WEBVTT - I Want a New Blood 0:00:05.280 --> 0:00:09.120 Hey, Doc, I've been thinking I need a new blood. Oh, 0:00:09.160 --> 0:00:13.320 the animal blood it's not working. Yeah, I tried it. 0:00:13.320 --> 0:00:15.560 It made me crash my car, made me feel you know, 0:00:15.600 --> 0:00:18.960 about three feet thick. Well what about true blood? Just 0:00:19.079 --> 0:00:23.440 hit the market? Headache, dry mouth, made my eyes too red. Well, 0:00:23.600 --> 0:00:27.520 there's currently a clinical trial for something called day Breaker. 0:00:27.760 --> 0:00:29.479 I'll stop you right there, Doc, I got some on 0:00:29.520 --> 0:00:32.320 the black market. Made me vomit and explode. But what 0:00:32.440 --> 0:00:35.919 exactly are you looking for? Well, you know, I don't 0:00:35.960 --> 0:00:38.000 want to go crazy with hunger. I don't want my 0:00:38.080 --> 0:00:40.880 things too long. I also don't want it to spill 0:00:41.800 --> 0:00:44.960 or come in a pill. Now, now you're rhyming again. 0:00:45.479 --> 0:00:48.479 Have you been taking your syntho gore because that's one 0:00:48.520 --> 0:00:51.720 of the withdrawal symptoms. I'm all out, Doc, and I 0:00:51.720 --> 0:00:55.560 don't imagine you have anything else around here on tap, 0:00:59.480 --> 0:01:01.800 welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, production of My 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:11.039 Heart Radio. Hey you, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. 0:01:11.120 --> 0:01:14.119 My name is Robert lamp and I'm Joe McCormick. And 0:01:14.200 --> 0:01:17.920 here we are covered in blood. That's right. Last year 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:21.039 we put out a Halloween episode titled I Drink Your 0:01:21.040 --> 0:01:25.720 Blood Type, all about blood types. That you know humans have, 0:01:25.880 --> 0:01:28.080 but with a vampire flavoring. I think we did a 0:01:28.080 --> 0:01:30.880 fun skit at the beginning of that one. Um we 0:01:31.040 --> 0:01:34.679 briefly mentioned synthetic blood in vampire fiction. In that one, 0:01:34.680 --> 0:01:38.000 I remember we did reference true blood as well as 0:01:38.040 --> 0:01:42.240 a nineteen thirty nine film titled The Return of Doctor X, 0:01:42.520 --> 0:01:44.679 which I haven't seen yet. I still haven't seen this one, 0:01:44.720 --> 0:01:49.160 but it stars Humphrey Bogart as an evil doctor with 0:01:49.200 --> 0:01:51.240 this kind of like skunk streak in his hair and 0:01:51.400 --> 0:01:55.720 round glasses who's been brought back to life with synthetic blood. 0:01:55.880 --> 0:01:59.320 The hair suggests elsa Anchester like in bright A Frankenstein. 0:01:59.520 --> 0:02:02.280 It does. Yeah, you definitely can see the Frenstein d 0:02:02.400 --> 0:02:06.320 NA um maybe even the lazy Frankenstein DNA in this 0:02:06.600 --> 0:02:09.680 costume design. Now, in that episode, like you said, we 0:02:09.760 --> 0:02:14.160 mainly ended up talking about natural uh properties of blood types, 0:02:14.280 --> 0:02:17.799 what evolutionary pressures drove the development of different blood types, 0:02:18.080 --> 0:02:20.760 how that functions in medicine, and then I think we 0:02:20.800 --> 0:02:24.120 also talked about some pseudo scientific beliefs about blood types 0:02:24.120 --> 0:02:27.880 and personality and psychology. But I think we only briefly 0:02:27.919 --> 0:02:31.800 mentioned the possibility of synthetic blood or using something other 0:02:31.919 --> 0:02:35.200 than human blood in your veins. Yeah, that's right, we did. 0:02:35.200 --> 0:02:37.680 We didn't get into the topic all that much, and 0:02:37.760 --> 0:02:43.080 subsequently we had some listeners suggested for October twenty fair. 0:02:43.200 --> 0:02:46.720 So here we are now, first and foremost, we should 0:02:46.760 --> 0:02:50.320 really establish what blood literally is and maybe a little 0:02:50.320 --> 0:02:54.800 bit about what it metaphorically is. So blood is technically 0:02:54.840 --> 0:02:57.799 both a fluid and a tissue, since it's made out 0:02:57.800 --> 0:03:02.280 of similar specialized cells bended in a liquid matrix of plasma. 