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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

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Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. Hey, Orgey,

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Speaker 1: do you think there's anything good about getting older?

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Speaker 3: Why are you asking me? I'm only twenty three.

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Speaker 1: How long you've been twenty three for like ten years?

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Speaker 3: Years for a while? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: All right, But do you think like there's any advantage

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Speaker 1: to getting old and slowing down?

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Speaker 3: I guess fewer speeding.

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Speaker 1: Tickets, maybe like new kinds of joint pain feel so

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Speaker 1: new experiences.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, the early bird specials at restaurants.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes I wonder if it's good to forget some of

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Speaker 1: those painful memories of youth.

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Speaker 3: So there are advantages. Maybe physics should try slowing down.

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Speaker 1: You want me to tell these photons to take it easy?

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Speaker 2: You know.

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Speaker 3: I know they're billion years old and they've been going

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Speaker 3: at the speed of light for for a long time,

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Speaker 3: but maybe it's time for them to slow down.

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Speaker 1: They can get the Early Photons Special.

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Speaker 3: Hi'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I hope

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Speaker 1: to be aging gracefully.

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Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge age and

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Speaker 3: explain the universe at the same time.

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the aging of the universe, which

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Speaker 1: is mostly my knees at this point.

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Speaker 3: Which is technically happening right now, right now as you

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Speaker 3: are listening to us. We are getting older.

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Speaker 1: Yes, and the universe is getting older. You will finish

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Speaker 1: this podcast in a different, older universe than the one

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Speaker 1: you started it in.

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Speaker 3: Right, A little bit bigger, a little bit older and wiser,

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Speaker 3: a little bit cooler, a little bit darker. The universe

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Speaker 3: is getting older and colder and slower though dark energy,

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Speaker 3: of course is accelerating, but to most things when they

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Speaker 3: get older so to slow down, just like us, it

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Speaker 3: gets a little bit more boring.

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Speaker 1: No, we are getting funnier as we get older.

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Speaker 3: Woorge Oh right, right, No, I mean like entropy, Like

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Speaker 3: entropy is increasing in the universe, and so is the

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Speaker 3: entropy of our knees and jokes.

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Speaker 1: Well, maybe as we get older, we don't get funnier,

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Speaker 1: but we think we're funnier, So I laugh more at

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Speaker 1: your jokes even as they decay in quality.

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Speaker 3: It's all about perspective.

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Speaker 1: It's all about perspective. Just like in relativity. There is

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Speaker 1: no universal time or distance in comedy, right, there is

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Speaker 1: no universal humor.

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Speaker 3: There's no universal law for jokes.

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Speaker 1: Is there no theory of special comedy?

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Speaker 3: Well, there are a lot of jokes about relatives.

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Speaker 4: But.

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Speaker 1: Everybody jokes about their family, right, Yeah.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, this idea that everything is slowing down is kind

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Speaker 3: of inevitable, but there are some things in the universe

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Speaker 3: that maybe will never slow down.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Even though photons travel through billions of light

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Speaker 1: years of space, when they get here, they're still moving

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Speaker 1: at the speed of light. You fired that photon from

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Speaker 1: your flashlight at Alpha Centauri. It's going to get there,

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Speaker 1: and it's going to be going the same speed when

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Speaker 1: it does.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I kind of thought about it. I guess photons

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Speaker 3: are going at the same speed wherever they go, no

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Speaker 3: matter how long they've been going.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, photons don't get tired, right. You push a photon

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Speaker 1: and it goes and it just goes. And goes and

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Speaker 1: goes and goes and goes, and it doesn't like run

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Speaker 1: out of energy, you unless it gets absorbed by something

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Speaker 1: or bounces off something. It will just keep going forever.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of amazing.

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Speaker 3: At the maximum speed of the universe, not just at

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Speaker 3: any speed, at the maximum speed of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and photons. People have been asking me on Twitter

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Speaker 1: whether photons experience time, Like do photons even get old?

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Speaker 1: You know, because the photon has taken a billion years

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Speaker 1: to get here from somewhere else, And they wonder do

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Speaker 1: photons experience time? And it's a tricky question because you

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Speaker 1: have to imagine, like a photon having a clock, what

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Speaker 1: is that clock made out of? If it has masks,

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Speaker 1: then the photons can't How does it look at the clock?

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Speaker 3: Photons to look at the clock.

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Speaker 1: What is it like to be a photon?

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Speaker 5: Man?

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Speaker 1: It seems like maybe more of a philosophical question than

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Speaker 1: a physics question.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I don't think photons even have knees to feel

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Speaker 3: their joint.

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Speaker 1: I'm not asking whether we have anything in common with photons.

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Speaker 1: There are weird quantum mechanical little particles. But where we

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Speaker 1: ended up with that question was that photons are moving

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Speaker 1: at the speed of light, and so they see most

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Speaker 1: of the universe contracted. So a photon leaves here and

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Speaker 1: it feels like it hasn't gone very far because the

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Speaker 1: universe has been sort of shortened.

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Speaker 3: To them, the universe is just it's it's basically tiny, right,

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Speaker 3: It's the size of a point.

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Speaker 1: Maybe, yep, that's right. And it's bizarre to imagine what

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Speaker 1: it might be like to travel as a photon. But again,

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Speaker 1: I don't think we want to get into the question

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Speaker 1: of what is it like to be a photon?

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Speaker 3: But it is sort of a good life example to

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Speaker 3: not slow down, you know, take some inspiration. Photons are

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Speaker 3: my new heroes.

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Speaker 1: But other folks have been writing in and asking about

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Speaker 1: whether photons always do go at the speed of light?

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Speaker 3: Can they not go at the speed of light? Can

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Speaker 3: they throttle down?

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Speaker 6: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: When photons get old, is there any way they can

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Speaker 1: sort of chill out a little bit and relax.

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Speaker 3: So to the other podcast, we'll be askering this question

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Speaker 3: that several you says. Several readers wrote in about.

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Speaker 1: There are a bunch of people who've been reading articles

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Speaker 1: online about physicists managing to slow down light, and they thought, what,

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Speaker 1: we better get Daniel and Jorge to explain that to us.

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Speaker 3: So to the other program, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 3: can light be slowed down?

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Speaker 1: It's fascinating because people think that. Of course, photons travel

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Speaker 1: at the speed of light. Right, that's why we call

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Speaker 1: it the speed of light. And we make a big

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Speaker 1: deal about how that's constant. How if you shoot a

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Speaker 1: photon out, you measure it traveling at the speed of light.

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Speaker 1: Somebody else measures it traveling at the speed of light.

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Speaker 1: This sort of this like fundamental constancy, This like stubbornness

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Speaker 1: of photons to always go at the same speed.

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Speaker 3: Right, Other things can vary their speed, right, Electrons, quarks, sure,

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Speaker 3: pretty much all the other trinos. Right, they can go slow,

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Speaker 3: they can sit in the palm of your hand, or

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Speaker 3: they can go at nearly the speed of light.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, anything that's massive that has any mass to it, electrons,

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Speaker 1: even new trinos, anything like that has a rest mass,

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Speaker 1: Like you can catch up to it and have no

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Speaker 1: relative velocity. You can like exist next to it, hold it,

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Speaker 1: throw it around, et cetera. But things that have no mass,

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Speaker 1: what would happen if you caught up to them?

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Speaker 5: Right?

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Speaker 1: If there's a photon and you caught up to it.

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Speaker 1: A photon is just motion, right, There's nothing to it

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Speaker 1: other than it's motion. So if you catch up to

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Speaker 1: it and there's no motion, there's no velocity relative to

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Speaker 1: the photon, it's not there anymore. So that's why you

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Speaker 1: can never catch up to a photon. It just doesn't

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Speaker 1: make sense.

