1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:08,719 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:15,400 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:19,320 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. It's time for the latest installment 5 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 2: in our series we call Unearthed, which is where we 6 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:24,720 Speaker 2: talk about all the things that have been literally and 7 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 2: figuratively unearthed over the last few months. If you've been 8 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 2: listening to the show for a while, you're super familiar 9 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 2: with these and if you're brand new to the show. 10 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:38,520 Speaker 2: We do this approximately four times a year. In Part one, 11 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:41,880 Speaker 2: today's episode, we are going to talk about some updates 12 00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 2: to previous episodes, some burial sites, walls which I think 13 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:51,240 Speaker 2: is a new one, edibles and potables, and art and architecture. 14 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 2: And then we'll be back on Wednesday with Part two 15 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 2: that'll have some other stuff, including a lot of medical 16 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,880 Speaker 2: finds and a lot of shipwrecks. So, as Tracy said, 17 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:04,920 Speaker 2: we'll start with some updates to past episodes. Possibly the 18 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 2: biggest news story this quarter has been about Amelia Earhart's 19 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 2: plane maybe in January. Late January, specifically, private exploration company 20 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:18,320 Speaker 2: Deep Sea Vision announced the possible discovery of the wreckage 21 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 2: of Earhart's plane on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, 22 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:25,960 Speaker 2: sitting roughly between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea. So this 23 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 2: might be the first time that we have talked about 24 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:33,160 Speaker 2: an Amelia Earhart announcement on Unearthed, and that announcement did 25 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:36,760 Speaker 2: not come from an organization called the International Group for 26 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 2: Historic Aircraft Recovery. That organization has faced a number of 27 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:44,720 Speaker 2: criticisms about its work on the Airheart mystery, So anytime 28 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:48,840 Speaker 2: I see a new story, I'm just a little skeptical 29 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:50,720 Speaker 2: to start with. It was nice to be sort of 30 00:01:50,760 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 2: starting from scratch, fresh clean slate with this one. In 31 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:59,320 Speaker 2: terms of this specific discovery, though it is a little 32 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 2: too early to say whether it will hold up. Deep 33 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 2: Sea Vision released a sonar image of a blob on 34 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 2: the ocean floor that is kind of shaped like an airplane, 35 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,840 Speaker 2: specifically a Lockheed Electra, which is what Earhart and navigator 36 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 2: Fred Noonan were flying in when they disappeared. 37 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:21,200 Speaker 1: At the same time. Most people's minds are wired for 38 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:25,000 Speaker 1: spotting patterns and shape, so while yes, the sonar image 39 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: contains something that's kind of airplane shaped, it's also hard 40 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: not to see it as an airplane after being told 41 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:35,560 Speaker 1: that's what it might be. In media coverage of this discovery, 42 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: Deep Sea Vision CEO Tony Romeo has also acknowledged that 43 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: it could just be some rocks in the shape of 44 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: a plane. So this announcement followed an underwater drone survey 45 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,520 Speaker 1: that covered about six thousand square miles of seafloor in 46 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:54,399 Speaker 1: the general area where most researchers believe this plane could 47 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:57,160 Speaker 1: have gone down. The next step is to try to 48 00:02:57,160 --> 00:02:59,840 Speaker 1: get a closer look at it by sending a remotely 49 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 1: eye operated vehicle down there to try to get actual 50 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:06,400 Speaker 1: photographs of the site that is currently shown as a 51 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: kind of orange blob on this sonar image. Past hosts 52 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: covered Amelia Earhart, including an update that came out on 53 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:19,320 Speaker 1: July sixteenth, twenty twelve. Next, we haven't done a full 54 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 1: episode on the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 55 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:26,640 Speaker 1: or NAGPRA, which was signed into law in the United 56 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:29,440 Speaker 1: States in nineteen ninety, but it has come up in 57 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:32,440 Speaker 1: a number of past episodes of the show, including several 58 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: episodes of Unearthed and our three part episode on Olympic 59 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:39,320 Speaker 1: athlete Jim Thorpe. This is a law that applies to 60 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:44,000 Speaker 1: agencies that receive federal funds, including museums, and it provides 61 00:03:44,040 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: a process for these agencies and institutions to transfer items 62 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: from their collections to Indigenous nations, Alaska Native Corporations, and 63 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 1: Native Hawaiian organizations. The law applies to funerary objects, sacred objects, 64 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:03,600 Speaker 1: and human remains. Museums and agencies are required to identify 65 00:04:03,640 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 1: these items in their collections and collaborate with the appropriate 66 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:10,920 Speaker 1: nations and peoples to repatriate them. So this law is 67 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,320 Speaker 1: more than thirty years old at this point, but in 68 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: December of twenty twenty three, the US Department of the 69 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:20,920 Speaker 1: Interior announced a final rule in the implementation of this law. 70 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: These changes followed a period of public comments and the 71 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:29,480 Speaker 1: federal regulators tried to incorporate as many comments as possible 72 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:34,200 Speaker 1: as came from tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations. Basically, they 73 00:04:34,200 --> 00:04:37,160 Speaker 1: were trying to close a lot of loopholes that were 74 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: keeping items from actually being returned to the appropriate people 75 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 1: decades now after this law went into effect. To quote 76 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: from the press release from the Department of the Interior, 77 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 1: these changes included, quote strengthening the authority and role of 78 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations in the repatriation process by 79 00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: requiring deference to the indigenous knowledge of life, lineal descendants, tribes, 80 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:07,320 Speaker 1: and nhos, requiring museums and federal agencies to obtain free, 81 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,159 Speaker 1: prior and informed consent