0:03:02.840 --> 0:03:06.160 It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries 0:03:06.160 --> 0:03:09.800 off carbon dioxide and other waste products. The heart pumps 0:03:09.800 --> 0:03:12.400 it through the body, but it's also part of the 0:03:12.480 --> 0:03:15.800 larger circulatory system, so organs like the kidney and the 0:03:15.880 --> 0:03:18.680 lung are also important to blood. And of course, if 0:03:18.680 --> 0:03:21.080 we lose enough blood in a short enough period of time, 0:03:21.520 --> 0:03:24.320 we die, as we all know. Yes, uh, And it's 0:03:24.400 --> 0:03:27.440 it's amazing to stop and think how blood is not 0:03:27.520 --> 0:03:31.760 just in your body, but constantly moving throughout it, you know, 0:03:31.840 --> 0:03:34.960 like while you're alive, it never stops. This is one 0:03:35.000 --> 0:03:38.120 of those ideas that sometimes makes me feel the you know, 0:03:38.160 --> 0:03:40.520 the flame run under my skin. It's it's just a 0:03:40.520 --> 0:03:43.440 little too creepy thinking about how even when I'm sitting 0:03:43.480 --> 0:03:47.440 perfectly still and perfectly at rest, the blood is still going. 0:03:47.600 --> 0:03:50.920 It's rushing through every inch of me. And that's true 0:03:50.960 --> 0:03:52.520 for all of us, of course, And so one thing 0:03:52.560 --> 0:03:55.080 I was wondering, actually is how long does it take 0:03:55.160 --> 0:03:57.960 for each red blood cell to circulate all the way 0:03:57.960 --> 0:04:00.600 through your body and make it back to the heart. Uh. 0:04:00.800 --> 0:04:02.840 I was reading an interesting Q and A by the 0:04:02.920 --> 0:04:05.240 Naked Scientists where they worked out the math on this, 0:04:05.360 --> 0:04:07.960 and I thought this was pretty cool. So it depends 0:04:07.960 --> 0:04:10.720 on a number of factors. But their estimate was that 0:04:10.800 --> 0:04:15.040 for most people, the body performs a complete blood circuit 0:04:15.280 --> 0:04:19.200 roughly every minute. And they found this because the average 0:04:19.200 --> 0:04:22.080 adult has, you know, roughly five leaders of blood in 0:04:22.120 --> 0:04:25.479 the body. The average heart pumps about seventy milli leaders 0:04:25.520 --> 0:04:28.320 of blood every time it beats, and the average resting 0:04:28.440 --> 0:04:31.200 heart rate is something like seventy beats per minute. And 0:04:31.200 --> 0:04:33.719 if you multiply all these together, you find that the 0:04:33.760 --> 0:04:36.840 heart circulates about four point nine are close to five 0:04:36.920 --> 0:04:40.480 leaders of blood every minute. So on average, it probably 0:04:40.480 --> 0:04:43.520 takes about one minute for your heart to circulate your 0:04:43.760 --> 0:04:47.560 entire blood volume. And it does this minute after minute 0:04:47.839 --> 0:04:51.640 after minute until you die. Isn't that crazy the longer 0:04:51.680 --> 0:04:54.359 you look at it. Yeah, this idea of this endless 0:04:54.480 --> 0:04:58.480 river of blood just circulating through your body. Now, blood, 0:04:58.600 --> 0:05:03.000 of course, also has taken on various UH additional connotations, 0:05:03.480 --> 0:05:09.200 connotations of heredity, class, race, violence, sacrifice, and more. I 0:05:09.240 --> 0:05:13.320 was reading an article titled bio Securitization, the Quest for 0:05:13.400 --> 0:05:17.240 Synthetic Blood and the Taming of Kinship by Cath Weston. 0:05:17.760 --> 0:05:20.320 The author gets gets a bit deeper into the connotations 0:05:20.320 --> 0:05:23.440 that will be discussing today, but there were several aspects 0:05:23.440 --> 0:05:26.000 worth highlighting. First of all, just the idea of royal 0:05:26.040 --> 0:05:28.919 blood and the divine right of kings, the idea that 0:05:28.960 --> 0:05:32.680 there's like literally there's something in the bloodline, UM, the 0:05:32.720 --> 0:05:35.839 idea of blood is a signifier of kinship, the idea 0:05:35.880 --> 0:05:39.200 of the idea that your relatives are your blood relatives, etcetera, 0:05:39.920 --> 0:05:42.280 and UH. An interesting thing that Weston points out to 0:05:42.520 --> 0:05:46.479 is a historical tidbit is that blood transfusion UH during 0:05:46.480 --> 0:05:49.880 its history has been objected to for both religious reasons 0:05:49.920 --> 0:05:51.680 and we'll get into an example of that in a bit, 0:05:51.920 --> 0:05:56.480 but also for reasons steeped in racist ideologies. UM. And 0:05:56.520 --> 0:05:59.400 so the you know, the the metaphorical idea of blood 0:05:59.560 --> 0:06:03.679 has often seemed to muddy our biological understanding of blood. 