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Speaker 3: It's like what happens if you catch a wave, it's

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Speaker 3: no longer a wave.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. If you're surfing right and you look down,

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Speaker 1: then it's not really a wave anymore. It's just sort

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Speaker 1: of like a stationary shape of the water, and so

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Speaker 1: there's no relative motion there. Yeah, So don't surf on

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Speaker 1: photons people, not a good idea, especially as you get older.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so this is an interesting question, and so

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Speaker 3: that we're going to tackle it to that, we're gonna

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Speaker 3: talk about whether or not you can slow light down

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Speaker 3: and whether it seems that people some people have.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's been some pretty exciting experiments with click baity

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Speaker 1: headlines about slowing down light and stopping light, and so

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Speaker 1: we're going to dig into that today and see it

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Speaker 1: doesn't make any sense. What are they actually doing and

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Speaker 1: is it cool or what? Oh?

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Speaker 3: Stopping. You're gonna slow it down to the point of

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Speaker 3: maybe stopping.

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Speaker 1: Like yeah, yeah, wow, these faces are trying to break

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Speaker 1: the rules of the universe. Well as usual. I was curious,

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Speaker 1: do people think it's possible to slow down light or

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Speaker 1: does that just sound like crazy talk? So I walked

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Speaker 1: around campus that you see Irvine.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so before you listen to these answers, think about

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Speaker 3: it for a second. Do you think that light can

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Speaker 3: be slowed down? Here's what people have to say. I

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Speaker 3: don't think so, you don't know, I would say no, theoretically,

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Speaker 3: you're right.

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Speaker 1: Yes, yes, how would you do it? I have no clue.

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Speaker 5: I don't know that that photons within the sun, it

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Speaker 5: takes very long time until they actually reach the surface

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Speaker 5: of the sun and are released into space.

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Speaker 3: I don't know.

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Speaker 5: I mean, it's not actually a slow and down the photons,

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Speaker 5: but I.

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Speaker 1: Mean there's there's relativity obviously, so that slows down time.

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Speaker 3: But that's that's time. But that's might is supposed.

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Speaker 1: To be the constant.

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Speaker 3: Last you put light through different media, it should be slow.

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Speaker 2: But I don't think that it is like I would

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Speaker 2: expect it.

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Speaker 4: If you put light through water, I would expect there

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Speaker 4: to be some sort of effect.

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Speaker 2: But but we have a constant for lights, so how

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Speaker 2: can it be How can it change through different medium

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Speaker 2: if we.

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Speaker 1: Have a constant for it, That's what I'm like. But

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Speaker 1: we that's constant for an error?

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Speaker 3: Yes, isn't it? Okay? So maybe it isn't right? Okay,

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Speaker 3: So I think.

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Speaker 1: There might be slight changes possibly, but I think it's

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Speaker 1: inherently supposed.

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Speaker 5: To be constant.

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Speaker 3: No, because it isn't like a constant number.

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Speaker 5: I think somehow through velocity or something of that, changing

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Speaker 5: velocity at a very high rate might be able to

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Speaker 5: I'm not too sure. Maybe like a black hole type

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Speaker 5: gravity type of situation.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, No, cool, some pretty cool answers here a lot

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Speaker 3: of a lot of yeses and a lot of maybes.

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Speaker 3: I don't know how how did people react to the

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Speaker 3: question itself, because it's not a question that I had

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Speaker 3: heard much about before you send me the email this morning.

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Speaker 3: Uh you know it's you don't think about slowing the

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Speaker 3: light down much?

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Speaker 1: Well. I think that feeling is backed up by these

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Speaker 1: people's experience, because when I asked them, do you think

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Speaker 1: it's possible to slow down light? I got a lot

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Speaker 1: of quizzical looks and a lot of long pauses that

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Speaker 1: people thought about it, and you can hear people reaching

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Speaker 1: for answers. They're like, I don't know, it is a

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Speaker 1: black hole involved, maybe.

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Speaker 3: Or you kind of have to stop and parse the

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Speaker 3: words a little bit like slow down, light, slow down,

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Speaker 3: something that is not quite there.

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Speaker 1: Yep, And parsing the words is going to be the

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Speaker 1: solution to today's question because the answer is sort of

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Speaker 1: technical and legalistic. It's sort of one of these loophole

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Speaker 1: loopholes in the laws of physics, like have you really

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Speaker 1: slowed it down? Some people would say they have. Some

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Speaker 1: people would, you know, quibble with that.

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Speaker 3: All right, So we have to put on our physics

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Speaker 3: lawyer hats today.

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Speaker 1: Whenever you're reading the laws of physics, you've got to

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Speaker 1: be very careful, you know, to understand exactly what they

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Speaker 1: mean and what they don't mean.

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Speaker 3: Are we sort of the shark type of physics lawyer

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Speaker 3: or are we the nice type of physics lawyers today?

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Speaker 3: Are we out to get the universe? We are we

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Speaker 3: out for justice?

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Speaker 6: Danner.

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Speaker 1: We are not the physics police, right we are on

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Speaker 1: this We're on the defense side here. We are trying

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Speaker 1: to make sure physicists can do whatever they like. We're

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Speaker 1: trying to allow physicists to do weird stuff with the universe,

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Speaker 1: because in the end, that's how we learn what the

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Speaker 1: rules really are. We find the cracks and we exploit them,

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Speaker 1: try to figure out what's actually possible given the rules

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Speaker 1: that we know.

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Speaker 3: It seems like people had a sense that the universe

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Speaker 3: is interesting enough that maybe there are situations in which

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Speaker 3: you can slow light down. Like that didn't seem impossible

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Speaker 3: to a lot of people.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's an optimistic way to look at it. Like,

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Speaker 1: no matter how constant you think that law is, there

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Speaker 1: must be some way, some place in the universe where

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Speaker 1: we could break it, where we could find something crazy happening.

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Speaker 1: I like thinking that people are open to the fact

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Speaker 1: that the universe is filled with crazy bunker stuff.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so let's break it down for folks here, Daniel,

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Speaker 3: and let's talk about light and how face it travels,

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Speaker 3: and what we know about light and its speed.

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Speaker 1: The first thing to understand, which I think most people

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Speaker 1: already do, is that light does always travel at the

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Speaker 1: same speed in a vacuum. And remember what light is like.

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Speaker 1: You can think about light as a photon is a

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Speaker 1: little particle, and it is quantized. But if fundamentally think

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Speaker 1: about light as a sort of a ripple, space is

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Speaker 1: filled with quantum fields. Even empty space has the possibility

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Speaker 1: to have these particles in it because it contains within

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Speaker 1: it these quantum fields, like the electromagnetic field that can ripple.

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Speaker 1: So I think a space is sort of like having

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Speaker 1: these different possible sort of sheets rubber sheets in it,

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Speaker 1: and mostly they're just sort of spread smooth, but occasionally

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Speaker 1: you can get a ripple in one, and that ripple

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Speaker 1: is like a particle.

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Speaker 3: I see. So I think the main idea is that

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Speaker 3: light is a photon is not a thing. It's not

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Speaker 3: like a little spherical thing. It's more like a little

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Speaker 3: divid in the kind of the fabric of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's got no stuff to it. If that's what

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Speaker 1: you mean by it's not a thing. It's a transient property, right,

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Speaker 1: That's why it's always moving. It's a ripple. It's like

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Speaker 1: a change in information. It's saying, oh, the electromagnetic field

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Speaker 1: was this, and now it's that, and it's that change

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Speaker 1: that is the photon. That's why we say that photons

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Speaker 1: carry information because they're like they're carrying information about how

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Speaker 1: these fields are changing. The field's going up and then

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Speaker 1: it's going down. The field's going up and then it's

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Speaker 1: going down. That is, the photon.

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Speaker 3: Doesn't actually move like a like a thing. We can

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Speaker 3: think of a coffee mug moving from one side of

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Speaker 3: my desk the other side of the desk. But a particle,

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Speaker 3: a quantum particle, is more like an effect. This part

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Speaker 3: tells the other part, and then that part there's the

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Speaker 3: next part, and then it just propagates.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Like if you and I hold a jump rope

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Speaker 1: between us and we spin the jump rope, No part

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Speaker 1: of the jump rope is moving sideways, like closer to

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Speaker 1: me or to you. That's just moving up and down.

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Speaker 1: But we can send pulses down that jump rope. Right,

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Speaker 1: if I wiggled it really fast, I can send to

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Speaker 1: what looks like a pulse, But no part of the

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Speaker 1: rope is moving sideways. But the pulse is moving sideways.