from lineal descendants, tribes, or nhos 82 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:16,760 Speaker 1: before allowing any exhibition of access to or research on 83 00:05:16,880 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: human remains and cultural items, eliminating the category culturally unidentifiable 84 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: human remains, and resetting the requirements for cultural affiliation to 85 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: better align the regulations with congressional intent, increasing transparency and 86 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:38,280 Speaker 1: reporting of holdings or collections, and shedding light on collections 87 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: currently unreported under the existing regulation, requiring museums and federal 88 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: agencies to consult and update inventories of human remains and 89 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:53,359 Speaker 1: associated funerary objects within five years of this final rule. 90 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: In the words of the introduction of a three part 91 00:05:56,560 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: series on these changes published by Indian Country Today, quote, 92 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: the new rules are the first get tough regulations to 93 00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:08,040 Speaker 1: address collections of human remains and cultural artifacts since NAGRO 94 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: was passed more than thirty years ago, and museums and 95 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:16,239 Speaker 1: universities are struggling to comply. Tribal leaders say it's about 96 00:06:16,279 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: time when these rules went into effect. Earlier this year, 97 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 1: a number of museums acknowledged that they did not have free, 98 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: prior and informed consents to display items from their collections. 99 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:32,719 Speaker 1: Some high profile museums, including the Pevity Museum of Archaeology 100 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: and Ethnology at Harvard University and the Field Museum in Chicago, 101 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:40,719 Speaker 1: have elected to close or cover exhibits that did not 102 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:43,400 Speaker 1: meet this standard while they figure out what the next 103 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: steps are. In general, major museums receiving federal funding whose 104 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:52,040 Speaker 1: exhibits are still viewable at this point have already worked 105 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:56,480 Speaker 1: with indigenous communities to either revise existing exhibits or create 106 00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:01,720 Speaker 1: entirely new ones in a more collaborative way. Next, Archaeologists 107 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: in Boccoli in southern Italy have found the site of 108 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,800 Speaker 1: a two thousand year old villa, and their speculation that 109 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:10,600 Speaker 1: it may have belonged to Pliny the Elder, and that 110 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:12,960 Speaker 1: he may have even been able to see the eruption 111 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:15,840 Speaker 1: of Mount Vesuvius from there, since it offered a three 112 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:18,680 Speaker 1: hundred and sixty degree view of the Gulf of Naples. 113 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: While we do know that Plenty was living in this 114 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: general area, his connection to this exact villa is not 115 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:29,120 Speaker 1: definite at this point. This villa was found during construction 116 00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:32,840 Speaker 1: on a playground, and previous hosts talked about the city 117 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:35,520 Speaker 1: of Pompeii and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius all the 118 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 1: way back on October nineteenth, two thousand and nine. Next, 119 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:43,440 Speaker 1: we have a few updates to prior installments of Unearthed. 120 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 1: We've talked about discoveries at the Roman fort of Vindolanda 121 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: south of Hadrian's Wall in at least seven previous Unearthed episodes, 122 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:57,560 Speaker 1: and the latest fine there is bed bugs. Katie Weiss Jackson, 123 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: a student at University College Dublin two insect thorises believed 124 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: to belong to the common bedbug in a layer dating 125 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: to about the year one hundred CE. If they're correctly identified, 126 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:14,120 Speaker 1: these are the oldest bedbug parts found in Britain so far. 127 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,440 Speaker 2: This kind of feels like it combines with a previous 128 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 2: find that we talked about on Unearthed years ago, which 129 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 2: was evidence that areas that had a lot of Roman 130 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 2: influence also had a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites than 131 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:34,480 Speaker 2: other places did. That discovery seemed to contradict the perception 132 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 2: that Romans were focused on cleanliness and introduced more hygienic 133 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 2: practices to the places that they invaded and occupied. This 134 00:08:42,480 --> 00:08:45,920 Speaker 2: same sort of irony applies with the bedbugs, although to 135 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:48,920 Speaker 2: be clear, bedbugs are a very pernicious critter that can 136 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:52,880 Speaker 2: infest somebody's living space really regardless of how fastidious they are. 137 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 2: Maybe they were fastidious because they just had problems with 138 00:08:56,760 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 2: bugs and parasitists. Remember last fall when we talked about 139 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:05,560 Speaker 2: that stolen van goh painting that had been returned in 140 00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:09,440 Speaker 2: an Ikia bag. That painting was the parsonage garden at 141 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 2: Nuenen in spring, and it has now been restored and 142 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 2: is on display at the Groninger Museum as part of 143 00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:17,960 Speaker 2: a behind the scenes exhibition that's planned to run until 144 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:21,400 Speaker 2: the spring of twenty twenty five. Moving on, we've also 145 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:24,640 Speaker 2: recently talked a couple of times about a massive theft 146 00:09:24,720 --> 00:09:27,680 Speaker 2: or series of thefts of artwork and objects from the 147 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 2: British Museum. I think that's come up at least twice 148 00:09:31,559 --> 00:09:34,600 Speaker 2: on on Earth. Although some of these objects are believed 149 00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 2: to be permanently lost at this point, some of the 150 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:40,160 Speaker 2: ones that the museum has managed to recover are now 151 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,840 Speaker 2: on display in an exhibition called Rediscovering Gems and the 152 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:47,280 Speaker 2: plan is for that to run until June second, twenty 153 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:49,040 Speaker 2: twenty four. Next. 154 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: The human remains known as Utsey the Iceman have made 155 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,320 Speaker 1: frequent appearances on on Earth, as well as being the 156 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: subject of a full episode. New research has been published 157 00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: in the European journe of Archaeology in March under the 158 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:07,359 Speaker 1: title Chalcolithic Tattooing Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Terulean 159 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: Iceman's Body Markings. This paper pulls together a lot of 160 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: different information about Utsy's sixty one tattoos. It walks through 161 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:19,480 Speaker 1: those sixty one tattoos in detail, and it covers all 162 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 1: of the existing ideas about what their purpose may have been. 163 00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:26,920 Speaker 1: This includes more recent interviews with Inuit culture members in 164 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 1: Canada and Greenland about the role that tattoos played in 165 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: their society prior to force to culturation. This paper, in 166 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 1: addition to sort of a survey of all of this knowledge, 167 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:41,960 Speaker 1: also examines how the tattoos may have been made, and 168 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:46,680 Speaker 1: that includes another lengthy overview of tattooing methods through history, 169 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:50,920 Speaker 1: and it incorporates some experimental data as well from work 170 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:53,959 Speaker 1: that was carried out by four tattoo experts in twenty 171 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,440 Speaker 1: twenty and twenty twenty one, Machine free tattoo artist Danny 172 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 1: Riddet of New Zealand tattooed himself and also worked with 173 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:07,360 Speaker 1: three other tattoo experts to create multiple versions of the 174 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: same motif on his body. This motif looks. 175 00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 2: Kind of like a stylized fir tree or some other evergreen. 176 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:18,960 Speaker 2: The other tattoo experts included Inuit tattoo artist mayas Ulik 177 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:24,439 Speaker 2: Yakobsen of Greenland, and archaeologists Aurelian Brelau and Benoit Robodai. 178 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: The paper's authors compared Utsi's tattoos to the various tattoos 179 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 1: that were done as part of this project, concluding that 180 00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: Utsi's tattoos were probably made with a single pointed hand 181 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: poke tool made of something like bone or metal, rather 182 00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: than through incisions. Yeah, as I understand it, incisions had 183 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: been the going hypothesis before this comparison to this tattoo project. 184 00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: To close out these updates, we've also got one from 185 00:11:52,160 --> 00:11:55,199 Speaker 1: the archaeological site known as must Farm, which has come 186 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:58,320 Speaker 1: up on a couple of installments of Unearthed. This was 187 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:02,520 Speaker 1: a stilt village dating to about eight fifty BCE. Roughly 188 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 1: eighty five miles or one hundred and thirty six kilometers 189 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: north of modern London, as the crow flies. It was 190 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:12,320 Speaker 1: destroyed by a fire only about a year after it 191 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:15,640 Speaker 1: was built, and because the burned remains of the buildings 192 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:18,800 Speaker 1: and all of their contents sank down into the riverbed, 193 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:22,560 Speaker 1: a lot of what was there is still very well preserved. 194 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:27,160 Speaker 1: Two books were published on must Farm in March. One 195 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:32,160 Speaker 1: is must Farm Pile Dwelling Settlement Volume one Landscape, Architecture 196 00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:37,240 Speaker 1: and Occupation. Volume two is Specialist Reports. These were published 197 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:40,200 Speaker 1: as open access so anyone can read them, and you 198 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:44,960 Speaker 1: can get to them from mustfarm dot com. Living in 199 00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:49,800 Speaker 1: a stilt village built over a river in Britain more 200 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: than twenty eight hundred years ago might conjure up ideas 201 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:57,480 Speaker 1: of kind of a meager existence, but in a news 202 00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: release about these books, researchers describe life at must Farm 203 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:05,680 Speaker 1: is one of quote cozy domesticity. These homes had similar 204 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,880 Speaker 1: layouts to modern homes, with different spaces used for different purposes. 205 00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:13,440 Speaker 1: The sixty or so people who lived in them dined 206 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:17,160 Speaker 1: on foods like honey glazed venison, and those foods were 207 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 1: prepared in kitchens that were well appointed with bowls, cups, 208 00:13:20,920 --> 00:13:24,040 Speaker 1: storage jars and cooking pots that were made to stack 209 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: inside of each other to save space. The textiles made 210 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,679 Speaker 1: in Wornut must Farm are described as the finest in 211 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: Britain during this period, including well made linen clothing. Several 212 00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: of the structures contained items like spindle whirls and bobbins, 213 00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: and one had a loom situated near a likely entryway, 214 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: which would have allowed for more light to work by, 215 00:13:44,640 --> 00:13:47,840 Speaker 1: and the building's construction meant that they were simultaneously well 216 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:52,960 Speaker 1: insulated and well ventilated. The publication of these books followed 217 00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 1: extensive research and archaeological work that took place in twenty 218 00:13:56,720 --> 00:14:00,920 Speaker 1: fifteen and twenty sixteen, and currently no for their excavations 219 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 1: are planned for this site. Archaeological material was removed from 220 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: the site and preserved, and then after these excavations were over, 221 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:13,200 Speaker 1: the site was recovered and sealed. Objects from the site 222 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:16,079 Speaker 1: are now in the collection of the Peterborough Museum and 223 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:20,000 Speaker 1: Art Gallery, which is not far away, and an exhibition 224 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:24,480 Speaker 1: called Introducing must Farm, a Bronze Age settlement is running 225 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:29,080 Speaker 1: there through September twenty eighth, twenty twenty four. Hey, Tracy, 226 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,400 Speaker 1: I know we have burial sites coming up, which thrills 227 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:32,800 Speaker 1: me to the bone. But do you want to take 228 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:45,200 Speaker 1: a break. First, let's do take a break. A lot 229 00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 1: of what we've talked about on Unearthed, for you know, 230 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: beforehand today really has been things that were discovered at 231 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:55,360 Speaker 1: a burial site. But this time we also have some 232 00:14:55,480 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: discoveries in which the burial sites themselves are what attracted attention. First, 233 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,160 Speaker 1: archaeologists have found a burial site on the grounds of 234 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:08,440 Speaker 1: Fawnman Castle near Bury, South Wales. This is one that 235 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:11,440 Speaker 1: seems to have been used not just for burying the dead, 236 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,400 Speaker 1: but also for feasts and other gatherings. There's evidence of 237 00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:19,600 Speaker 1: at least eighty graves there, along with pieces of imported glass, 238 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:22,760 Speaker 1: drinking vessels and things that you would associate with things 239 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: like butchery and cooking. It doesn't seem like people were 240 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:30,240 Speaker 1: living nearby, though, so they probably came together to bury 241 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 1: the dead and hold some kind of commemorative feast. This 242 00:15:34,040 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: site dates back to the early medieval period, and there 243 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: aren't many archaeological sites in Wales from this time, especially 244 00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:44,760 Speaker 1: not ones that have preserved bone. The burial sites also 245 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:48,720 Speaker 1: include different types of burials, including some with stones lining 246 00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: the graves, and some with the person buried in a 247 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 1: crouching position. In another discovery in Wales, some of our 248 00:15:56,400 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: listeners are probably familiar with ten Tern Abbey because of 249 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 1: having to read a poem by William Wordsworth in high 250 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: school or college. 251 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 2: I know I did. Today. This is a ruin, but 252 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 2: it's still considered a national treasure and a Gothic masterpiece. 253 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 2: When it was functioning, it was a place where wealthy 254 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:19,040 Speaker 2: and powerful people were buried. The abbey was shut down 255 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:22,320 Speaker 2: during the dissolution of the monasteries in the sixteenth century, 256 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,080 Speaker 2: and it seems like after that point there were some 257 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 2: people who had much less affluent lives who chose to 258 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:33,560 Speaker 2: bury their loved ones on the abbey's grounds. This included 259 00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:36,440 Speaker 2: a woman who appears to have been disabled and probably 260 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 2: died in her thirties or forties, and two children who 261 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:43,440 Speaker 2: seem to have signs of long term malnutrition and chronic 262 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:46,840 Speaker 2: health conditions. It is possible that at least some of 263 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 2: these burials happened in secret. This discovery is part of 264 00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 2: ongoing restoration work on the abbey. The stone work at 265 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:58,200 Speaker 2: the abbey is very soft and its roof is completely gone, 266 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:01,520 Speaker 2: so there has been a lot of erosion. One of 267 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:05,200 Speaker 2: the goals of this restoration project is to protect that stonework. 268 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:10,359 Speaker 2: Moving on, archaeologists from the University of Barcelona and the 269 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,960 Speaker 2: Institute of Ancient Near East have discovered some previously unknown 270 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,560 Speaker 2: rock hewn tombs. They date back to the Ptolemaic and 271 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:22,440 Speaker 2: Roman eras, so that stretches from about three h five 272 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:27,199 Speaker 2: BCE to six forty one CE. This site is in 273 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:30,159 Speaker 2: the Menya Governorate in Upper Egypt, on the banks of 274 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 2: the Nile River. There are spaces carved into the rock 275 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 2: that hold Roman era mummies, and two of them have 276 00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,359 Speaker 2: golden tongues in their mouths. There are also terra cotta 277 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:46,320 Speaker 2: statues depicting Deity isis Aphrodite, and there aren't similar statues 278 00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:51,000 Speaker 2: in the historical record. Next, an early English cemetery was 279 00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:55,439 Speaker 2: unearthed during work on a project called Vikinglink, which I 280 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:58,160 Speaker 2: find a delightful name if you're not local. 281 00:17:57,880 --> 00:17:58,480 Speaker 1: To that area. 282 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:02,200 Speaker 2: This is an electricity line connecting the UK to Denmark. 283 00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 2: The cemetery includes the remains of twenty three people, as 284 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,240 Speaker 2: well as jewelry, pottery, and other items. They all date 285 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:13,119 Speaker 2: back to the sixth and seventh centuries CE. This find 286 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:17,520 Speaker 2: was also featured on BBC two's Digging for Britain. In January. 287 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:23,200 Speaker 1: Archaeologists have been excavating a Roman cemetery near Holborn Viaduct 288 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:27,120 Speaker 1: in central London and have found five oak coffins there 289 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,840 Speaker 1: along with a well preserved funeral bed. All of this 290 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,360 Speaker 1: is very rare. Most wooden objects from the Roman era 291 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,000 Speaker 1: in Britain have decayed at this point and there have 292 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:40,199 Speaker 1: only been three timber coffins from that period found in 293 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,320 Speaker 1: London before now. But the bed was a reticular surprise. 294 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: It was known that funeral observances could involve carrying someone 295 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: to their burial site on a bed, but not that 296 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 1: the bed might also be buried with them. These likely 297 00:18:55,400 --> 00:19:00,320 Speaker 1: date to between the years forty and eighty CE. Thousand 298 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,720 Speaker 1: year old tomb has been rediscovered in Ireland. This tomb 299 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: is known as the alturna Granny and back in eighteen 300 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:13,160 Speaker 1: fifty two antiquarian Richard Hitchcock visited the site and reported 301 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,600 Speaker 1: that it was no longer there. At that point, most 302 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,760 Speaker 1: people believed that all of its above ground elements must 303 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:22,600 Speaker 1: have been taken apart, and that the stones that had 304 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 1: been used for that had been taken somewhere else and reused. 305 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:31,119 Speaker 1: Irish folklorist and archaeologist Billy mcfloin was curious about whether 306 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,600 Speaker 1: anything related to the tomb was still there. He eventually 307 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:38,160 Speaker 1: spotted a stone that resembled one in a nineteenth century 308 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:42,600 Speaker 1: sketch of the site by Georgiana Chatterton. He contacted Ireland's 309 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,199 Speaker 1: National Monument Service and he went to the site with 310 00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 1: archaeologist kaim And O'Brien. They eventually confirmed that they had 311 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:50,880 Speaker 1: found the site of the tomb. 312 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:54,400 Speaker 2: So this was built as a wedge tomb with upright 313 00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:58,400 Speaker 2: stones and capstones across the top. And while only one 314 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:02,359 Speaker 2: of these stones is still standing, others do appear to 315 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 2: still be there at the site, but now they are 316 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:08,399 Speaker 2: buried or partially buried in the soil. So it seems 317 00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,480 Speaker 2: like rather than these being taken away and repurposed somewhere else, 318 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:17,040 Speaker 2: someone may have knocked them over. Weather may have knocked 319 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,680 Speaker 2: them over. A lot of it's still there. Last year, 320 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:24,520 Speaker 2: some metal detectorists in Poland found some jewelry in a 321 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 2: dry lake bed. After further study, it turns out this 322 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 2: may be a site that was used for water burials. 