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Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Polly

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Speaker 1: Frying and I'm Tracy D. Wilson. Hey you guys, it's uh.

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Speaker 1: This year is one year anniversary of the United States

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Speaker 1: National Park Service. We would know that even if we

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Speaker 1: didn't know that, which we did, because lots of listeners

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Speaker 1: have written to tell us this. So many, so many,

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Speaker 1: we have had so many requests for an episode about

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Speaker 1: the Park Service it is not even funny. It's astonishing.

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Speaker 1: The number to me, like so like the first tis

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Speaker 1: we got, I was like, oh, that's cool. And then

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Speaker 1: we got about fifteen more. I was like, whoa people,

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Speaker 1: what really? And then it got real landslide e, which

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Speaker 1: is great. I mean, I'm glad that people love the

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Speaker 1: Park Service and want to support it by hearing more

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Speaker 1: about it. Uh. And I initially started out with the

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Speaker 1: foolishly ambitious goal of putting together an episode tracing the

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Speaker 1: origins of the National Park Service, from its very beginnings

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Speaker 1: of conservation mentality in the United States to the eventual

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Speaker 1: establishment of the agency. What some people have asked us

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Speaker 1: to do basically, Yeah, and I applied for wanting that information,

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Speaker 1: but that it quickly became a parent that to do that,

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Speaker 1: we were basically going to have to rattle off a

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Speaker 1: list of dates and events with no time to talk

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Speaker 1: about or contextualize any of them. That's because the National

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Speaker 1: Park Service is the culmination of a lot of different moments.

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Speaker 1: Like I had literally started writing the episode outline out

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Speaker 1: and like, for example, to our listeners, our episode outlines

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Speaker 1: usually run I don't know anywhere between hundred and words

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Speaker 1: would be a very long one. This one. I had

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Speaker 1: just the bullet points of the things to hit, and

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Speaker 1: I was at seventeen hundred words. Like there wasn't even

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Speaker 1: verbs in those. It was literally like this person Yosemite,

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Speaker 1: this person Here's there was no way so um this

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Speaker 1: would be how Like we had a lot more resources

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Speaker 1: than we actually have. We would have just made an

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Speaker 1: interactive timeline on our website, although that would be redundant

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Speaker 1: because those do exist in other places. Um, So I

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Speaker 1: kind of set aside a chunk of that work that

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Speaker 1: I had done already because it just became apparent that

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Speaker 1: to really honor the National Park Service centennial, it might

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Speaker 1: actually maybe be better to focus on smaller and more

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Speaker 1: specific elements of that greater whole. So in the event

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Speaker 1: that you are disappointed and you're just dying to hear

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Speaker 1: the full lengthy story documentary documentary and Ken Burns has

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Speaker 1: you covered. In two thousand nine, he worked on a

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Speaker 1: documentary series about the National Park Service titled The National

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Speaker 1: Parks America's Best Idea and it is available on Blu

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Speaker 1: ray and DVD, and the runtime on that set is

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Speaker 1: listed as seven and twenty minutes. That's twelve hours, which

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Speaker 1: even if you factor in the fact that some of

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Speaker 1: that is bonus content and credit sequences, that might give

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Speaker 1: you an idea of why we're doing just one topic

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Speaker 1: within the story of America's National Parks. So today we're

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Speaker 1: gonna have the first of a two parter. We're gonna

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Speaker 1: talk about Yosemite in particular for both of these and

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Speaker 1: one of the men who really spent a lot of

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Speaker 1: his life there. So we're gonna talk just about the

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Speaker 1: park a little bit for context and what it is

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Speaker 1: in case I'm sure we have listeners that are not

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Speaker 1: from the u S. Or even if you're in the

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Speaker 1: U S. You might not know a lot of details

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Speaker 1: about Yosemite. And then we're going to talk about a

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Speaker 1: man named James Hutchings. If you're not familiar with Yosemite

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Speaker 1: and where it sits geographically, it runs along the central

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Speaker 1: eastern side of California, adjacent to Nevada. It's two hundred

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Speaker 1: miles southeast of San Francisco and then the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

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Speaker 1: In terms of footprint, the park is one thousand, one

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Speaker 1: hundred and sixty nine square miles. That's seven hundred and

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Speaker 1: forty eight thousand acres, with more than eight hundred miles

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Speaker 1: or a little more than two hundred kilometers of hiking trails,

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Speaker 1: two d fourteen miles or kilometers of paved roads, and

