1 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:04,200 Speaker 1: Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 3 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: Josh Clarkner's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, Jerry's over there. We 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: all have um I boogers because this is an early morning, unusual, 5 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:24,599 Speaker 1: early morning edition of Stuff you Should Know. Welcome to 6 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: the morning edition. We should just talk like this. We 7 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: got on NPR. We got taken to task in its 8 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 1: nine email from a morning talk show TV show host. 9 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: Did you see it? Uh about the inquisition? Yeah, He's like, 10 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:41,960 Speaker 1: way to release the inquisition on Ash Wednesdays, kind of 11 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: slapping the face. Five respond I said, actually, it came 12 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,199 Speaker 1: out on fat Tuesday and by sheer coincidence. He's like, 13 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: thanks for the reply, and I responded to him too. 14 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:51,440 Speaker 1: I was like, man, I wish I was that clever 15 00:00:51,479 --> 00:00:54,920 Speaker 1: who said I had no idea. It's like our our 16 00:00:55,000 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: medical marijuana episode being our four utter complete coincidence. Guaranteed everybody. 17 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:04,520 Speaker 1: I think over the course of six hundred plus shows, 18 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:07,880 Speaker 1: you're gonna have some weird coincidences like that. You know, Yes, 19 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:11,160 Speaker 1: I certainly didn't know it was Ash Wednesday. I didn't 20 00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:13,680 Speaker 1: either until I went to the mall yesterday evening and 21 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: a third of the people are were walking around with 22 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:18,560 Speaker 1: charcoal crosses on their forehead. Nice. It's like, I had 23 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:23,040 Speaker 1: no idea Atlanta had this many Catholics, good going, They're 24 00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:26,960 Speaker 1: everywhere there are Well, I mean that didn't use to 25 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:28,880 Speaker 1: because you know, I grew u Baptist here and I 26 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,640 Speaker 1: didn't know many Catholics growing up. But well, Atlanta became 27 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,839 Speaker 1: a transplant towns instead, exactly. And I'll tell you about 28 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:39,400 Speaker 1: another transplant chuck. Possibly life here on Earth from Mars. 29 00:01:39,920 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, is this your intro? Have you got breaking news? No? 30 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: That was it. Oh do you remember we did an 31 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: episode on UM the Origin of life on Earth? Remember? Uh? 32 00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:54,760 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah. And one of the possibilities that it 33 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: was from Mars. And one of the um pieces of 34 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: evidence of this possibility was the Alan Hills Rock from Antarctica, 35 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: a Martian meteorite that was discovered in that was studied 36 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:15,399 Speaker 1: and studied and they thought in basically Bill Clinton said, 37 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,359 Speaker 1: we found evidence of life on Mars. And then they 38 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 1: studied it again and they were like, maybe not. And 39 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,480 Speaker 1: now they're studying it again they're saying, yeah, it's possible. 40 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:28,440 Speaker 1: It's very possible that this four point one billion year 41 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:33,280 Speaker 1: old rock is showing evidence of fossilized nano bacteria. And 42 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:37,040 Speaker 1: this is all still Bill Clinton saying this. It is 43 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: underwear at home the authority. He's talking to the TV again. 44 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:44,799 Speaker 1: Nice uh, but yeah, we're gonna do how Mars works. 45 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: Tom Hanks, this one's for you, big space guy. Oh yeah, sure, Okay, 46 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:53,640 Speaker 1: I didn't know if I was missing something there, like 47 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:56,600 Speaker 1: he did some movie that didn't know about. No, if 48 00:02:56,639 --> 00:02:59,119 Speaker 1: I said Gary CINESI, this one's for you, there would 49 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 1: be a mission to Mars reference. I did not see that. 50 00:03:01,919 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 1: Mind bogglingly odd and pretty bad. Yeah, I heard, That's 51 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 1: why I didn't see it. That and Red Planet didn't 52 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:11,120 Speaker 1: see either. One of those Red Planet I don't know about. Yeah, 53 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: but that kind of brings us to a point that 54 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:17,560 Speaker 1: we've long been fascinated with the Red Planet, going back 55 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: to you know, War the Worlds and early science fiction 56 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:24,320 Speaker 1: and Martians, and Mars has just always captivated us because 57 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:28,560 Speaker 1: you know, sometimes you can see it with a telescope 58 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:31,320 Speaker 1: and it's not like what's on the other side of 59 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: Venus Venus. Yeah, we don't know much about Venus mystery. 60 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 1: There are no Venusians that we're afraid will come down 61 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: here and attack us. I think it's Venusians Venetians, which 62 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:45,880 Speaker 1: is different from Venetians, which are people from Venice, which, 63 00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: strangely enough, UM kind of coincides with the guy named 64 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: Giovanni shia Parelli. He might not have been from Venice, 65 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: but that man was definitely from Italy. Do you think, 66 00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: yeah he was? Can you say his name for everybody? Chuck? 67 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: Who Givanni? Really? That was good? Man? Have you been 68 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 1: practicing at all? No? I just don't even want of pasta. 69 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 1: That's good stuff, man. So Um Shipprelli in eighteen seventy 70 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: seven decided to draw a map of Mars, and his 71 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,520 Speaker 1: conception of Mars, what became the popular conception, if it 72 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: wasn't already UM, was that Mars was a UM, a 73 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: lush planet with civilizations, and he named the regions of 74 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:37,360 Speaker 1: Mars accordingly, like Elysium, which which UM culture believed that 75 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:41,040 Speaker 1: that was Heaven. I don't know, I can't remember, man, 76 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,600 Speaker 1: I haven't heard that. We you know, we've discussed it before, Elysium. 77 00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:49,680 Speaker 1: I haven't retained that. UM. Another part was called Utopia Arcadia, 78 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,360 Speaker 1: basically all these different names for paradise reflected the idea 79 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:58,000 Speaker 1: that Mars was a very similar to Earth, most likely 80 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: inhabited by intelligent beings and um. As proof, uh Sia 81 00:05:04,279 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 1: Parelli drew canals that he noticed on the on Mars, 82 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: which suggested that this advanced civilization had dug canals to 83 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 1: um route water from the polar ice caps, which are 84 00:05:17,920 --> 00:05:22,279 Speaker 1: visible here on Earth, to the central locations where their 85 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,039 Speaker 1: civilizations were get water to the Martians. Yeah, and this 86 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:29,520 Speaker 1: established like what Earthlings thought of Mars for a hundred 87 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:33,679 Speaker 1: years almost. Yeah. About forty years after that, a US 88 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,520 Speaker 1: astronomer named Percival Lowell Um wrote a book also about Mars, 89 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,279 Speaker 1: where he actually talked about civilizations and h The problem 90 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:45,120 Speaker 1: was he he wasn't really based on anything. It might 91 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:46,840 Speaker 1: as well have been science fiction, right, and yet they 92 00:05:46,880 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: named the Lowell Observatory after him. He was an astronomer, 93 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 1: so it's not like he was He wasn't just making 94 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 1: stuff up, but he didn't have like hard evidence. He 95 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: made a lot of stuff up. Okay, he well, he 96 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: interpreted it without any evidence. Yeah, and then wrote a book, 97 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:07,080 Speaker 1: and that became the impetus for Mars based science fiction. Yeah. 98 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 1: It really captured folks. And that's when, like I talked about, 99 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: were the world's and uh Edgar Rice Burrows the Princess 100 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: of Mars, and it's just always been just out there 101 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: staring down at it. Yeah, speaking of war the world's. 102 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: It even says it in this article. It did not 103 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:25,920 Speaker 1: cause the national panic in night. That's a myth. Did 104 00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: you know that? Um? I don't know. I'm not sure 105 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,280 Speaker 1: I knew the full stories. Supposedly when h when um 106 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:39,600 Speaker 1: uh who directed Citizen King? When Orson Wells carried out 107 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: this radio? Yeah, yeah, it's scared everyone, right, it caused 108 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 1: a panic, people for wild in the streets, committing suicide, 109 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:48,600 Speaker 1: like doing all sorts of stuff. No, it isn't true. Um. 110 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:53,159 Speaker 1: Apparently the newspapers got wind of this rumor and played 111 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:56,720 Speaker 1: it up. And um, the reason they played it up 112 00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:58,920 Speaker 1: was to prove that radio couldn't be trusted as a 113 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 1: source of news because it was a big competitor to 114 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,120 Speaker 1: newspapers at the time. Have you done Don't Be Dumb 115 00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: on that? No? Maybe I will? Can I plug that? 116 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: Go ahead? Josh? As a web series called Don't Be Dumb? 117 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:17,640 Speaker 1: That is very funny and uh strange and you learned stuff. 