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Speaker 3: That the wiggle is moving, but the rope isn't moving.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and even the coffee cup, and the coffee cup

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Speaker 1: is made of particles, than those particles are ripples in

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Speaker 1: their fields, electron fields, quark fields, whatever. So when the

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Speaker 1: coffee cup moves. It's actually the same thing. It's just

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Speaker 1: like a bunch of little tiny ripples are moving sideways

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Speaker 1: through the universe.

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Speaker 3: That's such a hardwarming image, you know, the two of

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Speaker 3: us jumping rope together. I feel like I feel like

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Speaker 3: I imagine we're in some you know, like city block,

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Speaker 3: and we're jumping rope and there's children singing, and we're

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Speaker 3: having the time of our lives.

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Speaker 1: And there's leaves blowing everywhere, and afterwards we're sipping hot

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Speaker 1: cocoa and so like a warm, fuzzy camera glow, and

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Speaker 1: we're being interviewed by Oprah, Like that's what you're imagining.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, sure, that's going to happen for us. I

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Speaker 3: feel so much lighter there.

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Speaker 1: Well, that's good because we're talking about light, and so

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Speaker 1: that's what photons are, right. They're ripples in this electromagnetic field.

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Speaker 1: And the reason that they move at the speed of

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Speaker 1: light in a vacuum is that then it's just pure

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Speaker 1: electromagnetic field and they move at the maximum speed of information,

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Speaker 1: which is the speed of light in a vacuum.

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Speaker 3: Right, So things that are not photons, like electrons and quarks,

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Speaker 3: they're also you're saying they're also a little perturbations in

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Speaker 3: fields as well. They're just like photons in that they

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Speaker 3: also don't move in the universe. They just propagate.

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Speaker 1: Yes, they propagate through the electron field or the quark field,

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Speaker 1: for example. And so an electron moves through the universe

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Speaker 1: and it moves at whatever speed it's moving, and it's

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Speaker 1: a wiggle in that field. And you might ask, well,

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Speaker 1: how come the electron field wiggles and it doesn't wiggle

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Speaker 1: the same speed as the photon field?

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Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, how come an electron wiggle can vary its speed?

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Speaker 1: Boom? We have a great answer for that. It's the

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Speaker 1: Higgs boson Because the electron field is not free, it's

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Speaker 1: tied to this other field, the Higgs field, that changes

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Speaker 1: how it wiggles. And that's what it means for a

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Speaker 1: particle to have mass, is that it interacts with its

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Speaker 1: Higgs Boson field. That changes how ripples move through it,

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Speaker 1: and it changes it exactly the way you would expect

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Speaker 1: if something had mass. It gives those fields inertia.

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Speaker 3: So mass is more like whether or not it interacts

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Speaker 3: with the Higgs field, which would slow it down as

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Speaker 3: it moves through the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, actually slow it down. It gives it inertia. It

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Speaker 1: makes it harder to speed up and harder to slow down. Right,

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Speaker 1: it's a tiny bit more complicated than just slowing down.

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Speaker 1: The Higgs Field's not like molasses that tries to get

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Speaker 1: everything to go to zero speed. It just keeps things

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Speaker 1: at the same speed. It makes it hard to change velocity.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, but light. Light doesn't interact with the

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Speaker 3: Higgs field, so it just always kind of ignores the

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Speaker 3: Higgs field and just goes as fast as it can.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's actually fascinating. We should do it an

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Speaker 1: entire podcast on this electroweak symmetry. Like the photon doesn't

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Speaker 1: interact with the Higgs field at all, but the W

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Speaker 1: and the Z particles, which are very similar to the photon,

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Speaker 1: do interact with the Higgs field and become really heavy,

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Speaker 1: and that's why the weak field is weak.

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Speaker 3: All right, So there's a lot of details in there,

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Speaker 3: but the main idea is that a light is a

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Speaker 3: wiggle and it always travels at this speed of light

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Speaker 3: in a.

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Speaker 1: Vacuum m in a vacuum precisely.

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Speaker 3: All right, Let's get into this idea of maybe whether

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Speaker 3: or not you can slow this wiggle of light and

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00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:01,399
Speaker 3: how you would do that, why you would want to

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Speaker 3: do that. First, let's take a quick break.

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00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:47,080
Speaker 1: applecard dot com.

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00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:49,640
Speaker 3: Okay, Daniel, So you're telling me that light always moves

443
00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:50,440
Speaker 3: at the speed of light.

444
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:53,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, deep insight here from light.

445
00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,480
Speaker 3: Scenary, did you know jorhe also always travels at the

446
00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:57,240
Speaker 3: speed of horhead.

447
00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:01,320
Speaker 1: That's gonna cost you one hundred dollar physics consulting fee.

448
00:21:01,640 --> 00:21:04,080
Speaker 1: The speed of X moves at the speed of X.

449
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,600
Speaker 3: Yeah, but I guess unlike light, the whorehead, the speed

450
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,920
Speaker 3: of horhead slows down. Is going to be slowing down.

451
00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:14,760
Speaker 3: It's slowing down. It's going to slow down as I

452
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,119
Speaker 3: get older. But the speed of light doesn't seem to

453
00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:18,680
Speaker 3: change at all.

454
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so we should separate because again, physics has

455
00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:24,199
Speaker 1: been terrible about naming, because when we talk about the

456
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,440
Speaker 1: speed of light, often what we mean is maximum speed

457
00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:30,679
Speaker 1: of information in the universe. Light in a vacuum happens

458
00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:33,320
Speaker 1: to travel at that speed, and because of historical reasons,

459
00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:35,440
Speaker 1: we call that speed the speed of light.

460
00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:40,600
Speaker 3: Oh man, you mean physicists name things wrong. Yes, badly

461
00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:45,159
Speaker 3: they use it, but they could have really named it better. So, really,

462
00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:48,000
Speaker 3: the speed of light, we should just call it the

463
00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:49,240
Speaker 3: maximum speed of the universe.

464
00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:51,439
Speaker 1: Yes, the maximum speed of the universe is separate from

465
00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:54,120
Speaker 1: the speed of light, because it turns out there are

466
00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,840
Speaker 1: lots of different ways to make light move slower than

467
00:21:57,119 --> 00:21:58,840
Speaker 1: the maximum speed of the universe.

468
00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:01,960
Speaker 3: So it's really like a definitions thing, like we just

469
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,000
Speaker 3: have to wrap our shift that little lever in our

470
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:07,399
Speaker 3: heads and not call it the speed of light anymore.

471
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:12,000
Speaker 1: That's right, Welcome to physics legalities. Right, But Officer I

472
00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:15,000
Speaker 1: was not traveling faster than the maximum speed of the universe.

473
00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:18,720
Speaker 3: It technically didn't break the speed limit of this highway.

474
00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:22,639
Speaker 3: It's just that the speed limit of this highway is

475
00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:24,400
Speaker 3: not the maximum speed of the universe.

476
00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:27,680
Speaker 1: I'm sure that that's going to get you off that ticket.

477
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:31,520
Speaker 3: Yeah, well, well well, and in the ideal scenario, the

478
00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:33,520
Speaker 3: officer is a fan of our show and.

479
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:37,240
Speaker 1: Just pulled you over to get your autograph.

480
00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:40,639
Speaker 3: That's right on this speeding ticket.

481
00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:45,040
Speaker 1: And we talked in the podcast recently actually about cherink

482
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:48,600
Speaker 1: off radiation and what happens when light gets slowed down

483
00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:52,080
Speaker 1: as it passes through a material and other particles. Is

484
00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:54,680
Speaker 1: it passed it That's a whole fun, complicated topic.

485
00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:57,320
Speaker 3: Okay, So if we can't decrease the maximum speed of

486
00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:02,040
Speaker 3: the universe, but you can make light go slower than

487
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,760
Speaker 3: it would in a vacuum or slower than the maximums

488
00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:06,159
Speaker 3: peedle to you.

489
00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:09,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can make photons move slower than the maximum speed.

490
00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:11,520
Speaker 1: And the way you do it is you get them

491
00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:15,000
Speaker 1: to go through some material. Because we said that photons

492
00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:17,359
Speaker 1: move at the maximum speed when it's just a pure

493
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:20,200
Speaker 1: electromagnetic field and a ripple. But if you put other

494
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:23,560
Speaker 1: stuff in there, like an electron field. Electrons interact with

495
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,320
Speaker 1: electromagnetic fields, right, they have charge, and so they will

496
00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:29,760
Speaker 1: interact with it. And like a photon can get absorbed

497
00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:32,359
Speaker 1: by an electron, you have an electron that's zipping around

498
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:35,320
Speaker 1: a nucleus. It can absorb that photon, hang on to

499
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:37,719
Speaker 1: it for a minute, and then re emit it. So

500
00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:40,760
Speaker 1: that effectively slows down the photon because it gets from

501
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:42,919
Speaker 1: A to B in more time than it would if

502
00:23:42,960 --> 00:23:43,960
Speaker 1: it hadn't been absorbed.

503
00:23:44,119 --> 00:23:46,120
Speaker 3: Right, Like, if you want to slow down Hussein Bold,

504
00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:48,240
Speaker 3: you would have him run through a crowd of people,

505
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:49,600
Speaker 3: not on an empty track.

506
00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:53,000
Speaker 1: That's right. Or Orge driving to work takes less time

507
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,720
Speaker 1: than Jorge driving to work past the banana shop because

508
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:59,080
Speaker 1: he stops, he picks some bananas. It takes them ten minutes.

509
00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:00,680
Speaker 1: Everybody wonders why he's late.

510
00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:04,800
Speaker 3: You know, I'm not sure anyone wonders anymore why I'm

511
00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:08,080
Speaker 3: late than help. But I'm just glad that you didn't

512
00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:09,880
Speaker 3: say that I drove through a crowd of people.

513
00:24:11,119 --> 00:24:11,800
Speaker 1: Is that where you thought?

514
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:14,560
Speaker 3: That's where you were going. I'm like, well, this just

515
00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:15,240
Speaker 3: got really dark.

516
00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:17,960
Speaker 1: No, this is a family friendly podcast, that's.

517
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:20,199
Speaker 3: Right, that's right. Yeah, I guess what you mean is

518
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,720
Speaker 3: if you want to slow light down, you sort of

519
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:23,639
Speaker 3: keep it busy.

520
00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:26,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, you interact with it. You you know, Jorge passing

521
00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,879
Speaker 1: through a crowd of his admirers is going to have

522
00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:31,560
Speaker 1: to stop and sign autographs more often, and so he's

523
00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:32,800
Speaker 1: not going to get to the other side of the

524
00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:33,959
Speaker 1: room as quickly.

525
00:24:34,119 --> 00:24:36,439
Speaker 3: Yeah, although these days people don't ask for autograph they

526
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,240
Speaker 3: just ask for selfies mostly.

527
00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:42,120
Speaker 1: Well, that saves your wrist, I hope. And to listeners

528
00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:44,680
Speaker 1: that might feel like a technicality, like is the light

529
00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:47,400
Speaker 1: really traveling less than the speed of light? Because it's

530
00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:50,800
Speaker 1: not really, it's between interactions. It's still moving at the

531
00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:53,960
Speaker 1: maximum speed limit. It's just that those interactions take some time.

532
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:57,439
Speaker 1: And that's that's totally fair. And again it just depends

533
00:24:57,480 --> 00:24:59,400
Speaker 1: on how you define it. Like you shoot a beam

534
00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,280
Speaker 1: of light into glass, when does it come out the

535
00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:04,840
Speaker 1: other side more time? It would take more time than

536
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,320
Speaker 1: if you shot a beam into vacuum. So that's what

537
00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,000
Speaker 1: we mean when we say have we slowed down the light?

538
00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:12,480
Speaker 3: I guess you know. The image I have in my

539
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:14,480
Speaker 3: head is sort of like a pinball machine or like

540
00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:17,920
Speaker 3: a pachinko machine. If you've seen in those Japanese pinball

541
00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,399
Speaker 3: games where the little ball wants to go in a

542
00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:26,120
Speaker 3: straight line, but it keeps bumping into things in between. Now,

543
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:28,280
Speaker 3: is that sort of what's happening where it's like bumping

544
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,960
Speaker 3: between things or is it really more like the interactions

545
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:33,920
Speaker 3: slow the light down.

546
00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,840
Speaker 1: Both. It can't move in a straight line through material.

547
00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:41,080
Speaker 1: It's getting deflected, but all deflections are also interactions. There's

548
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,640
Speaker 1: sort of a philosophical question here, right, If a photon

549
00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,440
Speaker 1: is deflected, is it the same photon as the one

550
00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:49,399
Speaker 1: that came in? It seems like a clear question if

551
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,320
Speaker 1: it gets like fully absorbed and then re emitted. But

552
00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:55,200
Speaker 1: if it gets deflected, it's still still there's an interaction there,

553
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:56,960
Speaker 1: and so it's a different quantum state.

554
00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:58,920
Speaker 3: Oh it actually does get deflected.

555
00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,800
Speaker 1: Well, yeah, photons through material don't move in a straight line.

556
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:04,680
Speaker 1: They get bounced around like a Pachinko machine between particles.

557
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:07,919
Speaker 1: Sometimes they get absorbed and re emitted, sometimes just deflected.

558
00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:11,080
Speaker 1: And you know, some could argue that those are very

559
00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:13,360
Speaker 1: different kind of experiences for the photons. So some could

560
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:15,800
Speaker 1: argue they're all interactions, so it's all the same deal.

561
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:19,159
Speaker 1: But yeah, they interact and they get deflected, so it

562
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,080
Speaker 1: takes longer to get from one side of the material

563
00:26:21,119 --> 00:26:21,520
Speaker 1: to the other.

564
00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:24,479
Speaker 3: I see. So is what slows the light down the

565
00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:28,159
Speaker 3: detours that's taking or is there actually kind of time

566
00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:32,560
Speaker 3: wasted in getting absorbed and re emitted by something in

567
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:33,160
Speaker 3: the material.

568
00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:35,920
Speaker 1: It's both both those are two different kinds of interactions,

569
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:38,680
Speaker 1: but they both contribute to making light go most more

570
00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:42,200
Speaker 1: slowly through the material. And it's sort of similar to like,

571
00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:45,640
Speaker 1: you know, making waves move more slowly through some material.

572
00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:49,040
Speaker 1: Like if you make waves in water, it's different than

573
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:51,680
Speaker 1: if you make waves in honey or in molasses. Right,

574
00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:54,600
Speaker 1: there's just a different sort of speed of information traveling

575
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,320
Speaker 1: through that material. And again it's because the interactions, like

576
00:26:57,359 --> 00:27:00,440
Speaker 1: honey holds itself together more strongly than water does. It's

577
00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:01,280
Speaker 1: really the same deal.

578
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,000
Speaker 3: So then it sort of depends on what you mean

579
00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:06,679
Speaker 3: by light, like it is light an actual photon, or

580
00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:10,159
Speaker 3: is light kind of the beam of light, because the

581
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,880
Speaker 3: photon itself doesn't slow down, does it? It just gets busier.

582
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:18,000
Speaker 1: That's right. The photon itself doesn't slow down unless you're averaging, right,

583
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:20,879
Speaker 1: If you're averaging over it's time through the material, then

584
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:24,520
Speaker 1: its effective speed is slower. So again it's a bit technical,

585
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:26,720
Speaker 1: but what these folks have done with these experiments that

586
00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:29,120
Speaker 1: we've been hearing about slowing down light and stopping light

587
00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,000
Speaker 1: is even something different than that. It's even more of

588
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,680
Speaker 1: a technicality than just slowing down light.

589
00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:37,920
Speaker 3: Overall, there are different ways to slow light down. One

590
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:41,160
Speaker 3: is you can slow the photon as it goes across

591
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 3: the material. And then there's another way, which is what

592
00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:44,880
Speaker 3: these physicists have done.