0:06:04.000 --> 0:06:05.719 I think what this comes down to is that in 0:06:05.800 --> 0:06:08.800 many ways, blood is seen as some kind of essence. 0:06:09.000 --> 0:06:11.200 That it's not just a part of the body that 0:06:11.520 --> 0:06:14.640 plays a particular role in um in energy and the 0:06:14.680 --> 0:06:17.800 oxygenation of tissues and the removal of waste products and 0:06:17.839 --> 0:06:20.600 the circulation of chemicals, hormones and things throughout the body. 0:06:20.680 --> 0:06:25.200 But it also is somehow the soul of the thing. 0:06:25.560 --> 0:06:30.240 It There are properties inherent to the animal or the 0:06:30.320 --> 0:06:34.479 human that are represented by or borne through the blood 0:06:34.520 --> 0:06:37.880 in particular. Yeah, it gets kind of weird when you 0:06:37.880 --> 0:06:39.960 think about the fact that, like, on one hand, to 0:06:40.040 --> 0:06:42.240 think that the blood is not us, that the blood 0:06:42.320 --> 0:06:45.120 is just this this oil that we run on, Like 0:06:45.200 --> 0:06:48.200 that's that's not completely correct. Like the blood we we 0:06:48.240 --> 0:06:50.080 are blood, the blood is part of our body again, 0:06:50.080 --> 0:06:53.520 it's it's tissue and a liquid. But on the other hand, 0:06:53.680 --> 0:06:55.800 it were not just the blood. It's not like if 0:06:55.800 --> 0:06:57.719 you drained our blood out and put us in a jar, 0:06:57.880 --> 0:07:01.000 that's not us in the jar and empty shell over here. 0:07:01.120 --> 0:07:05.080 Like I'm I'm reminded of of myths, for instance, that 0:07:05.200 --> 0:07:08.839 involve something like blood in other beings, like the the 0:07:08.880 --> 0:07:12.680 episode we did on Tallos the Bronze automaton and the 0:07:12.720 --> 0:07:14.760 idea that he had this I corp in his body 0:07:14.880 --> 0:07:18.840 that was like the magical substance that that made him function, 0:07:19.240 --> 0:07:22.840 and that that reveals a lot about how blood was 0:07:22.840 --> 0:07:25.640 was considered in prior ages. Yeah, it's like the oil 0:07:25.680 --> 0:07:29.280 and the car engine, but it's also the it's somehow magical, 0:07:29.400 --> 0:07:32.680 it's somehow bearing the properties of godhood. And when you 0:07:32.720 --> 0:07:34.960 take out the plug and allow all of the I 0:07:35.080 --> 0:07:37.040 cord to drain out, he just kind of comes to 0:07:37.080 --> 0:07:40.320 a halt. Yeah. So indeed, like the idea of taking 0:07:40.360 --> 0:07:42.800 the blood from one person, the blood that is part 0:07:42.840 --> 0:07:45.840 of that person, in putting it into another person, you 0:07:45.880 --> 0:07:48.080 know that that that opens up the door for a 0:07:48.080 --> 0:07:51.240 lot of you know, I guess, uh, you know, metaphorical 0:07:51.320 --> 0:07:53.440 ideas about what that means. What does it mean that 0:07:53.440 --> 0:07:57.000 that person is now in me um or what orient 0:07:57.080 --> 0:07:58.920 in the when there's an injury, What does it mean 0:07:58.920 --> 0:08:01.000 that a lot of me is an out like on 0:08:01.040 --> 0:08:04.400 the pavement. That sort of thing. Now that brings us 0:08:04.440 --> 0:08:06.640 to what we're mainly going to be talking about today 0:08:06.520 --> 0:08:09.800 the idea of blood transfusions. Again, if you lose too 0:08:09.880 --> 0:08:12.600 much blood in a short period of time, you can die. 0:08:12.760 --> 0:08:14.760 One way that we know that that can be prevented 0:08:14.960 --> 0:08:19.000 today is by adding more blood, assuming it is the 0:08:19.000 --> 0:08:22.320 correct sort of blood. When a blood transfusion is done correctly, 0:08:22.600 --> 0:08:25.680 can save lives. It's you know, this is I think 0:08:25.760 --> 0:08:28.480 something that most of us are