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Speaker 1: twenty miles which is about thirty two kilometers of paved

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Speaker 1: walkways and bicycle paths. About four million people visit the

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Speaker 1: park every year, and more than nine percent of the

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Speaker 1: park is undeveloped, so it's basically designated wilderness and really

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Speaker 1: that's the draw. In a two thousand nine Visitors study,

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Speaker 1: of respondents said that their primary activity on the visit

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Speaker 1: was viewing the scenery. But while tourists make up most

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Speaker 1: of the humans in the park today, archaeological evidence suggests

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Speaker 1: that people were living in the area as far back

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Speaker 1: as eight thousand years ago. In terms of traceable Native

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Speaker 1: American tribes, the awan Ichi, which is sort of, if

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Speaker 1: I'm understanding correctly from my research, kind of a blanket

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Speaker 1: name given to almost all of the tribes that lived

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Speaker 1: in the area. I have lived in Yosemite for four

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Speaker 1: thousand years that we have actual evidence of, and for

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Speaker 1: a long time, those are the only people that were

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Speaker 1: seeing the beautiful landscapes that now draw those millions of

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Speaker 1: tourists today. There are seven tribes that can trace their

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Speaker 1: lineage back to those earliest groups for whom Yosemite was home,

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Speaker 1: and the early eighteen hundreds, a few trappers made their

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Speaker 1: way into the area, but just before the midpoint of

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Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, the promise of gold brought in a

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Speaker 1: huge influx of people and conflicts between miners and Native

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Speaker 1: Americans and the region really began. In March of eighteen

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Speaker 1: fifty one, the Mariposa Battalions Yosemite Expedition, consisting of a

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Speaker 1: hundred and five men spread across Companies B and C,

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Speaker 1: made its way into the Yosemite Valley under the command

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Speaker 1: of Major James D. Savage. They were there to apprehend

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Speaker 1: Awenichi as part of the Mariposa Indian War. That war

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Speaker 1: was a conflict between native tribes and miners who had

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Speaker 1: moved into the area. Most of the men in the

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Speaker 1: battalion had been those miners. In early eighteen fifty one,

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Speaker 1: a trading post on the Fresno River was raided by

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Speaker 1: a group of a of American clans who had banded together.

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Speaker 1: These tribes were hoping that in drawing the white military

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Speaker 1: into the mountains, the battalion would become lost and unable

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Speaker 1: to pursue them any further. Keep in mind, at this point,

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Speaker 1: California had not been a state very long. It joined

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Speaker 1: the Union in September of eighteen fifty, and also in

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty a piece of legislation titled quote an Act

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Speaker 1: for the Government and Protection of Indians was also signed

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Speaker 1: into law, and that legislation made provisions for indenturing Native

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Speaker 1: American children and adults to white settlers. There has been

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Speaker 1: some theorizing among historians that James Savage had been so

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Speaker 1: eager to assemble of Italian to go after the Natives

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Speaker 1: because he wanted to use the provisions in that Act

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Speaker 1: to capture Native Americans for use as a labor force.

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Speaker 1: The arrival of the battalion in the valley is sited

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Speaker 1: at at the first time white men saw Yosemite. The

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Speaker 1: tales that the soldiers later told of the amazing Yosemite landscape,

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Speaker 1: including a waterfall reported to be a thousand feet high,

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Speaker 1: sparked interest for other explorers. One of those explorers was

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Speaker 1: James Mason Hutchings. But before we dig into hutchings life,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna pause for a moment and have a word

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Speaker 1: from one of our sponsors, and then we will talk

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Speaker 1: more about Hutchings and his wife and their establishment at Yosemite.

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Speaker 1: So to talk a bit about James and Alvira Hutchings.

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Speaker 1: Hutchings was an Englishman who was a man of many trades,

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Speaker 1: including carpentry, journalism, and mining. He was born on February

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Speaker 1: of eighteen twenty. He attended school in the Birmingham, England suburbs,

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Speaker 1: and eventually found work in carpentry. At the age of

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Speaker 1: twenty eight, he moved to the United States, spending time

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Speaker 1: in eighteen forty eight in New York and New Orleans

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Speaker 1: before moving on to California. If you know about California

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Speaker 1: history and you did the map there, you may have

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Speaker 1: correctly surmised that Hutchings was arriving in California at the

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Speaker 1: very beginning of the gold rush in eighteen forty nine.

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Speaker 1: There was a flood of thousands of thousands of people

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Speaker 1: into California, all hoping to strike at rich in gold.