323 00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 2: Excavations have unearthed human remains from at least thirty three people, 324 00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:38,440 Speaker 2: along with more than five hundred and fifty bronze objects. 325 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,399 Speaker 2: These are likely connected to the Lusatian culture, who lived 326 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,360 Speaker 2: in what's now Poland from about thirteen hundred to five 327 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:49,719 Speaker 2: hundred BCE. Most of the bronze objects are more recent 328 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:53,400 Speaker 2: than the body, so ritual practices here may have shifted 329 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:58,200 Speaker 2: over time and our next burial site. According to research 330 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:00,960 Speaker 2: that was published in December but then picked up in 331 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,560 Speaker 2: the media after the first of the year, archaeologists believe 332 00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 2: they have found three tombs belonging to family members of 333 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 2: Alexander the Great, including his father, son, and half brother. 334 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:16,200 Speaker 2: So these tombs themselves are not a new discovery. People 335 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:19,800 Speaker 2: already knew about them. They also were already connected to 336 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:24,120 Speaker 2: some of Alexander the Great's family, But this paper argues 337 00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 2: that the previous work to identify the people in these 338 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 2: tombs was incorrect. Okay, so all of the writing about 339 00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:36,359 Speaker 2: this sounds extremely definite, including some portions of the actual paper, 340 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 2: but this still seems more like an argument than a 341 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:44,280 Speaker 2: definitive conclusion. For example, toom Ie includes a skeleton with 342 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:46,840 Speaker 2: a fused knee join and King Philip the Second of 343 00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:50,360 Speaker 2: Macedon Alexander the Great's father was known to have been 344 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 2: injured in the knee by a lance. Two other people 345 00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:57,800 Speaker 2: buried there are believed to be Philip's wife, Queen Cleopatra Eurydice, 346 00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 2: and their newborn child based on the likely age of 347 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,560 Speaker 2: the older skeleton. The second tomb is believed to contain 348 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:08,560 Speaker 2: King Aridaeus and his wife Ada Eurydice, and the third 349 00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,240 Speaker 2: belongs to Alexander the Fourth. Again, this is based on 350 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,359 Speaker 2: conclusions about things like the ages and sexes of the 351 00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:19,119 Speaker 2: people in the tombs and particular details about the bones. 352 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:22,640 Speaker 2: So this is definitely a paper that adds to the 353 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 2: ongoing body of work about these tombs, not really one 354 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,240 Speaker 2: that answers all possible questions about who these remains belong to, 355 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:33,120 Speaker 2: which is what some of the coverage suggests. And honestly, 356 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 2: the highlights section of the paper makes it sound like 357 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:41,520 Speaker 2: a like that we've closed the deal on Uryah, and 358 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,439 Speaker 2: I did not find it that certain reading the paper. 359 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 2: So moving on, Intel is planning to build semiconductor plants 360 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 2: near Magdenburg, Germany, and archaeological work ahead of that construction 361 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:59,800 Speaker 2: has unearthed two Neolithic burial mounds covering wooden grave chambers 362 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:03,480 Speaker 2: that each held multiple burials. These were built during the 363 00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:06,480 Speaker 2: Ballberg culture, which is forty one hundred to thirty six 364 00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:10,760 Speaker 2: hundred BCE, and while they're much smaller today because of erosion, 365 00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:13,920 Speaker 2: they would have been a dramatic part of the landscape 366 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:17,120 Speaker 2: when they were first built. There's also an area where 367 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:20,880 Speaker 2: two cattle were sacrificed and buried some time later between 368 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:25,240 Speaker 2: thirty three hundred and twenty eight hundred BCE. A different 369 00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:29,200 Speaker 2: team also discovered a Neolithic burial site in France. This 370 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:33,879 Speaker 2: one included multiple types of burials, including several mounds. This 371 00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 2: site appears to have been used for about four thousand years, 372 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 2: or basically the whole Neolithic period. And lastly, archaeologists have 373 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,639 Speaker 2: found a tomb in central China dating back to the 374 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 2: Warring States period from four seventy five to twenty one BCE. 375 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:53,080 Speaker 2: There are one hundred. 376 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,840 Speaker 1: Seventy six tombs at the site, mostly small pits. The 377 00:23:56,920 --> 00:23:59,879 Speaker 1: larger tombs at the site also include metalwares such as 378 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:04,359 Speaker 1: horse bits, spoons, swords, and pots. They also found a 379 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:07,560 Speaker 1: chariot burial at this site, with the partial skeletons of 380 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: two horses and a wooden chariot that has almost completely decayed. 381 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: We'll have some more after another sponsor break. In my memory, 382 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:30,440 Speaker 1: we have never had a section of unearthed just called walls. 383 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:33,399 Speaker 1: We might have if we did, it didn't stick in 384 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,960 Speaker 1: my memory. But we've got a whole section of walls 385 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:40,840 Speaker 1: this time. First, a team of researchers discovered a massive 386 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:45,480 Speaker 1: fortification in northern Arabia that's about four thousand years old 387 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:51,480 Speaker 1: and entirely encircles the Kabar Oasis. Only about half of 388 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:55,560 Speaker 1: this wall still exists today, but originally that whole length 389 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,639 Speaker 1: would have been about fourteen point five kilometers long, and 390 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:02,359 Speaker 1: the the pleated wall was about five meters high with 391 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:07,159 Speaker 1: a thickness of roughly two meters, So I feel like 392 00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,800 Speaker 1: meters to yards is a pretty easy conversion. But that's 393 00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:15,679 Speaker 1: about eight point seven miles long. Tracing the path of 394 00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:20,000 Speaker 1: where this wall was involved both surveys and remote sensing data. 395 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,920 Speaker 1: This is one of the largest such fortifications ever found 396 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: on the the Arabian Peninsula. It most likely protected the 397 00:25:27,680 --> 00:25:31,560 Speaker 1: land and community within from a variety of threats, including 398 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:36,919 Speaker 1: severe weather and raiders. Next, a sonar survey off the 399 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: coast of Germany has revealed a half mile long stretch 400 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,800 Speaker 1: of wall made from boulders. This one is believed to 401 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:47,080 Speaker 1: have been about ten thousand years old, and when it 402 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,480 Speaker 1: was built, rather than being underwater, it was probably next 403 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,679 Speaker 1: to a lake or a marsh. One of the researchers 404 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: connected to this work also suggested that it might have 405 00:25:56,560 --> 00:26:00,480 Speaker 1: been used for hunting purposes, basically creating kind of a 406 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 1: bottleneck or a barrier to keep reindeer running in a 407 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:08,399 Speaker 1: specific direction. This wall has been named the Blinker Wall, 408 00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:12,160 Speaker 1: and it may be the oldest known megastructure in Europe. 409 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 1: We have another wall in Germany, this one found during 410 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:19,520 Speaker 1: an excavation at Achm. This wall dates to the third 411 00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:23,119 Speaker 1: century and was likely built by Romans. The section that 412 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,480 Speaker 1: was unearthed measures twenty three feet long and three feet thick, 413 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:29,399 Speaker 1: and it is not known how long it originally was. 414 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,600 Speaker 2: Our fourth and final wall is a massive system of 415 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:38,680 Speaker 2: walls in Mongolia, stretching four hundred and five total kilometers 416 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:41,840 Speaker 2: or more than two hundred and fifty one miles. This 417 00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:44,800 Speaker 2: is actually a wall system that was known about before, 418 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:46,840 Speaker 2: but this is the first time it's been really more 419 00:26:46,880 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 2: thoroughly studied and documented. This wall system was built between 420 00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:54,920 Speaker 2: the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, and in addition to the walls, 421 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:59,000 Speaker 2: there's a trench and at least thirty four other structures 422 00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:03,440 Speaker 2: all right. Now, moving on to edibles and potables, archaeologists 423 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:06,480 Speaker 2: found what may be one of the oldest surviving royal 424 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,199 Speaker 2: kitchens in Poland in the basement of a museum. The 425 00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:13,600 Speaker 2: museum is the Museum of Applied Arts in Post Nania, 426 00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:15,720 Speaker 2: and it's on the site of a royal castle that 427 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:19,800 Speaker 2: went through various fires, restorations, and rebuilding over the course 428 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:23,639 Speaker 2: of centuries. The kitchen area had a huge pillar that 429 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 2: would have supported a stove and a ventilation hood, along 430 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,400 Speaker 2: with a well in one corner. According to the photos, 431 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:33,439 Speaker 2: getting down to this space involves climbing ladders that are 432 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:37,560 Speaker 2: perched on ledges and leaning across this giant shaft underneath, 433 00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:42,800 Speaker 2: and they frankly look utterly terrifying. Yeah, imagine looking down 434 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:47,720 Speaker 2: a giant, big chimney kind of nope, and there's ladders 435 00:27:47,760 --> 00:27:50,520 Speaker 2: that are like perched on a ledge on one side 436 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:54,119 Speaker 2: of the chimney interior and leaning against the wall of 437 00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:56,960 Speaker 2: the other side. And I was like, oh, I I'm 438 00:27:57,040 --> 00:28:01,240 Speaker 2: nervous just looking at the ladders there, not even thinking 439 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:06,399 Speaker 2: about getting up and down them. Archaeologists in Germany have 440 00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:10,560 Speaker 2: identified the charred remains inside of a Neolithic cooking pot, 441 00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:14,919 Speaker 2: concluding that it was porridge. We've definitely had some Neolithic 442 00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:19,280 Speaker 2: porridge on unearthed before, but this analysis revealed some pretty 443 00:28:19,280 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 2: specific ingredients, including emmer wheat, barley, and white goosefoot. The 444 00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:28,520 Speaker 2: barley and the wheat were probably grown by farmers, while 445 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:31,119 Speaker 2: the white goosefoot would have been a wild plant, so 446 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:34,720 Speaker 2: this is an example of both cultivated and wild grains 447 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 2: in the same dish. These grains had sprouted, which the 448 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:41,400 Speaker 2: researcher said suggested this had been a meal that was 449 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:45,520 Speaker 2: made in the early summer. Speaking of stuff made of wheat, 450 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:49,760 Speaker 2: archaeologists working at the Neolithic city of Catajuk have identified 451 00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 2: an item from the site as an unbaked loaf of bread. 452 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,800 Speaker 2: Its ingredients included wheat, barley, and pea seeds, and it 453 00:28:57,840 --> 00:28:59,960 Speaker 2: was in a corner of a clay oven that dated 454 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 2: back to eight thousand, six hundred years ago. Next, some 455 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:09,600 Speaker 2: research into Roman clay jars suggests that some Roman wines 456 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:13,320 Speaker 2: may have had what was described as a spicy character. 457 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 2: These were porous egg shaped vessels called Dohlia, which would 458 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,960 Speaker 2: have been partially buried and sealed up while the wine 459 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 2: fermented and aged. According to the researchers, this finished product 460 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:30,320 Speaker 2: would have had notes of quote, toasted bread, apples, roasted walnuts, 461 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:34,040 Speaker 2: and curry, but this could have been just a sample 462 00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:37,480 Speaker 2: of all the different flavors that could have been found 463 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:41,760 Speaker 2: in wines in the area. Also, curry is not just 464 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,760 Speaker 2: one flavor. It's not clear what this note was meant 465 00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,240 Speaker 2: to have tasted like, unless they were meaning curry as 466 00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:55,360 Speaker 2: in like store bought curry powder from a major national brand, 467 00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:58,840 Speaker 2: which I would say like that might have a relatively 468 00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:01,880 Speaker 2: standard flavor, but like curry is a whole style of cuisine. 