593
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, because slowing things down as it goes through material,

594
00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:50,120
Speaker 1: that's old news. Like Isaac Newton did that, right, he

595
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,679
Speaker 1: used prisms. Everybody's known for years that you can slow

596
00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:56,160
Speaker 1: things down as they move through a material, Right.

597
00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:58,480
Speaker 3: It's old news from the time of Newton.

598
00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:01,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's old news. These folks have done is not

599
00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,040
Speaker 1: just slow things down by moving through ice or water

600
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:08,000
Speaker 1: or glass. That's last centuries physics news. What they've done

601
00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,240
Speaker 1: is something different. Are they claim that it's a big

602
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:10,879
Speaker 1: step forward?

603
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:13,720
Speaker 3: All right, well step us through. What have they done?

604
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,320
Speaker 3: What did these physicists do to slow down light?

605
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:18,760
Speaker 1: So what they're doing is not slowing down like a

606
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,640
Speaker 1: beam of light, by slowing down individual photons. What they're

607
00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:24,199
Speaker 1: doing is they're slowing down sort of a pulse. And

608
00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:26,480
Speaker 1: when you send a pulse of light, it's not just

609
00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:30,120
Speaker 1: one photon, it's like a collection of photons, the way

610
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:34,160
Speaker 1: like if you send wiggles down a jump rope. It's

611
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,359
Speaker 1: not a single like sine wave just have a single frequency.

612
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,800
Speaker 1: It has a bunch of different frequencies all added up

613
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,240
Speaker 1: inside of it to make that one shape.

614
00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:46,200
Speaker 3: So are we still talking about individual photons or are

615
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:50,280
Speaker 3: we just talking about kind of the shape of the

616
00:28:50,360 --> 00:28:51,760
Speaker 3: light pulse.

617
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:54,080
Speaker 1: We're talking about the pulse, but the pulse is made

618
00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,680
Speaker 1: up of a bunch of different photons. It's like if

619
00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:00,200
Speaker 1: you have a group of bike riders, right, and you

620
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:01,880
Speaker 1: send them all out in a pack. You got one

621
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:04,840
Speaker 1: hundred of them or something, and they're all biking together.

622
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:06,720
Speaker 1: You got some fast ones and some slow ones and

623
00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:09,200
Speaker 1: sort of like the you know, the shape of the

624
00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:11,200
Speaker 1: pack is changing as it travels.

625
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:13,800
Speaker 3: And so how old are these cyclists.

626
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,000
Speaker 1: They're twenty three, just like you are, So they're an

627
00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:18,080
Speaker 1: excellent shape.

628
00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:21,480
Speaker 3: Okay, I just want to pain a complete picture here.

629
00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:23,760
Speaker 1: And any of you out there who know anything about

630
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,760
Speaker 1: like fourtyer analysis that you can break down wiggles into

631
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:29,280
Speaker 1: sort of their component frequencies or so. You know, if

632
00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:31,600
Speaker 1: you're like listening to audio and you're looking at an equalizer,

633
00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:33,880
Speaker 1: it shows you, like am I hearing the high pitches

634
00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,960
Speaker 1: or the low pitches? And the medium pitches. All sound

635
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:39,959
Speaker 1: is just a bunch of combinations of different wiggles at

636
00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:43,400
Speaker 1: different frequencies. The same thing is true for a pulse

637
00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:45,120
Speaker 1: of light. If you want a pulse of light, you

638
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:47,880
Speaker 1: have to make some high wiggles and some slower wiggles

639
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:49,960
Speaker 1: and package them all together to make that pulse.

640
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:53,440
Speaker 3: Right. And is it that different photons have different these

641
00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,360
Speaker 3: different frequencies or is it okay?

642
00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,040
Speaker 1: Yes? And so what these researchers have done is not

643
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 1: slow down in individual photons, because that's old news. Is

644
00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:05,520
Speaker 1: to try to slow down this whole pulse. It's to say,

645
00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:09,600
Speaker 1: if we're going to like send information through fiber optics

646
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:13,200
Speaker 1: or whatever, you do that by sending pulses of information.

647
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:15,200
Speaker 3: You flick the switch on and off. In that sense,

648
00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:18,200
Speaker 3: whole grouping of photons that's a pulse.

649
00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:21,280
Speaker 1: That's a pulse. And so what these experiments are focused

650
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:23,479
Speaker 1: on is taking one of those pulses and trying to

651
00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:27,000
Speaker 1: make it go more slowly through a material, the entire pulse.

652
00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:29,440
Speaker 1: And the key thing there is that, as you said,

653
00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,760
Speaker 1: the pulse is made of photons at different frequencies. So

654
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:35,440
Speaker 1: you got some that wiggle fast and some that wiggle slow.

655
00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:37,960
Speaker 1: And that's the key idea, because what they do is

656
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:42,320
Speaker 1: they construct some crazy material, some weird quantum material or

657
00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:45,520
Speaker 1: something where the speed of light through the material is

658
00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:49,880
Speaker 1: different for different frequencies. So the light is slowed down

659
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,400
Speaker 1: differently based on how much it wiggles, Like the really

660
00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:55,640
Speaker 1: blue light is slowed down more than the really red light.

661
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,479
Speaker 3: So it's not that they slowed light down. Is that

662
00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:03,200
Speaker 3: they made a material that selectively slows different frequencies.

663
00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,800
Speaker 1: Yes, And the consequence is that you like spread out

664
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:09,400
Speaker 1: a pulse, like you have that group of riders and

665
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:10,760
Speaker 1: you say, all right, I'm gonna make all the old

666
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,440
Speaker 1: people ride more slowly now. Then they're going to start

667
00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,000
Speaker 1: to fall behind, and the pulse of riders, this group

668
00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:18,880
Speaker 1: of bikers is going to get more and more spread out,

669
00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:22,480
Speaker 1: and so when the trailing edge of the pulse arrives

670
00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: is going to be later. And so sort of the

671
00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:26,600
Speaker 1: whole pulse takes longer to get there.

672
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:31,520
Speaker 3: Uh, you stretched it out, Wait it gets there later.

673
00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:33,480
Speaker 1: Well, you stretched it out. And sort of so if

674
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:35,200
Speaker 1: you look at like where the peak of the pulse is,

675
00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:38,800
Speaker 1: it moves back because part of the pulse got stretched backwards.

676
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,160
Speaker 3: But doesn't that happen normally when you shoot light through

677
00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:44,800
Speaker 3: glass or ice, doesn't it normally get spread out.

678
00:31:45,280 --> 00:31:49,000
Speaker 1: It does normally get spread out because there's this dispersion relationship,

679
00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:52,880
Speaker 1: that's what we call it, where the slowing downiness depends

680
00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:54,960
Speaker 1: on the frequency. And that's how a prism works, right.

681
00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: A prism works because you shoot light into it, and

682
00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:01,840
Speaker 1: the amount that light bends hands on its frequency, and

683
00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:05,120
Speaker 1: that's the same thing. So it spreads out exactly, And

684
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:05,680
Speaker 1: so is.

685
00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:07,200
Speaker 3: What have they done? Then that's different?

686
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: Well, these materials have like a very strong dispersion. It's

687
00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:16,200
Speaker 1: like extremely extra extra so you can shoot the poles. Yeah,

688
00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:18,400
Speaker 1: so you can shoot like a laser, like we'll say,

689
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:19,920
Speaker 1: you want to slow it down a laser pulse. A

690
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:22,960
Speaker 1: laser pulse has a bunch of frequencies really close together,

691
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,160
Speaker 1: because you know, a laser is usually like a single color,

692
00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:28,080
Speaker 1: So it's all a bunch of really tightly packed frequencies.

693
00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:30,400
Speaker 1: It's harder to spread out. So what they've done is

694
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,920
Speaker 1: develop these materials where the dispersion is really strong. So

695
00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:37,240
Speaker 1: even a tightly packed laser pulse, which is a bunch

696
00:32:37,280 --> 00:32:40,120
Speaker 1: of frequencies really similar to each other, gets spread out

697
00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:41,600
Speaker 1: and effectively slowed down.

