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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from works

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Speaker 1: dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I am

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Speaker 1: Crazy d Wilson and I'm Holly Frying and today's podcast

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Speaker 1: is inspired by Miss Fisher's Murder Mystery. I love that

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Speaker 1: show and I love those books, and a couple of

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Speaker 1: the recurring characters Bert and Says met while fighting at

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Speaker 1: Gallipoli in World War One. And the books are set

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Speaker 1: in Australia, and a couple of them that I've read

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Speaker 1: so far have Australian soldiers experiences at Gallipoli as a

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Speaker 1: recurring theme. So here are some things that I knew

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Speaker 1: about Gallipoli before researching this episode. The first was it

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Speaker 1: was a battle, a campaign, really, there were several battles

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Speaker 1: within it. Uh. I also knew it was in World

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Speaker 1: War One, And then based on things that I gleaned

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Speaker 1: from context while reading and watching Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, Uh,

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Speaker 1: it seems to have been a pretty hard time for

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Speaker 1: a lot of the people involved in it. And if

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Speaker 1: you grew up in Australia, New Zealander, Turkey, you probably

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Speaker 1: know a whole lot more about it than what I did. Right,

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Speaker 1: So Glippoli has actually become a part of the national

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Speaker 1: identity of all of those three places. We've also gotten

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Speaker 1: a bunch of listener requests to talk about the Glipi

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Speaker 1: the Glippoli campaign, including Shawna, Amelia, Julie, Evelyn, Brandon, Louise

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Speaker 1: and Katrina. Probably other people too. Some of that stem

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Speaker 1: from the fact that this year was the anniversary of

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Speaker 1: the Glibpoali campaign. Fortunately, the folks at Oxford University Press

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Speaker 1: graciously sent us a review copy of a new book

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Speaker 1: on Gallippoli a few months ago by historian Jenny McLoud.

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Speaker 1: Really good book. I'm just gonna go ahead and say

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Speaker 1: that now and I'm gonna say it again later. But

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Speaker 1: that made it easier for us to get started on

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Speaker 1: this one. And one of the most memorable and infamous

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Speaker 1: aspects of World War One was its long, brutal steelmate

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Speaker 1: against the enormous system of trenches known as the Western Front.

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Speaker 1: Although the powers involved all expected the war to be

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Speaker 1: over quickly from the outset, it reached an impass almost immediately.

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Speaker 1: Tensions had been building for decades as various European powers

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Speaker 1: expanded their empires, and the tipping point came as a

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Speaker 1: lot of folks probably know with the assassination of Austrian

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Speaker 1: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Serbian nationalists on June.

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Speaker 1: Within a month, Austria Hungary had demanded that Serbia takes

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Speaker 1: steps to prevent terrorism, and Serbia went to its his

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Speaker 1: ally Russia for help. Austria Hungary's allied Germany declared war

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Speaker 1: on Russia, France and Belgium, and by August four Britain

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Speaker 1: had declared war on Germany as well. More declarations of

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Speaker 1: war followed really soon. This is in August. By September

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Speaker 1: fift the first trenches are being dug. The Glipoli Campaign,

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Speaker 1: which started in early nineteen fifteen, was an attempt on

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Speaker 1: the part of the Allies, that meaning Great Britain, France,

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Speaker 1: and Russia, to break their stalemate with the Central Powers,

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Speaker 1: which were Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria, Hungary. Bulgaria

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Speaker 1: at this point had not yet entered the war. There

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Speaker 1: were two main goals driving the Glipoli Campaign. The first

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Speaker 1: was to weaken Germany by going after the Ottoman Empire,

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Speaker 1: which had entered the war in November of nineteen fourteen.

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Speaker 1: Allied leaders also hoped that active warfare going on near

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Speaker 1: their borders would prompt other Mediterranean nations to enter the

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Speaker 1: war on their side. The other was to try to

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Speaker 1: open a sea route between Russia and its allies in Europe.