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Speaker 1: But there was absolutely no infrastructure to support this massive

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Speaker 1: influx of people. There were no roads, there was no law,

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Speaker 1: There was just wilderness, and as a consequence, there were

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Speaker 1: some very large social issues. Riots would often break out

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Speaker 1: mining camps. There was a lot of violence that went unchecked,

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Speaker 1: and the only repercussions for wrongdoing came in vigilante form.

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Speaker 1: All of this conflict really just made Hutchings hands some

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Speaker 1: very English ideas about social order and how a society

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Speaker 1: should function. And so, with the money he was able

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Speaker 1: to make for mining himself, he began publishing letter sheets

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Speaker 1: for distribution and mining camps in towns. These were illustrated

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Speaker 1: papers with accompanying text is usually a moral lesson at

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Speaker 1: some point, which could be mailed off to friends and family,

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Speaker 1: and the most famous of these letter sheets is the

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Speaker 1: miners ten commandments, like if you do a certain for

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Speaker 1: that online you will churn up a bunch of examples

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Speaker 1: because it published over and over and over throughout the years.

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Speaker 1: This has laid out similar to the Ten Commandments from

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Speaker 1: the Bible, but it offers moral guidelines for miners about

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Speaker 1: not jumping claims and not gambling money you don't have.

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Speaker 1: Like you, you're pretty sure your claim is gonna pan out,

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Speaker 1: but so you gamble away the money before you have it,

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Speaker 1: not working in the rain, and not valuing gold more

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Speaker 1: than family. The illustrations on this and pretty much all

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Speaker 1: of his letter sheets were filled with these beautiful images

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Speaker 1: of California landscapes. Hutchings did well enough over the years

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Speaker 1: as a miner that he was able to devote most

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Speaker 1: of eighteen fifty three and eighteen fifty four to travel

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Speaker 1: through mines throughout the state, collecting stories from the men

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Speaker 1: he met there with the intention of publishing them. It

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Speaker 1: was while he was on this tour that he heard

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Speaker 1: of the beauty of Yosemite, and just as a commentary

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Speaker 1: on the potential for miners to actually make pretty good money,

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Speaker 1: Hutchings wrote in his own diary on December thirty one,

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four, quote, I have to enable me to

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Speaker 1: pay my board at the end of the week, hired

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Speaker 1: out at mining for three fifty per day. That's three

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Speaker 1: dollars and fifty cents. Yet one month afterwards I cleared

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Speaker 1: over a thousand dollars such as change in California. After

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Speaker 1: hearing those tales of Yosemite's natural natural wonders, Hutchings hired

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Speaker 1: two Miwak guides to take him an illustrator Thomas Eyers,

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Speaker 1: to the majestic waterfall that he had heard about, and

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Speaker 1: once he returned from this exploration, he began writing about

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Speaker 1: the beautiful landscape. He started publishing a periodical titled Hutchings

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Speaker 1: California Magazine. You'll sometimes also see it as Hutching's Illustrated

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Speaker 1: California Magazine, and over the course of the magazine sixty

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Speaker 1: issue five year run, Hutchings came to be recognized as

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Speaker 1: an expert on Yosemite, and the valley became famous in

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Speaker 1: the process. The valley, to Hutchings, was inspiration to a

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Speaker 1: higher and better way of living, and he was using

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Speaker 1: his writing to advocate for it. The first volume of

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Speaker 1: the magazine includes the following and the introductory paragraphs quote,

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Speaker 1: we wish to picture California and California life to portray

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Speaker 1: its beautiful scenery and curiosities, to speak of its mineral

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Speaker 1: and agricultural products, to tell if it's wonderful resources and

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Speaker 1: commercial advantages, and to give utterance to the inner life

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Speaker 1: and experience of its people in their aspirations, hopes, disappointments,

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Speaker 1: and successes, the lights and shadows of daily life. And

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Speaker 1: the first article in the publication after that introduction begins

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Speaker 1: immediately to tout the scenic beauty that California offers, writing quote,

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Speaker 1: there are few lands that possess more of the beautiful

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Speaker 1: and picturesque than California. It's towering and pine covered mountains,

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Speaker 1: its widespread valleys carpeted with flowers. It's leaping waterfalls, it's

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Speaker 1: foaming cataracts, its evergreen forests, It's gently rolling hills with

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Speaker 1: shrubs and trees and flowers. Make this a garden of

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Speaker 1: loveliness and a pride to her enterprising sons. To be

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Speaker 1: very clear, this was not just the little hamphlet publication.

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Speaker 1: This magazine was substantial. It's really something of a time

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Speaker 1: capsule of attitudes and social mores of the time. As

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Speaker 1: Hutchings wrote and collected stories about not just the lovely

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Speaker 1: landscapes but also as promised in the intro, the daily

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Speaker 1: life there, and one of those sections in for example,

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Speaker 1: the February eighteen fifty seven issue, which is called the

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Speaker 1: World in California, outlines some of the various people one

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Speaker 1: might find living in the area at the time in

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Speaker 1: sections titled quote the Indian, the Pioneer, the Minor, the Englishman,

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Speaker 1: the Irishman, the jew, the Negro, the Hybrid, and the

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Speaker 1: Sandwich Islander. Whiles some aspect of these categorized writings are

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Speaker 1: evidence of common views at the time that would be

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Speaker 1: pretty unenlightened by today's standards. It's interesting to note that

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Speaker 1: Hutching seems to have had the greatest disdain for the Englishman.

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Speaker 1: It was characterized as gloomy despite the beautiful sunshine of California,

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Speaker 1: enamored of his home country to a ridiculist degree, boastful

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Speaker 1: without conviction, and quote liberal to a fault. Just kind

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Speaker 1: of funny since Hutchings was from England and his even

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Speaker 1: when you see write ups of him, some people will

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Speaker 1: say he was an American born in England. Um I

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Speaker 1: commented wrote him up as English because he spent the

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Speaker 1: first twenty eight years of his life in England, so

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Speaker 1: his later identity definition definitely shifts. I think he would

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Speaker 1: say he was a Yosemite man above all else. But

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Speaker 1: it is sort of interesting at how many jabs he

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Speaker 1: takes at Englishmen. In that particular piece of Native Americans,

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Speaker 1: he wrote, quote, man of the desert, forest and prairie, Oh,

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Speaker 1: how short is thy destiny? Wherever thou plantest thy foot,

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Speaker 1: the sure onward march of the white man treads on

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Speaker 1: thy heel, crowding me out as a newspaper narrative of

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Speaker 1: a bygone time. And after further describing how white men

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Speaker 1: often shot down many of the Native Americans, he then says,

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Speaker 1: alas what has civilization done for the Pioneer has got

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Speaker 1: a lot of praise as nature's nobleman. It's kind of

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Speaker 1: funny that immediately following the passage about the tragedy of

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Speaker 1: white man shooting Native Americans, in the section on the Pioneer,

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Speaker 1: it reads quote, he stands trusty rifle in hand, with

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Speaker 1: his faithful dog beside him, A match for whole tribes

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Speaker 1: of wild Indians, for whole herds of wild beasts. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a little contradictory, at least it felt that way

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Speaker 1: to me. The minor is called quote the great throbbing

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Speaker 1: heart of California, and he's described as a very godly

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Speaker 1: and a great reader. The Irishman, according to the magazine,

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Speaker 1: is quote a cute fellow and quote unencumbered with the

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Speaker 1: botheration of learning. The Jew is described as friendly, though

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Speaker 1: dishonest and wheedling, and the Negro is cast in a

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Speaker 1: generally favorable light because of what a good genial servant

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Speaker 1: he can be. As we said, definitely unenlightened and when

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Speaker 1: viewed through the modern lens at the time, probably somewhat progressive.

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Speaker 1: It's not cool to apply this to you a group

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Speaker 1: of people, but I kind of just wants to say,

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Speaker 1: unencumbered with the botheration of learning anytime somebody is ignorant

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Speaker 1: from now on. It is a lovely turn of phrase,

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Speaker 1: even though it was used as a horrible insult. In

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Speaker 1: this regard, the Hutchings magazine defines the hybrid as quote

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Speaker 1: a bad left handed cross of the Irish and the Yankee.

