way, right,

766
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: take our own galaxy and toss the stars out into space.

767
00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:16,319
Speaker 1: Eventually we might just be a solar system floating in

768
00:36:16,320 --> 00:36:19,640
Speaker 1: the inky blackness of space seeing nothing. Right, that's one

769
00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:20,920
Speaker 1: potential future.

770
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:25,319
Speaker 4: Thinking that we're the only star in the entire creation, right,

771
00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:26,480
Speaker 4: in the entire universe.

772
00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:29,920
Speaker 1: That's right, that's right, that's one real possibility. Now, again,

773
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:31,840
Speaker 1: we don't know what dark energy is going to do.

774
00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:33,680
Speaker 1: We don't know if it's strong enough to do that.

775
00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:35,120
Speaker 1: We don't know if it's going to stop. We don't

776
00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:37,600
Speaker 1: know if something else is going to happen. We really

777
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:39,799
Speaker 1: have no idea. But it's it's amazing to me that

778
00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:42,760
Speaker 1: it's only this knowledge is only twenty years old. Twenty

779
00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:45,600
Speaker 1: years ago, before we discover this stuff, we didn't know

780
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,440
Speaker 1: that the universe was accelerating, and we didn't know that

781
00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 1: most of the universe was this thing called dark energy. Like,

782
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,759
Speaker 1: think about how recent that discovery is. Yeah, that to

783
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:56,799
Speaker 1: me is inspiring because it makes me hope that we

784
00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,800
Speaker 1: have more mind blowing discoveries ahead, you know, more of

785
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:03,520
Speaker 1: the moments of like what the universe is totally different

786
00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:06,240
Speaker 1: from what I imagined. That's what I live for in physics.

787
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:13,719
Speaker 4: Well, you know, this was may making me think this

788
00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:16,320
Speaker 4: past week and I was camping with my kids and

789
00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:19,399
Speaker 4: my family and it was a beautiful night. You could

790
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,280
Speaker 4: see all the stars and I pointed out to my daughter.

791
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,520
Speaker 4: She was like, look at all the stars. And I

792
00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:26,680
Speaker 4: was pointed out some of the constellations and stuff, and

793
00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:30,200
Speaker 4: she's like, whoaw. And I talked pointed out to Big

794
00:37:30,239 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 4: Dipper and she's like, that's the Big Dipper. And she

795
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,880
Speaker 4: proceeded to tell me this whole complicated story about the

796
00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:38,160
Speaker 4: Big Dipper that she read in this book she had

797
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,160
Speaker 4: at school that she's read like a million times, but

798
00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:44,919
Speaker 4: for the first time she'd actually seen the stars, she'd

799
00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:46,440
Speaker 4: actually seen the Big Dipper.

800
00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:49,040
Speaker 1: What a fun moment for her. Yeah, to make these

801
00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:49,920
Speaker 1: things real.

802
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,920
Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, and so yeah, so I think that's a

803
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:55,480
Speaker 4: big lesson, you know, go out there, look at the stars,

804
00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:57,120
Speaker 4: before they go away.

805
00:37:57,360 --> 00:37:59,239
Speaker 1: And this is not abstract. I mean, this is our

806
00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,439
Speaker 1: universe actually talking about it. And you can go along

807
00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:04,000
Speaker 1: and live your life and worry about traffic and paying

808
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,239
Speaker 1: the next bill in your own financial big bang. But

809
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:08,960
Speaker 1: these things are our context, right. This is the universe

810
00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,360
Speaker 1: we live in that we're descinately trying to discover before

811
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:12,640
Speaker 1: it blows itself up.

812
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:15,160
Speaker 4: It's changing all the time, so go out there and

813
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 4: experience it absolutely.

814
00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,640
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

815
00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:28,880
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

816
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:31,360
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

817
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:35,080
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

818
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:43,400
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandjorge dot com. When you

819
00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:45,480
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

820
00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:48,600
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

821
00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,760
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

822
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:55,160
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

823
00:38:55,160 --> 00:38:58,760
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy

824
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,919
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gas? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn

825
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:07,480
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

826
00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:10,759
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as Dairy dot COM's last

827
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:12,400
Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more.

828
00:39:13,239 --> 00:39:16,200
Speaker 6: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

829
00:39:16,239 --> 00:39:20,280
Speaker 6: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

830
00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:22,880
Speaker 6: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

831
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:25,759
Speaker 6: Visit strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

832
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:29,319
Speaker 6: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

833
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:32,000
Speaker 6: work may cost less than you think and can often

834
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,040
Speaker 6: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

835
00:39:35,239 --> 00:39:38,760
Speaker 6: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

836
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:43,640
Speaker 6: less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your House dot com.

837
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:47,480
Speaker 5: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

838
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:49,959
Speaker 5: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

839
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:50,759
Speaker 5: ones who need them to.

840
00:39:50,680 --> 00:39:51,480
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

841
00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:55,080
Speaker 5: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely,

842
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:58,040
Speaker 5: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans