1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:02,160 Speaker 1: Hey, this is Holly. I just wanted to give you 2 00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:05,120 Speaker 1: a little note before this episode gets started. In between 3 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:07,200 Speaker 1: the time that we recorded it and when we are 4 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:10,760 Speaker 1: publishing it, there was a new ruling handed down by 5 00:00:10,760 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: the US Food and Drug Administration. We're gonna talk a 6 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: little bit about the use of hydrogenated oils, which are 7 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:20,840 Speaker 1: often called partially hydrogenated oils or phos in the U 8 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:25,680 Speaker 1: s f d A literature, and they were actually now 9 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:28,840 Speaker 1: themed by this ruling that they have to be removed 10 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:31,640 Speaker 1: from all food products. So we're not going to talk 11 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: about that in the episode. And if you listen to 12 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: it and you go, hey, why didn't they bring that up? 13 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,160 Speaker 1: That's not even allowed in food anymore, that is why. 14 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: So we're also gonna link to the FDA's press release 15 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: where they announced this officially, so you have it in 16 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:47,360 Speaker 1: the show notes. So enjoyed the history of peanut butter. 17 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,680 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in history class from how 18 00:00:53,760 --> 00:01:02,400 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 19 00:01:02,680 --> 00:01:06,880 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Wilson. Hey Tracy, I'm gonna 20 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,679 Speaker 1: start with a question, what is your stance on peanut butter? 21 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 1: I love it, I love it, I will say when 22 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:17,840 Speaker 1: I'm that emphatic about it, I don't want to give 23 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:23,920 Speaker 1: anyone the rock impression. It's not in my top three flavors, 24 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: but I do love it deeply. You know, if I'm 25 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:28,040 Speaker 1: going for a dessert thing, I'm gonna go more in 26 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:30,880 Speaker 1: a vanilla butterscotch caramel arena. But in terms of just 27 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: day to day food, peanut butter is like where it's 28 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:35,360 Speaker 1: at for me, Like I will eat it out of 29 00:01:35,360 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 1: the jar with a spoon and call it dinner. First, 30 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: several years when I was a kid, the sandwich that 31 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 1: was required to be in my lunch box each day 32 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: was peanut butter and bacon. If you've never tried this 33 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: culinary delight, I highly recommend it. It is delicious. Uh. 34 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:55,040 Speaker 1: And if you ask most people who invented peanut butter, 35 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:59,400 Speaker 1: usually they answer with George Washington Carver. Occasionally they will 36 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: talk about John Harvey Kellogg, who we talked about in 37 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 1: a previous episode of this podcast, And we're going to 38 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: talk about those guys and where they fit into the 39 00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 1: whole thing in terms of the history of peanut butter. 40 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 1: But there were people mashing peanuts into a paste long 41 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: before either of those names came into the picture. Before 42 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,120 Speaker 1: we go into the debate over who actually has bragging 43 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: rights to claim that they invented peanut butter, which is 44 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: a convoluted tale and of itself, we're gonna talk a 45 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: little bit about just how modern peanut butter is actually made. Unsurprisingly, 46 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:33,920 Speaker 1: it starts with farmers after the last frost, So in 47 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,040 Speaker 1: the northern hemisphere in places that they grow peanuts is 48 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: normally around April. That's when the peanut crop is planted. 49 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: Uh and in the United States, most farmers are growing 50 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:48,520 Speaker 1: Virginia peanuts, Spanish peanuts, and runner peanuts. Peanut growers plant 51 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:51,080 Speaker 1: on average a hundred fifteen to a hundred forty pounds, 52 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,320 Speaker 1: which is between fifty two and sixty four of peanut 53 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: seeds per acre. The seeds, which are peanut kernels, are 54 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: planted just a couple of inches apart and also a 55 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: couple of inches underground, So seven to ten days after 56 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:08,200 Speaker 1: they're planted, seedlings begin to emerge, and three to four 57 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: weeks after the seedlings first appear, peanut plants will begin 58 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:15,280 Speaker 1: to flower. And peanuts are a self pollinating crop, and 59 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: they're kind of fascinating because while they flower above ground. 60 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,800 Speaker 1: Once they're pollinated, the petals fall off and that fertilized 61 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,080 Speaker 1: portion finds its way back into the soil to bear fruit. 62 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:28,560 Speaker 1: So it's kind of odd that the flower then goes 63 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 1: back underground and then it becomes something ittable. The process 64 00:03:33,320 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: of penetrating the soil begins between forty five and sixty 65 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: days after planting, and at that point the peanut will 66 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:42,120 Speaker 1: start to grow and its vine form. This is normally 67 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:45,119 Speaker 1: when people start to use some supplemental irrigation to keep 68 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 1: the plants healthy. And once peanuts are matured, which is 69 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: about a hundred and twenty two hundred and sixty days 70 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: after planting, they're pulled from the ground. And in the 71 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: modern approach to this, there's a digger shaker which is 72 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: attached to a tractor and it's used to the peanuts, 73 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: tap roots and lift the plants up out of the ground. 74 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: This used to be done by hand and it was 75 00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: very very labor intensive and very time consuming. But then 76 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: in this modern version, once the plants are are up 77 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:16,360 Speaker 1: off the ground, they're shaken on this conveyor that's part 78 00:04:16,440 --> 00:04:18,880 Speaker 1: of the big mechanism, and that that kind of removes 79 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:21,680 Speaker 1: some soil and it also flips them so that they're 80 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:24,520 Speaker 1: left inverted on the ground with the plant side down 81 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: and the peanuts side up. Trying to remember for sure, 82 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:30,640 Speaker 1: because you know, we we grew all of our vegetables 83 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:33,239 Speaker 1: when I was growing up. I feel like a couple 84 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:36,720 Speaker 1: of times we experimented with planting a small number of peanuts, 85 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:42,080 Speaker 1: because I remember like pulling up plants that had peanuts 86 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:47,720 Speaker 1: with lots of dirt underneath them. Yeah, but it's possible 87 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:50,200 Speaker 1: that that was someone else's farm and I was on 88 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:54,040 Speaker 1: the field. I don't know. Regardless, The plants remain in 89 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:56,240 Speaker 1: the field for between two and three days to dry, 90 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:59,239 Speaker 1: and then the actual picking is done. The dried plants 91 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:00,920 Speaker 1: are pulled up in a have a star that picks 92 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:03,640 Speaker 1: up and separates the peanut part from the dried bine part. 93 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: The peanuts will still need additional drying after they're harvested, 94 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:12,920 Speaker 1: unless you're going to boil them, which is delicious. Okay, 95 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,719 Speaker 1: they are delicious. They are delicious, but I have a 96 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: hard time getting over like the texture and soupiness factor. 97 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,560 Speaker 1: That's a problem for me and the people that I 98 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,720 Speaker 1: know that love boiled peanuts love boiled peanuts like they 99 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:32,800 Speaker 1: will defend them staunchly. UH. The peanuts, after they're harvested 100 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: are often taken to a buying station, and this is 101 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: where they're cleaned to remove things like any sticks and 102 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,239 Speaker 1: rocks that may have gotten in with the nut harvest, 103 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:42,280 Speaker 1: even though they are not technically a nut. We'll get 104 00:05:42,279 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 1: to that later, uh. And the farmer next takes a 105 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:48,600 Speaker 1: sample of these peanuts to Federal inspection to determine their grade, 106 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:51,280 Speaker 1: and their grade is based on a variety of factors, 107 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:55,480 Speaker 1: including general damage to the crop, forward material that might 108 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: still be in there after the cleaning and shaking, the 109 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:02,880 Speaker 1: maturity of the peanut, as well as their moisture contents. Next, 110 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:05,240 Speaker 1: the peanuts go to the shelling plant, where the actual 111 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:08,599 Speaker 1: nuts are separated from the hull. After the shells and 112 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: any other remaining foreign material comes out, the shelled peanuts 113 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 1: go through an electric eye by a conveyor belt. The 114 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,360 Speaker 1: eye is an optic sorder that further separates the nuts 115 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:22,119 Speaker 1: based on their quality, and next they are separated based 116 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:25,280 Speaker 1: on size, and at that point they're sorted into bins accordingly, 117 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: so a digital scale will measure the sorted nuts, usually 118 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: into these tote bags, these giant kind of UH synthetic 119 00:06:33,040 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: fabric tote bags that are capable of holding a metric 120 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:38,720 Speaker 1: ton of content, and then the bags are taken to 121 00:06:38,839 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: dry storage, and if the nuts aren't needed in the 122 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:44,480 Speaker 1: first four days after they're sorted, like if they haven't 123 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 1: been shipped out by that point, they're usually moved to 124 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:49,359 Speaker 1: cold storage, and that would normally be set like a 125 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:52,840 Speaker 1: thirty eight to forty two degrees fahrenheit or three point 126 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 1: three to five point six degrees celsius. Normally, from this 127 00:06:57,040 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: point peanuts go one of three ways. They go to 128 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: a blanch sure where the skins are removed so the 129 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: nuts can be sold to consumers, or they're exported, or 130 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:08,719 Speaker 1: most importantly to today's topics, they're taken to a peanut 131 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 1: butter plant can also buy peanuts in the shell, which 132 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 1: would just skip some of the steps that we've talked 133 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: and talked about. Yeah, I love those two. Tracy is 134 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 1: a great nut proponent, a great peanut proponent. Uh So, 135 00:07:22,280 --> 00:07:24,800 Speaker 1: the peanuts that are taken to a peanut butter manufacturer 136 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: are normally roasted and then they're cooled very quickly to 137 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: stop them from cooking any further, and that helps retain 138 00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 1: their oil contents. And then after roasting, the peanuts go 139 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: through a blanching process similar to the ones that would 140 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:39,080 Speaker 1: happen if they had been sent directly to the blanchers, 141 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: and then one last cleaning is done before they go 142 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,880 Speaker 1: to the grinding stage. Peanuts are ground once on their 143 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:48,680 Speaker 1: own and then usually a second time with flavors, sweeteners, 144 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: and stabilizers added. Once the desired consistency is achieved, the 145 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,120 Speaker 1: peanut butter goes into jars to be sealed before being 146 00:07:56,120 --> 00:08:00,680 Speaker 1: shipped to retailers for a consumer purchase. And continuing the 147 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,560 Speaker 1: stories of peanuts from my childhood, uh, my my dad 148 00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:07,440 Speaker 1: worked at an organic food co op uh to help 149 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: us make ends meat when I was a child, and 150 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:13,679 Speaker 1: he would come home with these tubs, like giant tubs 151 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:16,320 Speaker 1: of organic peanut butter that you had to like stir 152 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 1: the oil back into the peanuts. It's also delicious. Um Uh. Now, 153 00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:25,000 Speaker 1: after all the talking that we just did about how 154 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:28,480 Speaker 1: peanut butter gets made, we're keep that pretty specific to 155 00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: the US. So you might think that the US is 156 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: actually the most prolific peanut producing nation, but that is 157 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:38,400 Speaker 1: not accurate. In fact, both China and India actually grow 158 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 1: more peanuts than the United States, although a larger proportion 159 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: of the peanuts UH that are grown in the United 160 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 1: States are used for peanut butter than is the case 161 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 1: in either of the other countries. So about half of 162 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:52,600 Speaker 1: the peanuts that are grown here in the United States 163 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: end up in a peanut butter jar. So that's how 164 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,720 Speaker 1: peanut butter is made. But as to where peanuts actually 165 00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: come from, in spite of how popular they are in 166 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:04,480 Speaker 1: the United States, they are not native to North America. 167 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: Now this is an oddly lucky case of a species 168 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:13,359 Speaker 1: being imported and not kind of getting out of control. Um. 169 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:16,400 Speaker 1: And also, as I mentioned earlier, peanuts are not nuts 170 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,800 Speaker 1: their legumes. They're more closely related to peas and beans 171 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 1: and alfalfa and clover. Peanuts got their scientific name iraqous 172 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,679 Speaker 1: hypogaea in the eighteenth century from Carl Naus, who was 173 00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 1: a Swedish botanist. The iracous part comes from the Greek 174 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,480 Speaker 1: word for weed uh and the hypogaea part comes from 175 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:36,439 Speaker 1: the Greek word for underground chambers, so this literally means 176 00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: underground weed. But they're delicious um. But before they ever 177 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: got a scientific name, peanuts were growing in South America, 178 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:50,200 Speaker 1: the place peanuts are believed to have first grown is 179 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: in the world's largest wetland, which is called Grand Pentenal, 180 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,160 Speaker 1: which I could be woefully mispronouncing, and that takes up 181 00:09:57,240 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: roughly fifty thousand to seventy five thousand square miles or 182 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:03,120 Speaker 1: a hundred and twenty nine thousand, two hundred and nine 183 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: four thousand square kilometers in tropical areas of Brazil, Bolivia, 184 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: and Paraguay. Peanuts are still a big part of the 185 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: culture in Bolivia and there used to make drinks and 186 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:17,000 Speaker 1: soaps and they're eating its food. But the earliest known 187 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,760 Speaker 1: point of peanut use is in Peru between three thousand 188 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:24,360 Speaker 1: and two thousand BC. There are dig sites along Peru's 189 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:27,079 Speaker 1: eastern coast that date back to five hundred and one 190 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: dred b C. Where people live on Earth's areas where 191 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:35,319 Speaker 1: peanut shells are just scattered everywhere in enormous abundance. Yeah. 192 00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:37,679 Speaker 1: I think I read one description that said it was 193 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: like a modern baseball stadium. There were just so many 194 00:10:40,559 --> 00:10:44,959 Speaker 1: peanuts strewn about. Uh. And while it was not all 195 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,360 Speaker 1: that much like today's peanut butters, there were some South 196 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:51,920 Speaker 1: American cultures that were grinding up peanuts and they were mixing. 197 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,280 Speaker 1: They were creating a paste with them and then mixing 198 00:10:55,320 --> 00:10:57,960 Speaker 1: that paste with cocoa to create a sort of spread, 199 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: although not as easy is spread as what we are 200 00:11:01,679 --> 00:11:04,800 Speaker 1: used to. I would eat that, I would too, It 201 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: sounds delicious from their peanuts are believed to have spread 202 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,240 Speaker 1: up the Pacific coast into Mexico, but they would make 203 00:11:12,280 --> 00:11:15,640 Speaker 1: it to the American South via a much more roundabout route, 204 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:18,320 Speaker 1: which we will go into in a minute, and which 205 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: people were arguing about on our Facebook page this week. Yeah. Yeah. 206 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:26,680 Speaker 1: While peanuts were brought back to Europe by Portuguese and 207 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:30,720 Speaker 1: Spanish explorers, they never kind of achieved the popularity there 208 00:11:30,800 --> 00:11:34,880 Speaker 1: that they have in North America. Spanish also carried peanuts 209 00:11:34,880 --> 00:11:37,680 Speaker 1: across the Pacific Ocean to the Malayan Archipelago in the 210 00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:42,600 Speaker 1: fifteen hundreds, and by sixteen o eight peanuts were in China. Uh. 211 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: And we certainly know that peanuts have become part of 212 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,839 Speaker 1: many Asian cuisines, much to my palate's delight. Uh. There's 213 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: evidence of use of ground peanuts in West African cuisine 214 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: dating back five hundred years. And they traveled to Africa, 215 00:11:56,600 --> 00:12:00,520 Speaker 1: we think from Brazil, and the way that this was 216 00:12:00,559 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: commonly prepared. This sounds so delicious to me. The peanuts 217 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,800 Speaker 1: would be broken up under a roller so kind of mashed, 218 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 1: and then they would be um mixed with honey and 219 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:15,640 Speaker 1: red peppers. That sounds like an artisanal peanut butter to me. Seriously, 220 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,200 Speaker 1: I'm sure you can find that in a yummy upscale 221 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:22,560 Speaker 1: grocery store. From there, peanuts also made their way to 222 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:27,480 Speaker 1: India in the sixteenth century. Yeah, so it's almost like 223 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: it kind of went in both directions to kind of 224 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,440 Speaker 1: go around the belt of the the Earth to kind 225 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: of make their way. They had hit Asia and then 226 00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:37,560 Speaker 1: they kind of came into India from the other side. 227 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: And unfortunately, uh, it's thanks to the slave trade that 228 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:45,719 Speaker 1: peanuts made their way from Africa back to the America's, 229 00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 1: being transported sometimes on the same ships that actually carried 230 00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:55,320 Speaker 1: enslaved human cargo. Even in the United States, grinding peanuts 231 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 1: pre dates the timeline most commonly related to peanut butter, 232 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,280 Speaker 1: more properly known. In the early half of the nineteenth century, 233 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: peanuts were sometimes ground or beaten into a paste and 234 00:13:04,760 --> 00:13:08,600 Speaker 1: then seasoned with salt to make a peanut porridge. But 235 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 1: while peanut pastes of a few different types were part 236 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: of cultures dating centuries back. Uh, and you know then 237 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:17,560 Speaker 1: they had kind of become popular in the American South 238 00:13:18,160 --> 00:13:22,600 Speaker 1: around Civil War times where it really was the United 239 00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:25,440 Speaker 1: States though we're peanut butter as we know it came 240 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:29,000 Speaker 1: into existence. But before we get to the American peanut 241 00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: butter story, you don't have a word from a sponsor. Sure, 242 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:36,040 Speaker 1: so getting into the tail of American peanut butter, the 243 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:39,280 Speaker 1: earliest known American peanut butters were made with a combination 244 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: of Spanish and Virginia peanuts, both still very popular today. Uh. 245 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:47,319 Speaker 1: Spanish peanuts have a higher concentration of oil than other varieties, 246 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:51,360 Speaker 1: and they're extremely flavorful. Even though peanuts themselves were considered 247 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,880 Speaker 1: to be a food with the lower classes, the first 248 00:13:53,920 --> 00:13:56,680 Speaker 1: iterations of peanut butter were really popular among the wealthy 249 00:13:56,720 --> 00:13:59,240 Speaker 1: and fashionable. But that really didn't last for very long. 250 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:02,360 Speaker 1: It's peanut butter dropped in price as people got better 251 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:05,280 Speaker 1: at making it more efficiently. It became a staple of 252 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:10,760 Speaker 1: homes throughout the nation. Yeah. One uh, piece of literature 253 00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: I was looking at said it really was only about 254 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: a ten year timeline that it went from being sort 255 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,320 Speaker 1: of a new and fancy, high class food to be 256 00:14:18,559 --> 00:14:21,360 Speaker 1: in almost every pantry, which is a very short period 257 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:25,880 Speaker 1: of time. But going back to the early introduction of 258 00:14:25,920 --> 00:14:29,640 Speaker 1: peanut butter as we know it today, it is linked, 259 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,440 Speaker 1: as I said earlier to a previous podcast topic, John 260 00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:35,520 Speaker 1: Harvey Kellogg, and it was at his Western Health perform 261 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 1: Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan that some of the earliest 262 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: proponents of peanut butter could be found. When the story 263 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:45,680 Speaker 1: goes that Kellogg started to grind peanuts for the patients 264 00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: at his UH sanitarium who were unable to chew for 265 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: themselves or that had difficulty digesting things, so it was 266 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,200 Speaker 1: kind of a pre chewing concept UH. And eventually he 267 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: switched from roasting the peanuts to steaming them to prevent 268 00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: breaking down the oil eels because he thought that was 269 00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: going to upset digestion. Kellogg applied for what's generally considered 270 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: to be the first peanut butter patent on November four 271 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:13,119 Speaker 1: of eighteen. Although his invention was called a food compound 272 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: rather than peanut butter, it specified a manner of turning 273 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 1: nuts into a paste for eating. He filed two more 274 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: patents for similar food products in eighteen ninety seven and 275 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:25,000 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight, although he later said he never patent 276 00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: in peanut butter and thought all people should have access 277 00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 1: to it. The Santitas Company, which he founded with his brothers, 278 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: was advertising nut butters and catalogs as of eighteen ninety seven. 279 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:40,880 Speaker 1: Another player in this this story is George Bale, who 280 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,520 Speaker 1: was a cracker salesman who eventually started his own snack company, 281 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: and he began producing and selling peanut butter as a 282 00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:49,720 Speaker 1: snack item rather than as a health food as Kellogg 283 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:53,800 Speaker 1: had labeled it in eighteen ninety four, and Bail claimed 284 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:56,720 Speaker 1: for many years that he was the original manufacturer of 285 00:15:56,760 --> 00:16:01,160 Speaker 1: peanut butter, and his advertising included that claim. Bail is 286 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: sometimes being credited as being one of the first manufacturers 287 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:07,840 Speaker 1: of peanut butter to add salt, both to just regular 288 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,280 Speaker 1: peanuts and a peanut butter. Thank you, George Bail, I 289 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:13,240 Speaker 1: love me some salted peanuts. Uh. He passed away. In 290 00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: whether Kellogg or Bail was really the first to come 291 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:19,200 Speaker 1: up with peanut butter as we think of it today, 292 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:22,560 Speaker 1: that remains something of a debate. There's more paperwork backing 293 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: up Kellogg's claim in the form of patents but detractors 294 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: point out that his peanut butter like food wasn't as 295 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:33,400 Speaker 1: close to quote, real peanut butter as the bail formula was. Yeah, 296 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:36,560 Speaker 1: a lot of them point out that the boiling rather 297 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,640 Speaker 1: or the steaming rather than the roasting as being a 298 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: pretty distinctive variation, because the roasting really does bring out 299 00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: a much different flavor. But regardless of who made it first, 300 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,440 Speaker 1: peanut butter did, as I mentioned just a bit ago, 301 00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 1: become incredibly popular, whether people were still eating it thinking 302 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:55,480 Speaker 1: that it was a health food or whether they just 303 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:58,880 Speaker 1: thought it was really tasty and a convenient snack. Uh. 304 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:01,480 Speaker 1: In nineteen o four, nut butter was an attraction at 305 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:05,960 Speaker 1: the St. Louis World's Fair, and shortly thereafter beech Nuts 306 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,919 Speaker 1: began manufacturing it. Uh And unlike previous versions of peanut 307 00:17:09,960 --> 00:17:13,800 Speaker 1: butter that went to market in tens, beech nuts product 308 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,600 Speaker 1: was the first that we know of that was shipped 309 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: in glass jars, and they continue to make peanut butter 310 00:17:19,359 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 1: for years. Beech Nut eventually merged with Life Savers in 311 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:26,640 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty six. In nineteen o nine, Hines also got 312 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,640 Speaker 1: into the peanut better game. Hines produced peanut butter until 313 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:33,560 Speaker 1: it was crowded out of that market in the nineteen fifties. Uh. 314 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: And then between nineteen o three and nineteen ten, and 315 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,960 Speaker 1: agricultural problem was making its way north from Central America 316 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:43,000 Speaker 1: and this was the Bowl weevil. We could actually do 317 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:45,960 Speaker 1: a whole episode on how detrimental the Bowl weevil invasion 318 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:48,800 Speaker 1: was to US agriculture at the time. It was not pretty. 319 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:52,359 Speaker 1: There were, you know, agricultural communities that basically shut down completely, 320 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:58,880 Speaker 1: but that's another episode. However, as they pertained to peanuts, UH, 321 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 1: once they made their way to the US, these beetles 322 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,520 Speaker 1: started gnashing on the cotton crop in the South, particularly 323 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: where cotton has normally grown, and they really did just 324 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:11,640 Speaker 1: kind of break down the agricultural system there and they 325 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: left farmers looking for another crop that they could grow, 326 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,080 Speaker 1: and for a lot of them, peanuts filled that void. 327 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,280 Speaker 1: So people often credit George Washington Carver with inventing peanut butter, 328 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:26,440 Speaker 1: and this whole bowlweevil inspired switch to planting peanuts instead 329 00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:29,480 Speaker 1: of cotton kind of figures into that legend. Carver was 330 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:32,000 Speaker 1: a proponent of peanuts and there are many uses, and 331 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:35,960 Speaker 1: he did teach farmers, particularly black farmers, about crop rotation 332 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,679 Speaker 1: although that wasn't exactly a new concept at that point, 333 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,359 Speaker 1: and he did write about peanuts quite a bit, although 334 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,920 Speaker 1: some of his claims were not quite correct. Uh the 335 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,919 Speaker 1: only peanut related patent Carver ever received was for a 336 00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:53,439 Speaker 1: cosmetic made from them and not peanut butter. Yeah, and 337 00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 1: one of the incorrect claims he made was that peanuts 338 00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 1: were easy to plant, growing harvest, And they are easy 339 00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:01,000 Speaker 1: to plant, and they're pretty easy to grow, but harvesting, 340 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,680 Speaker 1: as I said, prior to machinery was just backbreaking labor. 341 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,480 Speaker 1: H And at this point though, peanut butter was a 342 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,560 Speaker 1: product that was being made, but it was primarily just 343 00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: for regional markets because prior to hydrogenation, the spread just 344 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:20,720 Speaker 1: did not travel well. So hydrogenations raised the melting point 345 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:23,239 Speaker 1: of peanut butter so that it would stay solid at 346 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:26,679 Speaker 1: room temperature and not separate into oils and solids. Today 347 00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: you have to pay extra for that, uh yeah, because 348 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: you know, the fancy peanut butter that you gotta star 349 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:38,679 Speaker 1: together cost the most. In the National Peanut Butter Manufacturers Association, 350 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:42,199 Speaker 1: which today is the Peanut and Peanut Processors Association, was formed, 351 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: So okay, we're gonna start talking a lot about hydrogenation, 352 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:52,159 Speaker 1: and because it becomes really important in the story of 353 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: peanut butter, so we actually want to also talk about 354 00:19:55,040 --> 00:19:57,760 Speaker 1: exactly what that is. And to do that, I'm actually 355 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,880 Speaker 1: gonna um, We're gonna quote passage from John Crampner's book 356 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 1: Creamy and Crunchy and Informal History of Peanut Butter, the 357 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: All American Food, rather than sort of trying to reinvent 358 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:10,639 Speaker 1: the food science wheel, because he lays it out very nicely. 359 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 1: The hydrogenation process consists of bubbling hydrogen into the bottom 360 00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:17,159 Speaker 1: of a tank of vegetable oil in the presence of 361 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:20,000 Speaker 1: a catalyst such as powdered nickel. This isn't done at 362 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:23,360 Speaker 1: the peanut butter plant, but a separate facility. When vegetable 363 00:20:23,359 --> 00:20:27,400 Speaker 1: oil is hydrogenated, two things happen. Hydrogen atoms attached themselves 364 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:30,359 Speaker 1: to carbon atoms, and the double bonds of electrons between 365 00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:32,920 Speaker 1: some carbon atoms are replaced by single bonds between the 366 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:36,959 Speaker 1: carbon and hydrogen atoms Vegetable oil molecules with double bonds 367 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:39,000 Speaker 1: have a bent or kink structure, so they don't stack 368 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:43,240 Speaker 1: together easily, causing them to remain fluid. Molecules with single 369 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,400 Speaker 1: bonds are straighter, stacked together easily, and are solid. By 370 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:49,879 Speaker 1: replacing double bonds with single bonds, hydrogenation creates a more 371 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: tightly packed crystalline structure in the vegetable oil, raising its 372 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:57,560 Speaker 1: melting point. So yeah, that's basically what they're saying is 373 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:00,680 Speaker 1: this makes it um all stick together but not become 374 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:04,919 Speaker 1: a solid, so it remains spreadable and smoother. Um. And 375 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:07,040 Speaker 1: I feel like we should briefly talk about trans fats 376 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:09,159 Speaker 1: because they are the villains of modern nutrition and they 377 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: are part of this process. They're created when the ground 378 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:15,159 Speaker 1: peanuts and hydrogenated oil are heated to very high temperatures 379 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,800 Speaker 1: and then rapidly cooled, and this crystallizes the fatty acids 380 00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:22,840 Speaker 1: in the mixture. Transpats, as we know, lead to arterial clogging. 381 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: And that's because their melting point is so high that 382 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:28,439 Speaker 1: they can't really be burned off like through exercise, Like 383 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: you could never really work out hard enough to activate 384 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,119 Speaker 1: the melting of them and for them to easily be 385 00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,240 Speaker 1: um um metabolized and moved out of your body. So 386 00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:41,600 Speaker 1: they tend to accumulate, and that's why people are very 387 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,399 Speaker 1: twitchy about them. So this whole transpat situation might make 388 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:46,879 Speaker 1: you want to shun peanut butter, but when it's correctly made, 389 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:50,520 Speaker 1: the product only has really tiny amounts of transpats. The 390 00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:54,119 Speaker 1: presence of transpats and peanut butter falls well below the 391 00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:57,199 Speaker 1: FDA standard that would require it to be mentioned on 392 00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,160 Speaker 1: the label. Yeah, I didn't um double checked the veracity 393 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 1: of it, but I read one statement from a food 394 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:07,000 Speaker 1: scientist that said, basically, if you eat one cookie with 395 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:10,880 Speaker 1: trans fats in it, it is far more transfats than 396 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: you would get in many, many servings of peanut butter. 397 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 1: So it really is kind of a trace amount. So 398 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:19,440 Speaker 1: now that we've got the science lesson out of the way, 399 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:21,840 Speaker 1: let's have a brief word from a sponsor, and then 400 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:24,600 Speaker 1: we'll talk about one of the most important men in 401 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:27,639 Speaker 1: the peanut butter story. So our sparm swer we're going 402 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:29,600 Speaker 1: to talk about is square Space. And we've talked a 403 00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: lot about square Space in terms of like making portfolios 404 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:35,760 Speaker 1: and doing businesses, which are all things you can do 405 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: with square Space. They have a whole logo generator and 406 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,800 Speaker 1: lots of beautiful designs and all kinds of commerce options 407 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: that are available with every single plan. 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So, a gentleman named 440 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:18,720 Speaker 1: Joseph rose Field figures very prominently in peanut butter history. 441 00:24:19,280 --> 00:24:22,840 Speaker 1: On April five one, he filed for a patent for 442 00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:26,679 Speaker 1: his process of partially hydrogenating peanut butter to stabilize it, 443 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:31,040 Speaker 1: and in ntree he manufactured a brand called Luncheon Uh, 444 00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:34,360 Speaker 1: and this was an unstabilized peanut butter. Though in nine 445 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:38,080 Speaker 1: or twenty four rose Field licenses patent to the Swift 446 00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: Company and in a short lived brand introduced by Swift 447 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:46,520 Speaker 1: was named either Dainty or Delicia, and it was making 448 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 1: peanut butter using rose Field's patented process. Yeah, and the 449 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:52,600 Speaker 1: reason that we're not sure of the name is. There's 450 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: not a lot of documentation, and that information is taken 451 00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:00,439 Speaker 1: from um court testimony that rose Field's children gave in 452 00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:02,760 Speaker 1: I think in nineteen eighties, so it was much later 453 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:04,400 Speaker 1: and they were working from memory and they couldn't quite 454 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:06,640 Speaker 1: recall the exact name. But that's why we're not sure 455 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:10,880 Speaker 1: of it. But Swift's early effort with either Dainty or Delicia, 456 00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:14,959 Speaker 1: whichever it was called, did not sell particularly well. However, 457 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:17,640 Speaker 1: they didn't abandon this idea. The company made another run 458 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,880 Speaker 1: at peanut butter manufacturer, again using rose Field's partial hydrogenation 459 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:25,480 Speaker 1: patent in Night and this is when they introduced it 460 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:29,119 Speaker 1: as peter Pan, which of course became the first big 461 00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,919 Speaker 1: brand on the market, which is what I wanted desperately 462 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:36,840 Speaker 1: as a child when we were eating peanut butter from 463 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: a tub that had to be stirred together. Now was 464 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:44,000 Speaker 1: it because peter Pan was smooth and delicious or was 465 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,159 Speaker 1: it because it was called peter Pan? Uh? It was 466 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,240 Speaker 1: because it was like smooth and delicious and sugary and 467 00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:54,080 Speaker 1: not not so. The difference is not nearly as pronounced today, 468 00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:57,960 Speaker 1: but the texture of the organic sturren together peanut butter 469 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:03,720 Speaker 1: from nineteen seven nine was like kind of dry and 470 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:08,720 Speaker 1: chunky and didn't spread very well. Um, whereas like peter 471 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:12,040 Speaker 1: Pan peanut butter was this magical sweet deliciousness because it's 472 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:14,440 Speaker 1: also there's a fair amount of sugar and a lot 473 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:18,240 Speaker 1: of and a lot of peanut butter's in addition to 474 00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:22,160 Speaker 1: the peanut part. So we'll talk about that in a minute. Yeah, 475 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:23,920 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure that I would go to my grandmother's 476 00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:26,160 Speaker 1: house and she would make us peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, 477 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,280 Speaker 1: and they would be peanut butter. There would be Peter 478 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:31,919 Speaker 1: Pan peanut butter on white bread with jelly, none of 479 00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:41,080 Speaker 1: which were appropriate things to eat at our house. There 480 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: was also another man who patent today food product just 481 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:45,960 Speaker 1: a few weeks before rose Field, and his name was 482 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,600 Speaker 1: Frank Stockton, the first pattern that actually used the phrase 483 00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:54,280 Speaker 1: peanut butter, and Stockton's patents described a full hydrogenation process, 484 00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,040 Speaker 1: which made for a less creamy product and one that 485 00:26:57,119 --> 00:26:59,200 Speaker 1: was more of a salad with a higher melting point. 486 00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:03,200 Speaker 1: He licensed his hydrogenation process to Hynes. He was producing 487 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:08,639 Speaker 1: hydrogenated peanut butter as early as Yeah. Even when you 488 00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:10,880 Speaker 1: get into kind of more in depth stories, of how 489 00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:15,160 Speaker 1: peanut butter came to be what it is today. UM. 490 00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:18,199 Speaker 1: Frank Stockton often gets left out of the picture in 491 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:22,440 Speaker 1: part because some uh, let's say that his full hydrogenation 492 00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:24,800 Speaker 1: process just it made for a peanut butter that was 493 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:28,119 Speaker 1: not as naturally delicious because it was more solid, it 494 00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:30,080 Speaker 1: was harder to spread. Some would feel like it was 495 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:32,960 Speaker 1: kind of a step back in terms of UM, you know, 496 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:37,560 Speaker 1: consumer appeal. And rose Field and the Peter Pan Company, 497 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:41,399 Speaker 1: you'll remember they were licensing his partial hydrogenation process, had 498 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:45,160 Speaker 1: a pretty significant falling out in ninety two after some 499 00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:49,680 Speaker 1: changes in leadership at UM, the Swift Company, which owned 500 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:52,919 Speaker 1: Peter Pan, the manufacturer, made a move to reduce the 501 00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,600 Speaker 1: fee that they were paying rose Field for licensing his 502 00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:59,359 Speaker 1: partial hydrogenation process, and he was not having that, and 503 00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,120 Speaker 1: the two ends he's went their separate ways, and then 504 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 1: rose Field started his own peanut butter company called Skippy. Uh. 505 00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,280 Speaker 1: The Swift Company, which again had been the parent to 506 00:28:09,320 --> 00:28:12,920 Speaker 1: Peter Pan, switched to a different hydrogenation process, which was 507 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:16,280 Speaker 1: patented by a man named Leo Brown in two. And 508 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: Brown's patent is kind of interesting because, UM, a lot 509 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,240 Speaker 1: of it really focuses on its prevention of the products 510 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: sticking to the roof of the consumer's mouse. They could 511 00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:27,159 Speaker 1: talks a lot about saliva and how it will factor 512 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:31,719 Speaker 1: in with this different hydrogenation process. Rose Field further experimented 513 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:33,919 Speaker 1: with peanut butter production by setting up a lab and 514 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:36,080 Speaker 1: testing out a new system to try to get a smoother, 515 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:40,160 Speaker 1: more palatable mixture. He started turning his peanut butter rather 516 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: than grinding it, which was the normal method, by then 517 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:47,200 Speaker 1: dropping crushed nuts into the mixture. He invented chunky peanut butter, 518 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,080 Speaker 1: which was introduced in ninety five and which I have 519 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:56,480 Speaker 1: never cared for. Oh ha, ha ha ha, You're dead to me, 520 00:28:56,640 --> 00:28:59,600 Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson, because I'm all about the chunky peanut butter. 521 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:04,640 Speaker 1: Um you and your smooth Peter. I'm sticking with Skippy, 522 00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:08,440 Speaker 1: I guess uh. Rose Field also introduced a chocolate peanut 523 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,720 Speaker 1: butter combo in the form of choc nut Butter, although 524 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,400 Speaker 1: this product never really caught on, but he was kind 525 00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 1: of ahead of his time because five years later, the 526 00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:19,280 Speaker 1: Reese's Cup was introduced and it kind of went off 527 00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:23,840 Speaker 1: like gangbusters. In five rose Field sold Skippy to Best 528 00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:29,040 Speaker 1: Foods for six million dollars uh. Which also this also 529 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:34,440 Speaker 1: was a company that makes Hellman's mayonnaise products. Yeah uh 530 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,680 Speaker 1: so also in nive there was a Kentucky man named 531 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:40,880 Speaker 1: William T. Young, and he sold his company, which at 532 00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:43,560 Speaker 1: the time was called Big Top Peanut Butter, to Procter 533 00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:48,200 Speaker 1: and Gamble, and Procter and Gamble reformulated Young's recipe pretty significantly. 534 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,480 Speaker 1: They used alternate oils to peanut oils in the hydrogenation process. 535 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 1: Then they started adding sugar and molasses to their products. 536 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,280 Speaker 1: This new version of the recipe was rebranded as IF 537 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:04,800 Speaker 1: and competitors took notice. Soon afterward, other peanut butter manufacturers 538 00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 1: started adding sweeteners and non peanut oils to their products, 539 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,880 Speaker 1: and then the Food and Drug Administration got involved. Uh. 540 00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,320 Speaker 1: They were watching this kind of shift in peanut butter 541 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:20,640 Speaker 1: from being just peanuts and peanut oil to peanuts, peanut oil, 542 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:23,640 Speaker 1: other oils, and sugars, and they were not okay with 543 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:27,760 Speaker 1: a product that included non peanut ingredients being labeled as 544 00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: peanut butter. The FDA stance was it a product needed 545 00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:37,120 Speaker 1: to be peanuts to be marketed as peanut butter. But manufacturers, 546 00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:40,240 Speaker 1: on the other hand, thought that was a much more 547 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:44,200 Speaker 1: reasonable number, and thus began twelve years of legal back 548 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:46,480 Speaker 1: and forth about what percentage of peanuts has to be 549 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,480 Speaker 1: in peanut butter for it's really be peanut butter. Finally 550 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:54,400 Speaker 1: in the FDA and manufacturers settled on nine as the 551 00:30:54,480 --> 00:31:00,000 Speaker 1: amount of peanuts a jar of peanut butter must contain. Yeah, 552 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:01,120 Speaker 1: and it was one of those things when I was 553 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:03,160 Speaker 1: doing my research. I didn't include it here because it 554 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: gets very mathey in a hurry. But a lot of 555 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,080 Speaker 1: the arguments were like, Okay, but if we include this 556 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,920 Speaker 1: many peanuts and this much peanut oil, then we don't 557 00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:15,040 Speaker 1: have any space to put molasses in, So that's not 558 00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:17,480 Speaker 1: really a workable recipe for us. Like it was all 559 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:19,840 Speaker 1: sort of A lot of their argument was science based 560 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:22,400 Speaker 1: and like what could actually fit in the recipe and 561 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,719 Speaker 1: still make it palatable and competitive on the market, and 562 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:31,080 Speaker 1: what consumers were used to eating. Um, So, since the 563 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:33,360 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, there have, of course, I'm sure all of 564 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:37,280 Speaker 1: our listeners will remember one or another recall or a 565 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:40,400 Speaker 1: shifting health trend that have damaged one big peanut butter 566 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:42,959 Speaker 1: brand or another for a time. But peanut butter just 567 00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:46,000 Speaker 1: as a food has really remained a staple in pantries, 568 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:49,760 Speaker 1: certainly throughout the US and in other parts of the world. Yeah. 569 00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:51,440 Speaker 1: I think one of the I know, one of the 570 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 1: reasons that we ate it so much as a child 571 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:56,840 Speaker 1: was that even uh, even though they were they were 572 00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:00,680 Speaker 1: buying organic from a food co op, it was like 573 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,479 Speaker 1: not a brand of it was like a tub of 574 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:09,680 Speaker 1: industrial sized, super cheap. We can make a million sandwhich 575 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:12,040 Speaker 1: is out of this peanut butter that had to be 576 00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:15,640 Speaker 1: stirred together with this bachelor. Oh yeah, there are so 577 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: many tales of like, uh, you know, I'm sure anybody 578 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:20,840 Speaker 1: in their friends circle will be like, oh, when I 579 00:32:20,840 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 1: was in college and super broke, I would just buy 580 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:24,640 Speaker 1: like a jar of peanut butter and a loaf of 581 00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:26,240 Speaker 1: bread and that would have to last week for the week. 582 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,840 Speaker 1: And even famous people often love to tell their like 583 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,320 Speaker 1: I was so broke peanut butter stories that are basically 584 00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:33,920 Speaker 1: the same story of this is what sustained me when 585 00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:38,720 Speaker 1: I wasn't able to, you know, afford more um variety 586 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,440 Speaker 1: in my diet. So peanut butter has saved a lot 587 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:44,560 Speaker 1: of people from being hungry, that's for sure. And I 588 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:46,560 Speaker 1: thought to close out it might be fun just to 589 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:50,400 Speaker 1: share a handful of fun facts about peanut butter. By 590 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:53,280 Speaker 1: the time he retired to start off J'SA. Rose Field 591 00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:56,880 Speaker 1: had ten food patents. Yeah, he really did some interesting 592 00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:59,320 Speaker 1: things in terms of the food industry. He paid his 593 00:32:59,360 --> 00:33:02,160 Speaker 1: workers all out more than than most other companies were. 594 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:05,080 Speaker 1: He invented the wide mouth peanut butter jar. Uh. He 595 00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 1: was very into uh kind of moving and shaking and 596 00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: trying new things. Um. In n seven, the New Yorker 597 00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:15,520 Speaker 1: published its first peanut butter cartoon, and that was by 598 00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: some a sure sign that the product had become a 599 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:21,720 Speaker 1: cultural institution. To make its well bounced jar of peanut butter, 600 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:25,160 Speaker 1: you'll need about five and forty peanuts. That's so when 601 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:27,479 Speaker 1: you mentioned earlier, if you saw my Rye Grand when 602 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,440 Speaker 1: you were talking about possibly experimenting with planting peanuts, it's 603 00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: one of those things where you have to plant so 604 00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:36,120 Speaker 1: many to get a little bit of a crop. So well, 605 00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:39,280 Speaker 1: and if my memory is accurately, pretty much grew them 606 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: and snacked on them, and it's hirely possible that I'm 607 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:46,400 Speaker 1: conflating them with some other root food that we grew. 608 00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,800 Speaker 1: U two was the first year that hydrogenated peanut butter 609 00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:57,240 Speaker 1: out sold natural peanut butter. And while peanut butter is 610 00:33:57,280 --> 00:33:59,960 Speaker 1: often seen as a staple for people with limited budget, 611 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:03,920 Speaker 1: fancy peanut butters are now a large part of the market. 612 00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:08,560 Speaker 1: I will confess I buy fancy peanut butter. I do sometimes, 613 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:11,160 Speaker 1: but every once in a while, um, I'll be on 614 00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,759 Speaker 1: the peanut butter. I'll looking at the sort of you know, 615 00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:16,160 Speaker 1: organics and the naturals, and I'll look at Brian and 616 00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:18,480 Speaker 1: be like, not this time, I gotta go with the 617 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:21,279 Speaker 1: the old standards for sugar in them, because they are 618 00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:24,399 Speaker 1: very delicious and they're kind of um. There's a lot 619 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:28,880 Speaker 1: of nostalgia that's part of it. One acre of peanuts 620 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:33,839 Speaker 1: translates to roughly thirty peanut butter sandwiches. About eight percent 621 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:37,000 Speaker 1: of today's peanut butters are hydrogenated, and to be labeled 622 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,600 Speaker 1: as natural peanut butter, the product can contain natural sweeteners 623 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:45,400 Speaker 1: and salt, but no stabilizers. So that's why a natural 624 00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:50,879 Speaker 1: peanut butters often have to be um stirred. Now, there 625 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,240 Speaker 1: are a lot and I haven't looked into the science 626 00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:55,279 Speaker 1: of this, but have you seen these where it's like 627 00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,480 Speaker 1: it's natural peanut butter that you do not have to 628 00:34:58,520 --> 00:35:02,200 Speaker 1: stir like the label will state no stirring needed. How 629 00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:04,600 Speaker 1: are they doing that? I have seen that, but I 630 00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:08,400 Speaker 1: have not bought them because I have this weird nostalgia 631 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:16,359 Speaker 1: for stirring the peanut butter because of my weirdo organic childhood. Uh. 632 00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:21,440 Speaker 1: In Delta Airlines distributed sixty nine point six million packs 633 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:24,279 Speaker 1: of peanuts on its flights. Related to that and to 634 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:25,840 Speaker 1: what I'm going to say next, I was on a 635 00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:28,520 Speaker 1: flight very recently where there were no peanuts served because 636 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:30,240 Speaker 1: there was someone on the flight who had a severe 637 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:32,399 Speaker 1: peanut allergy. And it turned out that was my seat mate. 638 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:36,960 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness. Uh. As many as six out of 639 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,920 Speaker 1: a thousand people in the United States have peanut allergies, 640 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:42,600 Speaker 1: which is really sad because, in addition to the fact 641 00:35:42,640 --> 00:35:45,160 Speaker 1: that it means you can't eat this pretty cheap and 642 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:49,120 Speaker 1: tasty staple like often peanut allergies are just deadly, which 643 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: is why they were not served on the entire airplane 644 00:35:52,040 --> 00:35:56,000 Speaker 1: because there was one person with a severe allergy. Yeah, 645 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:57,919 Speaker 1: and it's one of those things. I'm sure anybody who's 646 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:00,440 Speaker 1: listening that's dealt with peanut allergy, and even bills that 647 00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:05,600 Speaker 1: haven't probably no peanuts and peanut powder show up in 648 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:08,640 Speaker 1: some unusual places. It's kind of like gluten, where you don't. 649 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:11,040 Speaker 1: It's not always in the places you automatically think it 650 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:13,680 Speaker 1: would be, so that it's very restrictive. It makes me 651 00:36:13,719 --> 00:36:15,560 Speaker 1: sad because I love peanut butter so much. I wish 652 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:17,880 Speaker 1: everybody could chow down on it. Yeah, and I know 653 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:20,200 Speaker 1: that there are people who are really against the idea 654 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:23,480 Speaker 1: of banning peanuts from a place because of allergies, But seriously, 655 00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:26,120 Speaker 1: an airplane, Like, what are you going to do if 656 00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:31,160 Speaker 1: you have a medical emergency in the eight when you're 657 00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:35,200 Speaker 1: trapped in a steel tube her Ling group space um. 658 00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:38,319 Speaker 1: Peanuts actually contribute more than four billion dollars to the 659 00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:43,520 Speaker 1: US economy every single year, and Americans spend almost eight 660 00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:48,200 Speaker 1: hundred million dollars a year on peanut butter. Uh. The 661 00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:51,879 Speaker 1: average American eats about six pounds that's roughly two point 662 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:54,879 Speaker 1: seven kgs of peanuts and peanut butter products each year. 663 00:36:55,480 --> 00:36:58,919 Speaker 1: I'm really quite confident in all seriousness that you could 664 00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:05,600 Speaker 1: triple that number for me, and we'll just leave that there. Well, 665 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:08,680 Speaker 1: in my weirdo organic childhood, one of the things that 666 00:37:08,719 --> 00:37:11,360 Speaker 1: we would have for a snack would be uh some 667 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,040 Speaker 1: some peanut butter from the tub of peanut butter that 668 00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:16,920 Speaker 1: had to be starred together with a bachelor. Um and 669 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:22,200 Speaker 1: and honey smashed together in a cup. Who young? I 670 00:37:22,239 --> 00:37:27,920 Speaker 1: still do that sometimes, um and I usually my breakfast 671 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:30,880 Speaker 1: lately has been peanut butter on a fruit, like peanut 672 00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:34,360 Speaker 1: butter on apple or peanut butter on banana. It's good stuff. 673 00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:40,200 Speaker 1: I'm a fan of peanut butter. Uh So with that, 674 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:42,640 Speaker 1: and now with my salivating, I will read a little 675 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:47,560 Speaker 1: bit of listener mail. Let's do that. First is a 676 00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,640 Speaker 1: brief emale from our listener Brian, and he says, I 677 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:52,239 Speaker 1: was in Columbia a couple of months ago on a 678 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:55,880 Speaker 1: business trip, and my host mentioned their problem with invasive hippos, 679 00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:59,320 Speaker 1: which the drug lord Pablo Escobar has smuggled into the country. 680 00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,200 Speaker 1: They escaped years ago from his private zoo and have 681 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:05,640 Speaker 1: been breeding in the wild. As with many invasive species, 682 00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:08,040 Speaker 1: they are thriving in South America. And then he links 683 00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:11,879 Speaker 1: us to a BBC article on the problem. And that's 684 00:38:11,880 --> 00:38:15,080 Speaker 1: in reference to our recent two part episode on the 685 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:17,880 Speaker 1: American effort to bring hippos to the US to become 686 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,640 Speaker 1: Lake Bacon. But I also liked including it with this 687 00:38:20,719 --> 00:38:23,360 Speaker 1: episode because, as we said, peanuts are not native to 688 00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:25,879 Speaker 1: North America, yet they imported and they did not take 689 00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:29,600 Speaker 1: over except in my heart. I also wanted to give 690 00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:32,680 Speaker 1: a shout out to our listener Juliana. She is traveling 691 00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:34,400 Speaker 1: through the UK and she has sent us a couple 692 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,959 Speaker 1: of really cool and gorgeous postcards and I just wanted 693 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,080 Speaker 1: to thank her for those. She sent us one from 694 00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:43,719 Speaker 1: Ramsey Garden in Edinburgh, and she also sent us one 695 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:46,600 Speaker 1: from Letchley Park. So thank you so much, Juliana. It's 696 00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,680 Speaker 1: like we get to travel the world with you and another. Uh. 697 00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:51,600 Speaker 1: If you would like to write us, you can do 698 00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:54,799 Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at house to Works dot com. 699 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:57,480 Speaker 1: You can also connect with us at Facebook dot com 700 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:00,560 Speaker 1: slash mist in History, on Twitter, at mys in history, 701 00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:03,560 Speaker 1: at missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and at 702 00:39:03,560 --> 00:39:06,360 Speaker 1: pinterest dot com slash missed in History. You would like 703 00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:09,360 Speaker 1: to purchase some stubbu missed in History class goodies, you 704 00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:11,759 Speaker 1: can do that at miss in History dot spreadshirt dot com. 705 00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:13,759 Speaker 1: And then we have at least one new shirt that's 706 00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:16,960 Speaker 1: gone into the story recently. Uh. And if you would 707 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:18,400 Speaker 1: like to learn a little bit more about what we 708 00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:21,200 Speaker 1: talked about today. You can go to our parents site, 709 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,880 Speaker 1: how stuff Works, Type in the words peanut butter in 710 00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:25,680 Speaker 1: the search bar and you will get an article called 711 00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:27,799 Speaker 1: what if I ate only peanut butter for the rest 712 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:30,680 Speaker 1: of my life? Well, that sounds delicious, don't do it. 713 00:39:32,080 --> 00:39:34,359 Speaker 1: But if you would like to visit us on the web, 714 00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:36,759 Speaker 1: that's at missed in history dot com. You can find 715 00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,400 Speaker 1: there an archive of all of our episodes, all of 716 00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:41,840 Speaker 1: the show notes from the episodes that Tracy and I 717 00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:43,879 Speaker 1: have been doing for the last couple of years. You'll 718 00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:46,359 Speaker 1: also find some other goodies at missed in History, So 719 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:48,680 Speaker 1: please come and visit us at missed in history dot 720 00:39:48,719 --> 00:39:55,440 Speaker 1: com and how stubb Works dot com for more on 721 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:58,399 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. How stuff works dot 722 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:02,920 Speaker 1: com set in the int