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Speaker 1: The Glipoli Peninsula is bordered by the Aegean Sea to

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Speaker 1: the north and the west and the Dardenell Straight to

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Speaker 1: the south and the east. If the Allies could get

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Speaker 1: access to the Dardnell Straight, you could have a water

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Speaker 1: route to the Sea of Marmara and that would lead

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Speaker 1: them to the Ottoman Empire capital Constantinople, which is now Istanbul.

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Speaker 1: If the Allies then took Constantinople, this would number one

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Speaker 1: be a decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire and number

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Speaker 1: two allow them to go from the Agency into the

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Speaker 1: Black Sea and therefore Russia via the Bosphorus Straight. This

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Speaker 1: is something the British military had actually been discussing for

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Speaker 1: a while, even before the Ottoman Empire formally entered the war.

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Speaker 1: A water route that was navigable year round and could

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Speaker 1: connect Russia to its European allies would, after all, be

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Speaker 1: an extremely handy thing to have, and this was the

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Speaker 1: only one. Winston Churchill was the first Lord of the

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Speaker 1: Admiralty and was one of the plans earlier proponents. However,

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Speaker 1: the rest of the Admiralty thought it much too risky

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Speaker 1: until the war actually started to drag on, much like

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Speaker 1: everyone had thought the whole war would be over by

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Speaker 1: Christmas back when it had started in June of nineteen fourteen.

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Speaker 1: The British belief the Gallipoli campaign would be swift and decisive,

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Speaker 1: and the words of Churchill quote a good army of

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Speaker 1: fifty thousand men and seapower, that is the end of

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Speaker 1: the Turkish menace. However, the fact that the Allies could

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Speaker 1: use a water route to Russia was just as obvious

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Speaker 1: to the Ottoman Empire as it was to the Allied

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Speaker 1: powers themselves. So in the months between the start of

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Speaker 1: the war and the Allies actual attempt to take the

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Speaker 1: Dardanelles straight, the Ottoman Empire was building fortifications on both

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Speaker 1: sides of the street and laying mines in the street itself.

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Speaker 1: This meant that by the time British and French ships

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Speaker 1: moved into bombard the Dardanelles for the first time on February,

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Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire was more than ready. The British navy

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Speaker 1: knew that its guns were better at fighting other ships

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Speaker 1: than at fighting targets on land, and this actually held

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Speaker 1: true during the first bombardment of the Dardanelles. While the

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Speaker 1: Allies naval force did successfully prompt the Ottoman Empire to

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Speaker 1: abandon some forts and outposts that were very close to

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Speaker 1: the shore, it did not have a lot of other success.

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Speaker 1: The Allies tried to bring in i'm sweepers to clear

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Speaker 1: the minds out of the strait, but they fell uh.

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Speaker 1: The force fell under heavy fire from the remaining Ottoman

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Speaker 1: forces and had to fall back. A second naval advanced

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Speaker 1: into the Dardnells was attempted on March eighteenth of nineteen

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Speaker 1: fift Once again, the British battleships came under heavy fire.

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Speaker 1: They also ran into undetected mines. Three Allied ships sank

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Speaker 1: and three others were heavily damaged, so this was a

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Speaker 1: second unsuccessful attempt. At this point, the strategy shifted to

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Speaker 1: invading the Gallipoli Peninsula by land instead of the dardenell

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Speaker 1: Straight by sea, and there were troops reasonably nearby. The

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Speaker 1: Australian Imperial Force and the New Zealand Expeditionary Force had

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Speaker 1: been diverted to Egypt and we're actually training there. These

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Speaker 1: two forces eventually became the Australian and New Zealand Army

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Speaker 1: Corps or ANZAC. The ANZAC troops combined with troops from

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Speaker 1: Great Britain and Ireland, France, India and Newfoundland to become

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Speaker 1: the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, led by Lieutenant General Sir Ian

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Speaker 1: Hamilton's We will talk about the Mediterranean Expeditionary Forces attempt

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Speaker 1: to take Gallipoli after we have a brief word from

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Speaker 1: one of our fantastic sponsors. So getting back to the story.