familiar with. UH and 0:08:28.480 --> 0:08:31.320 as we detailed in last year's episode, which I think 0:08:31.360 --> 0:08:35.240 we recently re ran in our feed UH, one does 0:08:35.320 --> 0:08:37.800 have to get it just right to respect the different 0:08:37.800 --> 0:08:41.120 blood types and this was a significant hurdle to overcome 0:08:41.360 --> 0:08:45.720 in medical science totally. But the idea of synthetic blood 0:08:46.000 --> 0:08:48.160 or a blood substitute, you know, the idea of there 0:08:48.200 --> 0:08:50.840 being something other than blood that you could fill one 0:08:50.920 --> 0:08:55.880 up with when you're you're facing a life threatening shortage. UM. 0:08:55.960 --> 0:08:59.200 The key argument here would be, you know, something could 0:08:59.240 --> 0:09:02.280 be manufactured it ahead of time and some degree kept 0:09:02.320 --> 0:09:05.240 on a shelf for use in times of emergency. So 0:09:05.520 --> 0:09:07.920 this was you know, just decreasing to some extent the 0:09:08.000 --> 0:09:11.400 reliance on blood and tissue donation. UM. I think it's 0:09:11.440 --> 0:09:13.200 also been argued that this would be ideal if you 0:09:13.240 --> 0:09:16.560 were dealing with a very far flung situation. You can't 0:09:16.600 --> 0:09:19.120 have a proper blood bank on hand, but perhaps you 0:09:19.160 --> 0:09:21.240 have some sort of short term substitute that can be 0:09:21.320 --> 0:09:23.319 used instead. But of course, the other side of the 0:09:23.360 --> 0:09:26.440 scenario is that such blood would be a product not 0:09:26.559 --> 0:09:29.840 unlike true blood from the TV show that we mentioned earlier. 0:09:30.480 --> 0:09:33.880 We'll discuss where we are in our quest for a 0:09:34.160 --> 0:09:37.040 true blood substitute, but first we want to explore some 0:09:37.080 --> 0:09:39.760 of the earliest and really some of the weirdest and 0:09:39.760 --> 0:09:45.080 grossest ideas for synthetic blood. It's really a wonderfully bizarre 0:09:45.440 --> 0:09:47.800 bit of history. So one of the sources I was 0:09:47.840 --> 0:09:51.880 looking at here is titled Artificial Blood by Suma and Sarkar, 0:09:52.280 --> 0:09:54.160 and it was published in two thousand and eight by 0:09:54.160 --> 0:09:57.520 the Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. And in this 0:09:57.640 --> 0:10:00.280 the author points out that the notion of artificial blood 0:10:00.400 --> 0:10:02.600 has pretty much stirred in the human mind for as 0:10:02.640 --> 0:10:05.679 long as people have bled to death from their injuries. 0:10:05.720 --> 0:10:09.600 Like we've we've realized that there's something and and this 0:10:09.679 --> 0:10:11.400 can get kind of, I think, kind of vague and 0:10:11.440 --> 0:10:13.959 magical as to the you know, the idea that blood 0:10:14.360 --> 0:10:17.440 is important and if we lose it we can die, 0:10:17.760 --> 0:10:21.440 and hey have its loss means death. Perhaps it's uh, 0:10:22.400 --> 0:10:25.880 to add blood is to add life or to restore it. Now, 0:10:25.960 --> 0:10:28.360 certainly there's a there's a mix of magic and myth 0:10:28.559 --> 0:10:31.599 and early medicine here. Uh. Sarkar points to ink and 0:10:31.679 --> 0:10:36.760 folklore depicting something arguably like blood transfusion. I've also seen 0:10:36.800 --> 0:10:41.960 it pointed out elsewhere that Odysseus temporarily resuscitates underworld shades 0:10:42.000 --> 0:10:46.280 by offering them um blood sacrifice in the Odyssey. The 0:10:46.320 --> 0:10:50.120 idea of blood as if not a biological underpinning of life, 0:10:50.360 --> 0:10:52.560 you know, something tied up with our conception of the 0:10:52.600 --> 0:10:57.200 life force. That that passage in the Odyssey is pretty stirring. 