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Speaker 1: This character of Hutchings California is a lazy freeloader. The

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Speaker 1: Sandwich Islander is a frivolous man of luxury, fundamentally unable

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Speaker 1: to handle true work. And next we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: about another regular feature in the Hutchings periodical. But first

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Speaker 1: let's pause once again for a word from one of

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Speaker 1: our fantastic sponsors, So to get back to the publishing

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Speaker 1: work of Hutchings for an additional glimpse into the wide

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Speaker 1: range of topics that his magazine covered. There's also a

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Speaker 1: regular feature in it called Managing a Woman, and it

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Speaker 1: deals with the relationships between men and women from the

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Speaker 1: points of views of various contributors. And I feel like

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Speaker 1: I should interject here that there is a lot of

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Speaker 1: discussion among people who study his work as to how

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Speaker 1: many of those contributors are really him, working under a

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Speaker 1: pen name versus collected from other people. But one entry

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Speaker 1: in it, which is credited to a writer named Bessie,

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Speaker 1: is perhaps surprisingly about the ways in which marriages, and

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Speaker 1: of course this is talking about hetero marriages here can

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Speaker 1: change a woman for both bad and good, and it's

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Speaker 1: told by relaying three examples of marriages known to the

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Speaker 1: writer Bessie. You know of women who married men who

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Speaker 1: seemed nice but turned out bad, and also women who

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Speaker 1: seemed very mean and then became quite lovely by virtue.

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Speaker 1: Of of being with a man who was very kind

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Speaker 1: and loving with them. Uh. These are all examples that

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Speaker 1: are known to the writer, and the message is summed

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Speaker 1: up at the end of the essay as quote like

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Speaker 1: begets like and love begets love. The World of California

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Speaker 1: appeared in more than one issue of hutchings California Magazine,

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Speaker 1: describing additional groups of people in a similar manner. It

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Speaker 1: managing a woman and the other writings in the periodical

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Speaker 1: offer a really unique look at what life was like

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Speaker 1: at the time, as seen through the editorial lens of Hutchings.

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Speaker 1: You can read these publications online and we will link

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Speaker 1: to them in the show notes. Yeah. There archived online

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Speaker 1: in two big clumps that have collected like the first

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Speaker 1: half of those publications in the second half UH and

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Speaker 1: early on, as Hutchings was creating this first media about Yosemite,

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Speaker 1: both through his his UH Little letter papers and through

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Speaker 1: these periodicals, he also became the person that wealthy elites

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Speaker 1: started to turn to you when they wanted to visit

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Speaker 1: this wilderness area because they were becoming very fascinated by it,

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Speaker 1: and Hutchings was happy to oblige them by guiding tours

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Speaker 1: into the Valley. He wanted this of I'm beauty of

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Speaker 1: Yosemite Valley to be acknowledged and presented to people living

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Speaker 1: in quickly industrializing places like San Francisco. And while Hutchings

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Speaker 1: is often characterized as fostering the tourism trade to make

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Speaker 1: money from it, a fairly recent book on hutchings life

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Speaker 1: by Jen Huntley suggests that Hutchings really wanted people to

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Speaker 1: come to Yosemite, hoping they might collectively design an ideal

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Speaker 1: way of life there that had room for the appreciation

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Speaker 1: of nature and making a living. And this was a

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Speaker 1: time when traveling to Yosemite was still an arduous and

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Speaker 1: expensive journey. So again there was not a road. You know,

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Speaker 1: it really took quite a bit of effort, and it

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Speaker 1: cost about four hundred to five hundred dollars for a

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Speaker 1: person from San Francisco to travel to Yosemite and spend

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Speaker 1: a week there. That was no small amount in the

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifties. And the hope was that as these wealthy

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Speaker 1: people from San Francisco shared their experiences after their visits

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Speaker 1: to the valley with people back in the city, that

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Speaker 1: it would spread and that people from other parts of

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Speaker 1: the U s would eventually also be drawn there. There

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Speaker 1: were efforts by other people as well as Hutchings, to

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Speaker 1: try to create an infrastructure to support the tourism of

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Speaker 1: wealthy visitors to the valley. While one of the main

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Speaker 1: drivers for this desire for visitors was the money making

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Speaker 1: desires of the people building this infrastructure, that wasn't the

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Speaker 1: only reason. There was a growing movement of conservation in

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Speaker 1: the United States, and the idea of setting aside land

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Speaker 1: to remain undeveloped was starting to gain gain traction in small,

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Speaker 1: dedicated circles. In eighteen fifty eight, the first hotel was

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Speaker 1: built in Yosemite. Prior to this point, there had been

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Speaker 1: rudimentary structures that were builled as hotels, but they were

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Speaker 1: often either just tents or little shacks that were meant

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Speaker 1: to provide only the most basic shelter. But this first

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Speaker 1: official hotel, the Upper Hotel, was an actual two story building.