698
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:43,120
Speaker 3: Oh it gets blurry.

699
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:44,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, so it gets blurry.

700
00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:46,840
Speaker 3: You smoosh it, You just kind of smooth the laser.

701
00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,640
Speaker 3: But then you know, but then, but like the leading

702
00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:52,120
Speaker 3: edge of the poles, like the first electrons that go

703
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,520
Speaker 3: in that are the fastest, still come out the other

704
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:57,320
Speaker 3: side as fast as they can.

705
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, the first photons get there at a very high speed.

706
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:03,800
Speaker 1: It's not exactly the speed of light, because every photon

707
00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:05,680
Speaker 1: is slowed down as it goes through a material for

708
00:33:05,680 --> 00:33:07,920
Speaker 1: the reasons we talked about before. But you're right. The

709
00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:10,640
Speaker 1: difference now in the speed between the leading edge and

710
00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:12,920
Speaker 1: the trailing edge. And this is where it gets kind

711
00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:16,600
Speaker 1: of technical. These folks talk not about phase velocity, which

712
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:19,200
Speaker 1: is the velocity of any individual photon in the pulse,

713
00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:22,600
Speaker 1: but group velocity, which is like where is the location

714
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:24,720
Speaker 1: of the peak half assed? Is the peak moving?

715
00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:28,680
Speaker 3: It's like slowing light down in the sense that in

716
00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:31,840
Speaker 3: the sense of what happens when you slow down a

717
00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:38,520
Speaker 3: song or the audio of somebody speaking it goods sort of,

718
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,120
Speaker 3: you know, more on the lower it gets blurrier, and

719
00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:44,880
Speaker 3: it gets more in the lower tones. You know, goods

720
00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:51,120
Speaker 3: slow down, but they're not technically slowing down the sound,

721
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 3: pull the wave, they're just kind of spreading it out.

722
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:57,040
Speaker 3: And so that's what they mean by slowing lightdown.

723
00:33:57,360 --> 00:33:59,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's what they mean by slowing down light. And

724
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,280
Speaker 1: so you gotta, like clever lawyers, clever lawyers, you gotta

725
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,120
Speaker 1: sort of dig in several layers there before you figure out, like,

726
00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,560
Speaker 1: what do you really mean by slowing down life?

727
00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:10,680
Speaker 3: It is sort of more like slowing down in the

728
00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,919
Speaker 3: audio sense, right, like you're slowing down a song or

729
00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:15,000
Speaker 3: a speech.

730
00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,239
Speaker 1: Yes, in the sense of audio. Like the analogy would

731
00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:21,200
Speaker 1: be that you're extending the wavelength of every part of

732
00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:24,440
Speaker 1: that sound. But then you know, as I say to you, hey, Jorge,

733
00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:29,040
Speaker 1: you're slowing down like the lower frequencies even more so

734
00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:32,000
Speaker 1: like you not not only would it sound deeper, would

735
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,640
Speaker 1: I sound more like you know, al green, but also

736
00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:37,759
Speaker 1: the length of the Jorge phrase would take longer to

737
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: get there, because the trailing edge of it would take

738
00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:46,240
Speaker 1: longer because you're slowing down the even lower bits, folks.

739
00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:47,920
Speaker 1: And that was not just Joge ad libbing. That was

740
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:50,720
Speaker 1: actual scientific experimentation.

741
00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,800
Speaker 3: That's right. That was a banana. That was an actual

742
00:34:54,840 --> 00:34:55,760
Speaker 3: physics experiment.

743
00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:58,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's one group that claims to have even

744
00:34:58,760 --> 00:34:59,520
Speaker 1: stopped light.

745
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,479
Speaker 3: Okay, let's get into this idea and maybe you can

746
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,080
Speaker 3: stop light. That's pretty crazy. Which first, let's take a

747
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:06,720
Speaker 3: quick break.

748
00:35:11,239 --> 00:35:13,040
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

749
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:16,280
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

750
00:35:16,320 --> 00:35:20,360
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

751
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,040
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

752
00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:27,360
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

753
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:29,959
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754
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,319
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

755
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:36,640
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

756
00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:40,280
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

757
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:43,680
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

758
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,520
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759
00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:50,560
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760
00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:53,960
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761
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,239
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762
00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:58,120
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763
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,880
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764
00:36:00,960 --> 00:36:04,680
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

765
00:36:04,719 --> 00:36:07,719
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766
00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:10,000
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

767
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,840
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769
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781
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782
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783
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784
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786
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788
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789
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790
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791
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:35,600
Speaker 3: Okay, so my lawyer says I can slow light down

792
00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:37,920
Speaker 3: if by slowing down I mean like spreading out the

793
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:42,600
Speaker 3: wavelengths and making it just sort of smoshier. But you're

794
00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:46,120
Speaker 3: saying some scientists can actually or have claimed to have

795
00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:47,120
Speaker 3: actually stopped light.

796
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:50,399
Speaker 1: Yes, and this is a physics topic, which is sort

797
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:55,520
Speaker 1: of amazing and then also like sort of disappointing and nonsensical.

798
00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:56,920
Speaker 3: Because I feel like I stop light all the time.

799
00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:00,520
Speaker 3: Just you know, I've always been able to do that,

800
00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:03,399
Speaker 3: have that power. I just go outside and I seem

801
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,480
Speaker 3: to stop all the light from the sun.

802
00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:07,760
Speaker 1: You do make a better door than a window, It's true.

803
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:09,440
Speaker 3: I cast a long shadow to you.

804
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:11,600
Speaker 1: Well, what these folks did when they say they stopped

805
00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:14,040
Speaker 1: light is they shoot a laser into some kind of

806
00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:18,360
Speaker 1: material and then the laser gets absorbed by that material,

807
00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:20,960
Speaker 1: and then they can flick a switch and the beam

808
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,120
Speaker 1: shoots back out the other side and arbitrary later moment.

809
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:25,399
Speaker 3: Okay, that does sound pretty cool.

810
00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:27,279
Speaker 1: It sounds pretty cool. They're like shoot a beam in,

811
00:38:27,440 --> 00:38:31,319
Speaker 1: it gets like absorbed, it gets a stored and you

812
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,560
Speaker 1: can wait like you know, a second, an hour, a day,

813
00:38:35,239 --> 00:38:38,279
Speaker 1: and then you flip another laser switch and then the

814
00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:40,040
Speaker 1: beam shoots it back out the other side.

815
00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:42,520
Speaker 3: Wow. Like they trapped it inside of this material and

816
00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:43,680
Speaker 3: then they can let it go later.

817
00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:45,680
Speaker 1: Yes, they've trapped inside of material.

818
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:47,280
Speaker 3: All right, I'm intrigued.

819
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:50,279
Speaker 1: You might ask like, well, did they stop the photons?

820
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:52,560
Speaker 1: Like and no, of course they can't stop the photons.

821
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:55,040
Speaker 1: It's not like if they zoomed in with a microscope

822
00:38:55,080 --> 00:38:57,439
Speaker 1: they could see these photons just like sitting there.

823
00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:59,080
Speaker 3: They didn't freeze them.

824
00:38:59,160 --> 00:39:01,680
Speaker 1: Right, they didn't free use the photons. What's that comic

825
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 1: book character with the with the freezing powers?

826
00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:07,040
Speaker 3: Oh, mister freeze did.

827
00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:08,960
Speaker 1: You just make that up? That's the best people can

828
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:09,400
Speaker 1: come over with.

829
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:12,480
Speaker 3: See, I told you they run out of ideas In

830
00:39:12,520 --> 00:39:13,360
Speaker 3: nineteen eighty six.

831
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,360
Speaker 1: What's that guy with the cartoon powers for particle physics,

832
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:19,120
Speaker 1: is it, mister particle physics boom? Exactly, that's how clever

833
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:22,640
Speaker 1: that idea sounds. Anyway, mister Freeze didn't like, mister Freeze,

834
00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:24,680
Speaker 1: these photons, we can like look at them covered in

835
00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:25,440
Speaker 1: ice or anything.