469 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,880 Speaker 1: Yeah. Archaeologists in Barcelona have found the remains of a 470 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:10,440 Speaker 1: nineteenth century chocolate factory. This site was discovered during a 471 00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:13,520 Speaker 1: building renovation in the Old City, which was then paused 472 00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:16,680 Speaker 1: so that the site could be investigated. It turned out 473 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:20,360 Speaker 1: elements of this structure were roughly six hundred years old, 474 00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,120 Speaker 1: and like that royal kitchen that we mentioned earlier, there 475 00:30:23,160 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: had been various buildings and expansions over the centuries. The 476 00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:32,680 Speaker 1: nineteenth century factory was for Catalonian chocolateier Clemente Guerria findings 477 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 1: included tongs and lead plates that would have been used 478 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:39,400 Speaker 1: to label the chocolate, and this last one is more 479 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:44,520 Speaker 1: potable adjacent. Guinness has digitized its archival records, which are 480 00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:47,360 Speaker 1: now searchable at ancestry dot com. And this might seem 481 00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:50,360 Speaker 1: like kind of a weird connection, but there is a 482 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:55,040 Speaker 1: gap in genealogical research that's available in Ireland because of 483 00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:58,000 Speaker 1: fire at the Public Records Office in Dublin in the 484 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:01,440 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties destroyed a lot a lot of official records 485 00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:05,440 Speaker 1: from things like the census. This Guinness archive spans from 486 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,120 Speaker 1: seventeen ninety nine to nineteen thirty nine and it includes 487 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:14,600 Speaker 1: mostly employee records and trade ledgers, so those employee records 488 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:17,600 Speaker 1: might include things like the birth dates of people whose 489 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:21,680 Speaker 1: census files and other documents are no longer accessible through 490 00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:25,880 Speaker 1: the Public Records Office. Ancestry dot com is a paid service, 491 00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:28,920 Speaker 1: but these records were available free of charge for the 492 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,560 Speaker 1: first two weeks after. 493 00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:34,360 Speaker 2: They were announced. Moving right along to art and architecture, 494 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:38,120 Speaker 2: builders working in a roof space at Christ's College, Cambridge 495 00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:42,240 Speaker 2: have found medieval wall paintings celebrating the college's royal patron 496 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:46,640 Speaker 2: Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry the seventh. These paintings 497 00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:49,240 Speaker 2: are thought to have been created in the sixteenth century, 498 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:51,400 Speaker 2: and they have been covered up for at least three 499 00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 2: hundred years. They depict a red Lancastrian rose a portcullis, 500 00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:59,200 Speaker 2: which was the emblem of the Beaufort family and what 501 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:03,840 Speaker 2: may be of to Lee. Next, it's possible that ancient 502 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,800 Speaker 2: artists who created petroglyphs in Brazil were inspired by fossilized 503 00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:13,160 Speaker 2: footprints of dinosaurs. This conclusion comes from the work of 504 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:19,720 Speaker 2: archaeologists and paleontologists who found petroglyphs and preserved dinosaur footprints 505 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:22,959 Speaker 2: in close proximity to one another, and this was described 506 00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:27,320 Speaker 2: in a paper in the journal Scientific Reports in what 507 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:31,800 Speaker 2: to me is a delightfully titled composition. It is called 508 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:36,720 Speaker 2: quote a remarkable assemblage of petroglyphs and dinosaur footprints in 509 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:42,400 Speaker 2: Northeast Brazil. The petroglyphs are primarily circular motifs that are 510 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:45,000 Speaker 2: similar to ones found at other sites in the region, 511 00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:48,960 Speaker 2: but until now there haven't been examples of petroglyphs and 512 00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:53,080 Speaker 2: fossilized footprints in the same place. In this way, it 513 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 2: suggests that ancient artists saw these footprints as important enough 514 00:32:57,320 --> 00:33:01,520 Speaker 2: to incorporate them into their art. Other researchers elsewhere in 515 00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:06,800 Speaker 2: Brazil also found sixteen previously unknown rock art sites which 516 00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 2: featured both paintings and engravings. These sites shared some features 517 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,000 Speaker 2: and motifs with other rock art sites in the area 518 00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 2: that were already known about, so researchers believe all of 519 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,640 Speaker 2: these sites might have been created by people who all 520 00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:27,160 Speaker 2: shared a similar culture and belief system. We have talked 521 00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:31,760 Speaker 2: about the Paleolithic art in Covadonus in Spain before. These 522 00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:34,600 Speaker 2: caves are home to at least one hundred ten paintings, 523 00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,640 Speaker 2: many of them made by scooping clay from the floor 524 00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:41,440 Speaker 2: and using it to create images on the walls. Clay 525 00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:44,600 Speaker 2: paintings like this are fairly uncommon, and they've only survived 526 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 2: until today because the walls and water in the caves 527 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:51,040 Speaker 2: are full of calcium carbonate, which acts as a preservative. 528 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,000 Speaker 2: Attempts to use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of 529 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 2: the paintings has been ongoing, but there are also a 530 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,920 Speaker 2: couple of other clues. One is that some of the 531 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,360 Speaker 2: artwork in these caves uses motifs that are also present 532 00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:07,680 Speaker 2: at other sites, with those sites dating back to between 533 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:11,560 Speaker 2: twenty one thousand and forty thousand years ago. And another 534 00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,800 Speaker 2: is that one of these paintings in the cave, it 535 00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:17,880 Speaker 2: turns out, has been damaged by a scratch from a 536 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:21,680 Speaker 2: cave bear, and cave bears became extinct about twenty four 537 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:25,480 Speaker 2: thousand years ago, so this would have been made before 538 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:30,120 Speaker 2: that point. Next, archaeologists at POMPEII have found a fresco 539 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:35,240 Speaker 2: depicting Greek mythological siblings Phrixus and Hale. In this story, 540 00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,480 Speaker 2: Phrixus and Hale were fleeing their stepmother by sea and 541 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:42,600 Speaker 2: hele fell into the water and drowned. The fresco depicts 542 00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,839 Speaker 2: Phrixus reaching for his sister as she reaches out from 543 