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Speaker 1: There were no real walls to separate the rooms though,

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Speaker 1: just large sheets of cloth having to create partitions, and

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Speaker 1: had window frames but no glass in them, so this

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Speaker 1: was not a luxury resort, but it was still a

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Speaker 1: huge up from any previous accommodations in the area and

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Speaker 1: that it was a permanent structure with some actual size

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Speaker 1: to it. And James Hutchings was one of the first

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Speaker 1: people to stay at Upper House, and he saw immediately

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Speaker 1: that there were some problems, uh not about the structure

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Speaker 1: being you know, rudimentary, but how it was run. The

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Speaker 1: finances were very poorly handled, and there wasn't a proper

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Speaker 1: manager for the hotel for the first couple of years. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty nine, James Hutchings spent some time staying

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Speaker 1: at a San Francisco boarding house and while he was

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Speaker 1: there he made a met a young woman named Elvirus Sprote.

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Speaker 1: Elvira was seventeen and her mother ran the boarding house.

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Speaker 1: The pair hit it off and they married the following year.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty one, they moved away from San Francisco

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Speaker 1: so James could take a job as a mine superintendent.

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Speaker 1: And we're about to get to the point where Hutchings

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Speaker 1: and Elvira really kind of make Yosemite their home. And

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Speaker 1: we're gonna pause here for the moment. As we said,

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Speaker 1: this is the first of a two parter, So next

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Speaker 1: time we're going to speak at length about the books

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Speaker 1: Hutchings wrote and the true beginnings of like real tourism

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Speaker 1: in Yosemite, not just these occasional visits from wealthy people

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Speaker 1: that they were guiding in and a long legal battle

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Speaker 1: with the State of California. Do you also have some

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Speaker 1: listener mail? I do. It's short and sweet, uh and adorable.

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Speaker 1: It is from our listener Lisa, and it is a

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Speaker 1: beautiful postcard from Rome. And the picture Uh it is

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Speaker 1: a fragment of the Statue of Constantine, so basically a

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Speaker 1: giant foot and it has a little kit not it.

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Speaker 1: So obviously it completely hit all of my sweet spots

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Speaker 1: in terms of loving a postcard, and Lisa writes, high, gals,

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Speaker 1: I just wanted to share my joy at finally making

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Speaker 1: it to the Eternal City, enjoying the history, the art,

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Speaker 1: the food, and the wine. Too many podcast suggestions to

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Speaker 1: even list. I hope you like the kitten and I

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Speaker 1: love it because this is one of those rare occasions

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Speaker 1: where someone has sent us a postcard from overseas and

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Speaker 1: none of the writing was obscured by postal marking. So uh,

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Speaker 1: that's always exciting to me. Graid I could see everything

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Speaker 1: on it. Who it's a win and it's so adorable.

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Speaker 1: I will take a picture of it and share it

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Speaker 1: on our social Uh, thank you so much, Lisa. As

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Speaker 1: I always say, but I it bears repeating. In my opinion,

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Speaker 1: I am always so honored and delighted when people take

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Speaker 1: time out of their vacations to write to us. Uh.

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Speaker 1: It's really quite touching and it means a lot. So

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Speaker 1: thank you, thank you, thank you. If you would like

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Speaker 1: to write to us, you can do so at history

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Speaker 1: Podcast at how s to works dot com. You can

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Speaker 1: find us on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash mist

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00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,240
Speaker 1: in history, on Twitter at misston history, where at pinchers

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Speaker 1: dot com slash miss in history. We're on Instagram at

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Speaker 1: misst in history. Basically, if you want to go on

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Speaker 1: to any social media, missed in History is how to

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Speaker 1: find us. If you would like to learn about, uh,

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00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:51,960
Speaker 1: a little bit more about what we talked about today,

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00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:53,680
Speaker 1: you can go to our parents site, how stuff Works.

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00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:56,000
Speaker 1: Type in National park Service and you will get a

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00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,800
Speaker 1: plethora of articles about various issues related to the park Service,

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00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:05,560
Speaker 1: the parks themselves. We have a wealth of information about moms,

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Speaker 1: So do that and then come of visit Tracy and

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00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:10,040
Speaker 1: me at missed in history dot com, where we have

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00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:12,840
Speaker 1: an archive of every show ever of the podcast from

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00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:15,639
Speaker 1: way before we were here, and show notes on the

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00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:17,600
Speaker 1: ones Tracy and I have worked on together, as well

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Speaker 1: as the occasional blog post or other treat so we

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Speaker 1: encourage you to do that. Come and visit us at

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Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com and missed in History dot

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00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:31,600
Speaker 1: com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

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Speaker 1: Because it has to works dot com