836
00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:27,479
Speaker 3: What did they do? They keep them busy, or they

837
00:39:27,719 --> 00:39:29,400
Speaker 3: record them, or they.

838
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:34,040
Speaker 1: Keep them busy. I feel like that comes comes from parenting.

839
00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:35,960
Speaker 1: You're like, all right, I'm gonna run all these crazy

840
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,280
Speaker 1: kids into this room, keep them busy, and they'll shoot

841
00:39:38,280 --> 00:39:39,000
Speaker 1: out the other side.

842
00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:41,200
Speaker 3: That's right, here's my phone. If you want to see

843
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,440
Speaker 3: a room full of children, slow down and maybe Freeze

844
00:39:44,719 --> 00:39:45,960
Speaker 3: just hand them your phone.

845
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. They just have a little phone for these for

846
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:49,240
Speaker 1: these photons.

847
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,759
Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go, and these phones admit photons. Now

848
00:39:53,880 --> 00:39:55,640
Speaker 3: I know it. This is getting too deep.

849
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,560
Speaker 1: Yeah. Essentially, what they do is they build some system

850
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:02,200
Speaker 1: that can absorb the light, store the information from that light,

851
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,360
Speaker 1: and then re emit it at an arbitrary later time

852
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,000
Speaker 1: based on some external input.

853
00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:08,760
Speaker 3: Isn't that called a camera?

854
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:09,359
Speaker 4: Yes?

855
00:40:09,680 --> 00:40:14,440
Speaker 1: Exactly exactly. So in one sense, it's like, wow, that's awesome.

856
00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,640
Speaker 1: This cloud of atoms absorbed this laser and can re

857
00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:20,040
Speaker 1: emit it. On the other hand, like, well, every photograph

858
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:24,120
Speaker 1: is basically stopping light and later re emitting it. So

859
00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,200
Speaker 1: in one sense it's awesome because it's something nobody's ever

860
00:40:27,239 --> 00:40:30,000
Speaker 1: done before, and another sense is accomplishing something we've been

861
00:40:30,040 --> 00:40:30,640
Speaker 1: doing forever.

862
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:34,520
Speaker 3: Well, I mean a photograph and at a TV is

863
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,640
Speaker 3: pretty complicated, right, because you need all these different things.

864
00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:40,279
Speaker 3: But am I getting the sense? And maybe these guys

865
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:42,920
Speaker 3: sit it in a much more fundamental sense, like they

866
00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,080
Speaker 3: actually build a material that takes a photograph and admits it.

867
00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:48,640
Speaker 1: Well, I wouldn't say it's less complicated, like I think

868
00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:51,839
Speaker 1: a camera and a screen is less complicated than having

869
00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:56,320
Speaker 1: like you know, milli kelvin refrigerator and high intensity lasers.

870
00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:58,840
Speaker 1: But this thing does it sort of all at once,

871
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,680
Speaker 1: like it both absorbs orbs the photons and then later

872
00:41:01,760 --> 00:41:04,400
Speaker 1: re emits it. It's not like it's you know, stored

873
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:08,719
Speaker 1: electronically and then regenerated. But again you might say it's

874
00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:11,400
Speaker 1: still it's not the same photons, Like they were absorbed

875
00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:14,160
Speaker 1: by the material and then re emitted. Is it the

876
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:15,160
Speaker 1: same photons?

877
00:41:15,239 --> 00:41:15,399
Speaker 5: Not?

878
00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:15,840
Speaker 1: Really?

879
00:41:15,920 --> 00:41:17,759
Speaker 3: Step me through? What did they do? How does this

880
00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:18,520
Speaker 3: material work?

881
00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:22,360
Speaker 1: Well, they used a Bose Einstein condensate, which is a

882
00:41:22,640 --> 00:41:26,600
Speaker 1: very cold collection of atoms in a really weird quantum state.

883
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:28,880
Speaker 1: We'll do a whole podcast on what a Bose Einstein

884
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:31,680
Speaker 1: condensate is. But what they did is they shoot a

885
00:41:31,760 --> 00:41:34,480
Speaker 1: laser into it from the side and then that sort

886
00:41:34,480 --> 00:41:35,399
Speaker 1: of like holds it.

887
00:41:35,760 --> 00:41:37,880
Speaker 3: What do you mean, hold it? Like the light is

888
00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:41,239
Speaker 3: absorbed by the atoms and the condensate and then they

889
00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:42,160
Speaker 3: just sort of hold it.

890
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,200
Speaker 1: This first laser is like the switch laser just like

891
00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:46,920
Speaker 1: gets the atoms in the right situation. It puts them

892
00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:49,160
Speaker 1: in the right sort of quantum state to do this trick.

893
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,480
Speaker 1: Then they have the second laser, the one they actually

894
00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:54,240
Speaker 1: want to absorb and re emit. They fire that into

895
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:57,880
Speaker 1: this pile of atoms and then it gets absorbed and

896
00:41:57,920 --> 00:41:59,640
Speaker 1: then when they want to release it, they just turn

897
00:41:59,719 --> 00:42:02,680
Speaker 1: off the first laser and then it emits the pulse

898
00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:03,480
Speaker 1: from the second.

899
00:42:03,239 --> 00:42:06,000
Speaker 3: Laser in the same direction, with the same shape and

900
00:42:06,040 --> 00:42:07,040
Speaker 3: intensity everything.

901
00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:10,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, and you know, there's some loss of information there,

902
00:42:10,280 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: but mostly it captures the original light.

903
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:14,759
Speaker 3: That is pretty cool. It's pretty I think that it's

904
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:15,360
Speaker 3: pretty awesome.

905
00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:18,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, Otherwise it's just a superpower that only a comic

906
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:22,000
Speaker 1: book character. What mister light freezer would have.

907
00:42:22,840 --> 00:42:27,279
Speaker 3: Mister laser freeze. Okay, so oh wow. So I mean

908
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:29,680
Speaker 3: that's sound pretty impressive that you shoot it and then

909
00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:33,920
Speaker 3: the atoms themselves not some like memory or some electronic

910
00:42:34,360 --> 00:42:38,600
Speaker 3: it's like the atoms themselves somehow remember this laser and

911
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:42,640
Speaker 3: then admit it when you want wanted to in the

912
00:42:42,680 --> 00:42:43,640
Speaker 3: same way that it came in.

913
00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:46,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, that is pretty cool, And I think it's awesome

914
00:42:46,680 --> 00:42:49,920
Speaker 1: that people just try to make materials do new stuff.

915
00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:52,520
Speaker 1: Like does this whole field of you know, atomic physics

916
00:42:52,520 --> 00:42:55,120
Speaker 1: and condensed matter physics where people are like, hey, can

917
00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:57,560
Speaker 1: we make some new kind of goo that has this

918
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,200
Speaker 1: weird property? Can make some new kind of goo that

919
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:02,200
Speaker 1: that weird property. And it's sort of just like an

920
00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:05,360
Speaker 1: exploration of the way things can be in the universe.

921
00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:08,120
Speaker 1: And you know, we're used to like different kinds of

922
00:43:08,120 --> 00:43:11,880
Speaker 1: stuff water, metals, rocks, whatever, but it's possible that there's

923
00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:14,479
Speaker 1: all different kinds of stuff in the universe that we've

924
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:17,680
Speaker 1: never experienced just because there'sn't occur naturally here on Earth.

925
00:43:17,960 --> 00:43:20,400
Speaker 1: So these folks are like pushing the boundaries.

926
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,360
Speaker 3: Right, they're trying to make things do new things.

927
00:43:22,719 --> 00:43:25,680
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. They're trying to break the rules. They're like, well,

928
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:27,920
Speaker 1: nobody thought things could do this, Let's see if we

929
00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:28,680
Speaker 1: can make it work.

930
00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:29,399
Speaker 6: Right.

931
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,680
Speaker 3: It's kind of like a you know, nobody ever thought

932
00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:33,719
Speaker 3: you could walk on water, but hey, it turns out

933
00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:35,320
Speaker 3: if you freeze it, you can walk on water.

934
00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:38,719
Speaker 1: Yes, And in some sense it's as unsatisfying as that.