0:10:57.200 --> 0:11:00.280 I was looking at a Robert Fagel's translation of it, 0:11:00.840 --> 0:11:05.359 and basically, Odysseus is instructed to um to to flay 0:11:05.400 --> 0:11:08.439 and then burn these um the the the animals and 0:11:08.480 --> 0:11:11.480 sacrificial rams or what have you, in order to like 0:11:11.600 --> 0:11:13.880 draw in the spirits of the dead so that he 0:11:13.920 --> 0:11:16.199 can commune with them. And then of course later on 0:11:16.679 --> 0:11:19.360 he does it. Uh. And it's it's it's actually really 0:11:19.480 --> 0:11:22.040 rather creepy. Yes, and I would say one reason is 0:11:22.080 --> 0:11:25.439 that it contains this older Greek view of the afterlife, 0:11:25.480 --> 0:11:28.720 sort of the pre Platonic view of the afterlife in 0:11:28.840 --> 0:11:31.760 Greek thought, which is less the idea of you know, 0:11:32.240 --> 0:11:35.800 places of possible reward or punishment, and more the idea 0:11:35.880 --> 0:11:39.400 that everyone who dies just dwells forever. In this miserable, 0:11:39.520 --> 0:11:44.679 confused dungeon of shades. All right, on that wonderfully spooky note, 0:11:44.720 --> 0:11:46.720 We're gonna take a quick break, but we'll be right 0:11:46.760 --> 0:11:54.960 back with tales of early blood transfusions. Thank alright, we're 0:11:54.960 --> 0:11:58.400 back now in talking about substitutes for human blood that 0:11:58.480 --> 0:12:01.160 can be hooked up to your veins. One of the 0:12:01.280 --> 0:12:04.000 easiest places you know, you can imagine people would have 0:12:04.080 --> 0:12:08.079 looked is to the blood of other animals. That's right, yeah, 0:12:08.200 --> 0:12:10.240 and uh and and this at this point, we're gonna 0:12:10.280 --> 0:12:14.040 we're gonna move to around uh sixteen sixteen, because that's 0:12:14.040 --> 0:12:17.120 when a man by the name of William Harvey described 0:12:17.120 --> 0:12:20.120 blood circulation, which is going to be key just a 0:12:20.200 --> 0:12:22.720 better understanding of like what's actually going on with blood. 0:12:23.280 --> 0:12:27.280 And in the following years, numerous substances were tried out 0:12:27.480 --> 0:12:30.040 as a stand in for human blood, and the list 0:12:30.080 --> 0:12:32.959 provided by Sarkar in that article I cited earlier is 0:12:32.960 --> 0:12:38.600 pretty horrific. It includes beer, urine, milk, plant resins, and 0:12:38.679 --> 0:12:43.400 of course sheep blood. Now sheep's blood is at least blood, right, 0:12:43.600 --> 0:12:45.560 so at least it has that going for it. And 0:12:45.559 --> 0:12:50.359 and this is known as zeno transfusion. The first documented 0:12:50.480 --> 0:12:55.280 zeno transfusion was conducted by French physicians Jean Baptiste du 0:12:55.400 --> 0:12:59.120 Ni and Paul Imarez in sixteen sixty seven, and it 0:12:59.320 --> 0:13:04.720 apparently successful between a fifteen year old boy and a lamb. Uh. Yeah, 0:13:04.960 --> 0:13:08.640 So this first one was largely reported as successful. I 0:13:08.679 --> 0:13:10.840 think that could be defined in a number of ways, 0:13:10.920 --> 0:13:14.440 depending on what you what you call success. At least 0:13:14.480 --> 0:13:17.520 it was reported that the fifteen year old boy felt 0:13:17.559 --> 0:13:22.240 good afterwards. But this whole saga of Jean Baptiste Denny 0:13:22.280 --> 0:13:26.000 is actually I started looking into this a little bit deeper, 0:13:26.040 --> 0:13:29.080 and the more I looked, the weirder and weirder. God, 0:13:29.720 --> 0:13:31.960 So I want to take a digression here to talk 0:13:32.040 --> 0:13:36.160 about Denny and his his historical context. So one of 0:13:36.160 --> 0:13:39.040 the papers I want to look at is by Benjamin H. 0:13:39.120 --> 0:13:42.200 Chin Ye and I N. H chin Ye, published in 0:13:42.240 --> 0:13:45.680 the Canadian bulletin of medical history in twenty sixteen called 0:13:46.000 --> 0:13:50.160 Blood Transfusion and the Body and Early Modern France. Now, 0:13:50.200 --> 0:13:53.480 a lot of this paper is concerned with what medical 0:13:53.640 --> 0:13:58.000 worldview guided the work of late seventeenth century physicians like 0:13:58.120 --> 0:14:02.200 Denny and Denise contemporaries, and the authors argued that the 0:14:02.240 --> 0:14:06.080 physicians of France in this time did not really have 0:14:06.320 --> 0:14:10.160 a unified system of anatomical theory guiding their work, but 0:14:10.360 --> 0:14:15.000 rather a somewhat contradictory patchwork of contemporary natural philosophy and 0:14:15.040 --> 0:14:22.280 anatomical research with a received background of galenic humoralism. So 0:14:22.360 --> 0:14:25.520 this is the system that you're probably pretty familiar with 0:14:25.560 --> 0:14:30.200 by this time that views health issues as largely related 0:14:30.280 --> 0:14:35.520 to the balance and status of the four humors blood, flim, 0:14:35.920 --> 0:14:39.360 black bile, and yellow bile. This is received from uh, 0:14:39.440 --> 0:14:42.640 not invented by, but sort of shaped and received by 0:14:42.680 --> 0:14:46.280 the Roman physician Galen. Now, the authors of this paper 0:14:46.320 --> 0:14:51.160 tell the story of the first documented zeno transfusion with 0:14:51.240 --> 0:14:54.320 some quotes from the report at the time. As you said, 0:14:54.320 --> 0:14:57.120 the patient was a fifteen year old boy and he 0:14:57.160 --> 0:15:01.720 had already been through twenty round ones of blood letting. 0:15:02.440 --> 0:15:06.000 This was in order quote to assuage the excessive heat 0:15:06.800 --> 0:15:10.160 that was a result of the boy's violent fever. And 0:15:10.160 --> 0:15:15.440 in galenic theory, blood is associated with heat and excitation. 0:15:15.760 --> 0:15:17.520 This is part of the place we get the idea 0:15:17.520 --> 0:15:20.640 of being sanguine, right, you know, having an excess of 0:15:20.640 --> 0:15:24.920 blood makes you sort of a brilliant and excited and energetic. 0:15:25.520 --> 0:15:28.960 But this could be bad in in uh, in galenic thinking, 0:15:29.320 --> 0:15:32.680 by causing fevers, by causing mania, and that sort of thing. 0:15:33.080 --> 0:15:36.920 So they let this guy's blood twenty times, and after 0:15:37.000 --> 0:15:41.160 the twenty bleedings quote, his wit seemed wholly sunk, his 0:15:41.320 --> 0:15:45.240 memory perfectly lost, and his body so heavy and drowsy 0:15:45.320 --> 0:15:48.560 that he was not fit for anything all right. So, 0:15:48.680 --> 0:15:51.960 so basically a situation where the bathtub was too hot. 0:15:52.600 --> 0:15:56.160 Uh let some of the bathwater out. Now it seems 0:15:56.200 --> 0:15:58.480 a bit too cold, right. The problem is that, yeah, 0:15:58.520 --> 0:16:01.360 he's he's appearing sluggish. It seems something is wrong with 0:16:01.440 --> 0:16:05.160 his brain. Maybe he doesn't have memories or much energy. 0:16:05.280 --> 0:16:09.840 Uh So Denny counters this by starting a transfusion. He 0:16:09.920 --> 0:16:13.680 draws blood from the carotid artery of a lamb, and 0:16:13.720 --> 0:16:17.800 then that blood goes into the vein in the boy's arm. Ultimately, 0:16:17.880 --> 0:16:21.400 the boy received about nine ounces of lamb blood, and 0:16:21.440 --> 0:16:25.200 then Denny wrote that quote afterwards, he hath no longer 0:16:25.320 --> 0:16:28.960 that slowness of spirit nor heaviness of body, which before 0:16:29.080 --> 0:16:33.240 rendered him unfit for anything. He grows fat visibly, and 0:16:33.320 --> 0:16:36.280 in brief is a subject of amazement to all those 0:16:36.360 --> 0:16:39.800 that know him and dwell with him. So Danny concludes, Yeah, 0:16:39.800 --> 0:16:42.040 it seems like he's doing good. Uh, And this was 0:16:42.080 --> 0:16:47.480 on June sixty seven. But blood transfusions can be unpredictable. 0:16:47.520 --> 0:16:51.360 There can be wildly different reactions and different patients depending 0:16:51.440 --> 0:16:56.200 on often how the host's immune system in particular responds 0:16:56.280 --> 0:16:59.680 to what's being put into the veins. And as we've 0:16:59.680 --> 0:17:01.760 been taught talking about, despite being on the cutting edge 0:17:01.760 --> 0:17:05.840 of seventeenth century anatomy and new surgical techniques, Denny was 0:17:05.920 --> 0:17:08.680 also still in the grip of Galenism, which had been, 0:17:09.200 --> 0:17:11.720 you know, a dominant force in European medicine since the 0:17:11.840 --> 0:17:16.320 Roman Empire, and which attributed the bulk of medical pathologies 0:17:16.400 --> 0:17:21.200 to imbalances or corruptions in the four humors. And Deny himself, 0:17:21.240 --> 0:17:23.920 he agreed with this. He believed quote, the greatest part 0:17:24.040 --> 0:17:27.720 of our diseases are but results of the distemper and 0:17:27.800 --> 0:17:31.880 corruption of the blood. Now he doesn't say quite every disease, 0:17:31.920 --> 0:17:34.639 but you can imagine he thinks most of them. So like, oh, no, 0:17:34.960 --> 0:17:38.280 you've got arthritis. Uh, your problem is you've got bad blood, 0:17:39.119 --> 0:17:42.040 or you know you've got oh a fever. I think 0:17:42.080 --> 0:17:43.879 that's that's a blood issue. We've got to get some 0:17:43.920 --> 0:17:47.919 of that blood out. And so as a result, he believed, quote, 0:17:47.960 --> 0:17:51.959 the speediest and commonest remedy they have in practice is 0:17:52.080 --> 0:17:56.480 to evacuate the same by phlebotomy. Phlebotomy means blood letting, 0:17:56.920 --> 0:18:01.600 or else refresh it and cool it by juliah. Uh So, 0:18:01.640 --> 0:18:04.240 in other words, if you know, for most diseases, the 0:18:04.280 --> 0:18:06.480 cause is bad blood, and the best treatment is to 0:18:06.560 --> 0:18:10.280 drain the blood out or possibly to give the patient julips. 0:18:10.600 --> 0:18:13.119 The paper doesn't explain what julips means here, so I 0:18:13.119 --> 0:18:16.440 tried to look this up. I think what julips refers 0:18:16.480 --> 0:18:20.119 to here is a flavored drink, for example, rose water 0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:22.960 sweetened with sugar syrup. All right, so this is when 0:18:22.960 --> 0:18:25.040 we talked to say about a mint julip. This is 0:18:25.640 --> 0:18:28.080 the same word. Yeah, I think it was. Later on 0:18:28.160 --> 0:18:31.720 that julip came to often have alcoholic connotations. I think 0:18:31.720 --> 0:18:34.240 at this time it just would have meant a flavored drink, 0:18:34.280 --> 0:18:37.080 not necessarily with alcohol in it. I don't know why 0:18:37.119 --> 0:18:39.320 that is thought to deal with corruption of the blood, 0:18:39.640 --> 0:18:41.399 but that is amazing. You know. Can you imagine you 0:18:41.400 --> 0:18:44.480 show up at the hospital with dingay fever or whatever 0:18:44.520 --> 0:18:47.120 and they're like, you could use some rose water? Yeah, 0:18:47.240 --> 0:18:50.199 Or if the or the two possible treatments on the 0:18:50.240 --> 0:18:53.680 table are bleeding or a sweet drink, it's like, yeah, 0:18:54.520 --> 0:18:56.600 essentially you're gonna have kool aid or they're going to 0:18:56.680 --> 0:18:59.240 drain you into a bucket. Well, it seems like between 0:18:59.320 --> 0:19:01.960 the two, didn't he kind of favored one over the other. 0:19:02.040 --> 0:19:04.800 It seems like he was a bleeder. And yeah that 0:19:04.880 --> 0:19:08.800 that kid had not had twenty julips prior to the lamblood. 0:19:08.800 --> 0:19:10.760 To be fair, I don't know how many julips he had, 0:19:10.760 --> 0:19:14.840 but they did bleed him twenty times. Uh, maybe you 0:19:14.880 --> 0:19:17.600 got a julip every time, who knows. It's like the 0:19:17.640 --> 0:19:19.280 brownie they give you and the when you go to 0:19:19.320 --> 0:19:22.199 donate blood, you know you get brownies. Oh man, I 0:19:22.240 --> 0:19:26.080 get um like peanut butter crackers. Sometimes I get what 0:19:26.240 --> 0:19:29.280 is it? There's a special treat, oh Nutter butters. Sometimes 0:19:29.280 --> 0:19:31.800 there are no I've seen the Nutter butters. Yeah, that 0:19:32.000 --> 0:19:35.119 confirmed in my experience. Like it it forces me to 0:19:35.480 --> 0:19:39.840 equate peanut butter with the blood. Like basically, you know, 0:19:39.880 --> 0:19:42.200 we're thinking about the same thing here. It's like, well, 0:19:42.240 --> 0:19:44.360 I lost some blood, gotta get some peanut butter in there. 0:19:44.480 --> 0:19:47.119 That taste of the Nutter butter or the what is 0:19:47.240 --> 0:19:49.600 it's I was trying to remember the name of the 0:19:50.600 --> 0:19:53.280 little brownie that's got the colorful sprinkle on top that 0:19:53.320 --> 0:19:56.440 they give you sometimes, and Seth chimed in there called 0:19:56.440 --> 0:19:59.639 cosmic brownies. We think, yeah, I've never heard of that. 0:19:59.680 --> 0:20:03.800 I mean, like space I believe Seth space cakes. But 0:20:03.840 --> 0:20:05.320 I don't think you should have one of those after 0:20:06.160 --> 0:20:09.600 blood donation. You should have some space shrimp cocktail after 0:20:09.640 --> 0:20:14.080 blood donation. But anyway, okay, So, so bleedings, bleedings, all 0:20:14.119 --> 0:20:17.280 those bleedings obviously that Denny loves. They can really take 0:20:17.359 --> 0:20:19.879 a toll. As described. You know what happened to this 0:20:19.920 --> 0:20:24.760 fifteen year old so Denise saw blood transfusion from animals 0:20:24.800 --> 0:20:28.840 as a perfect compliment to blood letting, and in his words, 0:20:28.880 --> 0:20:32.879 It's quote the old and corrupt being first evacuated, could 0:20:32.880 --> 0:20:36.480 then make room for the new and pure. So in 0:20:36.520 --> 0:20:39.920 the case of the June sixteen sixty seven transfusion, this 0:20:40.000 --> 0:20:42.760 teenage boy, he's blood twenty times to bring down his fever. 0:20:42.840 --> 0:20:45.159 He's pretty low after that, and then lamb's blood is 0:20:45.280 --> 0:20:49.560 used to revive him with a fresh, clean, non corrupted supply. 0:20:50.240 --> 0:20:53.879 But Denny did not stop there with the xeno transfusions. 0:20:54.000 --> 0:20:58.320 Later that same year, Denny also transfused sheep's blood into 0:20:58.320 --> 0:21:01.880 the veins of a healthy forty five year old sedan chairman. 0:21:02.280 --> 0:21:04.200 Now that means he was one of those guys who 0:21:04.240 --> 0:21:06.800 carries fancy people around in the litter, you know. So 0:21:06.840 --> 0:21:08.399 if you're fancy and you don't want to get your 0:21:08.400 --> 0:21:10.760 boots wet, you can ride in a box where four 0:21:10.760 --> 0:21:13.400 guys carry you on poles. So you have to imagine 0:21:13.400 --> 0:21:16.320 if if this guy is a professional sedan chairman, he's 0:21:16.320 --> 0:21:18.919 probably pretty fit, right, Yeah, he's got to be kind 0:21:18.920 --> 0:21:21.400 of a hoss. And for that reason, I've seen this 0:21:21.440 --> 0:21:25.960 case and the idea that there's no identified cause for it, 0:21:25.960 --> 0:21:28.639 it seems like this was maybe a negative control, just 0:21:28.720 --> 0:21:31.600 like seeing what a transfusion does into a healthy guy, 0:21:31.720 --> 0:21:34.760 and reportedly this guy was fine. And then after that, 0:21:34.880 --> 0:21:38.400 Denis performed a transfusion of Calf's blood on a Swedish 0:21:38.440 --> 0:21:42.040 and nobleman who was dying of an unspecified illness in Paris. 0:21:42.720 --> 0:21:45.760 And the first transfusion this guy got seemed to sort 0:21:45.760 --> 0:21:48.640 of enliven him, bringing him back a bit freshen him up, 0:21:48.920 --> 0:21:51.320 but then he died while in the middle of receiving 0:21:51.320 --> 0:21:54.520 his second transfusion. We don't know why he died. But 0:21:54.600 --> 0:21:57.720 then finally the authors tell the story of how Dennis 0:21:57.760 --> 0:22:01.520 performed again a similar operation on a thirty four year 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:05.600 old man named Antoine Moroy in an attempt to treat 0:22:05.640 --> 0:22:09.520 a supposed mental illness. I read this case described more 0:22:09.560 --> 0:22:13.920 fully in another paper by James G. Chandler, Teresa L. Chin, 0:22:14.080 --> 0:22:17.760 and Max V. Wool Hour called direct Blood Transfusions in 0:22:17.760 --> 0:22:22.000 the Journal of Vascular Surgery from and I was having 0:22:22.040 --> 0:22:26.520 trouble finding out exactly what Moroy's symptoms were. The main 0:22:26.840 --> 0:22:29.960 report about him. The main symptom that is described is 0:22:30.000 --> 0:22:33.840 that he would quote intermittently disappear from his suburban home 0:22:34.240 --> 0:22:38.400 to indulge in paris Is sensual pleasures. I'm not sure 0:22:38.400 --> 0:22:41.040 if that's actually a symptom of an illness, but right, 0:22:41.080 --> 0:22:43.359 I mean, because certainly that that could go along, that 0:22:43.400 --> 0:22:45.800 could certainly be the practice of one who's suffering from 0:22:45.920 --> 0:22:48.560 a true mental illness. But you know, this could also 0:22:48.600 --> 0:22:51.400 just this could also be a case of sexual addiction 0:22:51.640 --> 0:22:53.919