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Speaker 1: On April nineteen fifteen, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force launched an

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Speaker 1: amphibious assault of the Gallipoli Peninsula, which required about two

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Speaker 1: hundred ships to maneuver into position. It was a difficult

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Speaker 1: and devastating mission. Throughout the Ottoman forces had the high

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Speaker 1: ground and the cliffs above the beach were dotted with

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Speaker 1: sniper's nests. The Ottoman Empire also had a good intelligence

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Speaker 1: network and had correctly predicted where the Allied forces we're

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Speaker 1: going to try to make landfall, and it had fortifications

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Speaker 1: at those points, including men and barbed wire already in place.

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Speaker 1: The Allies had two landing points in that April assault.

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Speaker 1: One was the southern tip of the peninsula, at Cape Helly's.

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Speaker 1: This one was the more strategically important point, and so

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Speaker 1: the most experienced units were sent there. About seventeen thousand

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Speaker 1: Allied troops landed at the Cape in that first assault.

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Speaker 1: The other, which is nicknamed Anzac Cove, was on the

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Speaker 1: Aegean Sea side of the peninsula, and it was where

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Speaker 1: another twenty thousand men, predominantly Anzac troops, made landfall on

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Speaker 1: the twenty five. The force that landed there attempted to

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Speaker 1: do so under cover of darkness, and consequently they wound

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Speaker 1: up a couple of kilometers off course due to a

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Speaker 1: navigational error. Because they came in at a particularly treacherous

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Speaker 1: and indefensible spot, the force that landed there had real

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Speaker 1: difficulty reconnecting with one another and getting to where they

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Speaker 1: were actually supposed to be. The Allied force making this

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Speaker 1: initial assault on Gallipoli was a much much bigger force

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Speaker 1: than the Ottoman troops defending it. The Allies outnumbered the

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Speaker 1: Ottomans almost two to one in that first piece of

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Speaker 1: the campaign. But even though the Allies had much bigger

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Speaker 1: numbers the Ottomans had, as we noted before the high

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Speaker 1: ground found. Plus they were defending their home territory, which

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Speaker 1: a lot of them were already deeply familiar with. The

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Speaker 1: people who were landing from the sea, on the other hand,

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Speaker 1: had almost no knowledge of the rocky, jagged, crypt cliff lined,

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Speaker 1: ravine filled peninsula. This meant that during the initial assault

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Speaker 1: the Allied force encountered enormous casualties, and the assault did

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Speaker 1: not make the quick, decisive hole in the stalemate that

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Speaker 1: the British had hoped for. Instead, it simply turned into

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Speaker 1: a second stalemate, once again driven by trench warfare. With

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Speaker 1: much difficulty, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force established two beachheads at

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Speaker 1: their two landing points that they had made in that

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Speaker 1: initial assault. But on top of this territory being difficult

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Speaker 1: to take, it was extremely hard to hang onto. The

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Speaker 1: terrain was so rough that they really couldn't get in

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Speaker 1: and out with vehicles. Stretcher bearer John Simpson Kirkpatrick of

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Speaker 1: the Australian Army Medical Corps, better known just this John Simpson,

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Speaker 1: became famous for carrying injured men from the front down

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Speaker 1: to anzac Cove on a donkey that had been brought

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Speaker 1: into carry water, and he did this basically from the

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Speaker 1: time of the first landing on April until he was

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Speaker 1: killed in action on May nine. Unfortunately, in spite of

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Speaker 1: heroic efforts like Simpson's, evacuating injured men from the Gallipoli

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Speaker 1: front was often not enough. Because the expeditionary force had

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Speaker 1: come in from the sea to try to take a

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Speaker 1: narrow peninsula, they had a shortage of land and nowhere

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Speaker 1: to really build a field hospital, so injured troops had

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Speaker 1: to be taken by boat to hospital ships that were

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Speaker 1: waiting off shore, and men waiting at the beach for

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Speaker 1: these boats often came under fire. Once aboard these hospital ships,

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Speaker 1: sometimes things were not much better without a source of

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Speaker 1: fresh water. Water had to be strictly rationed, and there

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Speaker 1: just was not enough to keep sick and injured people

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Speaker 1: both clean and hydrated. This meant the illness was an

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Speaker 1: enormous problem, both on the front lines and on the

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Speaker 1: hospital ships themselves, with dysentery striking both the wounded and

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Speaker 1: the doctors and nurses taking care of them. Overall, illness

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Speaker 1: ended up causing far more casualties among the Mediterranean Expeditionary

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Speaker 1: force than combat did. Aside from the lack of fresh water,

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Speaker 1: there also wasn't enough available space to dig good latrines.

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Speaker 1: People were living in close proximity to their waste and

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Speaker 1: to the bodies of people who had died in no

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Speaker 1: man's land and could not be retrieved, so there was

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Speaker 1: absolutely no good way to keep flies who landed on bodies,

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Speaker 1: waste and food alike from spreading disease, and as a result,

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Speaker 1: it's not a great leap of logic to figure this out,

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Speaker 1: but typhoid was rampant. So the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was

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Speaker 1: basically trapped in their trenches, eating mostly corned beef, which

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Speaker 1: they knew as bully beef, and ration biscuits. There's actually

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Speaker 1: a sweet biscuit that's known as anzac biscuits, reportedly because

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Speaker 1: they were a common treat and care packages from home.

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Speaker 1: These ration biscuits that they were subs sting on were

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Speaker 1: not that they were basically hardtack that had to be

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Speaker 1: soaked to be edible at all. Rats were everywhere. The

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Speaker 1: troops had nowhere to relax or rest other than literally

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Speaker 1: in the trenches in the summer heat and hot weather.

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Speaker 1: Illnesses flourished only to be replaced by cold rain, hypothermia, frostbite,

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Speaker 1: and cold weather illnesses in the winter. It was to

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Speaker 1: be short miserable. By comparison, the Ottoman troops, who were

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Speaker 1: defending their own territory using a system of trenches they'd

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Speaker 1: had plenty of time to dig before the Allies even arrived,

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Speaker 1: were frequently supplied with fresh fruits and vegetables from local farms.

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Speaker 1: They even had brick ovens for cooking in their trenches.

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Speaker 1: Their rations of food and water were generous. The Ottoman

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Speaker 1: field hospitals were well appointed, and illnesses were not nearly

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Speaker 1: the problem for them as they were for the Mediterranean

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Speaker 1: Expeditionary Force. Throughout the Allied occupation of Gallipoli, there were

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Speaker 1: repeated tempts by the Allies to take the high ground

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Speaker 1: and by the Ottoman force to drive the Allies out.

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Speaker 1: One of the most horrific came on May nineteenth nine,

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Speaker 1: when an enormous Ottoman force made a direct assault on

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Speaker 1: Anzac Cove, which, though fierce, did not break through the

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Speaker 1: Anzac line. There were, however, six hundred and twenty eight

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Speaker 1: Anzac casualties on the Ottoman side. There were about ten

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Speaker 1: thousand casualties with three thousand, five hundred dead the worst.

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Speaker 1: I mean, that's awful. But to make things worse, many

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Speaker 1: of the dead were left in no man's land between

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Speaker 1: the two to the two trenches. And it was May,

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Speaker 1: and it was hot, and these bodies were left there

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Speaker 1: until May when the two forces arranged a temporary ceasefire

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Speaker 1: to bury them. After this point, attitudes among many Anzac

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Speaker 1: shifted when it came to their Ottoman adversaries. Previously, the

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Speaker 1: prevailing perception was that the Ottomans were brutal and average

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Speaker 1: think of those propaganda posters that really dehumanize the enemy.

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Speaker 1: But particularly after the experience of both armies simultaneously burying

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Speaker 1: the bodies of their falling compatriots, who had all been

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Speaker 1: lying dead in no man's land for almost a week,

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Speaker 1: they instead began to feel some sympathy. The Allies brought

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Speaker 1: in another wave of troops on August six, hoping that

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Speaker 1: greater numbers would help them finally rest Gallipoli from Ottoman control.

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Speaker 1: I want to make it clear that both sides had

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Speaker 1: been bringing in reinforcements at various points during this whole campaign.

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Speaker 1: The number of troops that was sent for this August

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Speaker 1: six assault though, was far smaller than what had actually

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Speaker 1: been requested, and the effort was once again ultimately unsuccessful.

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Speaker 1: The planned fast, efficient takeover had actually dragged on through

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Speaker 1: eight months of trench warfare, with both sides building dizzy

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Speaker 1: and dizzying complex systems of trenches and tunnels which they

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Speaker 1: used to try to sabotage one another from below. Lieutenant

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Speaker 1: General Sir Charles Monroe eventually replaced Hamilton's as the commander

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Speaker 1: in chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, and he immediately

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Speaker 1: recommended an evacuation. The Allies decided this was the best

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Speaker 1: course of action on November. A series of nighttime evacuations

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Speaker 1: started on December, with most of the Allied troops departing

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Speaker 1: on the course of four or five nights. The last

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Speaker 1: of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force left Gallipoli on January eighth

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Speaker 1: and ninth, nineteen six. The evacuation was covered by self

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Speaker 1: firing rifles, which used water trickling into a can to

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Speaker 1: create enough weight to move a lever which would fire

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Speaker 1: the gun. These served mostly as a distraction for the

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Speaker 1: Ottoman force, making it seem as though those trenches were

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Speaker 1: still occupied. The evacuation was made with a minimum of casualties.

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Speaker 1: It was the most logistically effective move of the entire campaign.

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Speaker 1: We will talk about the aftermath of the Gallipoli Campaign

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Speaker 1: and how it's remembered today after another brief word from

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Speaker 1: our sponsor, and now we will get back to our story.

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Speaker 1: Outside of the context of the rest of World War One,

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Speaker 1: the casualty toll of the Glipali campaign seemed staggering. More

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Speaker 1: than four hundred and eighty thousand Allied troops took part

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Speaker 1: in the Gallipoli Campaign and there were more than two

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Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand casualties, including forty six thousand deaths.

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Speaker 1: Just from Australia, there were twenty eight thousand, one hundred

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Speaker 1: fifty casualties and eight thousand, seven hundred deaths. Nearly a

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Speaker 1: sixth of the Australians who lost their lives in World

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Speaker 1: War One did so at the Gallipoli Campaign. Two thousand,

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Speaker 1: seven hundred seventy nine New Zealanders died at Gallipoli, which

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Speaker 1: was about a fifth of the New Zealanders who landed there.

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Speaker 1: Total numbers were similar on the Ottoman side, with two

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Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand casualties and was somewhere between sixty

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Speaker 1: five thousand and eighty five thousand killed. In other words,

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Speaker 1: all told, there were almost half a million casualties of

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Speaker 1: just the Gliboali campaign. These numbers due pale in comparison

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Speaker 1: to casualty figures from other parts of World War One,

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Speaker 1: and certainly for World War One as a whole, in

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Speaker 1: which there were seventeen million civilian and military deaths, But

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Speaker 1: considering the length of the campaign and the fact that

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Speaker 1: it ultimately made almost no difference in how the war

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Speaker 1: played out, makes it seem particularly tragic. In part because

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Speaker 1: of the failure of the Glipoali campaign, Winston Churchill was

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Speaker 1: forced to resign his post as the First Lord of

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Speaker 1: the Admiral Team, He lost his seat in the House

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Speaker 1: of Commons, and did not even begin to politically recover

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Speaker 1: until the Ottoman Empire, whose strength had been waning since

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Speaker 1: before the war, collapsed in nineteen eighteen, and November of

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Speaker 1: that year the Allies finally got control of the no

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Speaker 1: longer defended Dardenell Straight. Today, the Glibbali Campaign is an

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Speaker 1: enormously important part of the national consciousness and identity of

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Speaker 1: three nations Australia, news Eland and Turkey, where the campaign

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Speaker 1: is known as Chanako Lay. Australia and New Zealand were

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Speaker 1: both relatively new as established nations within the British Empire

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Speaker 1: during World War One. The Commonwealth of Australia was established

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Speaker 1: on January one, nineteen o one, although of course it

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Speaker 1: had been a British colony much longer than that. New

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Speaker 1: Zealand had become a nation with the signing of the

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Speaker 1: Treaty of White Toungy on February six, eighteen forty. Particularly

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Speaker 1: for the Australian military, this was the first time so

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Speaker 1: many men had fought on so large a scale, specifically

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Speaker 1: as Australians. Heavily romanticized accounts of the valor and bravery

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Speaker 1: of the ANZAC soldiers came out almost immediately after the

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Speaker 1: campaign had ended, including pieces by Charles Bean, the official

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Speaker 1: correspondent from Australia, whose account drew from the epic poem

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Speaker 1: Song of Roland. The first Anzac Day was celebrated in

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Speaker 1: Australia on October thirteenth, nineteen fifteen. This first one was

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Speaker 1: basically a memorial and a fundraiser for the surviving veterans. However,

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Speaker 1: it almost immediately moved to April, so the anniversary of

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Speaker 1: the day of that first assault, and it gradually morphed

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Speaker 1: into a memorial observance taking place annually and honoring all

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Speaker 1: veterans of all wars, including both Maori and Pakeha or

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Speaker 1: European descended contributions from New Zealand. Commemorations include memorials that

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Speaker 1: take place at dawn, parades and ceremonies. Anzac Day's popularity

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Speaker 1: waned for a while after World War Two as anti

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Speaker 1: war and anti colonial sentiments started to rise in both

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Speaker 1: Australia and New Zealand, but it experienced a resurgence in

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Speaker 1: the ninety nineties. Going along with this has been the

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Speaker 1: idea of the Anzac myth. This is the idea that

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Speaker 1: Anzac soldiers were united by a unique brand of courage,

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Speaker 1: friendship under fire, discipline, loyalty, and leadership, among other admirable qualities.

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Speaker 1: And there has of course been some criticism of both

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Speaker 1: Anzac Day and the Anzac myth, for example, whether they

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Speaker 1: glorify war and whether they ignore the contributions of women

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Speaker 1: who did things like working as nurses, worked im munitions

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Speaker 1: factories and things like that during the war. In the

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Speaker 1: earliest years, of the memorials, mothers who had lost their

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Speaker 1: children in the campaign really had a place of honor,

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Speaker 1: but that gradually faded and the focus turned mostly towards

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Speaker 1: the men. There are also some critics and theorists who

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Speaker 1: contend that Anzac Day has become such an important national

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Speaker 1: holiday in Australia and New Zealand because it does not

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Speaker 1: have some of the cultural baggage tied to White Tangi

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Speaker 1: Day and Australia Day, which can't really be discussed truthfully

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Speaker 1: without getting into New Zealand and Australia's historical treatment of

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Speaker 1: Indigenous peoples. But just know that there's controversy around all that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's definitely a deeply important holiday in both of those places,

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Speaker 1: and that's one of the reasons I think we got

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Speaker 1: so many requests to talk about the campaign. But as

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Speaker 1: is the case for us in the United States and

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Speaker 1: some of our national holidays, not without criticism from some folks,

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Speaker 1: the Gallipoli campaign, or as we said earlier, to not glay,

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Speaker 1: it's also nationally important in Turkey. Mustapha Kamal was the

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Speaker 1: commander of the nineteenth Division of the Ottoman Army during

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Speaker 1: the campaign and he was one of the strategic minds

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Speaker 1: behind the successful Ottoman defense of the peninsula. There have

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Speaker 1: actually been people who said that if he had been

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Speaker 1: in command of the Allied troops, the Allies would have

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Speaker 1: taken the peninsula successfully. After the war, he became involved

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Speaker 1: in the movement for Turkish independence, and when Turkey became

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Speaker 1: a secular republic in nineteen twenty three, he was its

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Speaker 1: first president. He was given the surname add A Turk,

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Speaker 1: meaning Father of the Turks, in nineteen thirty five. So

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Speaker 1: the importance of the Gliboli campaign is important to the

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Speaker 1: Turkish national identity, in part because of added Turk's involvement

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Speaker 1: in both the campaign and the founding of that nation.

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Speaker 1: Like the Anzac myth in Australia and New Zealand, the

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Speaker 1: campaign is connected to cultural identity in Turkey, tied to

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Speaker 1: ideas like bravery and defense of the homeland. However, Anzac

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Speaker 1: Day and Turkey has also had to a lot of

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Speaker 1: people's minds a more specifically nefarious quality than in other nations.

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Speaker 1: Turkey has been widely criticized for its refusal to acknowledge

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Speaker 1: a mass deportation and massacre of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire,

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Speaker 1: which many other nations have agreed was a genocide. A

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Speaker 1: lot of people have asked us to do a podcast

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Speaker 1: on the Armenian genocide, and I want to be clear,

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Speaker 1: it is on the list. It will probably be a

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Speaker 1: while before we can get to it, though. Focusing on

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Speaker 1: the Gallipoli Campaign, which only started a day after these

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Speaker 1: mass deportations and massacres started, sort of take some of

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Speaker 1: the attention away from an anniversary that Turkey doesn't really

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Speaker 1: want to talk about. As we said at the top

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Speaker 1: of the show, the anniversary of the campaign was this

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Speaker 1: year and memorials took place at Anzac Cove in what

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Speaker 1: is now Turkey, with most of the demand for tickets

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Speaker 1: coming for Australia and New Zealand. And I am not

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Speaker 1: kidding at all. If you are interested in this subject,

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Speaker 1: especially in terms of like how the campaign became so

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Speaker 1: culturally important to three different nations, do pick up Jenny

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Speaker 1: McCloud's book Gallipoli. It's definitely worth reading. It is a

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Speaker 1: very slender book. When I got it, I was actually like,

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Speaker 1: really I expected it to be twice as long as

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Speaker 1: it is, but it is really really packed with a

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Speaker 1: lot of information and it does a great job of

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Speaker 1: talking about both talking about the multiple different influences in

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Speaker 1: the campaign and how the different sides viewed it, and

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Speaker 1: also in acknowledging the fact that a lot of military

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Speaker 1: history is definitely written from one side, and it talks

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Speaker 1: about all the steps that were taken to try to

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Speaker 1: make this not just be a one sided look at

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Speaker 1: the campaign. So that one more time is Glippoli by

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Speaker 1: Jenny McLeod Tracy. Do you also have a little bit

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Speaker 1: of listener mail for us to enjoy that I do?

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Speaker 1: This is from Jeff and Jeff says, Hello, ladies. I

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Speaker 1: just finished listening to the Harlem Health Fighters podcast. While

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Speaker 1: did not particularly like it, only because I rarely like

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Speaker 1: things showing man's in humanity to Phillowman, I didn't find

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Speaker 1: it interesting, very worthwhile, and African American serviceman in the

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Speaker 1: First World War is something I definitely missed in history class.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for the enlightenment. I'm going to take a pause

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Speaker 1: here and say I kind of feel similarly about a

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Speaker 1: lot of our topics that are about men's humanity to man.

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Speaker 1: I do not necessarily love working on those ones, but

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Speaker 1: I think they are important. So to get back to

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Speaker 1: the listener mail, you mentioned again how many Americans think

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Speaker 1: segregation was only in the South. I'm a fourth generation

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Speaker 1: Nevadan born in Reno and raised in Las Vegas, but

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Speaker 1: left the Silver State fifteen years ago. Since most people

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Speaker 1: outside the state only seem to know about the Neon

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Speaker 1: Desert and brothels, and little else about Nevada, I often

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Speaker 1: seem to end up in conversations about the state because

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Speaker 1: so many current Nevadans grew up elsewhere. Even back home,

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Speaker 1: there is a lack of knowledge about the state's his three.