118 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: It's like the perfect one to three punch. Weird funny 119 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: and you walk away with some knowledge. Thanks man, And 120 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:26,280 Speaker 1: everyone likes it that watches it, So we just need 121 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,120 Speaker 1: more people to watch it. Give me the weird sausage fingers. 122 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:35,239 Speaker 1: Steve McQueen clap. That's that is weird? Oh the director? 123 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:38,160 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, he was clapping weird, wouldn't he at the oscar? 124 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: Apparently he and um, the screenwriter who won an oscar 125 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:45,080 Speaker 1: for that movie for Twelve Years of Slave do not 126 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,760 Speaker 1: like each other over the writing credit. Oh yeah, the 127 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:51,480 Speaker 1: writer walked right past him, and Steve McQueen didn't even 128 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: turn to look at him as he was walking up 129 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: to get his oscar. I did kind of notice that. Yeah, well, 130 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 1: if you read delisted, he rooted it out and found 131 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: out that it was over a writing question credit. Is 132 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:04,440 Speaker 1: that why he was clapping weirdly? He was showing his 133 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 1: this thing with sausage weird. Al right, So, um, this 134 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:11,840 Speaker 1: weird early fascination with Mars, Like I said, we didn't 135 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: have a lot of information other than just sort of 136 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:17,040 Speaker 1: looking at it from earth. Um, And it wasn't until 137 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: the sixties and seventies that we started in many countries 138 00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:25,960 Speaker 1: started exploring Mars, but we started sending UM orbiters to 139 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: take a closer peak, and then eventually orbiters led to 140 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: landers and rovers and it's been like kind of a 141 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: prime directive of NASA for a while. Yeah, one of them, 142 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: and and it was UM. When they scrapped the Space 143 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:43,840 Speaker 1: Shuttle UM program. I remember NASA was saying like, don't 144 00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:46,600 Speaker 1: worry everybody, We're gonna go to Mars. We're gonna focus 145 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: on Mars. That's why we're not doing the Shuttle anymore. UM. 146 00:08:50,679 --> 00:08:53,440 Speaker 1: And apparently they are. There was just as recently as 147 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: yesterday NASA testified about its budget and UM and they 148 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:00,840 Speaker 1: were saying, well, we've got a really great thing plan. 149 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: We're gonna get this asteroid. We're gonna maneuver it with 150 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: a robot into lunar orbit so we can go visit 151 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: it later. And the Senators at this hearing basically said boring, 152 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: like yeah, they're like, what's this backup Mars mission listed? 153 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: And they're like, oh, well, we're talking about doing a 154 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:23,439 Speaker 1: man fly by a venus and Mars. The senators are like, Mars, Mars, Mars. 155 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:25,520 Speaker 1: So it looks like NASA is gonna be forced to 156 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 1: go to Mars, whether they like it or not. So 157 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: it's still captivating. If it's captivating. The dumb dums in Congress, well, 158 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: they even said, like the asteroid mission, that's not gonna 159 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: spur the public, the public imagination, like going past sending 160 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:43,079 Speaker 1: a person past Mars, that's what you want to do, NASA. 161 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: And NASA's like, all right, but it's gonna we could 162 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:51,640 Speaker 1: probably mind the asteroid And the senators I went Mars, Mars, Mars, 163 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: and they all went to a bar afterward. Yeah again, Jim, 164 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: you want to go to Mars. And he was like, 165 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: all right, I guess so. Um, all right, so where 166 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:04,280 Speaker 1: should we start here? Um, well, let's start with the 167 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: origin of Mars. It seems pretty appropriate. Yeah, it's pretty fascinating. 168 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: I love how scientists piece together ancient history of the cosmos, 169 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: you know, without having ever sent a geologist there. It's 170 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:20,480 Speaker 1: all I mean, even before the rovers, it was basically 171 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: all just based on photographs and and and surmising from those. 172 00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:28,320 Speaker 1: Now we've got the Curiosity rover, the third rover up there. 173 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: It's still up there, right, yeah, yeah, or it didn't 174 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: come home, does it? No, it will, It's yeah, um, 175 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:36,880 Speaker 1: and they were thinking, I think it was a two 176 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:38,839 Speaker 1: year mission, but it could go longer than that. I 177 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: think it's already gone a little longer than that, because 178 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: I think it went isn't really already. I think it 179 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:45,800 Speaker 1: went up in late two thousand eleven, So I think 180 00:10:45,840 --> 00:10:48,320 Speaker 1: it's been there a little over two years. Well, good 181 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 1: going curiosity. I might be wrong. Um. All right, So 182 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: there's basically five things that they surmise happened to four Mars, 183 00:10:57,040 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 1: which will will list and then get into in more detail. Um. 184 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:06,720 Speaker 1: It initially formed from clumping together of little tiny objects 185 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:10,480 Speaker 1: until it made a big round planet as an accretion disk. Yeah, 186 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:13,400 Speaker 1: like just like Earth, just like Earth. Uh. Then there 187 00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 1: was a lot of meteor bombardment all over the Solar System, 188 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:20,040 Speaker 1: and Mars was of course affected just like Earth, just 189 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,560 Speaker 1: like Earth. In the Moon, the mantle was very hot 190 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,400 Speaker 1: and pushed through the crust, lifting up portions of it, 191 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,679 Speaker 1: just like And then there were a couple of uh 192 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:31,520 Speaker 1: they don't know how many, but at least a couple 193 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:36,160 Speaker 1: of periods of lots of volcanoes going on it, just 194 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:40,800 Speaker 1: like lava flows. And then finally the planet cooled down 195 00:11:40,920 --> 00:11:43,400 Speaker 1: and the atmosphere thned out to leave this with Mars, 196 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: unlike Earth, right, Uh, and it Mars formation was virtually 197 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:51,800 Speaker 1: identical of the process that formed Earth. It's about half 198 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,640 Speaker 1: the size, but there in the beginning, as far as 199 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:58,240 Speaker 1: makeup and the processes that they were undergoing, they were 200 00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:01,559 Speaker 1: virtually identical. Yeah, and being half the size is pretty 201 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:06,640 Speaker 1: key to uh, why it's not like Earth more um 202 00:12:06,679 --> 00:12:09,280 Speaker 1: one of the reasons. So I guess we should get 203 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: into some more detail about this, huh. I think the 204 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:14,760 Speaker 1: accretion that you talked about, the small objects about it 205 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 1: took about a hundred thousand years, and as the gravitational 206 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:20,400 Speaker 1: field got stronger, it kept pulling in more of this 207 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:24,199 Speaker 1: stuff and it would crash into the planet and uh 208 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:28,079 Speaker 1: and get hot basically and just sort of meld together. 209 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,160 Speaker 1: It was like, oh, Mars, And that was interesting. I 210 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: looked at why planets around and the reason why it's 211 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:39,480 Speaker 1: because the gravitational field and the spin. Uh, it's sucking 212 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:42,880 Speaker 1: everything into the dense core. Yeah, well it's the core. 213 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: The gravitational field behaves like it's coming from the center, 214 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:50,120 Speaker 1: and everything else thinks it's coming from the center. So 215 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,280 Speaker 1: the only way to get everything is close to the center. 216 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:56,440 Speaker 1: As possible is to make a sphere like obviously, if 217 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 1: you had a square, that would be a corner that's 218 00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 1: not as close as other parts. It would be a 219 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 1: creepy planet like a cube. Yeah, but I wondered, you know, 220 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: or why doesn't it look like an asteroid. Let's say, 221 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:10,719 Speaker 1: but asteroids don't have the kind of gravitational force to 222 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:13,400 Speaker 1: draw everything in like that to form that sphere. It's 223 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:17,840 Speaker 1: called isotactic adjustment. Yeah. I just thought, wait a minute, 224 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:21,600 Speaker 1: all these things are perfectly round. We're not perfectly around. 225 00:13:21,640 --> 00:13:25,439 Speaker 1: I want more pyramids. Shake planets would be kind of cool. Um, 226 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:27,200 Speaker 1: all right, so that was the acretion. And now you 227 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 1: have gas being released from cooling after the core and 228 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 1: mantle and crust have formed in this hot ball. Right, 229 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: and as the as the gases are being released in 230 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:45,839 Speaker 1: the hot ball, um, they are forming this atmosphere. They're 231 00:13:45,880 --> 00:13:50,560 Speaker 1: supporting an atmosphere there floating out and um kind of 232 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:55,120 Speaker 1: hanging around. Yeah yeah, yeah, and um, so you've got 233 00:13:55,160 --> 00:13:59,280 Speaker 1: an atmosphere in place. You have a molten core, you 234 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: have a after mantle, and then a crusts that formed. Yeah, 235 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: and um, as that that softer mantle and the molten 236 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:13,040 Speaker 1: core press up you have volcanic activity, yeah, which releases 237 00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:17,320 Speaker 1: even more heat and gas, which makes the atmosphere even thicker. 238 00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: And at this point they think that there is a 239 00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: period of um water presence on Mars where it was raining. 240 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: So then after you've got a primitive atmosphere. And then 241 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: as it says in the article by Craig, he's a 242 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:36,920 Speaker 1: great writer for us, Yeah, PhD, that's right. Uh he 243 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:40,280 Speaker 1: said March March couldn't catch a break, which was pretty accurate, 244 00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 1: and it was pounded by meteors in the Solar system, 245 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:49,440 Speaker 1: forming craters and basins and all sorts of interesting land forms. 246 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: And you know, the same thing happened here, but we 247 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 1: had like water and things like that too, cause erosion 248 00:14:56,520 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: and fill it, fill it in. On the Moon there 249 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:01,480 Speaker 1: isn't anything like that, so you still see those craters. 250 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:04,640 Speaker 1: And but the same thing happened on Mars. Yeah, and 251 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: actually there was water on Mars um that bombardment in 252 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: the that caused the magma to come up out of 253 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:17,480 Speaker 1: the core of of Mars, creating volcanic activity and shifts 254 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:20,760 Speaker 1: in the mantle and the crust um all released hot 255 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: gas into the Martian atmosphere, which thickened it and increased 256 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:30,720 Speaker 1: its temperature, which led to rain, yes, rain, flooding, erosion. 257 00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: So there was like a period at least for a 258 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:38,600 Speaker 1: little while of um the presence of water on Mars. 259 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: There still is, dude, the presence of unfrozen flowing water. 260 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:49,080 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, there's not flowing water right as of September 261 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: of last year, they found water in the dirt. Yeah, 262 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:54,560 Speaker 1: it's pretty exciting to pint for cubic foot. Yeah, but 263 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: but it's a spoiler. Sorry, actually it can't be a spoiler. 264 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: That happened in the bast right, Yeah, but if if 265 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:04,840 Speaker 1: you haven't heard of it anyeh, all right, uh so 266 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:07,160 Speaker 1: then Craig likens to Mars at this point is a 267 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: soft boiled egg and as the eggshell is cooling, uh, 268 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: the the yoke is gonna start busting through the mantle. 269 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: And that's like on Earth is what is going to 270 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: form things like volcanoes. And again those volcanoes and that 271 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 1: activity led to that atmosphere in the periods of rain 272 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:30,920 Speaker 1: and flooding and erosion. Olympus Mons, Yeah, that's a good 273 00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: pixie songs. That a pixie song for a dream of 274 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 1: the Olympus. Mons. Nice. Yeah, I don't think I need 275 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: that one. What's that on? Uh okay? Uh? Olympus Mons 276 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:46,640 Speaker 1: is the largest volcano there and it's like it makes 277 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,000 Speaker 1: Mountain Evers look like a mole hill. As a matter 278 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:53,960 Speaker 1: of fact, it's the largest point in the known Solar system, 279 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:58,560 Speaker 1: the highest point. Yeah, yeah, the tallest. Um. Remember our 280 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 1: myth busting episode where we showed that Mount Everest wasn't 281 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:06,560 Speaker 1: the tallest mountain. It's mounta loa Um on Earth. Mounta 282 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:11,440 Speaker 1: looa is um something like I think it's six miles 283 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:16,280 Speaker 1: from the ocean floor. Uh, yes, there rises sick nice 284 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:19,080 Speaker 1: chuck and um. It's a hundred and forty miles wide 285 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:23,560 Speaker 1: at its base. That's a big mountain on Earth. On Mars, 286 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,960 Speaker 1: which is again half the size of Earth in diameter, 287 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:32,400 Speaker 1: Olympus Mons is sixteen miles tall. And that's not from 288 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: an ocean floor either. Yeah, you know, because there is 289 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:37,560 Speaker 1: no ocean on Marks exactly. But if you want to 290 00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: see something cool, type in Mars, what would Mars look 291 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: like with ocean and people have done like um simulations 292 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:50,240 Speaker 1: of it. It looks really neat, like vacation worthy, like 293 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: you would want to go there to vacam He's like 294 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:55,359 Speaker 1: a sunny beach with it looks like Earth but with 295 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: weird continents. Um. And then it's three seventy miles across 296 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:02,879 Speaker 1: Olympus mons is. That's large. It's big. And they have 297 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 1: like pictures if you google it, Uh, compare it to 298 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:10,240 Speaker 1: Everest and it just dwarfs it. That's right. And you 299 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: can see pictures of it too, you know, they snapped 300 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:19,800 Speaker 1: photos of it. It's pretty impressive. It's large volcano which 301 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,240 Speaker 1: eventually went dormant. All the volcanoes on Mars went dormant 302 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,880 Speaker 1: somewhere possibly about three billion years ago. And um, as 303 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:35,680 Speaker 1: the volcanoes went dormant, the the the heat was released. Basically, Yeah, 304 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:39,280 Speaker 1: Mars had no more heat to give from its core um, 305 00:18:39,359 --> 00:18:42,040 Speaker 1: which meant the atmosphere wasn't being fed any longer, so 306 00:18:42,119 --> 00:18:45,600 Speaker 1: it thin, which led to a drop in temperatures. Yeah. 307 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 1: And how we mentioned earlier, how the fact that it 308 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,280 Speaker 1: was smaller than Earth is one reason why it's not 309 00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:52,480 Speaker 1: more like Earth. That's the reason it cooled so fast, 310 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:55,280 Speaker 1: like Earth wouldn't have cooled nearly as fast, no, huh. 311 00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:59,680 Speaker 1: And um, it also kept a magnetic field going thanks 312 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:03,399 Speaker 1: to its molten core. Mars did not any longer, so 313 00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: you got a thin atmosphere, cold temperatures. Um the atmosphere 314 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:11,479 Speaker 1: that was there started freezing and falling two Mars and 315 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,720 Speaker 1: was stored as ice. Any water that was already on 316 00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:18,879 Speaker 1: the planet's surface turned into perma frost, and um Mars 317 00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 1: became it underwent what's called the Great desiccation event, where 318 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:27,600 Speaker 1: it became a barren, deserted, desert planet. Yeah. Before that, 319 00:19:27,640 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: these were this kind of happened in cycles for a while, 320 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: like the volcanic action, and then the gas is being 321 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: released in like major flooding from water, until like you said, 322 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: eventually it's the cold, not hot, but cold, dusty place 323 00:19:42,119 --> 00:19:45,280 Speaker 1: that we love today. Yeah. And what's um interesting is 324 00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:48,040 Speaker 1: that Earth and Mars were so similar as they formed 325 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,480 Speaker 1: and about at the same time, about three billion years ago, 326 00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:55,760 Speaker 1: Mars underwent the Great Desiccation event and Earth underwent the 327 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,040 Speaker 1: Great Oxygenation event, which gave rise to all life here 328 00:19:59,080 --> 00:20:04,080 Speaker 1: on Earth, the appearance of algae, which created a breathable 329 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: atmosphere almost at about the same time, So they totally 330 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,200 Speaker 1: diverged in two different paths that around the same time. 331 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: I wonder if the main reason was because of its size. Yeah, 332 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,719 Speaker 1: the cooling another Earth. Yes, it's interesting. Had it been 333 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: the exact same size, who knows, maybe we'd be like 334 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:26,159 Speaker 1: going there and back right now, right on vacation. Like, 335 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:31,639 Speaker 1: how was a good one for Colin Farrell? Did you 336 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 1: see the remake? No? Although I heard the Robo Cup 337 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:38,920 Speaker 1: remake was like surprisingly good, I haven't expecting that. I 338 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:42,040 Speaker 1: haven't seen it either. Yeah, that's what I'll definitely wait 339 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:45,720 Speaker 1: for TV for that one. You know, Uh, you really 340 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 1: don't care about seeing that one, not even DVD like TV. Well, 341 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:54,120 Speaker 1: I don't watch dvs. Okay, I'm streaming like the rest 342 00:20:54,119 --> 00:21:00,160 Speaker 1: of the modern world, not even a laser disk. Uh. 343 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: Should we talk about what it's like there? Yeah, on 344 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:07,399 Speaker 1: the surface, yes, the surface of mars Um. Scientists have 345 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: divided it into three major parts, the southern highlands, the 346 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:14,960 Speaker 1: northern plains, and the polar regions, which we already said 347 00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: you can actually see from Earth polar ice caps. Yeah, 348 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:20,919 Speaker 1: just like her. But the ice caps are made of 349 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: carbon dioxide, so it's dry ice ice caps, and then 350 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:29,399 Speaker 1: underneath there's water ice. So the southern highlands are vast. 351 00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:32,440 Speaker 1: I love our morning shows. It's always a little more 352 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:36,479 Speaker 1: like laid back. I feel like yeah, like I'm sleepy. Yeah, 353 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:39,359 Speaker 1: you're not riddle with anxieties yet. No, that comes on 354 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:43,000 Speaker 1: about noon. Yeah, I haven't had enough coffee yet. So 355 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: you've got your Southern Highlands, and like I said, they 356 00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:49,040 Speaker 1: are extensive and vast and uh, it is elevated. It's 357 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:52,119 Speaker 1: not the highest part of Mars and heavily cratered and 358 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: again the highest part of the solar system, right, because 359 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: that's where Olympus Mons is, that's right in the southern region, 360 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: the Southern Highlands. Uh. And they scientists think it's ancient 361 00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:05,960 Speaker 1: um these highlands because of the craters, because the cratering 362 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,480 Speaker 1: happened close to four billion years ago and that was 363 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: just meteors kind of just pounding the solar system all 364 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:16,399 Speaker 1: over the place. So the Southern Highlands are high and 365 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:22,200 Speaker 1: then there's a very um pronounced drop of several kilometers 366 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: down to the um northern plains, which are low lying regions. 367 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:29,919 Speaker 1: There are a lot like the season the moon um. 368 00:22:30,119 --> 00:22:35,400 Speaker 1: But they do feature raised areas plateaus a couple of them. Yeah, 369 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: the cinder cones. Yeah, well, the cinder cones are on 370 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,200 Speaker 1: the plateaus. I think basically the mantle bulged up through 371 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: the crust is thinner in the northern region, and the 372 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: mantle just pushed up and formed like continent sized plateaus 373 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:52,920 Speaker 1: um that are called crustal upwarps. That's a great word. Yeah, 374 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:57,080 Speaker 1: I kept thinking I was reading it wrong. Nope, crystal upwarps. Uh. 375 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:00,200 Speaker 1: And the these crystal upwarps, there's two of them. One 376 00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: is smaller, it's Elysium remembered Paradise, that's right, and the 377 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:08,200 Speaker 1: other one is called Tarsus arcs uh. In the Northern 378 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: Hemisphere is divided into eastern and western hemispheres. Tharsis is 379 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:17,119 Speaker 1: in the west and Elysium is in the east. Yes, 380 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: celestial names are so cool, it really are. You know, 381 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:25,159 Speaker 1: what do we have on Earth? New Jersey not thar No, 382 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:33,159 Speaker 1: start a campaign to rename New Jersey Tharsis um and 383 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,760 Speaker 1: then like the main city could be Tharci City, which 384 00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 1: sounds super futuristic, and in fact it's Newark. Every citizen 385 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:46,240 Speaker 1: has issued is sparkly silver jumps. Oh uh, so you've 386 00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: called out Olympus. Mons is the highest point that is 387 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,239 Speaker 1: where in the It's in the Stars region, which this 388 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:55,800 Speaker 1: article is confusing because it mentions the Sarsest reason region 389 00:23:55,840 --> 00:24:00,640 Speaker 1: in the southern um the hemisphere and in the northern hemisphere. Uh. 390 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 1: And I looked all over the place to find definitively 391 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:06,359 Speaker 1: where it is. And I think the discrepancy comes from 392 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,040 Speaker 1: the fact that it's equatorial. Okay, it's pretty close to 393 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:15,680 Speaker 1: the equator Olympus Mons definitely is. So maybe it's both right, 394 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,520 Speaker 1: But it's about at that point, um that the uh, 395 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:24,360 Speaker 1: the highlands drop off into the northern plains. That's right. 396 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:28,879 Speaker 1: And Uh, in Tharcis you have some pretty impressive canyons um, 397 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:34,560 Speaker 1: a system called the Vallis Marineris, and it makes the 398 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,399 Speaker 1: Grand Canyon look like a tiny little hole in the ground. 399 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:40,840 Speaker 1: It is three hundred and seventy miles wide and twenty 400 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,800 Speaker 1: six thousand, four hundred feet deep. Not to slay the 401 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: Grand Canyon, but if you've ever been there, imagine something 402 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: dwarfing that even, right. And again, Mars is half the 403 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:53,400 Speaker 1: size of Earth, right, and it doesn't even just dwarf 404 00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:56,639 Speaker 1: the Grand Canyon. It's bigger than the Mariana Trench, which 405 00:24:56,680 --> 00:25:00,080 Speaker 1: is eighty miles long, so it's a good foul and 406 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:03,879 Speaker 1: miles longer than the Marianna Trench. And the Mariana Trench 407 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:09,879 Speaker 1: is forty three miles wide. The Vallis Marineris is seventy 408 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:12,720 Speaker 1: miles wide. Yeah, that's nuts. Yeah, so it's a big 409 00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:15,240 Speaker 1: old trench, Like you can't even comprehend that kind of 410 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:17,640 Speaker 1: size when you're standing there. No, I imagine when you're 411 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:20,440 Speaker 1: in it. You can't see the edges or anything like that. 412 00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:22,280 Speaker 1: So you're just of course you can't be in it 413 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: because you know, people can't go to Mars. But you know, 414 00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: I know what you mean, we will eventually. You think 415 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:30,160 Speaker 1: Elon Musk predicts he will retire and die and be 416 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:32,919 Speaker 1: buried on Mars. That's what he's he said. It's not 417 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:37,119 Speaker 1: a certainty, but it's a possibility. But that's his goal. Yeah. Wow, 418 00:25:38,119 --> 00:25:39,840 Speaker 1: Well he's got the dough to make it happen, I guess, 419 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:42,800 Speaker 1: and the vision, Like you say the same thing, but 420 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:45,680 Speaker 1: you've just got the vision, you don't have the billions 421 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,919 Speaker 1: of dollars. And it's not even my vision. I'm just 422 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: reporting what Elon Musk said. You know, oh, I thought 423 00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 1: you wanted to do that as well. Now go to Mars. 424 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,000 Speaker 1: You want to get shot out of a cannon? I 425 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: would I abandoned that a long time ago. Yeah, Um, 426 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:05,359 Speaker 1: what's the new plan cremated, yeah, distributed with Umi. Okay, 427 00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:08,600 Speaker 1: that's nice. She's really calmed you down. She's like, first, 428 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,879 Speaker 1: first things first, this canniball thing, right, it's gotta go. 429 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: Um the polar regions you can see from Earth, like 430 00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:19,119 Speaker 1: we said, and it is surrounded by a bunch of dunes, 431 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:22,199 Speaker 1: and they are like, I think you said it was 432 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: frozen carbon dioxide. Right, So it's not like the ice 433 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: we have here on Earth. No, it's well, we have 434 00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,440 Speaker 1: it here on Earth, dry ice. Well yeah, but just 435 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:33,160 Speaker 1: it's not our polar ice cap, right, and like Earth, 436 00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:35,800 Speaker 1: depending on the season, the ice caps are gonna change 437 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:41,000 Speaker 1: shape in the summertime. The CEO two from the northern caps, 438 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:45,280 Speaker 1: uh melt away and and there's water ice below that, 439 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: so not dry ice as they call it in Spanish 440 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:54,720 Speaker 1: agua ice. And that's why apparently we sent the phoenix there. Uh. 441 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:56,840 Speaker 1: They were like, send that thing up there and dig 442 00:26:56,920 --> 00:27:00,800 Speaker 1: down into the frozen dirt and let's see what it's 443 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:04,879 Speaker 1: made up of. Right, And they found water. They found uh, 444 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:09,440 Speaker 1: two pints. Phoenix didn't find it. Phoenix found like found 445 00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:14,960 Speaker 1: uh that the Martian soil is filled with perchlorate, which 446 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,359 Speaker 1: is a big problem for Mars missions. Yeah, that's like 447 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,080 Speaker 1: very bad for human beings. It's extremely toxic. Gets a 448 00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:26,439 Speaker 1: thyroid toxin has a very quick effect um as a 449 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:31,800 Speaker 1: developmental effect on infants and um photuses, So reproducing on 450 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:34,640 Speaker 1: Mars would be a big problem. And even in adults, 451 00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:37,760 Speaker 1: it has a big effect on your thyroid, which affects 452 00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:42,840 Speaker 1: your hormone production function UM. And it's everywhere. It's in 453 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:46,080 Speaker 1: the light Martian dust and Mars has tons of dust 454 00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:48,560 Speaker 1: storms that enveloped the whole planet, which we'll talk about 455 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,080 Speaker 1: for like weeks at a time. Yeah, and there there's 456 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: per chlorice in those dust storms, so it would get everywhere. 457 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:57,760 Speaker 1: So they just found out like a couple of months 458 00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:00,919 Speaker 1: ago that this is everywhere and it's going to be 459 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:03,600 Speaker 1: a huge challenge to Mars missions in the future. But 460 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:05,880 Speaker 1: they're saying, now that we know about it, we can 461 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:09,639 Speaker 1: design around it. Yeah, it just seems so uninhabitable, Like, 462 00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:13,480 Speaker 1: I don't know if our lifetime we're gonna see it 463 00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:18,359 Speaker 1: a manned mission. Maybe we'll definitely see a fly by. Yeah, yeah, 464 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,399 Speaker 1: a man fly by. Yeah, Okay, you and Elon Musk, 465 00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:27,199 Speaker 1: we will That's not even just me. Elon Musk in 466 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:33,400 Speaker 1: the Senate. Okay, yeah, Mars Mark, they're all so excited, 467 00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:37,600 Speaker 1: So Chucker's up next. We're gonna talk about the interior 468 00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:40,080 Speaker 1: of Mars, because it's what's on the inside that counts. 469 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:46,480 Speaker 1: But we're gonna do that after these messages. Okay, so 470 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: we're back and we're talking about Mars's interior, And to 471 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: talk about mars interior is really boring unless you compared 472 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: to Earth, and then all of a sudden you're like, oh, 473 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,440 Speaker 1: this is cool. So let's compare to Earth. The Earth's 474 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:03,840 Speaker 1: core is um has a radius of about from the 475 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:06,240 Speaker 1: center to the surface, and is made up of iron 476 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: in two parts, the solid core and the liquid outer core, 477 00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,720 Speaker 1: and the interplay between those two creates Earth's magnetic field, 478 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: which allows for the northern lights. Oh yeah, encompasses. What else? Ah, 479 00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:30,600 Speaker 1: that's about it. Okay, Mars's core radius is only about 480 00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:36,480 Speaker 1: nine um and between nine miles, and it is probably 481 00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:39,480 Speaker 1: made up also of iron, but throwing some sulfur, maybe 482 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:45,040 Speaker 1: a little oxygen, and they believe. Uh, I don't I 483 00:29:45,040 --> 00:29:46,640 Speaker 1: didn't get this. He said it may be made up 484 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:50,120 Speaker 1: maybe maybe malten but it's unlikely, so they still don't know. 485 00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:53,840 Speaker 1: I guess and they think that. The reason they don't 486 00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:56,880 Speaker 1: think that it's molten though, is because Mars has a 487 00:29:56,960 --> 00:30:02,080 Speaker 1: very weak magnetic field. Um, but maybe not always. Yeah, 488 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:04,440 Speaker 1: it probably had a strong magnetic field and the and 489 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:08,680 Speaker 1: before the great desiccation event um, but now it doesn't have. 490 00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,520 Speaker 1: When they think that if it is molten, it's not, 491 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,640 Speaker 1: there's not a lot to it. Okay, Yeah, that makes sense. 492 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:20,239 Speaker 1: Around the Earth, score is softer mantle like toothpaste, and 493 00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:23,880 Speaker 1: it's way less dense than it is iron and magnesium silicate, 494 00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:28,480 Speaker 1: about eight hundred miles thick. And that's when you see 495 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:31,160 Speaker 1: a volcano and lava flowing from a volcano, that's where 496 00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: that's coming from. Well, it comes from the magma through 497 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:37,719 Speaker 1: there the liquid all right, wasn't it I think? So 498 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: we did a podcast on volcanos. Remember that was a 499 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,640 Speaker 1: good one, the volcano one. I was worried about it, 500 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:51,640 Speaker 1: and Chuck, the mantle pushing up through the through the 501 00:30:51,720 --> 00:30:57,160 Speaker 1: surface accounts for those crustal uplifts, up up warps, up warps. 502 00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: Yeah that's right. Um. And here on Earth we have 503 00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:06,960 Speaker 1: things like volcanoes, active volcanoes and earthquakes, and they're largely 504 00:31:07,040 --> 00:31:11,360 Speaker 1: due to if not exclusively due to um the fact 505 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,840 Speaker 1: that we have continental plates like the crust of Earth, 506 00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:18,360 Speaker 1: which Mars also has a crust, but Earth's crust is 507 00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:21,120 Speaker 1: broken up into these plates that drift and move around 508 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: slowly and rub up against one another. Um. And that's 509 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,040 Speaker 1: where the fault lines exist. And along those fault lines 510 00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:30,920 Speaker 1: you have volcanoes and earthquakes. Mars, that's not the case 511 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,920 Speaker 1: as a crust, but it's not broken into place. It's solid. Yeah. 512 00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: I thought that was pretty interesting, and that's why there's 513 00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:43,000 Speaker 1: no active volcanoes right now for one reason. Yeah. Um. 514 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:47,640 Speaker 1: And we while we're talking about Mars, well we probably 515 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 1: should have mentioned it on the surface, but it's a 516 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,479 Speaker 1: neat little tidbit if you ask me, do you know 517 00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:57,720 Speaker 1: why Mars is rust colored? Uh? No, because it's coated 518 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:02,200 Speaker 1: in rusty. Yeah, it's exodised iron in the soil, which 519 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:08,760 Speaker 1: makes it rusted. It's a rusty old planet, a rusty, dusty, cold, windy, 520 00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:15,240 Speaker 1: uninhabitable perhaps planet. And again, the reason why it's probably 521 00:32:15,280 --> 00:32:21,720 Speaker 1: uninhabitable is it lacks an atmosphere, or it practically lacks 522 00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:24,680 Speaker 1: an atmosphere. There is a very thin one still. Yeah, 523 00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:26,800 Speaker 1: I guess we can compare that to Earth. To um, 524 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:32,760 Speaker 1: March's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. On Earth, it's less 525 00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:36,280 Speaker 1: than one percent, Like you could just stop right there. Toxic, 526 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 1: a lot less nitrogen two point seven percent compared to Earth. 527 00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 1: Not much oxygen at all, only point one three that's 528 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:53,360 Speaker 1: a big factor's toxic again and um about one as 529 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:56,760 Speaker 1: much water vapor is on Earth. Yeah, you need that 530 00:32:56,840 --> 00:33:02,560 Speaker 1: too inhospitable, which is why they there are proposals to 531 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:07,479 Speaker 1: seed Mars to terraform it. Yeah, basically going and like 532 00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,640 Speaker 1: artificially stimulate an atmosphere to form so that in ten 533 00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:18,080 Speaker 1: thousand and fifty hundred thousand years it could conceivably be habitable. Yeah, 534 00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:20,240 Speaker 1: and we we did a show on that too. It 535 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,200 Speaker 1: is all coming together. It's a long term plan, but sure, 536 00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: which means we'll never do it. Elon muskwill maybe his grandchildren. 537 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,600 Speaker 1: Uh So. The atmospheric pressure in Mars is interesting too. 538 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:36,600 Speaker 1: It's super low and super cold, and that's why there 539 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,760 Speaker 1: is no water liquid flowing, because it's either going to 540 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:45,959 Speaker 1: freeze or evaporate. They can't just exist as water these days. Nope. 541 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:49,040 Speaker 1: But like we said, possibly probably did at one point. 542 00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:52,920 Speaker 1: So you've got a thin atmosphere, which means a lot 543 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:58,640 Speaker 1: of um solar radiation is not blocked, is not reflected um, 544 00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:02,600 Speaker 1: which means that you have very wild swings in daily 545 00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: average temperature on Mars. Because Mars does have a day, 546 00:34:07,360 --> 00:34:10,279 Speaker 1: it does rotate, and actually it rotates it about the 547 00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:14,760 Speaker 1: same rate as Earth. The Mars salt which is short 548 00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,440 Speaker 1: for solar day, it's just about forty three minutes longer 549 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:23,640 Speaker 1: than um Earth's day. Yeah, but because it's further out 550 00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:26,520 Speaker 1: away from the Sun, it's orbit around the Sun takes longer. 551 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,320 Speaker 1: So it's year is about twice as long as a 552 00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,479 Speaker 1: year on Earth six hundred and eighty six point nine 553 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:37,279 Speaker 1: eight Earth days, which means the seasons lasts longer, which 554 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: makes them more extreme as we'll see. Yeah, and you 555 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,560 Speaker 1: talked about the temperature fluctuation. It's almost a hundred degrees 556 00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:49,400 Speaker 1: fahrenheit on a daily basis. The difference in temperature that's enormous. Again, 557 00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:53,320 Speaker 1: not very friendly for us humans. Now, well, we'll figure 558 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:55,319 Speaker 1: it out. You have to pack a big suitcase, you know, 559 00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,879 Speaker 1: you have to pack your your thong as well as 560 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:04,000 Speaker 1: your Arctic explore You could just wear a thong under 561 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:08,759 Speaker 1: your Earth coast there, it's the key to Mars. Where 562 00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:14,640 Speaker 1: layers pack big where layers. But like you said, there 563 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:17,080 Speaker 1: are seasons in the spring and early summer, the sun 564 00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:21,439 Speaker 1: heats up the atmosphere and the dust lifts up and 565 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,319 Speaker 1: and makes it even hotter once that dust is in 566 00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:28,839 Speaker 1: the atmosphere, and it basically is what causes those big 567 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,760 Speaker 1: dust storms we're talking about. Yeah, the dust. The dust 568 00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:37,200 Speaker 1: particles get suspended and invite more heat, which suspends more 569 00:35:37,239 --> 00:35:43,520 Speaker 1: particles than um. It creates wind there winds. Yeah, well, 570 00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:47,120 Speaker 1: just like here on Earth, it creates convection cells, which 571 00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:51,280 Speaker 1: creates wind. And as those wind speeds whip up, because 572 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: the atmosphere is thinner, you have to have higher speeds 573 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: because the wind has less to push against air to 574 00:35:57,680 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 1: push against, so it takes higher speed winds. But once 575 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:03,200 Speaker 1: they do hit something like a hundred and twenty miles 576 00:36:03,239 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 1: an hour, the entire planet can become enveloped in a 577 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:11,400 Speaker 1: dust storm that can last months. That's crazy. And again 578 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:14,960 Speaker 1: it's not just dust. It's dust with one of the 579 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:20,239 Speaker 1: more toxic compounds known to humanity in every bit of it. Yeah, 580 00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:22,279 Speaker 1: and it's not gonna blow off a Mars robe or 581 00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:26,760 Speaker 1: these things. You know, way like in the tons, yes, 582 00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,640 Speaker 1: one ton, one ton. And actually what's strange is the 583 00:36:29,719 --> 00:36:33,800 Speaker 1: dust storms, it says are beneficial because they will blow 584 00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:38,239 Speaker 1: the any um Martian dirt caked on the solar panels. Yeah, 585 00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:40,480 Speaker 1: that makes sense too, or maybe it might reveal something 586 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:45,400 Speaker 1: yeah that wasn't there before, like a pyramid. That'd be 587 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:48,240 Speaker 1: pretty cool, Chuck. I want to talk about water on Mars, 588 00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:55,959 Speaker 1: but first let's um do a message break and we're back. 589 00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:58,800 Speaker 1: So I guess let's get to the water part um. 590 00:36:58,840 --> 00:37:02,399 Speaker 1: That was NASA's direct to follow the water for many 591 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:05,480 Speaker 1: years and still is really because they think they're in holds. 592 00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:11,000 Speaker 1: The key to the big question is there possibilities of 593 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:13,560 Speaker 1: having life on Mars? Is there life? Was their life 594 00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:16,719 Speaker 1: on Mars? And we're not talking about Martians unfortunately, we're 595 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,759 Speaker 1: talking about maybe bacteria, which could be Martians. I mean, 596 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:24,000 Speaker 1: if it lives on Mars, it's Martian. I guess it's 597 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,560 Speaker 1: a good point. Everybody just basically needs to lower the 598 00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:31,200 Speaker 1: bar for their expectations of what a Martian is. Yeah, right, 599 00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:33,040 Speaker 1: you know what I mean. Instead of little green men, 600 00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:37,040 Speaker 1: it's bacteria and um. When this article was written, it 601 00:37:37,120 --> 00:37:40,399 Speaker 1: was pre curiosity, but it's just a couple of months ago, 602 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:46,440 Speaker 1: curiosity confirmed, uh that there is water present in the soil, 603 00:37:47,080 --> 00:37:50,320 Speaker 1: and they think it's everywhere. Yeah, it's basically the soil 604 00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: has a very big leaching property, yeah, where it absorbs 605 00:37:55,239 --> 00:37:58,040 Speaker 1: water from the atmosphere and locks it in there, so 606 00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:01,360 Speaker 1: that if if we went up there, we could extract 607 00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,879 Speaker 1: um about like I said, two pints of water from 608 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:08,680 Speaker 1: every cubic foot of soil that's mine. It's pretty It 609 00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:12,440 Speaker 1: is pretty cool. Again, though, we have that per chlorate problem. 610 00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:14,480 Speaker 1: It's everywhere. It would get in the water, and one 611 00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:17,280 Speaker 1: of the ways that it transfers to humans and becomes 612 00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:20,399 Speaker 1: toxic is through drinking water, so we'd have to deal 613 00:38:20,440 --> 00:38:24,200 Speaker 1: with that. But ironically, the thing about par chlorate being there, 614 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,279 Speaker 1: it's also used in solid rocket fuel here on Earth. 615 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:29,520 Speaker 1: So we would need it to get to Mars, but 616 00:38:29,560 --> 00:38:32,000 Speaker 1: once we got to Mars, we wouldn't want to have it. Interesting, 617 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:35,719 Speaker 1: that is very ironic. Thanks. So you're talking, Chuck about 618 00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:39,799 Speaker 1: how water could consuerably lead to life on Mars. We 619 00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:43,600 Speaker 1: it's vital to life. It's one of the um vital 620 00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:47,720 Speaker 1: parts of life. I can't remember the term for him. 621 00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:51,439 Speaker 1: Not a building block, one of the essential some things 622 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:55,440 Speaker 1: for life component. Yes, yeah, I think that is it 623 00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:59,440 Speaker 1: essential component for life. We worked that out together. This 624 00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:03,320 Speaker 1: has been a condition and no, no, Now they found 625 00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:05,759 Speaker 1: water on Mars and confirmed that it is there, and 626 00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:10,239 Speaker 1: they knew all along that there was water ice on Mars. Um. 627 00:39:10,280 --> 00:39:13,879 Speaker 1: It makes that Martian rock from four billion years ago 628 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,440 Speaker 1: seem all the more likely that it is displaying evidence 629 00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:20,680 Speaker 1: of fossilized microbes. Yeah. And they used to think that 630 00:39:20,719 --> 00:39:24,120 Speaker 1: there was methane UH in the atmosphere or trace amounts, 631 00:39:24,160 --> 00:39:27,160 Speaker 1: but I think that has been debunked now with upon 632 00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:30,840 Speaker 1: further research. Yeah. Yeah, because again when this article was written, 633 00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:33,920 Speaker 1: it sounds like they thought it was still like they 634 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:36,520 Speaker 1: still head detective methane and they didn't know whether it 635 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:40,360 Speaker 1: was from of biological or chemical origin. Yeah. More recent 636 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:44,279 Speaker 1: studies UM as of October two thousand twelve, UM, they 637 00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:50,920 Speaker 1: analyzed the atmosphere UH for methane six times and basically 638 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,880 Speaker 1: found no more than one point three parts per billion. 639 00:39:54,280 --> 00:39:57,440 Speaker 1: Yeah that's not good for evidence of life. Yeah, and 640 00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:01,320 Speaker 1: that's about one six as much as they had previously estimated. 641 00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:03,920 Speaker 1: And they thought, well, maybe it went somewhere, you know, 642 00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:08,520 Speaker 1: and and they NASA said, now it wouldn't um. It 643 00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:13,719 Speaker 1: would have been super exciting, but it's methane doesn't distribute 644 00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:16,319 Speaker 1: and leave like that that quickly, like it would still 645 00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:20,680 Speaker 1: be around. So unfortunately, no methane. Speaking of methane um 646 00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:24,399 Speaker 1: as evidence of like remember our termite episode, somebody wrote 647 00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:26,600 Speaker 1: in to say, did you know termites or like a 648 00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:30,280 Speaker 1: huge contributor of methane to on Earth. They're the second 649 00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:35,279 Speaker 1: largest contributor of methane after five stock. Yeah. Wow, even 650 00:40:35,320 --> 00:40:38,800 Speaker 1: beating out humans. Wow, that's crazy. Yeah, because we shoot 651 00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:42,480 Speaker 1: a lot of ducks, we humans, some of us termites, 652 00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:51,080 Speaker 1: flatulent insects. Uh so. Bacteria um Martian soil has been 653 00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:55,040 Speaker 1: known to be like formally chemically active, but maybe not biologically, 654 00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:58,120 Speaker 1: but it is possible, maybe because they have a good 655 00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:02,800 Speaker 1: example in Greenland. UM they found bacteria that was dormant 656 00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:05,760 Speaker 1: for a hundred and twenty thousand years frozen in the ice, 657 00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:09,719 Speaker 1: and when they unfroze it, it started multiplying again in 658 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,319 Speaker 1: the beginning of the apocalypse. Yeah, that's kind of creepy. Yeah, 659 00:41:13,719 --> 00:41:17,319 Speaker 1: but like it's not stopping. Possibly in the polarized keps 660 00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:19,600 Speaker 1: on Mars maybe that's going on too. Yeah, we just 661 00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,120 Speaker 1: don't know. Yet Yeah, they think that. Um it is 662 00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:24,839 Speaker 1: very possible that you could take some of them, the 663 00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,720 Speaker 1: extreme A file bacteria, ones that live like in um 664 00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:33,040 Speaker 1: volcanic events undersea and things like that, and transplant them 665 00:41:33,080 --> 00:41:36,720 Speaker 1: too Mars and some of them would survive, especially mineral 666 00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:41,680 Speaker 1: thriving um bacteria ones that like eat minerals. You could 667 00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:44,680 Speaker 1: put them on Mars and they would they would do okay. 668 00:41:44,680 --> 00:41:49,680 Speaker 1: Possibly well spaceships like if we could possibly bring our 669 00:41:49,680 --> 00:41:53,680 Speaker 1: own bacteria there by accident as well, you know, just 670 00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:55,920 Speaker 1: from like I think the International Space Station had E. 671 00:41:56,000 --> 00:42:01,040 Speaker 1: Colid in it. Yeah, and possibly Lee Jonella. There's disease 672 00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,279 Speaker 1: on the I S I YEA or the I S S. 673 00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:08,520 Speaker 1: That sounds like a like a movie waiting to happen. Sure, 674 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,000 Speaker 1: I guess we sort of did that with Outland. Was there? 675 00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:14,799 Speaker 1: Was it a disease a disease? It was just a 676 00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,800 Speaker 1: cop chasing a bad guy again. I wonder if it 677 00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:22,600 Speaker 1: holds up. I doubt it. Yeah, if it held up, 678 00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:26,320 Speaker 1: it'd be alien like. It would still be in the rotation. 679 00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:29,080 Speaker 1: But Outline doesn't play on cable very often that it 680 00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:33,440 Speaker 1: really doesn't. That is pretty good evidence too. I remember 681 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:38,000 Speaker 1: the Outland Mad magazine. Um I didn't have that one. Yeah, 682 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:40,960 Speaker 1: that was a good one. Um So, Chuck. You remember 683 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:45,280 Speaker 1: we were talking about way back how the UM Viking 684 00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:51,600 Speaker 1: and UM Mariner and Mars orbiters provided this evidence that 685 00:42:51,640 --> 00:42:55,000 Speaker 1: Mars was just a dead, barren planet and really undermine 686 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:57,239 Speaker 1: the idea that there was possibly life there and that 687 00:42:57,360 --> 00:43:02,319 Speaker 1: it was lush. Well, it all so provided some conspiracy 688 00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:07,120 Speaker 1: theorists pretty solid evidence that there was or is some 689 00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:11,200 Speaker 1: sort of civilization on Mars, because yeah, Viking one in 690 00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:15,960 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies six produced a photo that looked a whole 691 00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:22,439 Speaker 1: lot like a Feronic type face, like the face on Mark. 692 00:43:23,280 --> 00:43:26,160 Speaker 1: Pretty clearly a face if you look at it. Uh, 693 00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,439 Speaker 1: it was two miles from head to toe, from tip 694 00:43:29,480 --> 00:43:31,719 Speaker 1: to to bottom. So it wasn't like Jesus on a 695 00:43:31,719 --> 00:43:34,400 Speaker 1: piece of toast. No, I mean, it looked like it 696 00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:39,400 Speaker 1: looked like a artificially constructed monument, a face of a monument. 697 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:41,520 Speaker 1: Maybe when that had toppled, it was now just poking 698 00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:45,720 Speaker 1: out from the Martian soul soil. Um So they looked, 699 00:43:46,080 --> 00:43:49,719 Speaker 1: uh closer in, but there's a lot of cloud cover, 700 00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:52,839 Speaker 1: so they got kind of a garbled look. And they 701 00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:55,839 Speaker 1: looked again more recently maybe two thousand eight or two 702 00:43:55,880 --> 00:44:00,960 Speaker 1: thousand eleven, And it's very clearly just a mesa. That's disappointing. 703 00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:05,960 Speaker 1: It is, especially like when you look at that original yea, yeah, 704 00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:08,080 Speaker 1: when you look at the Viking one photo. Yeah, it 705 00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:10,319 Speaker 1: looks like a top old statue head. Yeah it does. 706 00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:16,760 Speaker 1: It actually factored into that terrible movie um Mission to Mars, Wow, 707 00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:20,239 Speaker 1: which I saw with hippie rob By the way. Really yea, 708 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:23,120 Speaker 1: was that is the last time you saw him? It 709 00:44:23,239 --> 00:44:25,279 Speaker 1: was among that he just walked into the woods after that. 710 00:44:28,440 --> 00:44:31,560 Speaker 1: Wasn't that? That was Brian to Palmer, wasn't it. I 711 00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:34,279 Speaker 1: think it might have been so disappointing. I mean it 712 00:44:34,360 --> 00:44:38,759 Speaker 1: had an all circust Gary Sinise, don Cheetle. I think 713 00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:43,640 Speaker 1: Bill Paxton maybe I don't think it's Pullman, but I 714 00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:47,839 Speaker 1: might be confusing Bill Paxton from Apolar thirteen. Anyway, it 715 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:52,600 Speaker 1: didn't pan out very well. But do you got anything else? Yeah? Um, 716 00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:54,959 Speaker 1: I don't know why this article doesn't mention if Mars 717 00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:57,680 Speaker 1: has two moons, phobos and demos. Yeah, they didn't get 718 00:44:57,680 --> 00:45:02,440 Speaker 1: into that at all. No, um and uh, Mars popped 719 00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:06,800 Speaker 1: up and pops up and pop culture a lot. There's 720 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:12,360 Speaker 1: um the Mars Volta the band. Yeah. Uh. David Bowie 721 00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:14,320 Speaker 1: had a song called Life on Mars, one of the 722 00:45:14,360 --> 00:45:18,640 Speaker 1: great songs. The Misfits had the greatest Mars song, Teenagers 723 00:45:18,680 --> 00:45:22,799 Speaker 1: from Mars. That's a great song. Yeah. Oh, what's his name? 724 00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:27,919 Speaker 1: Jared Leto right thirty seconds to Mars. Yeah, they're going 725 00:45:27,960 --> 00:45:30,959 Speaker 1: on tour right after his Oscar Win. I had never 726 00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:33,799 Speaker 1: heard any of his music until the other day. I 727 00:45:33,880 --> 00:45:35,520 Speaker 1: was like, what are they like? And Emily tried to 728 00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:37,560 Speaker 1: describe it. Then she just played a song. Yeah, it's 729 00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:40,279 Speaker 1: not my bag, mine anything, but good for him. Oh yeah, 730 00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:43,120 Speaker 1: I think they're like huge internationally. Yeah, he's got gout. 731 00:45:43,239 --> 00:45:45,160 Speaker 1: Did you know that? I did not know that he 732 00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:48,320 Speaker 1: needs to lay off the path? No, I think he um. 733 00:45:48,360 --> 00:45:50,279 Speaker 1: I think it was had to do with his weight 734 00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:55,640 Speaker 1: gain and loss for the John Lennon um the Mark 735 00:45:55,719 --> 00:45:58,440 Speaker 1: David Chapman movie. He did, Oh really, Yeah, he got 736 00:45:58,480 --> 00:46:00,480 Speaker 1: all fat to play Mark David Chapman and like got 737 00:46:00,480 --> 00:46:02,359 Speaker 1: all skinny again. I think got gout because of it, 738 00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:04,960 Speaker 1: and then got even skinnier to play Rayon in Dallas 739 00:46:04,960 --> 00:46:09,319 Speaker 1: Biberus Club. Dude, have you seen it? Yes? How thin 740 00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:12,440 Speaker 1: can two people get? They were pretty thin, like the 741 00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:15,880 Speaker 1: two of them together make me. And there's gotta be 742 00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:20,080 Speaker 1: like that. There's gotta be a safe way to lose 743 00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:23,879 Speaker 1: and regain weight. Yeah, but I'll bet there's not very 744 00:46:23,880 --> 00:46:28,520 Speaker 1: many safe ways to gain wait to make yourself look pudgy, no, 745 00:46:28,719 --> 00:46:30,560 Speaker 1: I mean, and then to lose it again. I'll bet 746 00:46:30,560 --> 00:46:33,480 Speaker 1: when it's been done, Like from DeNiro to fat mac 747 00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:36,799 Speaker 1: On always sunny. I think they say they just eat 748 00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:40,560 Speaker 1: like lots of garbage and just pile it on. Yeah, 749 00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:42,680 Speaker 1: that's not I'll beat at all now. But you know 750 00:46:42,719 --> 00:46:44,279 Speaker 1: that's one of my pet peeves. When you take a 751 00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:46,440 Speaker 1: fit person in like the game thirty pounds for a 752 00:46:46,440 --> 00:46:49,080 Speaker 1: movie and it it's like, you don't look like a 753 00:46:49,080 --> 00:46:51,680 Speaker 1: fatter person and you look like a fit person who 754 00:46:52,840 --> 00:46:57,240 Speaker 1: like has a distended belly. You know, it takes years 755 00:46:57,320 --> 00:47:00,799 Speaker 1: to get this look. You know you gotta work at it, 756 00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:05,279 Speaker 1: sculpt this. Yeah, um, okay, you got anything else? I 757 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:07,239 Speaker 1: got nothing else. I think this is better than the sun. 758 00:47:08,239 --> 00:47:11,960 Speaker 1: Oh yeah. As far as our our celestial episodes go 759 00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:14,480 Speaker 1: far less physics that we had to deal with. We 760 00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:16,840 Speaker 1: haven't done the moon straight up? Have we? I think 761 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:20,160 Speaker 1: we have? Have we? Jerry? Have we done the moon. 762 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:23,000 Speaker 1: I think we did because we talked about its origin, 763 00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:26,480 Speaker 1: whether it was calved, whether it was a separate decreation. 764 00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:29,640 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure we've done the moon. All right, we'll 765 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:31,400 Speaker 1: look it up. It is getting bad. We need we 766 00:47:31,440 --> 00:47:33,719 Speaker 1: need to get a list together. Yeah, we do, so 767 00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:36,879 Speaker 1: we quit boring everyone with this. Yeah, you'd think we'd 768 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:40,680 Speaker 1: edited out, but we just don't. Well, if you want 769 00:47:40,719 --> 00:47:43,120 Speaker 1: to learn more about Mars, you can type that word 770 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:46,360 Speaker 1: into the search bar how stuff works dot com. And uh, 771 00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:55,560 Speaker 1: since I said search bar, it's time for listener mail. Uh, Josh, 772 00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,160 Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this um your theory on eating what 773 00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:01,799 Speaker 1: you crave? Did you see this email? No? Um, just 774 00:48:01,840 --> 00:48:04,920 Speaker 1: listen to the Salt podcast. Dudes, and Josh posture that 775 00:48:04,960 --> 00:48:07,160 Speaker 1: you could get along just fine eating only what you crave. 776 00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:10,480 Speaker 1: I'm not sure how serious he was, though fairly serious, 777 00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,239 Speaker 1: fairly okay, I'll agree that if it depends on whether 778 00:48:13,440 --> 00:48:15,960 Speaker 1: I'm right, I'll agree that a hundred and fifty years 779 00:48:15,960 --> 00:48:18,160 Speaker 1: ago this may have been pretty viable. These days, it's 780 00:48:18,160 --> 00:48:21,120 Speaker 1: a different story. There's a lot of evidence that points 781 00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:24,719 Speaker 1: to food manufacturers actually designing junk foods that make you 782 00:48:24,760 --> 00:48:27,640 Speaker 1: crave more of them. Mainly sugar and fat heavy foods. 783 00:48:28,160 --> 00:48:30,640 Speaker 1: There's one great book in particular called Good Calories, Bad 784 00:48:30,680 --> 00:48:33,879 Speaker 1: Calories by Gary Tobbs, basically tells the story of how 785 00:48:34,280 --> 00:48:35,920 Speaker 1: a lot of what the f d A and U 786 00:48:35,960 --> 00:48:38,560 Speaker 1: s d A recommends as wrong and how it got 787 00:48:38,640 --> 00:48:41,640 Speaker 1: that way. For instance, the guy who conducted the Seven 788 00:48:41,640 --> 00:48:44,759 Speaker 1: Countries study, which is what caused the government to say 789 00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:49,120 Speaker 1: fat will kill you, simply throughout data that contradicted the 790 00:48:49,120 --> 00:48:52,160 Speaker 1: result he was looking for. Throwing the fact that corn 791 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:54,800 Speaker 1: is subsidized and super cheap, we have the recipe for 792 00:48:54,840 --> 00:48:58,680 Speaker 1: an obese, misinformed population that's addicted to sugar. Has been 793 00:48:58,719 --> 00:49:01,719 Speaker 1: fed terribly wrong information and about health for a long time. Yeah, 794 00:49:02,080 --> 00:49:05,239 Speaker 1: I've learned recently, like you're supposed to have fats, and 795 00:49:05,280 --> 00:49:07,319 Speaker 1: there are good fats and there are bad fats, but 796 00:49:07,360 --> 00:49:10,799 Speaker 1: like low fat is a not a good way to go, 797 00:49:11,640 --> 00:49:14,960 Speaker 1: and it has been kind of foisted on us, foisted 798 00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:19,200 Speaker 1: you like the venue. That word, and that is from 799 00:49:19,280 --> 00:49:22,719 Speaker 1: Steve Baum, the bomber in what he calls good Old 800 00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:30,000 Speaker 1: New Jersey or as we calls Parsis. Is he from 801 00:49:30,040 --> 00:49:32,640 Speaker 1: Tharsus City, that is steep Bomb. I don't know if 802 00:49:32,640 --> 00:49:34,800 Speaker 1: he's from Tharsus City or not, but he's from somewhere 803 00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:43,080 Speaker 1: in There is a really good article about um, how 804 00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:48,960 Speaker 1: food scientists engineer foods to make us crave them is 805 00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:50,400 Speaker 1: on the New York Times. It was a couple of 806 00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:52,839 Speaker 1: years ago by a guy named Michael Moss. Yeah, and 807 00:49:52,880 --> 00:49:55,359 Speaker 1: in your defense, I don't think you were. I think 808 00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:59,120 Speaker 1: you meant it more along the lines of craving real 809 00:49:59,160 --> 00:50:01,239 Speaker 1: foods and not in a surely I'm craving ben and 810 00:50:01,320 --> 00:50:05,600 Speaker 1: Jerry's or pretzels, right. No. I meant like, like craving 811 00:50:05,640 --> 00:50:08,839 Speaker 1: a steak or something like that, not ignoring that and 812 00:50:08,880 --> 00:50:13,880 Speaker 1: going with, you know, ahead of lettuce Um. I can't 813 00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:16,000 Speaker 1: find the name of that article, but it's a Michael 814 00:50:16,040 --> 00:50:19,600 Speaker 1: Moss article and it's from the New York Times, and dude, 815 00:50:19,640 --> 00:50:22,520 Speaker 1: it is good. It's one of those really extensive long 816 00:50:22,560 --> 00:50:25,479 Speaker 1: form ones that like should be long form because there's 817 00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:29,480 Speaker 1: just so much great information in it opening. So look 818 00:50:29,520 --> 00:50:32,920 Speaker 1: it up, everybody. It will open your eyes. Uh. If 819 00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:34,719 Speaker 1: you want to get in touch with Chucking Me, you 820 00:50:34,760 --> 00:50:37,360 Speaker 1: can tweet to us at s y s K podcast. 821 00:50:37,719 --> 00:50:40,120 Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook dot com slash stuff 822 00:50:40,160 --> 00:50:42,320 Speaker 1: you should know. You can send us an email to 823 00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:45,840 Speaker 1: stuff podcasts at Discovery dot com. Check out our YouTube channel, 824 00:50:45,960 --> 00:50:49,839 Speaker 1: Josh and Chuck. It's pretty fun, and also be sure 825 00:50:49,880 --> 00:50:52,520 Speaker 1: to hang out on our website Stuff you Should Know 826 00:50:52,680 --> 00:51:02,440 Speaker 1: dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics, 827 00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:11,719 Speaker 1: visit how stuff Works dot com. M hm hm