00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:50,040 Speaker 2: the water. The colors of this fresco are still really vibrant, 544 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,040 Speaker 2: and authorities at POMPEII hope the home it is part 545 00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:55,840 Speaker 2: of will be accessible to visitors at some point in 546 00:34:55,880 --> 00:34:59,279 Speaker 2: the future. And we're going to end this installment of 547 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:02,400 Speaker 2: unearthed and this art and architecture with a call for 548 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 2: help from a museum. National Museum's Liverpool is trying to 549 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:10,279 Speaker 2: determine the identity of the subject of a painting by 550 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:14,919 Speaker 2: William Lindsay Windiss. This was painted around eighteen eighty four 551 00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:18,960 Speaker 2: and is known just as the Black Boy. This painting 552 00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:23,000 Speaker 2: is currently in the collection of Liverpool's International Slavery Museum, 553 00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:25,640 Speaker 2: and it is the only painting in the collection that 554 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 2: depicts a single black child. This painting depicts a black 555 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:33,520 Speaker 2: boy looking directly at the viewer. His feet are bare 556 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,759 Speaker 2: and his clothing is torn. We don't know who he is, 557 00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:39,360 Speaker 2: and there's also not a ton of information about the 558 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,840 Speaker 2: painter aside from the fact that William Lindsay Windiss was 559 00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:46,160 Speaker 2: born in Liverpool and was seen as a respected artist. 560 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,680 Speaker 2: It is possible that more information about the artist could 561 00:35:49,719 --> 00:35:53,520 Speaker 2: eventually lead to information about the people who modeled for him. 562 00:35:54,239 --> 00:35:58,280 Speaker 2: The URL for more information about this is at www 563 00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:03,320 Speaker 2: dot Liverpool Museums dot org dot UK. Slash call out 564 00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:07,759 Speaker 2: information about Black Boy with each of those words separated 565 00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:10,759 Speaker 2: by dashes. It seems like trying to read all of 566 00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 2: those dashes would just be confusing, so folks can also 567 00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:17,719 Speaker 2: get to that page from the Liverpool Museums dot org 568 00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:21,520 Speaker 2: dot UK homepage. Do you have some listener mail to 569 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,800 Speaker 2: wrap this one up? I do have some listener mail 570 00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:30,160 Speaker 2: to wrap this one up. This this email is from Wren, 571 00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:34,200 Speaker 2: who sent us a message after our episode where we 572 00:36:34,280 --> 00:36:38,720 Speaker 2: talked about historical etiquette manuals and I really loved this story. 573 00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:42,479 Speaker 2: Wren wrote to say, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I can't 574 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:44,920 Speaker 2: believe it was your etiquette episode that finally got my 575 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:48,040 Speaker 2: button gear to email you. I often think of etiquette 576 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:50,800 Speaker 2: as a classist endeavor, but your words about simply not 577 00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:53,600 Speaker 2: being a jerk really spoke to me. I grew up 578 00:36:53,640 --> 00:36:56,000 Speaker 2: with a single mom who was a former hippie and 579 00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:59,440 Speaker 2: an outspoken leftist, so I never really had house rules 580 00:36:59,480 --> 00:37:03,320 Speaker 2: as a kid, except for two don't hit and hold 581 00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,880 Speaker 2: hands in the parking lot. I'm sure she meant that literally, 582 00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:09,799 Speaker 2: since I was a very exuberant kid and prone to 583 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,919 Speaker 2: excitability and skipping or dancing away from her. However, as 584 00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,680 Speaker 2: I've grown into an adult with no religion or faith 585 00:37:16,719 --> 00:37:20,200 Speaker 2: and thus no formal commandments to live by, I've often 586 00:37:20,280 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 2: thought about her rules more abstractly. Be kind to others 587 00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:27,600 Speaker 2: even if you yourself are hurting, and stick together with 588 00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:31,239 Speaker 2: the people you loved. Thank you for the thoughtful, nuanced, 589 00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:33,799 Speaker 2: interesting research you do in stories you tell as an 590 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,000 Speaker 2: editor with a history degree. I cannot tell you how 591 00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:38,359 Speaker 2: much I admire you both and how much your work 592 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:40,520 Speaker 2: and your career journeys have inspired me. All the best 593 00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 2: reren ps and lieu of a pet tax. Please see 594 00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:47,000 Speaker 2: a selection of memes you may enjoy. I did, for 595 00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:54,439 Speaker 2: sure enjoy these memes. On one of them is I'm 596 00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:56,160 Speaker 2: just going to have one of an example, because there 597 00:37:56,160 --> 00:38:00,000 Speaker 2: were several. One is it looks like a medieval illuminating 598 00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:03,320 Speaker 2: sort of and there is someone sitting with a book 599 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:06,959 Speaker 2: and that's labeled writers doing their thing. And then there's 600 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:09,359 Speaker 2: some devils over in the corner of the room and 601 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:13,839 Speaker 2: they are labeled devils putting typos in and then up 602 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:18,840 Speaker 2: in the heavens editors being busy. I did find that 603 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,359 Speaker 2: very funny. I liked all of these memes. I want 604 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,560 Speaker 2: them to write an autobiography called Hold Hands in the 605 00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:26,480 Speaker 2: parking Lot. That's my input on all this. Yeah, I 606 00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:30,120 Speaker 2: love this whole story, I really did. I loved it 607 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:31,800 Speaker 2: when I read it, I loved it when I reread 608 00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:35,440 Speaker 2: it just now. It got me a little bit choked up. 609 00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:38,439 Speaker 2: And thank you also for the memes. I do love 610 00:38:38,520 --> 00:38:45,000 Speaker 2: to be delighted by humorous or insightful memes. So thank 611 00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:48,480 Speaker 2: you again Wren for this email. If you would like 612 00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:51,320 Speaker 2: to send us a note about this or any other podcast, 613 00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,440 Speaker 2: we are at History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com and 614 00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:58,120 Speaker 2: we're all over social media that miss in History and 615 00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:00,319 Speaker 2: that is where you can find our Facebook, Bok and 616 00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:05,160 Speaker 2: Pinterest and Instagram and the X thing. And you can 617 00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:09,040 Speaker 2: subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app and wherever 618 00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:17,120 Speaker 2: you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in 619 00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,880 Speaker 2: History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 620 00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:25,040 Speaker 2: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 621 00:39:25,120 --> 00:39:26,640 Speaker 2: you listen to your favorite shows.