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Speaker 1: I thought i'd share something I've always found interesting about

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Speaker 1: the segregation in Las Vegas. Nevada's casinos were whites only

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Speaker 1: until the early sixties. Few workers and no patrons were

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Speaker 1: quote colored. Even entertainers had to use the back door

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Speaker 1: and weren't allowed into restaurants and casinos. Besides the rising

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Speaker 1: civil rights movement, the biggest change to this where the

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Speaker 1: members of Hollywood's rat Pack, big names and show business

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Speaker 1: would go to the Moulin Rouge Las Vegas Black Casino

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Speaker 1: to hang out. Since Sammy Davis Jr. Was not allowed

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Speaker 1: on the strip, off the stage, the casino owners mobsters

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Speaker 1: for the most part back then hated that their high

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Speaker 1: priced headliners weren't hanging out with the script patrons, bringing

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Speaker 1: in more money and customers to the resorts. Frank Sinatra

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00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:49,359
Speaker 1: himself finally demanded Davis be allowed on the strip. The

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00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:51,920
Speaker 1: bosses caved, as most do when it comes to money,

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00:25:52,119 --> 00:25:56,080
Speaker 1: and the casinos were desegregated. The University of Nevada Las

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Speaker 1: Vegas still has a Confederate Soldier as the mascot and

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00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:02,280
Speaker 1: are still the Rebel. I always thought that odd. Anyway,

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00:26:02,320 --> 00:26:04,280
Speaker 1: I hope you found the Sotts had been interesting. If

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00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:05,840
Speaker 1: you already knew it, I bet you didn't learn it

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00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: in history class. That is true. I learned it from

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00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:12,159
Speaker 1: this email. Jeff says, keep it the great work and

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00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:15,560
Speaker 1: another thought provoking podcast. Jeff, thank you so much. Jeff.

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00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:18,880
Speaker 1: Uh Well, like I think it was more. In our

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00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:23,560
Speaker 1: our podcast about Lindy Hop, we talked about uh, black

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00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:27,840
Speaker 1: entertainers not being able to be in the venue in

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00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:31,399
Speaker 1: some of the places, like the Cotton Club was a

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00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:34,680
Speaker 1: club where the patrons were white, but the entertainers are black.

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00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:38,600
Speaker 1: I did not realize that that existed out in Nevada. Also,

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00:26:39,680 --> 00:26:43,359
Speaker 1: I had heard the Frank Sinatra story before because maybe

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00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:46,080
Speaker 1: like Frank Sinatra a little bit. But uh yeah, it's

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00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,040
Speaker 1: one of those things that is interesting to think about

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00:26:48,040 --> 00:26:51,480
Speaker 1: in it it kind of reframes that whole era in

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00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,800
Speaker 1: a new way for me whenever I think about it. Yeah,

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00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:56,359
Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us, we're a

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00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:59,440
Speaker 1: history podcast but how Stuff Works dot com. We're also

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Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash mss in history

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Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in history. Are tumbler is

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Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com. Are also on

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Speaker 1: Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash miss in history. If

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Speaker 1: you want to come to our parent company's website, which

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00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:15,880
Speaker 1: is how Stuff Works dot com and put the word

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Speaker 1: Gallipoli in the search bar, you'll find us all kinds

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Speaker 1: of various things about World War One and Glipoli and

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Speaker 1: how things are now, and also a bit specifically about

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Speaker 1: Australian traditions, uh to talk about inzact day. You'd like

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Speaker 1: to come to our website, which is ms in history

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Speaker 1: dot com. We have an archive of every single episode

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Speaker 1: we've ever done, show notes for this episode and the

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Speaker 1: episodes that Holly and I have worked on together, other

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Speaker 1: cool stuff that we put up there periodically, so You

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Speaker 1: can do all that and a whole lot more at

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