935
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,560
Speaker 1: It's like, are you really walking on water if you're

936
00:43:41,560 --> 00:43:42,520
Speaker 1: walking on a frozen lake?

937
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:47,000
Speaker 3: Technically yes, What if you shoot a laser through it,

938
00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:49,240
Speaker 3: is it still technically a miracle?

939
00:43:50,080 --> 00:43:51,959
Speaker 1: Well, you know, if you're ice skating, then you're walking

940
00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:55,080
Speaker 1: in water because you're making this very thin layer of

941
00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:56,840
Speaker 1: water between your blades and the ice.

942
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:00,200
Speaker 3: So you know, there you go more Jesus lawyer.

943
00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:04,880
Speaker 1: And people try to say, maybe there's some application to this,

944
00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:07,759
Speaker 1: like if you could slow down light, you could make

945
00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:10,160
Speaker 1: circuits that use less power or something.

946
00:44:10,360 --> 00:44:11,440
Speaker 3: Oh interesting.

947
00:44:11,560 --> 00:44:14,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, Frankly, I don't find any of that convincing. I

948
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:16,560
Speaker 1: think that the motivation for this is like, hey, can

949
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,600
Speaker 1: we make something in the universe that's weird and different,

950
00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:22,680
Speaker 1: And I think there's a lot of value to that.

951
00:44:22,960 --> 00:44:25,839
Speaker 3: Well, there's a lot of applications they say now in

952
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:30,440
Speaker 3: solid state physics, where if you get these materials to

953
00:44:30,440 --> 00:44:33,680
Speaker 3: do these weird things, they could maybe be the basis

954
00:44:33,680 --> 00:44:34,800
Speaker 3: for like a quantum computer.

955
00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:38,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, there are ways, and you could find applications

956
00:44:38,680 --> 00:44:41,520
Speaker 1: for materials that do weird stuff. And you know, people

957
00:44:41,520 --> 00:44:45,239
Speaker 1: were building atom traps and bose Einstein particles for years

958
00:44:45,320 --> 00:44:47,200
Speaker 1: before they had ideas for how to apply them. So

959
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:50,120
Speaker 1: it's a good idea to develop new kinds of materials

960
00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,239
Speaker 1: because it can inspire new applications. And sometimes you work

961
00:44:53,239 --> 00:44:55,560
Speaker 1: on spooning for ten years and then people realize, hey,

962
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:59,000
Speaker 1: that's exactly what we needed for this other totally unrelated problem.

963
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:01,719
Speaker 1: So we want to make progress as a species, we

964
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,440
Speaker 1: got to like explore broadly and try all sorts of

965
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:06,799
Speaker 1: weird stuff. And you never know, like it could have

966
00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:09,839
Speaker 1: been that they didn't make lights stop, but something else

967
00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:13,520
Speaker 1: totally weird and unexpected happened and the discovered something crazy.

968
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:15,800
Speaker 1: You never know when you do research right.

969
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:18,120
Speaker 3: Or just that in proving these things you learn something

970
00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:20,919
Speaker 3: new about the materials themselves, or how atoms or light

971
00:45:21,080 --> 00:45:22,880
Speaker 3: behave h or.

972
00:45:22,760 --> 00:45:24,799
Speaker 1: If in order to make this happen, you have to

973
00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:27,279
Speaker 1: invent something new and weird, and that turns out to

974
00:45:27,280 --> 00:45:29,520
Speaker 1: be really useful for something else, you know, like the

975
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:34,200
Speaker 1: whole semiconductor industry and computers exist because of basic research

976
00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:37,080
Speaker 1: into stuff that wasn't motivated at building computers.

977
00:45:37,239 --> 00:45:38,960
Speaker 3: Like, for example, I just got this great idea to

978
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:43,040
Speaker 3: shoot myself with a laser to stop aging, or at

979
00:45:43,120 --> 00:45:43,960
Speaker 3: least at my knees.

980
00:45:45,560 --> 00:45:47,799
Speaker 1: There is laser therapy for everything, Like you can get

981
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:50,480
Speaker 1: laser therapy to like stop smoking. And I wonder, like

982
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:52,319
Speaker 1: what part of you are they shooting with.

983
00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:58,880
Speaker 3: The laser, Probably your wallet and your brain credit card number.

984
00:45:59,080 --> 00:46:02,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know. I wouldn't recommend any of those

985
00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:03,040
Speaker 1: laser treatments.

986
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:07,320
Speaker 3: Okay, Well, it does sound like they maybe have technically

987
00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:10,640
Speaker 3: slowed down light and maybe sort of in a ways

988
00:46:10,840 --> 00:46:13,480
Speaker 3: stop light. So that's pretty pretty interesting, pretty cool.

989
00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:16,240
Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. They've definitely done something nobody has done before.

990
00:46:16,640 --> 00:46:18,880
Speaker 1: And today we only talked about a couple of groups

991
00:46:18,920 --> 00:46:21,120
Speaker 1: doing a couple of experiments. But it's a big field

992
00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:22,719
Speaker 1: and people are doing it with all sorts of new

993
00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:26,000
Speaker 1: kinds of materials and in new ways, and applying it

994
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:28,920
Speaker 1: to different kinds of light and higher intensity, lower intensity,

995
00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:32,200
Speaker 1: and bigger packets and smaller packets. We couldn't possibly review

996
00:46:32,239 --> 00:46:35,400
Speaker 1: all the recent work on it. It's a whole burgeting industry.

997
00:46:35,560 --> 00:46:37,600
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I think that answers that question that

998
00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:39,760
Speaker 3: a lot of people wrote in about. You can slow

999
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,640
Speaker 3: down light and you can stop light if you define

1000
00:46:42,640 --> 00:46:46,520
Speaker 3: things in the right way and use both speakers. Was

1001
00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:48,040
Speaker 3: that the main lesson here?

1002
00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:50,759
Speaker 1: Yes? And so if you find a bottle and a

1003
00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:53,520
Speaker 1: genie comes out and he's a physicist, and you ask

1004
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:56,960
Speaker 1: for some new special power, make sure you are very

1005
00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:01,000
Speaker 1: clear about what you're asking for, because these will find

1006
00:47:01,040 --> 00:47:02,799
Speaker 1: a way to squirrel out of it and not give

1007
00:47:02,840 --> 00:47:03,879
Speaker 1: you what you were hoping for.

1008
00:47:04,320 --> 00:47:06,080
Speaker 3: Right. You might just hand you a six pack of

1009
00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:10,120
Speaker 3: light beer and then you.

1010
00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:11,200
Speaker 1: Say this light will make you slow down.

1011
00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:15,279
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's one way to slow down. There you go,

1012
00:47:16,440 --> 00:47:18,480
Speaker 3: just had a laser and you can sell it for

1013
00:47:18,520 --> 00:47:19,000
Speaker 3: a lot more.

1014
00:47:19,080 --> 00:47:21,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, you don't want us as your physics genius.

1015
00:47:21,040 --> 00:47:22,960
Speaker 3: May that that's what would make hell a little bit

1016
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 3: more tolerable. So if you free some beer down and

1017
00:47:25,640 --> 00:47:27,319
Speaker 3: then you can drink it with the physicists.

1018
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:29,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, all right, Well, thank you very much to everybody

1019
00:47:29,719 --> 00:47:32,719
Speaker 1: who wrote in to ask us about this weird headline.

1020
00:47:32,760 --> 00:47:35,880
Speaker 1: And if you read something online about weird discoveries in

1021
00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:37,960
Speaker 1: physics or something you're not quite sure about, send it

1022
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:39,920
Speaker 1: to us. We will break it down for you.

1023
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:42,719
Speaker 3: You'll be enjoyed that. Thanks for listening. See you next time.

1024
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:52,879
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

1025
00:47:52,880 --> 00:47:56,120
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1026
00:47:56,160 --> 00:47:58,600
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

1027
00:47:58,640 --> 00:48:02,359
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

1028
00:48:02,440 --> 00:48:07,160
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

1029
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:09,880
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

1030
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:14,520
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

1031
00:48:14,560 --> 00:48:18,640
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